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The Liberal Radoslavists and the Main Problems of the Internal Political Life in Bulgaria During the Government of the Democrats (1908 – 1911)

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The Liberal Radoslavists and the Main Problems of the Internal Political Life in Bulgaria During the Government of the Democrats (1908 – 1911) KONSTANTIN PRESLAVSKY UNIVERSITY OF SHUMEN FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY STUDIA ACADEMICA ŠUMENENSIA POLITICS, PROGRESS, AND THE WARS OF 19th 20th CENTURIES edited by Biser Georgiev Vol. 6, 2019 Shumen University Press STUDIA ACADEMICA ŠUMENENSIA Editor-in-chief: Ivo Topalilov, Bulgaria Editorial Board: R. Ross Holloway, USA Hansjörg Ubl, Austria Wolfgang Wischmeyer, Austria Marion Meyer, Austria Ivan Jordanov, Bulgaria Ivan Karayotov, Bulgaria † Andrey Pantev, Bulgaria Ioan Piso, Romania Mustafa Sayar, Turkey Biser Georgiev, Bulgaria Rumen Vatashki, Bulgaria Stoyan Vitlyanov, Bulgaria Emine Tok, Turkey Mateusz Zmudzinski, Poland John Bodel, USA Andrew Poulter, UK Dan Dana, France Maria-Gabriella Parissaki, Greece Ulrike Peter, Germany Ruth Kolarik, USA David Parrish, USA Danijel Dzino, Australia Stefan Karner, Austria Grygorii Skundin, Russia Artur Błażejewski, Poland Stefan Pop-Lazić, Serbia Archer Martin, Italy Angelos Zannis, Greece Olivier Picard, France Andreas Pülz, Austria Adrian Robu, Romania Stephen Mitchell, UK Florian Matei-Popescu, Romania Svetlana Nedelcheva (language editor), Bulgaria KONSTANTIN PRESLAVSKY UNIVERSITY OF SHUMEN FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY STUDIA ACADEMICA ŠUMENENSIA POLITICS, PROGRESS, AND THE WARS OF 19th 20th CENTURIES edited by Biser Georgiev Vol. 6, 2019 Shumen University Press Published with the fi nancial assistance of Projects РД-08-152/ 9.02.2018 г. and РД-08-154/ 9.02.2018 г. of the Faculty of Humanities at Shumen University ISSN 2367-5446 © 2019 Shumen University Press Contents Introduction .........................................................................................................7 Biser Georgiev, trans. Svetlana Nedelcheva От фракийского до мадарского всадника (From the Thracian to the Madara Horseman) ............................................... 9 Georgy Markov The Country of Azadistan, the National Government of South Azerbaijan (From April to September of 1920) ................................25 Yagub Mahmudov Life-Guard Grenadier Regiment in the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878 .............................................................32 Artem Bagdasaryan The Liberal Radoslavists and the main problems of the internal political life in Bulgaria during the government of the Democrats (1908 – 1911) .................................. 41 Lyubka Naydenova The Leaders of the Liberal party (Radoslavists) during the last months of World War I .......................................................... 56 Biser Georgiev Представители Дома Романовых и российско-болгарские отношения в годы Первой мировой войны (Representatives of the Romanovs’ Imperial family and Russian-Bulgarian relations during the First World War)..................... 78 Gregory Shkundin The political elites in the search for the culprits responsible for the First National Catastrophe ................................................................... 91 Todor Galunov Participation of Entente soldiers and officers in the smuggling trade in Bulgaria after the end of the First World War .......................................... 102 Stefan Minkov 5 The image of the Bulgarian Prince / Tsar Ferdinand in the historiography of the Russian Empire ..................................................110 Dmytro Mykolenko The control over the strategic resources – the cause of the Persian Gulf crisis 1990-1991 ................................................. 121 Vladislav Lazarov Contributors to the volume ............................................................................ 128 6 Introduction This volume of Studia academica Šumenensia is dedicated to a global topic - Politics, Progress, and the Wars of the 19th-20th centuries. It contains collected works by ten leading historians in their fi elds of study from four countries. The topics are diff erent, but they are bound together by a common idea – how do technological advances, politics, and the wars they provoke, infl uence each other, and how the latter aff ect the progress. The articles are presented chronologically and thematically. With the exception of the fi rst one by Georgi Markov, who explores generally the his- torical genesis and the right of the Bulgarians to be considered as an ancient civilized people, the rest of the works study the events of the 19th-20th cen- turies. In the context of individual works, particular attention is given to the impact of wars and progress on universal human values. For instance, the third article dwells on the heroism of the life-guards in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878. At the same time, one of the following papers discusses the change in the morale of the military in connection with the involvement of the Entente soldiers and offi cers in the smuggling of essential foods and goods in Bulgaria shortly after the First World War. In many cases, the articles focus on the national sentiment. The desire of many peoples, including the Bulgarians, to live united in a single state is the subject of several papers. In this regard, the article by Yagub Mahmudov studies the events in the so-called by the author ‘Southern Azerbaijan’ (present day Northwestern Iran) from April to September 1920, when the government formed there was fi ghting for independence of the region without achieving it. Similar, but in another context, is the article by Biser Georgiev, which analyzes the actions of the leaders of the Liberals after their fall from power in the last months of the First World War. One of the author’s important conclusions is that the leading liberals do not plan to come to power in a coup putting at risk the national unifi cation. In a slightly diff erent perspective is the article by Lyubka Naydenova, who, among other things, explores the attitude of the political parties to the declaration of Bulgarian independence in 1908. One of the problems with ambiguous interpretation is the issue of the ‘culprit’ for the outbreak of the ‘European War’ in 1914 and the politicians who put their nations on the ‘wrong’ side. This is discussed in the works of Todor Galunov and that of Gregory Shkundin. The topics are diff erent, but the essence of their theses is the same. Similar to them, but with a diff erent per- spective is the article by Dmytro Mykolenko, which is more historiographic in nature. 7 The last article in the volume in chronology but not in its signifi cance deals with the Gulf crisis of 1990-1991. In this noteworthy work, the author studies in detail the struggle for control of strategic resources in the region and their role in the direction of international politics. In general, we should conclude that the scientifi c articles presented in this volume make a major step forward in exploring the mechanisms linking progress, politics, and war, as well as their consequences for moving hu- manity forward. The topics are diverse, but the research outcomes are more than positive. Biser Georgiev, trans. Svetlana Nedelcheva 8 STUDIA ACADEMICA ŠUMENENSIA 6, 9-24 © 2019 by Shumen University Press От фракийского до мадарского всадника (From the Thracian to the Madara Horseman) Georgy Markov Abstract: Orphism and Thracian arts coordinate with the state-making ability of the Proto-Bulgarians to serve as a basis for the genesis of the Bulgarian people. Continuity in civilizations creates favorable conditions for lasting upgrading, which is crucial for national fate. The Thracians did not disappear but left a significant cultural and historical heritage, and the ancient Bulgarians gave the name to the state, which was preserved for centuries. The Slavs underwent a series of beneficial effects, the language having a priority. Every group/ tribe of the Bulgarian people has its undisputed merits, so that today Bulgaria is on the world map. Key words: Thracians, Orphism, Proto-Bulgarians, south Slavs, Madara Horseman Резюме: Орфизмът и изкуствата на траките се съчетават с държавнотворческата способност на прабългарите, за да залегнат в генезиса на българския народ. Приемстве- ността в цивилизациите създава благоприятни условия за трайно надграждане, което е определящо за националната съдба. Траките не изчезват, а оставят значимо култур- ноисторическо наследство, а древните българи дават устойчивото през вековете име на държавата. Славяните претърпяват поредица от ползотворни въздействия, давайки предимство на езика. Така че всяка съставна част от българския народ е със своите без- спорни заслуги, за да ни има и днес върху световната карта. Еще в 5 тысячелетии до нашей эры между Дунаем на севере, на юге от Белого моря и Мраморного моря и на западе до Моравы и Вар- дара появился живой индоевропейский народ, населявший Фракию под своим именем до Великого переселения народов. Фракийцы мно- гочисленны, но разделены на враждующие племена: ‘Фракийцы после индейцев самые многочисленные в мире. Если бы они были одно целое и управлялись только одним правителем, они были бы непобедимы и, на мой взгляд, наиболее могущественными из всех существующих. Од- нако, поскольку это невозможно и, безусловно, никогда не будет достиг- нуто ими, они слабы. В каждом отдельном племенном ареале у них есть 9 Georgy Markov отдельное имя, но их нравы и обычаи одинаковы’ (Геродот). Отец исто- рии указывает 22 племена, но на самом деле их более 80! Он завидует варварам, что, в отличие от греков, они пьют неразбавленное вино на своих длинных пирах, и не экономит своей надменной желчи: ‘Сидеть не работая, считается великим, считаться праздным считается великим, обрабатывать землю - унизительным, и жить от войны
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