DOCSLIB.ORG

Minorities in Croatia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Minorities in Croatia report Minorities in Croatia Acknowledgements Minority Rights Group International Minority Rights Group International (MRG) gratefully Minority Rights Group International (MRG) is a non- acknowledges the support of all organizations and governmental organization (NGO) working to secure the individuals who gave financial and other assistance for this rights of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities and report, including the C.S. Mott Foundation, the Department indigenous peoples worldwide, and to promote cooperation for International Development and the European Commission. and understanding between communities. Our activities are This report is one of the activities of phase 1 of the South- focused on international advocacy, training, publishing and East Europe Diversity and Democracy Programme. outreach. We are guided by the needs expressed by our Programme Coordinators: Magdalena Syposz and Catherine worldwide partner network of organizations which represent Woollard. Report Editor: Katrina Payne. minority and indigenous peoples. The early sections of this Report were drafted by Sinisa MRG works with over 130 organizations in nearly 60 Tatalovic. MRG thanks Ljubomir Mikic for additional help and countries. Our governing Council, which meets twice a year, advice. has members from 10 different countries. MRG has consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), and observer status with the African Commission for Human and Peoples’ Rights. MRG is registered as a charity and a company limited by guarantee under English law. Registered charity no. 282305, limited company no. 1544957. © Minority Rights Group International 2003 All rights reserved Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or for other non-commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for commercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. For further information please contact MRG. A CIP catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. ISBN 1 904584 10 1 Published September 2003. Typeset by Kavita Graphics. Printed in the UK on recycled paper. Cover Photo Serb man in Knin area of Croatia. Nikola Solic/Reuters. Minorities in Croatia is published by MRG as a contribution to public understanding of the issue which forms its subject. The text does not necessarily represent in every detail and in all its aspects, the collective view of MRG. Minorities in Croatia Contents Preface 2 Map 3 Introduction 4 Historical overview 6 Republic of Croatia: the first decade 1990–9 9 Demography of minorities 12 Rule of law 16 Political rights of minorities 19 Employment of minorities 23 Linguistic rights of minorities 24 Education rights of minorities 25 Religious rights 27 Tolerance 28 Returning refugees and displaced persons 31 Conclusions 34 Recommendations 36 Relevant international instruments 37 Notes 38 Preface This report is published at a time when, after a decade of ridden with misunderstandings. This cooperation, never- war, authoritarianism and repression, South-East Europe theless, is essential to Croatia’s progress in European continues to face uncertainty and instability. It comes in integration. the wake of the assassination of Serbian Prime Minister In the area of minority rights, Croatia has recently Zoran Dindic, a leader widely commended for his dedica- adopted the Constitutional Law on the Rights of National tion to reform and dialogue with the international Minorities (CLNM). It has come to regulate the rights of community. While Slovenia has just voted overwhelming- minorities, and minorities’ situations have changed signifi- ly in support of joining the European Union (EU), the cantly. The sharp decrease in the number of persons remaining countries of the former Yugoslavia have yet to belonging to minorities is a direct outcome of the 1991–5 face the arduous road of European integration based on a war and of the post-war period. Minorities have not felt functioning market economy; adherence to the aims of encouraged to return due to a precarious economy, soci- political, economic and monetary union; and, perhaps etal discrimination, and legal and administrative obstacles. most importantly in the light of the disastrous events The CLNM was adopted after much quibbling and, which have marked the past decade, strong institutions although it has failed to incorporate all of the recommen- guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights dations by the Council of Europe (CoE)’s Venice and respect for and the protection of minorities. Commission on constitutional matters, its wording has The way in which Serbia and Montenegro will tackle been commended by Croatia’s national minorities and the its structural problems will be crucial for the future of the international community. It remains to be seen, however, country and the region. Similarly, Croatia has been at a whether the law will be applied with wisdom and political crossroads ever since the change of government in January maturity. 2000. Both countries play a major role in regional stabili- Much work lies ahead in securing minority rights and ty, yet their record on minority rights is poor. Although inter-ethnic reconciliation: Croatia remains hugely scarred the electoral victory of the democratic coalition in Croatia by the war. A poll on inter-ethnic tolerance in Croatia was widely applauded, both within the country and inter- conducted in autumn 2002 revealed that one in four nationally, critics of Prime Minister Ivica Racan’s Croats would expel ethnic Serbs from Croatia.1 Discrimi- government argue that it has been largely unable, and at nation against minorities – Serbs and Roma in particular times even unwilling, to tackle the legacies of the decade – is still widespread, and the sustainable return of Serb of Tudjman’s rule. refugees and displaced persons is problematic. The ailing On 21 February 2003, the Government of the Repub- Croatian judiciary has failed to provide support and lic of Croatia submitted its application for membership of opportunities for redress. the EU. After years of isolation because of Croatia’s This report describes the position of national minori- undemocratic practices and role in the war in Bosnia and ties in Croatia, focusing on the most vulnerable ones – Herzegovina, this is a welcome development. It has come, Roma and Serbs. It is a part of MRG’s decades-long com- however, on the eve of new parliamentary elections, due mitment to promoting minority rights in South-East by autumn 2004, and the outcome is far from certain. Europe, as evidenced by MRG’s wide-ranging activities The rise of right-wing extremism has been steady in Croa- and publications in this region. It is hoped that this tia and enjoys visible public support. The government’s report will contribute to public dialogue in Croatia, both relationship with the International Criminal Tribunal for between the majority and minorities, and between gov- the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague, moreover, ernment and civil society. These dialogues are much has been characterized by a lack of commitment and is needed in Croatia as it moves on its path towards the EU. Mark Lattimer Director September 2003 2 MINORITIES IN CROATIA MINORITIES IN CROATIA 3 Introduction Inter-ethnic tensions, related armed conflicts and the conse- the Serbs, Slovenes and Croats; the Kingdom of quent suffering have marked the recent historic develop- Yugoslavia; the Independent State of Croatia (often ments of South-East Europe. Despite the millions of vic- known as the ‘Ustasa’ state); the Federal Republic of tims and the massive destruction in the region, many of Yugoslavia (FRY) and the Republic of Croatia. Today, the these inter-ethnic conflicts have not been fully resolved, Croatian government is attempting to redress the ethnic and continue to threaten Europe’s peace and stability. discrimination, and sometimes ethnic hatred, propagated This report has been written to review the situation of during Tudjman’s presidency (1990–9). ethnic minorities in Croatia. It explores the history of the In 2001 Croatia had a recorded population of 4.4 mil- area, which is often contested, the development of inter- lion, with a land mass of 56,540 sq. km. In the 1991 ethnic relations and the current issues facing minorities in census, many Croatian citizens declared themselves to be Croatia. The legacy of the war for Croatian independence members of 23 nationalities, 22 of which enjoy the legal (1991–5), the inter-ethnic fighting and the systemic eth- status of national minorities. nic discrimination will present major challenges for years Croatian, Serbian and Hungarian are the most widely to come. Public attitudes between ethnic Croats and eth- used languages. In 1990 Croatian, with its Latin script, nic Serbs remain largely polarized. The report explores the and Serbian, with its Cyrillic script, were sufficiently simi- situation facing the new government following the death lar to be called Serbo-Croatian. However, with the of President Tudjman in 1999, the changes the govern- outbreak of the 1991 war, Croatian was given its specific ment has made and some of the key outstanding issues. identity as a language. The report offers a critique of the situation of national In the 2001 census the main minority groups, with minorities. It draws on a range of reports, including those populations of over 1,000, were registered as: Serbs 4.5 of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in per cent, Bosniaks 0.47 per cent, Italians 0.4 per cent, Europe (OSCE) Mission in Croatia, the Opinion of the Hungarians 0.37 per cent, Albanians 0.3 per cent, Council of Europe (CoE)’s Advisory Committee on Slovenes 0.3 per cent, Czechs 0.24 per cent, Roma 0.21 National Minorities, the International Crisis Group per cent, Macedonians 0.1 per cent, Montenegrins 0.1 (ICG), as well as other governmental and non-govern- per cent, Germans 0.07 per cent, Ruthenians 0.05 per mental sources. cent and Ukrainians 0.04 per cent 2 (see Table 1).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Croatia's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments Through 2010
    PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:24 constituteproject.org Croatia's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2010 This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:24 Table of contents I. Historical Foundations . 3 II. Basic Provisions . 4 III. Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms . 7 1. General Provisions . 7 2. Personal and Political Freedoms and Rights . 9 3. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights . 14 IV. Organization of Government . 18 1. The Croatian Parliament . 18 2. The President of the Republic of Croatia . 22 3. The Government of the Republic of Croatia . 26 4. Judicial Power . 28 5. The Office of the Public Prosecutions . 30 V. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia . 31 VI. Local and Regional Self-Government . 33 VII. International Relations . 35 1. International agreements . 35 2. Association and Succession . 35 VIII. European Union . 36 1. Legal Grounds for Membership and Transfer of Constitutional Powers . 36 2. Participation in European Union Institutions . 36 3. European Union Law . 37 4. Rights of European Union Citizens . 37 IX. Amending the Constitution . 37 IX. Concluding Provisions . 38 Croatia 1991 (rev. 2010) Page 2 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:24 I. Historical Foundations • Reference to country's history The millenary identity of the Croatia nation and the continuity of its statehood,
    [Show full text]
  • Bosnia to War, to Dayton, and to Its Slow Peace – European Council On
    REPORT BOSNIA TO WAR, TO DAYTON, AND TO ITS SLOW PEACE Carl Bildt January 2021 SUMMARY The international community was gravely unprepared for the conflicts that followed the dissolution of Yugoslavia. In particular, it neglected the challenge of Bosnia. Europe alone was not enough to bring peace, and the United States went from disinterested to disruptive and finally to decisive for a credible peace process. Russia in those days was a constructive actor. The war in Bosnia lasted years longer than it should have more because of the divisions between outside powers than because of the divisions within the country and the region itself. The fundamentals of the Dayton Agreement in 1995 were not too dissimilar from what had been discussed, but not pursued, prior to the outbreak of the war. It is a solution that is closer to the reality of Belgium than to the reality of Cyprus. After the war, many political leaders in Bosnia saw peace as the continuation of the war by other means, which has seriously hampered economic and social progress. Ultimately, it will be difficult to sustain progress for Bosnia or the region without a credible and clear EU accession process. INTRODUCTION It was a quarter of a century ago that the most painful conflict on European soil since the second world war came to an end. Peace agreements are rare birds. Most conflicts end either with the victory of one of the sides or some sort of ceasefire that is rarely followed by a true peace agreement. The map of Europe shows a number of such ‘frozen conflicts’.
    [Show full text]
  • Framing Croatia's Politics of Memory and Identity
    Workshop: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER WORKSHOP: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER Author: Taylor A. McConnell, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh Title: “KRVatska”, “Branitelji”, “Žrtve”: (Re-)framing Croatia’s politics of memory and identity Date: 3 April 2018 Workshop: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER “KRVatska”, “Branitelji”, “Žrtve”: (Re-)framing Croatia’s politics of memory and identity Taylor McConnell, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh Web: taylormcconnell.com | Twitter: @TMcConnell_SSPS | E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper explores the development of Croatian memory politics and the construction of a new Croatian identity in the aftermath of the 1990s war for independence. Using the public “face” of memory – monuments, museums and commemorations – I contend that Croatia’s narrative of self and self- sacrifice (hence “KRVatska” – a portmanteau of “blood/krv” and “Croatia/Hrvatska”) is divided between praising “defenders”/“branitelji”, selectively remembering its victims/“žrtve”, and silencing the Serb minority. While this divide is partially dependent on geography and the various ways the Croatian War for Independence came to an end in Dalmatia and Slavonia, the “defender” narrative remains preeminent. As well, I discuss the division of Croatian civil society, particularly between veterans’ associations and regional minority bodies, which continues to disrupt amicable relations among the Yugoslav successor states and places Croatia in a generally undesired but unshakable space between “Europe” and the Balkans. 1 Workshop: War and Identity in the Balkans and the Middle East WORKING PAPER Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Croatia's Cities
    National Development Strategy Croatia 2030 Policy Note: Croatia’s Cities: Boosting the Sustainable Urban Development Through Smart Solutions August 2019 Contents 1 Smart Cities – challenges and opportunities at European and global level .......................................... 3 1.1 Challenges .................................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Opportunities .............................................................................................................................. 5 1.3 Best practices ............................................................................................................................. 6 2 Development challenges and opportunities of Croatian cities based on their territorial capital .......... 7 3 Key areas of intervention and performance indicators ....................................................................... 23 3.1 Key areas of intervention (KAI)............................................................................................... 23 3.2 Key performance indicators (KPI) ........................................................................................... 24 4 Policy mix recommendations ............................................................................................................. 27 4.1 Short-term policy recommendations (1-3 years) ...................................................................... 27 4.2 Medium-term policy recommendations (4-7 years) ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Croatian Radical Separatism and Diaspora Terrorism During the Cold War
    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Purdue University Press Book Previews Purdue University Press 4-2020 Croatian Radical Separatism and Diaspora Terrorism During the Cold War Mate Nikola Tokić Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/purduepress_previews Part of the European History Commons This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Central European Studies Charles W. Ingrao, founding editor Paul Hanebrink, editor Maureen Healy, editor Howard Louthan, editor Dominique Reill, editor Daniel L. Unowsky, editor Nancy M. Wingfield, editor The demise of the Communist Bloc a quarter century ago exposed the need for greater understanding of the broad stretch of Europe that lies between Germany and Russia. For four decades the Purdue University Press series in Central European Studies has enriched our knowledge of the region by producing scholarly monographs, advanced surveys, and select collections of the highest quality. Since its founding, the series has been the only English-language series devoted primarily to the lands and peoples of the Habsburg Empire, its successor states, and those areas lying along its immediate periphery. Among its broad range of international scholars are several authors whose engagement in public policy reflects the pressing challenges that confront the successor states. Indeed, salient issues such as democratization, censorship, competing national narratives, and the aspirations
    [Show full text]
  • Memorial of the Republic of Croatia
    INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING THE APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE (CROATIA v. YUGOSLAVIA) MEMORIAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ANNEXES REGIONAL FILES VOLUME 2 PART I EASTERN SLAVONIA 1 MARCH 2001 II CONTENTS ETHNIC STRUCTURES 1 Eastern Slavonia 3 Tenja 4 Antin 5 Dalj 6 Berak 7 Bogdanovci 8 Šarengrad 9 Ilok 10 Tompojevci 11 Bapska 12 Tovarnik 13 Sotin 14 Lovas 15 Tordinci 16 Vukovar 17 WITNESS STATEMENTS TENJA 19 Annex 1: Witness Statement of M.K. 21 Annex 2: Witness Statement of R.J. 22 Annex 3: Witness Statement of I.K. (1) 24 Annex 4: Witness Statement of J.P. 29 Annex 5: Witness Statement of L.B. 34 Annex 6: Witness Statement of P.Š. 35 Annex 7: Witness Statement of D.M. 37 Annex 8: Witness Statement of M.R. 39 Annex 9: Witness Statement of M.M. 39 Annex 10: Witness Statement of M.K. 41 Annex 11: Witness Statement of I.I.* 42 Annex 12: Witness Statement of Z.B. 52 Annex 13: Witness Statement of A.M. 54 Annex 14: Witness Statement of J.S. 56 Annex 15: Witness Statement of Z.M. 58 Annex 16: Witness Statement of J.K. 60 IV Annex 17: Witness Statement of L.R. 63 Annex 18: Witness Statement of Đ.B. 64 WITNESS STATEMENTS DALJ 67 Annex 19: Witness Statement of J.P. 69 Annex 20: Witness Statement of I.K. (2) 71 Annex 21: Witness Statement of A.K. 77 Annex 22: Witness Statement of H.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction When the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes – from 1929 Kingdom of Yugoslavia – Was Formed in 1918, One of I
    Introduction When the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes – from 1929 Kingdom of Yugoslavia – was formed in 1918, one of its most important tasks was to forge a common collective identity. Intellectual elites in the young state with great optimism agreed that education would play a crucial role in this process. It should come as no surprise, then, that a relatively rich tradition of scholarly research into the representation of collective identities in Yugoslav education has originated, precisely to account for the failure of the Yugoslav project in the long term. Recently, a growing body of scholarly research has established textbooks as one of the more rewarding sources for studying collective identity in education, focusing on ‘what knowledge is included and rejected in ... textbooks, and how the transmission of this selected knowledge often attempts to shape a particular form of national memory, national identity and national consciousness’.1 For the Yugoslav case this emerging research field so far has primarily examined textbooks which were used in the period directly preceding, during and following the disintegration of Yugoslavia.2 However, as the present article hopes to illustrate, textbook analysis can also provide the historian with interesting new elements for the study of collective identities in Yugoslavia’s more distant past. With its focus on national identity in Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian textbooks before the First World War, and later also in interwar Yugoslavia, the work of Charles Jelavich still occupies a somewhat
    [Show full text]
  • Accounting for Regional Poverty Differences in Croatia: Exploring the Role of Disparities in Average Income and Inequality
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Accounting for regional poverty differences in Croatia: Exploring the role of disparities in average income and inequality Rubil, Ivica The Institute of Economics, Zagreb 16 January 2013 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/43827/ MPRA Paper No. 43827, posted 16 Jan 2013 11:16 UTC ACCOUNTING FOR REGIONAL POVERTY DIFFERENCES IN CROATIA: EXPLORING THE ROLE OF DISPARITIES IN AVERAGE INCOME AND INEQUALITY Ivica Rubil The Institute of Economics, Zagreb January 2013 Abstract The prevalence of poverty in a given population is determined by both the level of average income and the shape of income distribution. Accordingly, the difference in poverty between two populations can be attributed to disparities in their average incomes and in the levels of income inequality. In this paper, we decompose the differences in relative poverty between each of the twenty-one Croatian counties and Croatia as a whole into the contributions of the mean income and income inequality, using the Household Budget Survey data for 2010. The decomposition framework that we utilize here is one usually applied for decompositions of intertemporal poverty changes, and is based on the concept of Shapley value from cooperative game theory. Poverty is measured by three conventional measures – the headcount ratio, the poverty gap, and the squared poverty gap – and robustness of the results to switching from one measure to another is discussed. The results of decompositions show that in most cases both the mean income and inequality differences contribute to poverty variation across the counties, relative to poverty in Croatia as a whole. When poverty is measured by the headcount ratio, the income contribution dominates the inequality contribution, while when we switch to the other two measures, which give more weight to poorer among the poor, the inequality contribution starts to dominate.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithuania Country Chapter
    EU Coalition Explorer Results of the EU28 Survey on coalition building in the European Union an initiative of Results for Lithuania © ECFR May 2017 Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Findings Lithuania Coalition Potential Preferences Policies Ranks 1 to 14 Top 3 for LT Ranks 15 to 28 Lithuania ranks overall #21 at Preferences Lithuania ranks #11 at ‘More Europe’ Top 3 for LT 1. Latvia 2. Estonia Country Findings 1. Latvia #11 3. CZ EL AT Austria #19 Q1 Most Contacted 2. Estonia Q14 Deeper Integration BE Belgium 3. Poland BG Bulgaria 1. Latvia Q16 Expert View Level of Decision-Making Q17 Public View HR Croatia #22 Q2 Shared Interests 2. Poland 3. Sweden CY Cyprus 63% 52% All EU member states 50% 46% CZ Czech Rep. 1. Latvia 13% 19% Legally bound core 14% 18% DK Denmark #22 Q3 Most Responsive 2. Sweden 17% 15% Coalition of states 14% 21% EE Estonia 3. Slovenia 7% 8% Only national level 22% 15% FI Finland LT EU EU LT FR France DE Germany EL Greece HU Hungary Partners Networks IE Ireland Lithuania ranks overall #20 at Partners Voting for IT Italy Top 3 for LT Latvia LV Lithuania Latvia 1. Latvia Top 8 for LT LT Lithuania #19 Q10 Foreign and Development Policy 2. Poland Poland LU Luxembourg 3. Sweden MT Malta Estonia 1. Latvia NL Netherlands #12 Q11 Security and Defense Policy 2. HR RO PL Poland 3. DK PL SE Sweden PT Portugal LT 1. Estonia RO Romania #21 Q12 Economic and Social Policy 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Former Yugoslavia: Emergency Assistance
    FORMER YUGOSLAVIA: EMERGENCY 18 Novem ber ASSISTANCE appeal no. 01.29/97 situation report no. 4 period covered: June - 30 September 1997 Donations totaling USD 6 million from the US Government for International Federation operations in former Yugoslavia — combined with sizeable grants from the Swedish and Norwegian Governments and Red Cross Societies — ensured that operations which were threatened with closure in Croatia and the Federal Republic (FR) Yugoslavia can be sustained for the remainder of 1997. At the end of October the Federation launched a new international advocacy campaign forFR Yugoslavia which it hopes will generate interest and a response to the ongoing needs of refugees and other vulnerable groups there. Meanwhile, in October the General Assembly of the Red Cross of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was formally constituted and elected new office holders. The following month, the General Assembly of the Red Cross of Republika Srpska was held. The context Over 808,000 beneficiaries across former Yugoslavia are receiving assistance from the region’ s National Societies working alongside the International Federation, with its network of delegations in Belgrade, Sarajevo, Zagreb, and sub-delegations in Podgorica, Pristina and Osijek/Vukovar. Latest events Bosnia-Herzegovina Following rising tensions over the summer in Republika Srpska (RS) and the stand-off between the entity president Biljana Plavsic and the Pale leadership, political and civil unrest continued emergency appeal no. 01.29/97 situation report no. 4 in September. International community support for Plavsic and SFOR’s ‘Operation Tango’ provoked retaliatory attacks on various international organisations, and SFOR troops closed down the RS’s television station following “its tasteless compilation of outright lies”.
    [Show full text]
  • Memorial of the Republic of Croatia
    INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING THE APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE (CROATIA v. YUGOSLAVIA) MEMORIAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA APPENDICES VOLUME 5 1 MARCH 2001 II III Contents Page Appendix 1 Chronology of Events, 1980-2000 1 Appendix 2 Video Tape Transcript 37 Appendix 3 Hate Speech: The Stimulation of Serbian Discontent and Eventual Incitement to Commit Genocide 45 Appendix 4 Testimonies of the Actors (Books and Memoirs) 73 4.1 Veljko Kadijević: “As I see the disintegration – An Army without a State” 4.2 Stipe Mesić: “How Yugoslavia was Brought Down” 4.3 Borisav Jović: “Last Days of the SFRY (Excerpts from a Diary)” Appendix 5a Serb Paramilitary Groups Active in Croatia (1991-95) 119 5b The “21st Volunteer Commando Task Force” of the “RSK Army” 129 Appendix 6 Prison Camps 141 Appendix 7 Damage to Cultural Monuments on Croatian Territory 163 Appendix 8 Personal Continuity, 1991-2001 363 IV APPENDIX 1 CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS1 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE CHRONOLOGY BH Bosnia and Herzegovina CSCE Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe CK SKJ Centralni komitet Saveza komunista Jugoslavije (Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia) EC European Community EU European Union FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia HDZ Hrvatska demokratska zajednica (Croatian Democratic Union) HV Hrvatska vojska (Croatian Army) IMF International Monetary Fund JNA Jugoslavenska narodna armija (Yugoslav People’s Army) NAM Non-Aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
    [Show full text]
  • The Book Art in Croatia Exhibition Catalogue
    Book Art in Croatia BOOK ART IN CROATIA National and University Library in Zagreb, Zagreb, 2018 Contents Foreword / 4 Centuries of Book Art in Croatia / 5 Catalogue / 21 Foreword The National and University Library in Croatia, with the aim to present and promote the Croatian cultural heritage has prepared the exhibition Book Art in Croatia. The exhibition gives a historical view of book preparation and design in Croatia from the Middle Ages to the present day. It includes manuscript and printed books on different topics and themes, from mediaeval evangelistaries and missals to contemporary illustrated editions, print portfolios and artists’ books. Featured are the items that represent the best samples of artistic book design in Croatia with regard to their graphic design and harmonious relationship between the visual and graphic layout and content. The author of the exhibition is art historian Milan Pelc, who selected 60 items for presentation on panels. In addition to the introductory essay, the publication contains the catalogue of items with short descriptions. 4 Milan Pelc CENTURIES OF BOOK ART IN CROATIA Introduction Book art, a constituent part of written culture and Croatian cultural heritage as a whole, is ex- ceptionally rich and diverse. This essay does not pretend to describe it in its entirety. Its goal is to shed light on some (key) moments in its complex historical development and point to its most important specificities. The essay does not pertain to entire Croatian literary heritage, but only to the part created on the historical Croatian territory and created by the Croats. Namely, with regard to its origins, the Croatian literary heritage can be divided into three big groups.
    [Show full text]