REPORT ON 0-ECONOMIC SURVEY THEOF EXPLORATORY THE EGYPTIAN ~~D SEA FISHERIES RAB/77/008/1
PHOJECT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERIES IN AREAS OF THE Hill) SEA AND. GULF OF ADEN R1'J3/77 /008
REPORT ON 1 THE EXPLORATORY SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF THE EGYPTIAN RED SEA FISHERIES
By
A. A. BARR.ANH. Socio-Economist
&
M.A. EL SHFJ'H~AWI Economist, Ministry of Agriculture
CAIRO, EGYPT MARCH, 1979
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ABSTRACT
The Egyptian Red Sea coast is approximately 1 630 km in length. The main fishery centres· are Suez, llurghada and Quseir on the western side. Bl-Tor fishing centre, located on the eastern side of the Gulf of Suez 1ms under Israeli control w~e,n this report was being pre_pared.
The yearly average catch of the Red Sea fisheries has been estimated at approx. 16 CXXl tons. The fishing fleet consists of 287 motorized boats. pm~crcd by engines from 8-400 llP, and 158 sail and row boats. The medium and larger motorized boats use trawling and purse seine or: both either in or out of the Gulf of Suez. Boats is marketed fresh (iced) and in small parts salted and dried. ·Pricing is considered a complicated problem, both for fishermen and for the authorities. Inadequate pri- cini; has gi vcn rise to black market of fish.
The total number of fishermen is about 3 700. The Suez Fishing Centre area is the most dense. followed by Qii.seir and Hurghada. The ruijori ty of fishcrcen have no other occupation. Some mmers of mo:t.orized boats participate in the fish trade. Also, th~ big fish traders O\ffi all or part of some fishing boats. The standard of living is rather low, especially for S!Jall 01mers and labourers. Host of the· fishermen depend mainly upon fish traders to supply them 1dth loans to finance their busin~ss and personal rcquirerocnts.
There is a trend among the fishermen to_ leave fishing for other activities for the follmdng reasons: i. The pollution caused by oil prospecting opcration5, ii. Security regulations have limited fishing operations, iii. The prohibition of fishin~ operations near some islands restricts fishing areas, especially for the s=ll boats which cannot Op
The Fishermen Cooperative Societies (FCS) in Suez, !lurghada and Quseir arc considered as the !!lain fishermen's organizations. However, the activities of these F.C.S. arc very lil!litcd mainly due to lack of funds •
• Because of .the nul!lerous authorities supervising the Red Sea fisheries, an overlap occurs which, coupled with lack of coordination, &ivcs rise to conflictini; decisions and inadequate use of available resources. - ii -
ITINERARY
Date of Arrival Date of Departure
Suez 16/2/1979 24/2/1979 Hurghada 24/2/1979 27/2/1979 27/2/1979 27/2/1979 Al Kowaig 27/2/1979 27/2/1979 f,l Quseir 27/2/1979 28/2/1979 Tonobak 28/2/1979 28/2/1979 Ras Danas 28/2/1979 28/2/1979 Abu Ghossoun 28/2/1979 1/3/1979 Hurghada. 1/3/1979 2/3/1979 Suez 2/3/1979 3/3/1979 Cairo 3/3/1979 iii -
PERSONS iIBT
Cairo
Mr. Ahmed Tawfiq Abdel Nabi Adviser to the Minister of Agriculture for Aquatic Resources.
Mr. Sal ah Zaal ouk First Undersecretary for Aquatic Resources, Ministry of .Agric.
Mr. Fayez Guinedi Chief, Supervision a..1d Fb llow-up section, Cooperation Department, Undersecretariat, Min. of Agric.
Mr. Abdel Rahman Mostafa Cooperative Supervisor, Alexandria Zone for Aquatic Resources
Mr. Gadou El Shenmri Owner of motor boats and member of the Fishermen Cooperative Society in Suez.
Suez
Mr. Mohamed Abdallah General Secretary, Suez Governorate
Mr. Mohamed Shalabi Director, Fishermen's Cooperative Society, Suez.
Mr. Ahmed Ibrahim Director, Suez Research Centre, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries.
Mr. Mahsoub Al Zohairi Director-General, Agricultural Dept. Suez Governoratce.
Mr. Abdel Hamid Abdel Hal±rn Assistant Director, Agricultural Dept. and Supervisor on Fisheries.
Mr. Naguib Rashwan Chief, Fisheries Office.
Mr. Ala 1 Al Kholy Director General, Supply Directorate, Suez Governorate.
Safaga
Mr. Abdel Rahman Anaba Chief, of Safaga City Council. l·ir. Abdel f:'attah Aboul F9,dl Director, Gerco Ice Plant, Safaga.
Mr. Elia Nassif Port Director and Financial Director, Al Nasr .. Phosphate Company. - iv -
Al I~owcig
Group of fishermen
Al Quseir
Mr. Abdel Hassib Yousef Secretary, City Council, Al Quseir
J.lr. Kamal El Din Hussein 1·1ember, People 1 s Assembly for Al Quseir Area, and Director General of. Phosphate Co.
Group of fishermen
Tonobak
Group of fishermen
Abu Ghossoun
1-:r. Ali Knrbawi Chief, ·mechanical workshops, Al Nasr Phosphate Co. and Council member, Red Sea Governorate.
Ras Danas
Mr. Al Saad Fishermen's· leader, Ras Banas.
Group of fishermen - v -
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. RED SEA FISHERIES IN THE .AR!ill REPUBLIC OF EGYPT 3 2.1 Background Information 3 2.2 Fishing Centres 5 2.3 Fish Landings 6 2.3.1 Introduction 6 2.3.2 Landings of Suez Fishing Centre 10 2.3.2.1 Catch Composition of Suez Fishing Centre 10 2.3.2.2 Seasonal Variation of Catch at Suez Fishing Centre 11
2.3.3 The Landing of Hurghada Fishing Centre ;, 17 2.3.3.1 Catch Composition of Hurghada Fishing Centre 18 2.3.3.2 Seasonal Variation of Fish Landing In Hurghada Fishing Centre 18 2.4 Fishermen 25 ' . '•. 2.4.1 Suez 25 2.4.2 Hurghada 34 2.4.3 El ICoweig . 36 2.4.4 Quseir 36 2.4.5 Tonobak . 38 2.4.6 Ras Banas . • 38 2.4.7 Khada' and Shallateen . 39 2.5 Fishing Boats and Gear. 39 2.5.1 Suez 41 2.5.2 Hurghada. 47 2.5.3 Safaga .. .. 52 2.5.4 El Km·rnig . 52 2.5.5 Quseir 52 2.5.6 Tonobak . . 53 2.5.7 Ras Banas . 53 3. FISH PROCESSING 54 4. FISH HANDLING & MARKETING . 54 4.1 Fresh Fish 54 4.1.1 Suez 54 vi
4.1.2 Ilurghada 59
4.1.3 Other Fishing Centre~ 61 4.2 Salted Fish 61 5,. FISH PRICES 61 6. FISHERIES RELATED INFRASTRUCTURE 63 6.1 Fishing Ports (landing sites) 63 6.1.1 Suez 64 65 6.1.2 H,urghada . ' . 6.1.3 Safaga 66 6.1.4 Quseir 67 6.1.5 Abu Ghossoun Port 68 6.2 Ice Plants and Cold Stores 68 6.2.1 Suez 68 6.2.2 Hurghada 69 6.2.3 Safaga• 70 6.2.3 Quseir 70 6.3 Boat-J3uilding, Repairing and l•iaintenaI1ce \forkshop 71 6.3.1 Suez 71 6.3.2 Hurghada 71 6.3.3 Safaga 71 6.3.4 Quseir 72 6.3.5 Abu Ghossoun 72 6.4 Roads, Water, Electricity and Social Services 72 6.5 Research Stations 73 7. PREVIOUS ACTIVITIES 74 7.1 Berenice Fishing Project 74 7.2 Cooperative :Marketing ·of Fish 75
7~3 Southern Fisheries Company• • 76 8. AUTHORITIES RESPONSIBLE FOR SUPERVISION
AND MPJ~AGEMENT OF P..ED SEA FISHEP..IES • 77 9. FISHERMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS 80 9.1 Suez Si 9.2 Hurghada • 82 9.3 Quseir • 82 10 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 83 vii
10.1 Fish Statistics ...... 83 10.2 Landings . . . 83 10.3 Fishermen . . . . 84 10.4 Fishing Boats and Gear·· 87 10.5 Fish Processing • . 90 10.6 Fish Handling . . 90 10.7 Fish Pricing and Marketing . . . • 92 10.8 Infrastructure 94 10.8.1 Fishing Ports • 94 10.s.2 Ice Plants and Cold Stores. . '. 96 10.8.3 Hainten1lllce and Repair Workshops . . 96 10.8.4 Roads • 97 10.8.5 Scientific Research Stations ...... 97 10.9 Authorities Responsible for Supervision, Organization and Management of Red Sea Fisheries . . . 97 10.10 Cooperative Societies • . . 98 10.11Achieving Integration Among Fishing Comnunities • 99
.ANNEXES ...... 102-115 1. INTRODUCTION
According to the Project Document of the Project for Development of Fisheries in Areas of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, the immediate objectives of the project are to aim at improving fishery production in the participating countries to benefit small-scale fisheries and at developing the industrial potential; to prepare the ground, identify the means and initiate the 'reactivation and expansion of the existing marine fisheries a11d thereby to preserve the fishing cormnuni ties; and to plan and, where appropriate, design and initiate investment-oriented development schemes.
To carry out the socio-economic aspects of the above aims, the work plan was to: a. undertake socio-economic studies to define the most suitable approaches to fisheries development in consultation with member.s of the fishing cornmuni ties and with due regard to available resources. b. carry out investigations in collaboration with national staff in order to determine the reasons for the decrease in the number of fishermen, to encourage recruitment of young people into the fishery industry and to propose solutions to problems identified; c. collaborate with the investment analyst in preparing integrated plans for immediate investment and also for longer term fisheries development; d. assist in identifying sites and areas for the establishment of fishing comr.mni ty centres based on socio-economic conditions and fishery resources; - 2 -
e. explore ways and means _of attracting the necessary government and/ or internatj onaldonors' financial support for the establishment of the community centres.
To survey the socio-econonic aspects o-"' t!10 Red Sea fishing commu nities in Egypt, a visit \·;as arranged to these communities along the coast.
In accordance \·ti th the terms of reference, the main tnsks of the survey \-;ere. as follm·:s: a. establish contact with the fisheries authorities; b. assess the size and scope of the relevant fisheries authorities; c. gather information and collect data on all facil:tties available in the country which are related to fisheries; d. obtain historical data on any past activities and assess their impact on the fisheries in general; e. assess fishermen's organizations ot groupings; f. malrn field trips to fish landing places; such visits should include main landing sites and various other ·fishing villages along the coast;
g. carry out various discussions with fishermen or their representa tives in order to understand their problems and their needs in an effort to arrive at acceptable solutions to improve the l\'ell-being of the small-scale fishermen;
·h. survey market sites \'ll th data coLlected on lfholesale and retn_il fish prices of fish species;
i. assess any available infrastructural facilities, i.e. harbour sites, landing beaches, boat-building facilities, ice plants, cold stores, boat repair workshops and service activities, etc.; - 3 -
j. ascertain number of fishermen and number and types of boats; k. assess any processing activities concerning fish drying, salting, smoking or canning;
1. introduce for discussion the concept of setting up fishing comnmnity centres; m. study any other related subject during the visit.
From the above terms of reference, the expert was entrusted with many responsibilities covering a wide area. It is, therefore, important to mention that the report does not go deeply into all items and problems.
2. RED SEA FISHERIES IN THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT:
2.1 Background Information:
The Egyptian Red Sea coast is about 1630 kms. in length, which includes 1080 kms extending from Suez to :Marsa-Halayeb near the Sudanese borders 325 kms on the eastern coast of the Gulf of Suez, and 225 Ian on the western coast of the Gulf of Aqaba. Both the eastern and western coasts fall within Sinai Governorate. The area extending from Suez to Marsa-Halayeb falls within the two Governor ates of Suez and the Red Sea. The part starting from the city, of Suez, north of the Gulf of Suez, and extending to Ras-Ghareb is approximately 230 kms (along the Gulf of Suez) and falls within the Governorate of Suez; while the remaining part, which extends from Ras-Ghareb to the Egyptian-Sudanese border, is about 850 kms and falls \d thi'.n the Red Sea Governorate.
The Suez G-overnorate is composed of three main centres which are: Al Arbie 1 n, Suez.and Ataka, which make up the capital city of Suez, which is located north of the Gulf of Suez or the point '~here it mebts the Suez Canal. According to the 1976 estimates the population of the Suez Gover norate is about 2 million inhabitants. The agricultural area in Suez Governorate is estimated at about 7392 feddans._!/
1/ Source: ~linis~ry of Agriculture, Agricultural Economics Department, 1979. - 4 -
The petrochemical industry is one of the important economic activities, besides oil production from the Gulf of Suez which is estimated at 11.4 million tons annually. Oil prospecting operations are still under way in the Gulf area. The area where prospecting is conducted is esti~ mated to be about 77 OOO kms •.!J' The number of exploratory wells is about 30 wells.
The population of the Red Sea Governorate, howe-:-er, is about 100,000 inhabitants according to 1976 estimates, where most of the labour force is employed in the industrial centre dispered along the coast and specialized in oil production and mining especially phosphate. Oil prospecting operations in the Red Sea have increased in the last years. The area on which exploration was conducted within the Red Sea jurisdic 2 tion is about 37,000 kms , and has about 15 exploratory wells.·
The most important industrial centres in the Red Sea Governorate are the following:
Ras Ghar~b: It is one of the main centres of oil extracting industry. It is 230 kms away from Suez and 163 kms away from Hurghada. It has a population of about 20 OOO inhabitants.
Hurghada: This is the capital of the Red Sea Governorate. It is 393 kms away from Suez. Its main activity is fishing. Lately, there has been a trend to encourage tourism and a number of touristic projects are underway.
Safaga: It is an important centre for the extraction ana export of phosphate from its commercial port. It is 63 kms away from Hurghada. Safaga is located midway between Hurghada and Al Quseir. It is connected to the city of Qena in the Nile valley by a road which is 164 krns long (it is the shortest distance between the Red ~ea coast and the Nile valley}_. Its population is about 20 OOO inhabitants, most of whom work in phosphate extraction companies and at the commercial port.
_!/ Source: National Planning Institute. ;... 5 -
Al Koweig: It is located between Safaga and Al Quseir. It is 58 Ions. away from Safaga. It has a phosphate mine in which most inhabitants of the region work.
Quseir: It is an important mining centre. It is 143 Ions away from Hurghada. It has an estimated population of abaut 30 OOO inhabitants, most of which work in mining (Hamraween Project) and fishing. It is connected with Keft in the Nile valley by a road which is 194 kms.
?·iersa Alam: It is a small village on the coast near the phosphate mines. It is about 279 lans away from Hurghada and is connected to Edfu city in the Nile valley by a 225 kms road.
Abu Ghossoun: It is the centre of one of the phosphate exploitation companies.. " It is about 359 Ian away from Hurghada.
2.2 Fishing Centres:
There are three main fishing centres in addition to a number of small fishermen's communities along the Egyptian Red Sea coast.
There is a fourth centre on the east coast of the.Suez Gulf 11 Al Tor11 which is under Israeli occupation till the date of preparing this report.
The main fishing centres are:
Suez which inlcmles the following:
Ataka landing site: is considered the main landing site for motorized boats along the Egyptian coast.
Port Tawfia site: where all sailing boats and a number of small motorized boats are concentrated.
Hurghada which includes the following:
Al Saldcala landin& site: for motorized and sail boats.
Al Dahar site: for some small sailing and row boats. - 6 -
Quseir: \£here big sail boats and number of motorized boats are located.
Regarding the small fishermen communities (small fishermen's villages) there is one in Al Koweig site which is 20 kms away north of Al Quseir. The other village is in Tonobake site which is 13 kms south of Mersa Alam, with about 15 fishermen in each village. There are also fishermen villages in Ras Banas, Kheda and Shalatccn which have 10 to 25 fishermen.
2.3 Fish Landings:
2.3.1 Introduction:
According to 1976 estimates, Egyptian production of fish is estimated at about 106,000 tons, about 5 percent of which are produced from the Red Sea 10 percent from the Mediterranean Sea, 55 percent from the lakes, 19 percent from fresh water fisheries, 10.8 percent from the high seas fisheries and 2 percent from fish farms.
From the physical-geographical aspect, the Egyptian Red Sea coast can be divided into two main regions:
The Gulf of Suez:
It is a shallow gulf, not more than 100 m in depth, the greater part of which is far less in depth than this estimate with a flat bottome; it is about 20-50 km in width ar'id 300 km in length. Its total surface area, 2 therefore, is approximately 10 OOO km •
The Red Sea Coast:
It is about 780 km in length and extends from the southern part of the Gulf of Suez to the Egyptian.JSudanese border. It has an average width of approximately 240 km. Because of the coral reefs in the Red Sea, fishing .only takes place in separate fishing grounds ranging from 3-5 square miles and seldom reach 10-15 square miles (this area is considered as transit region for many species during several seasons). According to the results - 7 -
of researches conducted by the Soviet Scientific Mission, the north western part is considered less fertile than the southern part. Similarly the zooplankton found in the southern part is fourfold than that in the northern part of the Egyptian Red Sea.
Due to the lack of a sound statistical system in all Red Sea fishing centres there i·:ere certain obstacles while collecting data on fish landings, i'lhich can be summarized as follows:
1. There is more than one party supervising the fishing sector especially in Suez. The different methods used by each party for data compilation and classification resulted in inconsistent data which varied from one source to the other.
2. Lack of sufficient data on the catch of Port Tawfiq landing site (Suez) and of El Daher landing site (Hurghada), due to the lack of statistical precise method of fish landing in these locations.
3. Some of the large motorized boats which belong to the Suez Fishing Centre unload their catch at Hurghada in order to avoid paying the excess duties imposed on the catch in Suez and in order to avoid delivering the determined quota to Suez at the fixed prices; Such landings are net included in the catch statistics.
4. Lack of data on landing (and transported catch)in most of the fishing centres located along the Red Sea coast.
5. Lack of any data on the catch of amateurs in some sites, for example in Saiaga.
6. Overlapping of some available data regarding period of time and different species.
7. Salted fish is not registered.
Therefore, the catch figures indicated ·in this report include only fish landings of Suez and Hurghada fishing centres and have been corapiled from tp.e registery and files of the F.C.-S. in Table ( 1 ) Monthl;l! Fish Landing during the period 1971-1978 1in ,the Suez .F±sh_i_ng eenter
Unit :::! One M.T.
' Total . Nov. Dec. Year Jan. Feb. · Met. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Catch
1971 13366 1835 1088 698 657 925 383 61 ~-4 179 2629 3219 1648 1972 19827 1943 1454 1092 1183 619 659 64 84 239 1937 1516 3037 1973• 4493 1710 51·3 635 b.·E3 640' 314 64 102 ------I i ( l .. . ) 3212 . 1974** 14736 .... ---- The t tal catch during the period from February to September ---- 3852 4067 co 1975 13588 1660 1153 1021+ 882 386 318 ------1425 2673 . 1976 20172 2878 1492 1267 2298 1?20 456 71 3i~' 179 1276 4845 3658 1977 16603 2572 1239 1007 &:J4 595 412 36 40 739 911 4422 3826 I -1978 15523 1994 1329 957 508 554 53 ------2023 ------985 3230 389 .
~-· ·-
3318 2771 Aver~a I 2147 1293 1008 2379 867 381 151 146 33.5 1527 ~·
... Fishing Operations were stopped during·the last three months of 1973 because of the 1973 war .. •• There ~~s no ,available data for the months from February to September 1974 and B.lso for July - August & September 1978; the total ~as 2023 with a monthly average of about 674 tons for these three months. - 9 -
Fig.(l) Fish Landing f'rom SUEZ ( From 1971 to 1978) • ....; ~ g ~1 f
I~ - -
- -
'
/0
5 - -10 -
Suez, Aquatic Resources Dcpt, in Suez Governorate, Fisheries Division of the Agricul tur.al Directorate, Suez Governorate, Supply Department of Suez 9overnorate, Fishermen's Cooperative Society in Hurghada.
These data have peen revised and classified so as to cover the years 1971 - 1978.
Regarding salted fish, these have been estimated according to the interviews conducted with fishermen, boat owners and fish mongers who deal in salted fish.
2.3.2 Landin&s of Suez Fishing Centre:
Suez Fishing Centre's landings fluctuated from 13 OOO tons to 20 OOO tons during 1971 - 1978. It reached its maximum level in 1976 where it was estimated at 20.;2 thousand tons. However, in the following
t\-10 years, it intended to decrease where the total landing in 1978 reached 15.5 thousand tons, that is the 1978 landing decreased by about 23 percent of that of 1976 as shown in Table (1) and Figure (1).
2.3.2.1. Catch Composition of Suez Fishing Centre:
There are no complete data on the catch composition at Ataka except for 1977, landing ofwhich consists of about 35 species,
The follwoing Table (2) shows the catch composition at Ataka landing site (Suez) in 1977 which represents about 84 percent of the total landing in Suez Fishing Centre (Ataka and Port Tawfiq landing sites ) •
It is important to note that the species identifications used in this Report are according to El Kholy Fishes of the Red Sea and subject to future revision. -11-
TABLE (2)
Catch Composition of Suez Fishing Centre (A taka Landing Site Only)
QUANTI'l'Y SPECIES PERCENTAGE in tons
1. Spotted Sardinella 3908 28.0 2. Indian Macherel 3580 25.7 3. Macke re 1 Tuna 3278 23.5
4. Striped Snappers 830~ 6~0 5. Lizard fish 728 5.2 6. Prawns and Shrimps 371 2.6 7. Grey Mullet 137 1.0 8. Cuttlefish 133 1.0 - 9. Others * 967 7.0 TOTP.L 13932 100.0
* Other fish are: Groupers, Goat fish, Sardines, "2mperors, Mackerel.., Rosy breams,Sea breams, Jacks, l·lullets and 'others.
The above Table indicates that the first three· species (Spotted Sardinella, Indian Mackerel ·and Mackerel tuna) represent more than 77 per cent of the total landings in 1977. The other five main species(Striped snappers, Lizard fish, Prawns and shrimps, Grey mullet and Cuttlefish) represent about 16 percent,while the remainder 27 species represent about 7 percent of the total catch.
Seasonal Variation of Catch at Suez Fishing Centre:
The seasonal variation of landings at Suez Centre has been measured through the seasonal coefficient in order to assess its impact and to .draw policies to alleviate the economic implications whenever possible. - 12 -
Table (3) shows the seasonal variation of fish landings in Suez Fishing Centre and indicates the following:
The catch of the first qual'ter, which includes the months of October November and December, represents more than 50 percent of the annual catch (52.S percent).
The catch of the second quarter, which covers the months of January, February and :March represents more than one fourth of the annual catch (28.7 percent).
T:he catch of the third quarter., which covers the months of April, May and June, represnets about (14.5 percent) of the annual catch.
The catch of the last quarter, which covers the months of July, August and September represents the smallest percentage as it reached about 4 percent of the annual production.
Thus, we can see that the catch of the first quarter, which covers the months of October, N0 vember and December, represents the highest per centage, then it deer.eases gradually till it reaches the lowest level in the last quarter of the year, as shown in figures (2) and (3).
By measuring the ~easonal coefficient Y we .find that it ranges from 7.3 - 26.7 during (1971-1978) with an average of 19.3 which means high seasonality of the catch.
This cqn be understood if we know that most of the annual catch comes mainly from purse seiners the catch of which represent about 69 percent of the total annual catch. This is followed by the catch of the boats that use trawling, and whose catch represent about 26 percent of the annual catch.
11 The degree of seasonal variation is measured by calculating the co efficient of seasonal variation, which is the product of dividing the highest percentage realised during a month (or 3 months) OYer the lowest percentage of production realised during a month (or 3 months) in a given year. The coefficient in the case of controlled seasonality is one. Table ( 3 ) "' : Seasonal variations of Fish Landings in Suez Fishing Centre
"T
I II Ill IV .'ieai:onal Oct. Nov. Dec. Jun. Feb.Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Total Years . r::oef ficient M.• T. % M.T. % M.T. % M.T. % M.T. .%
1970-71 13366 100 7496 56; 1 3621 27'1 1965 14,7 284 2, 1 26,7 1971-72 13827 100 6490 46,9 ~489 )2,5 2461 17,8 387 2,S 16,7 f--' 1972-73 4493 (.,] 1973-74 14736 1974-75 13588 100 8165 60, 1 3837 28;2· 1586 11,7 ------1975-76 20172 100 9779 48;5 5637 27;9 4474 22,2 282 1,4 34,6 1976-77 16603 100 9159 55,2 4818 29;0 1811 10;9 815 4;9 11 ;3 1977-78 15523 100 8105 52,2 428o 27,6 1115 7,2 2023 13,0 7,3
... Average 15513 100 8200 52,8 4447 28,7 2235 14,4 631 4, 1 . 19,3 .. . - . ·-
(•) The average is excluding 1973 & 1974 because there was no available data ~or them - 1'1 -
Fig.• (2). llonthly Fish Landing Average in SUEZ( Fron: 1971 to 1978).
r--
,_____
,.- -
IGOD
~
,_____.
~ '600 -
.---- ..---
-···~) . - 15 -
Fig.(3) Se'-.Bona.l Va..rh.tion of :fish landing :fr0m Suez ( Average ot 1971-1978).
0
M
. ~
0 - 16 -
These two categories of boats are not operated during the summer months (the last months). Only boats that use handline continue operating and produce about 5 percent of the a:r1nual catch.
It was noticed through discussion held with fishermen and owners of motorized boats that use purse seining with light during moonless periods in addition to the reports and data of the Enumerating Committee in Atalra landing site (Suez), that the catch is usually high at the beginning of the season (catch of the first dark period) theh it gradually decreases. This means that the catch of the first dark period ( 21 days during October) is higher than that of the second dark period(21 days in November). The catch of the la.st period is higher than that of the third dark period (21 days in December) etc •• till the catch becomes uneconomical as of the sixth dark period.
The fishermen stated that as a result of the increased number of purse seiners over the years in addtion to the increased fishing efficiency of new or rene1md boats, this led to a gradual decrease over the years in the number of dark periods with economic fishing operations.
Purse seiners that operate economically till the end of the season do not operate at present after the fifth or sixth dark period.
The high seasonal coefficient is due also to concentrating of the catch on the three l?pecies, which cnnsist the bulk of the catch, mostly in the same months.
Table (4) and Figure (4) show the following:
1. the most important species (quantity wise) is the spotted sardinella, whose catch represents more than '!4 of the annual catch (28 percent). The catch of this species concentrates mainly in the first and second quarter of the season. To put it more precisely, more than 50 percent ~ 17 -
of the catch of this species was during November and January which represents about 51 percent and 48 percent respectively of the annual catch of this species. The third quarter of the season contributed about 1 percent of the annual catch.
2. The second most important species is the Indian mackerel, whose catch represents more than~ of the total annual catch (26 percent). The bulk of the catch is mainly in the first and second quarter• of the season where the percentage of the catch reached 58 percent and 22 percent respectively of the annual catch for this species, while the third quarter contributed 17 percent and the last quarter cont ributed around 2 percent.
3. The third most impvrtant species is the Mackerel tuna, whose catch represents less than~ of the total annual catch (23.5 percent). The bulk of the catch is during the second and third quarters of the season where the percentage. of the catch is about 57 percent and 41 percent respectively of the total annual catch, whereas the catch of the first quarter of the season did not include.this species. The last quarter contributed about 2 percent only.
The Landing of Hurghada Fishing Centre:
Table (5) shows the trends of catch in Hurghada Fishing Centre, (Al Bakkala landing site) during the period (1966-1978) .. Figure (5) shows that variations in the catch ranging from 87 tons in 1970 to 335 tons in 1978, with an annual average of 226 tons.
It is worth mentioning that annual catch is increasing at higher rates during the past five· years-1/ The increase reached about 144 tons
11 Reduction in 1977 catch was due to some marketing problems between producers and the Fish Marketing Company which led to registering only the quantities delivered to the Company. - 18 -
in 1978 as compared to 1974, that is an increase of about 75 percent over 1974 catch.
2.3.3.1 Catch Composition of Hurghada Fishing Centre:
Complete data on the catch composition of Hurghada Fishing Centre were not available except for 1977 and 1978. The lancl.ings during that period were consisted of about 31 species.
The following Table (6) shows the most important species, their quantities and percentage of the total catch. It is evident that the most important species in Hurghada Fishing Centre are: emperors, groupers, tuna parrot fish, sharks, gre?-SY groupers, jacks and rabbit fish.
The catch composition of Hurghada Fishing Centre (the average of 1977 and 1978) shows that the first four species represent about 65 percent of the total catch, \fhile the catch of the next four species represent about 24 percent of the total catch. The catch of the remaining species (23 species) represent only about 11 percent.
2.3.3.2 Seasonal Variation of Fish Landing in Hurghada Fishing Centre
Table (5) shows the avariation of the catch during the months of the year, where it reached its maximum in the summer months of May, June and July, and its minimum during the winter months of December, January and February.
The peal~ catch season of Hurghada Fishing Centre differs than
that -of Suez fishing Eentre. In order to facilitate compari~on between both Fishing Centres (Suez and Hurghada) the year has been divided into four quarters. The first quarter of the year starts with the months of October, November and December, as was previously mentioned regarding the Suez F'.'ishing Centre. Table ( 4 ) Seasonal variations of the main Landing species in Suez fishing centre in 1977
I II III IV Total ·Oct. Nov .. Dec. Jan. Fob. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jui. Aug. Sept. Species , M.T. % M.T. .% M.T. % M.T. % H.T. % - -
1- Spotted sardinella 3908 100 2006 51.3 1861 47.6 41 1 .1 !.ero --- µ 2- Mackerels 3580 100 2086 58.3 798 22.3 622 17.3 74 2.1 0 3- Mackerel Tuna 3378 100 Zero -- - 1914 56.7 138o 40.8 84 2.5 4- Stripped snapp~rs 830 100 428 51.6 83 10.0 131 15.8 1~8 22.6 5- Lizard Fish 728 100 368 20.6 107 14.7 175 24.o 78 10.7 6- Shrimps 371 100 180 48.5 39 10.5 38 10.3 114 30.7 7- Grey Mullet 137 100 51 37.2 16 11.7 10 7.3 60 43.8 .. 8- Cuttle Fish 133 100 87 65.4 28 21.1 8 6.o .10 7.5 - 20 ·-
Fig.• (4) Seasonal variation of the ma.in species in SUEZ in i977.
1200 Table ( 5 ) :
Fish Landing in Hurghada, Fishing Centre during the period from 1966 to 1978 (H. T.)
Yearly Years Fish Jan. F.eb. Mar_. 'Apr.. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Land.
1966 268 8 10 18 17 69 52 18 10 7 15 31 13 1967 295 7 12 6 10 64 43 33 45 17 25 1~ 14 1968 281 4 2 4 38 61 49 26 25 22 20 22 8 1969 107 5 4 4 5 36 19 8 2 10 5 5 4 1970 87 6 -- 5 5 44 8 4 1 2 7 2 3 '61 N 1971 142 8 5 9 7 21 4 4 4 5 ·6 8 t f->. 1972 191 9 4 9 17 .50 38 5 7 12 22 9 9 1973 198 13 9 10 9 95 ·32 11 3 8 4 - 4 1974 191 2 4 13 16 46 34 29 6 12 15 9 5 1975 252 4 1 10 31 69 47 30 16 12 14 18 1976 314 ? 7 10 10 51 63 74 19 19 26 17 11 1977 28o 11 10 1 10 54 71 ;D 13 8 18 26 e. 1978 .335 21 10 12 21 8o 55 68 27 9 22 9 1
Average 226t2 8 6 8,5 15 60 41 27,7 13,7 11 15,2 1~,3 6,8
:=2~ll:!t:===:n::=-Q==:====~======e=====~~======~==~==~======e==::c======c====-~-- a:=a=------= - 22 -
Fig .(.5) Annutl Fish L•nd1 ng in Hurghada ( From 1966 'to 1978). Table ( 6 ) Fish landing Composition in Hurghada Fishing.centre in 1977 & 1278
1977 1978 Average I Species M.T. % M.T. % M.T. %
Emperors 61 21 ,8 76 22,7 68 22,1 Groupers 46 16 ,4 57 17;0 52 16,9 Mackerel Tuna 41 14,7. 38 11;3 40 13;0 Parrot Fish 30 1-0 '7 46 13,7 38 12,3 24 7,2 22 f Sharks 19 6,8 7'1 (\) c...i \Jrea.sy Grouper 25 8;9 13 3,9 19 6,2 Jacks 9 3,2 24 7,2 17 5,5 Rabbit Fish 13 4,7 20 6;0 16 5,2 Goat fish 9 3,2 7 2, 1 8 2,6 Emperors 6 2, 1 9 2,7 7 2;3 Sea chubs 6 2; 1 6 1, 7 6 1 ,9 Others 15 5,4 15 4,5 15 4,9 .. .
Total 280 100.0 335 100.0 308 100.0
~~======~;======-~:===~====-=-~=~====~======:=====z~======~==~======- 24 -
Table (7) shows that the largest catch is in the third quarter of the year (April, May and June) where it represents more than half of the annual catch (51.3 percent). This is followed by the fourth quarter of the year where its production represents about U of the annual catch (23 percent). The first and second quarters share the remaining catch by about 15 percent and 10 percent respectively.
By measuring the landings seasonal variation of Hurghada Fishing Centre using seasonal coefficeint the following was learned:
1. The seasonal coefficient fluctuated during the period under study (1966-1978) where it ranges between 3-9 (1966) and 17.2 (1973).
The increased seasonal coefficient in 1973 may be due to a reduction in the catch (which had almost stopped) during the first season (October, November and December)as a result of the war which began in October.
By calculating the average seasonal coefficient for the whole period (excluding 1973) we find that the average reached 6.6 which is'much less than that of the Suez Centre. This means that the seasonal
var~ation of the landing at Hurghada Centre is less acute and. landing is distributed all the year round, unlike Suez Centre.
2. Landings' seasonal variations in both Ilurghada and Suez Fishing Centres are alternative. This means that the landing.reaches its maximum at Hurghada Centre during the months or season of minimal landing at Suez Centre and vice versa. When the landing is at its lowest at Hurghada Centre, it reaches its maximum at the Suez Centre.
Figure (6) shows that 74.3 percent of the annual catch at Hurghada Centre talces place during the· second half of the year,(whereas the,catch at Suez Centre of the same period represents 18.5 percent.) 25.7 percent of the annual catch at Hurghadacentre talces place during .the first half - 25 -
of the year (whereas the catch at Suez Centre during that same period represents about 81.5 percent)~
The analysis of the seasonal variation of the main species throh'S 1 ight on the seasonal trends of the total landings of the Hurghada Fishing Centre as shown by Table (7) and Table(8).
2.4 Fishermen:
2.4.1 Suez
The number of fishermen based in Suez is approximately 3000 fisher men. Most of them work on motorized fishing boats and a few work on sail ing boats. The majority of fishermen who live in Suez come originally from Mataria, F.ayum, Ka.fr El Shekh and other provinces in Upper Egypt, with the exception of some seasonal fishermen who work on trawlers and purse seiners. \ They ~ome during the fishing season from Mataria, Ezbet El Borg., Fayurn and Alexandria. Durllig the fishing season they live on the boats and visit their families at their homelands from time to time between the fishing trips.
Tne majority of fishermen have no other occupation. They work only in fishing except the owners of large motorized boats, the majority of whom are fish•mongers. Similarly, large-scale fish-mongers are either owners or partners in the ownerships of a number of boats.
In an interview with owners of motorized boats and with the chair man of the Cooperative Soceity, they mentioned that the number of fishermen decreased due to emigration to other countries (Greece, Libya, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emerats).
The percentage of illiteracy among fishermen is estimated at about 95 percent. On the other hand, it is noted that most of them pay attention
~ to educating their sons. Some of them are in the universities or have already completed their education. The fishennen are keen to keep their s.ons away from the occupation of fishing. Table ( 7 )
Seasonal variations of fish landings' in Hurghada from 1966 to 1978
IV Total I II III Seasonal Years CNJffir::ient M.T. % M.T. % M.T. % M.T. % M.T • % ======•
1966 268 100 59 22 36 13,4 138 51,5 35 13' 1 3,9 1967 295 100 58 19,6 25 8;5 117 39,7 95 32,2 4,7 " ' 1968 281 100 56 17,8 10 3,5 148 52,7 73 26 1_5, 1 I L~ 1969 107 100 1 13,1 13 12' 1 60 56,1 20 18,7 4,6 t0 CJ 1970 87 100 12 13,8 11 12,6 57 65,5 7 8, 1 8, 1 1971 142 100 19 13,4 22 15,5 89 62,7 12 8_,4 7,5 1972 191 100 40 20,9 22 11; 5 105 55 24 12,t 4,8 1973 198 100 8 4 32 16,2 136 68,7 22 11 '1 17,2 1974 191 100 29 15,2 19 9,9 96 50,3 47 24,f 5, 1 1975 252 100 32 12,7 15 6 147 58,3 58 23 9,7 1976 314 100 54 17,2 24 7,6 124 39,5 112 35,7 5,2 1977 280 100 52 18,6 22 7,8 135 4~,2 71 25,4 6;2 1978 335 100 32 9,6 43 12,8 156 46,6 104 31 4,9
* Average 226 35 15,5 23 10,2 116 5.1,3 52 .:.3 6,6
======~====~======•The seasonal coefficient average is for the whole period excluding 1973, H 1 Fig. (6) S&asonal vuiation of the main species in Hurghada ~ in 1~977 to 1978 • r.) ~ ~~ -~1'-· ~,.. 50 ·~~
t.:l .._,)
~
.ly - Seas(nal variatione of the main. lan~ species -in Hnrghada eite in 1977 - I Total I II III IV Seasonal Oct.Nov .. Dec. .Jan. Feb. Mar .. Apr.. May Jun. Jul. Aug, Sept .. Species Coefficient M.;T... % M.T,. % M.T. % M... T. % M.T. % - E:nperors 61 100 4.0 6.6 1.. 2 2.0 ;3.1 87 .1 2.7 4.4 43.5 ~" Groupers 46 100 22.2 48:.3 5.4 11.7 11.1 24.1 7.3 15.9 4.1 (IJ Parrot fish 30 ·100 3.4 11.3 0.2 0.7 12 .. 9 43.0 13.5 45.0 64.3 Mackerel ..."una. 42 100 0.2 0.5 o.8 1.9 6.o 14.3 35.0 83.3 166.6 Sharks 19 100 7.2 38.0 4.7 24.7 -4. 7 24.7 2.4 12.6 3.0 Jacks 9 100 2.5 27.8 3.2 35.6 3.0 33.3 0.3 3.3 10.8 Rabbit Fish 13 100 .1.0 7.7 1.2 9.2 7.3 56.2 3.5 26.9 7.3 Greasy Grcwper 25 100 1.0 4.o 1 .. 2 4.8 22.5 90.0 0.3 1.2 75.0 Goat Fish 9 100 -- -·- ·-- - - "1.4 15.6 7.6 84.4 co E.nperora 6 100 o.8 13.3 ·- - - - 4.1 68.4 1.1 18.3 <:;)<) Saa Chubs 6 100 2.7 45.5 - - - - 1.5 25.0 1.8 30&0 D:J Table ( 9 ) Seasonal variations of the reain lal}_~i?B sEeciGs in Hur3hatla site in 1978 I II III IV Seasonal Total Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. • Ma.r, Apr. May Jun • Jul. Aug.Sept. . .• Species Coefficient M.T. M .. T. % M.T. % M.T. % M.T. % Emperors 76 o,8 1,0 1,5 2,0 72;!5 95,4 1,2 1,6 95,4 Groupers 57 10,3 18; 1 10,5 18;4 20,8 36,5 15,4 27;0 2,0 Pc:irrot fish 46 5, 1 11j1 3,2 6;9 16,0 34,8 21,7 47,2 6;8 [.) 0,2 2,4 6,4· 92,6 185,2 ('.:: Mackerel Tuna 38 ,0,5 0,2 0,5 35,2 Sharks 24 4;3 17,9 7,8 32;5 6,2 25,8 5;7 ,8 1I8 Jacks 24 0;8 3,3 7,8 32,5 9,9 41,3 5,5 19 12;5 .Rabbit Fish 20 4;3 21,5 2, 1 10,5 3,4 .17,0 10,2 51,0 4,9 Greasy Grouper 13 0,9 6,9 1' 1 8,5 9;2 70,8 1,8 13,8 10,3 \ Goat Fish ? ------a; 4 91 j l~ 0;6 8,6 00 Emperor,,.s 9 - - -·- 1,9 21'1 4,4 48;9 2,7 30,0 00 Sea Chubs 6 2,6 43,3 1,3 21,7 1,0 16,7 1'1 18,3 2,6 - 30 - The fishermen's family consists, on the average of 6 to 8 persons. Their standard of living is below average. The majority live in houses of one or two rooms. Each room accommodates four or more persons. Some rooms have running water and electricity while others do not have these facilities. Some houses do not have toilets. Just a few families own television sets. The greater portion· of the income is spent on food and education of their children. They live in different popular dist• ricts in Suez and do not have a special one for them. All fishermen are covered by a pension system and have to pay 10.PT per month according to the law. However, there is no insurance against siclmess or old age. Although the law has pointed out the necessi.ty of insurance for both the skipper (Rayes) and the mechanic .of the moto~ rized boats, it is rarely applied. The majority of owners of motorized boats and saiLboats depend on. fish mongers who supply them with loans to finance the following require ments: a. operating costs during the fishing season which include fuel, ice, foodstuff and some cash to be distributed among fishermen at the beginning of each trip. b. purchasing fishing gear, equipment and maintenance. c. building new boats. These loans are provided by fishmongers to fishermen in return for delivering their catch to them who then deduct part of the loan from the sales. The fishermen are often at the mercy of those merchants. In spite of the fact that most of the owners of the motorized and sail boats are members of the Fishermen's Cooperative Society, yet they ~ 31 - depend mainly on the society for securing loans and procuring fishing equipment on a limited scale due to the insufficient funds of the society which prevent it from·meeting all these requirements. Only a very small number of fishermen who own motorized boats benefit from these societies. Regarding small scale fishermen who constitute the majority, they are rarely able to obtain loans or the needed fishing equipments. In Suez, the problems among the fishermen of motorized boats are different from those prevalent among the sail boats fishermen. Fishermen of sail boats: This group which consists of about 100 fishermen centralized presently in Port Ta\·:fiq site. Originally, they worked in El Khur area before the Suez Canal Authority started to transfer the site into a housing area. Uhen interviewed most of them stated that this transfer had impaired their productivity considerably because that inlet was rich in.fish due to the fact that it was the meeting point of salty water from the Suez Canal and fresh water from the Hawees drain.. Most of the fishermen who work on the sail boats are relatives ur belonging to one family. The yield is distributed as follows: 50 percent of the value of the catch is divided equally among fishermen working on the boat including the owner(s). 50 percent of the value of the catch is the quota of the boat and fishing gear. The fishermen in this area work under unfav.orable conditions due to the shortage of landing facilities which necessitates tying the boats - 32 - over half a kilometre away from the beach; thls causes great inconvenience to the fishermen dn transporting the catch, the foodstuff and ice needed for the fishing trips. They have to carry these loads all the distance from the boat to the beach and vise versa. Also, due to the lack of fresh water supply, they have to carry water in cans on carts. There is also no breakwater to protect their boats from damage. Furthermore, according to military restrictions they have to return from their trips on the same day before sunset, and as most of the day is spent in going to/from the fishing area, this has affected their fishing activities. In case of bad weather, these small boats are often exposed to many hazards. They may be damaged or sink dowii with the fishermen (and sometimes their children who help them during summer holidays). There is a general complaints regarding the use of explosives by oil prospecting companies which affected their production. They also complain of the inadequacy of fishing gear nnd equipment provided by the Cooperative Society; they are, thus, obliged to buy their requirements from the free market at higher prices. Most of the fishermen are continually in debt to fish mongers. Twenty "fishermen were interviewed and they mentioned that their debts ranged from E£ 80 to 300 • These obstacles resulted in a drop in the fishermen's income. Many of them left their sail ooats to work on the larger motorized boats or even in the construction and petroleum projects. The avetage income per fisherman in this group is estimated to be E£ 60 monthly. Sometimes the sail boats carry on their activities in the Bitter lakes region which is north of the Gulf of Suez on the left side of the Suez Canal (in the area between Suez and · I smai 1 ia) There are three small fishermen communities in this area: 1. Shamandura located on the Little Bitter Lakes. - 33 ·- 2. Al Nedawara which is in the Greatest Ditter Lake, 3. Abu Rumnna which is in the Greatest Bitter Lake. Fishermen on Motorized Boats This group can be divided into two sub-groups: I. The fi,rst includes the fishermen of the small motorized boats (which do not use purse seining or trawling). hlembc:rs of this group are related to each other in the same way that the sail boats fishermen arc. II. The second group includes the fishermen of big motorized boats (purse seiners and trawlers). The boat has one or more than one own~~ who do not participate in fishing operations. They Dr their representatives hire a skipper (Rayes) who must be D11 experienced fisherman, and he, in turn will be responsible for providing the crew. They are usually fetched from Al ~Mataria, Ezbet El Borg and Kafr El Shiekh, and are give11 part of their wages in advance. It is worth mentionil'lg that payments are settled on friendly bash~. There are no written contracts between owners, skippers and fishermen, thus owners avoid making insurance policy for the fishermen as the Law of Labour stipulates. On the other hand the fishermen feel free to, change owners which they often do after receiving the advanc!? payments. This kind of affairs causes a lot of.troubles which hamper fishing activities. The return of fish sales is distributed as follows: 30 percent of the return goes to the fishermen to be distributed as follows: 3 shares go ·to the skipper. 3 shares go to the mechanic 1 share to each fisherman Seventy percent goes to the mmer(s)· of the boat from which all expenses of the trip are deducted including subsistence expenses of the crew on -34 board and duties to be paid to the Suez Governorate. The average fisherman's income ranges from E£ 80 to F£ 120 per month during the fishing season. Many fishermen complained of the inaccuracy of boat mmers in settling their accounts. There is a general trend among the owners of small motorized boats to invest their savings in building new small boats which has led to the increasing number of small motorized boats operating in Gulf of·Suez. 2.4.2 Hurghada There are about 300 fishermen in llurghada, 257 of whom are members of the Fishermen's Cooperative Society. They use small motorized boats of 10-45 HP as well as sail a.."1d row boats. In El Dhar site, there are about 30 fishermen who are not members of the F.C.S. and use small sail and row boats for catchin.g fish and shails and selling them directly to the consumer. There are about 300 fishermen's families in Hurghada. The family size is about 6 persons in average, i.e., the fishermen's population is approximately 1800 persons, most of which are natives of Hurghada, except some who car.i.e to work from El Tur after the 1967 war. The percentage of literacy among fishermen ranges from 60 percent to 70 percent. About 70 percent of the fishermen are young men of 20 to 35 years of age. Fishermen do not have anv medical care. Most of·them are ' ~ covered by the pension law against a monthly contribution of P.T. 10. However, they are not insured against sickness or disablement. About 100 to 150 fishermen abandoned fishing to work in hotels or immigrated to Saudi Arabia in search of work opportunities. Most of the fishennen interviewed do not like the idea of their children taking up fishing as a profession because of the i·ts low income due to following factors: 35 1. Pollution resulted from using explosives in oil production activi ties. 2. Limitation of fishing operations due to the followings: a. Prohibiting of fishing in daytime in areas which are 5 kms away from the shore, and at night in areas which are 8 kms away from the shore, and not allowing boats to return to the shore after sunset. b. Prohibiting of fishing in several grounds near islands which impedes fishing operations, especially that the fishermen's boats are small and equipped with small motors ranging from 10 - 45 HP, which do not allow them go far from the shore. c. Low fish prices, as will be e'.}...'}Jlained in the chapter on marke ting. d. Inadequacy of iee supply after the Hurghada Tee Plant stopped operating. Fishermen are obliged to transport their require ments from Safaga Ice Plant, \·1hich is approximately 60 kms away. The transportation cost of one ice block (20 kg) amounts to P.T. 25 in addition to its price \~1ich is·P.T. 25. e. The shortage of bait supply needed for handline which is the main fishing method in Hurghada; consequently, bait is bought from one purse seiner which belongs to Suez Fishing Centre. f. Inadequacy of repair facilities which forces fishermen to go to Qena or Suez for major repairs. There are no fuel supplies in the Sakkala landing site which necessitates trans porting fuel to fishing boats by carts and paying P.T. 10 for each 20 Lts container. The fishJrmen's village is near the Saltl~ala landing site, the· houses~ made of local materials; are o:ften consisted of two rooms inhabited by six persons. Some of these houses have neither water nor electricity. - 3G - The fishermen's village is three kilometres away from Al Dahar area \vhich is the commercial centre in llurghada. It is served by a number of social services, such as a school, a hospital, a sports club, a cinema and a mosque. There are shops for selling food items and coffee shops. 2.4.3 El Koweig There are about 15 fishermen who belong to one family. They set up their mm village years. ago about one kilometre away from the· shore. The village is composed of 5 huts made of tin plates and wood and do not have satisfactory living conditions. Their livelihood depends on marketing their· catch of fish to cars passing by the coast road, and also to workers of the nearby mines (Hamraween) ·• They use sail and rm·1 boats with hand line, gill nets and trammel nets. They do not have any medical or social care. They buy their commodities on credit from small nearby shops. They send some of their childrcri·to religious institutes in Quseir where board and education are free of charge. This group does not enjoy any previleges regarding pension', insurance against sickness and disal:;>lement 2.4.4 Quseir There are about 425 fishermen who are members in the Cooperative Soceity in Quseir. The fisherman's family s.ize is about 6 persons in the average. T.his means that the fishermen 1 s population is approxima.tely 2550 individuals. About 75 percent of the fishermen are young: 20-30 years old. The percentage of illiteracy is about 80 percent. Cooperative Society members are beneficiaries of the pension system against a monthly payment of P.T. 10 per member. However, they do not have any insurance system. Fishermen in Quseir use small row boats for short distances near the shore, and relatively big boats (katira) which operate in the southern part of the Egyptian coast of the Red Sea with veranda nets and handlines. The, fishermen in Quseir are not ready to change the fishing methods to which they are accustomed, but they expressed their readiness to accept any improvement in such methods. There is ~ significant number of fishermen in Quseir who do not use any kind of boats , they are usually called 1 foot fishermen' • They use veranda nets and other fishing equipments to catch mullets, lobsters and other species that live near the coast (in shallow waters). A few years ago many fishermen abandoned fishing profession to work in the new mining projects in Hamraween as a result of their reduced catch and sequential lowered income compared to other new jobs for the following reason~: Imposing restrictions on fishing operations regarding certain areas or fishing hours, as mentioned previously, Inadequacy of ice supply needed to preserve fish that is marketed fresh, Social security provided by other professions and not available to the fishing profession. Water supply represents a critical problem in Quseir. Each person has a daily ration of about 10 litres for consumption. However, it is expected that this problem will be solved by the end of 1979 after the completion of the water supply project. Water is carried to the ,city by carrier vessels from the City of Safaga. These carriers .are rented by the City Council of Quseir and they transport about 85% of the water requirements. The remaining 1£50/o are carried by vans and condensers. - 38 ·- 2.4.5 Tonobak There are about ten fishermen in this area. They live in a village consisting of few huts made of wood and tin plates. This village is located directly on the sea coast and the fishermen are all relatives. They have been living in this area for over twenty years. They use small row or sail boats that are about six m long. They use the handline and the giU nets fishing methods. Their livelihood depends on marketing their catch of fish to the passing cars and the workers of the nearby mines. They live in a very humble \'lay and are not entitled to any medical or social services. Fishermen of this area had worked in the Berenice fishing project executed by the General Establishment for Aquatic Resources. Hm'lever, the failure of the project affected them adversely to the extent to refuse participating in such projects and prefer to work independently. 2.4.6 Ras Banas There are 25 fishermen in this area, all belonging to the same tribe Al Ababda. They are all relatives and live in a village consisting of few huts built out of wood and tin plates, which suffer from highly unsatisfactory living conditions. Ninety five percent of the population are illiterate. The village is 50 kms away from the main coastal road. It has a mosque built by the City Council of Q~seir and used, away from religious purposes, for teaching youngsters. The Imam is entrusted with this task. However, this activity has stopped because of financial and administrative difficulties between the ~Unistry of Endm'1IJ1ents and the "Ministry of Education. The City Council supplies fishermen at regular intervals with foodstuff and water. The fishermen pay for the food and water, while the Council bears the transportation costs. Trucks -39 - which are hired to bring the fishermen's requirernent.F. transport their salted and dried fish to Quseir against payment to the contractor • The City council built concrete reservoirs to store drinking water in the site. Relations ar.iong this·group follow the tribal pattern where the tribe's le~der (shiekh) organizes and distributes the work, sells the catch and solves problems that might crop up. This group works mainly on big sail boats (katira) which operate especially to fish and salt mullets. They also fish other species for their own consumption or they sell them to nearby Army Corps. Due to the lack of ice, their catch of fresh fish could not be increased. This groµp is not prepared to send their children to receive their education outside the village. But they expressed tpcir readiness to develop their traditional fishing methods and ~o introduce new fishing methods. All fishermen in this group are members of the fishermen's Coopera tive Society in Quseir to which they pay their subscriptions. They are covered by a pension scheme, but are not insu·red against disablement and sickness .. 2.4.7 Khada, and Shallatcen There are small g:toups of fishermen at these areas. Each group ' consists of 5 - 15 fishermen, all of whom belong to the Ababda tribe. They live under the same conditions previously mentioned under Ras Banas. We could not visit them ·due to shortage of time and the.ir distant location as well as their small number. Table (10) indicates the number of fishermen distributed among the different fishing centres. 2.5 Fishing Boats and Gear Fishing boats and gear differ according to the main and subordinate fishing centres located on the Egyptian Red Sea Coast. - 40 Table ( 10 ) : Number of Fishermen According to Different Fish landing sites : Landing Sites Number of Fishermen Suez 3000 Hurghada 300 El-Koweig 15 Quseir 425 Tonobak 10 Ra's Banas Others 30 l Total 3805 l======- 41 - 2.5.1. Suez: Boats which are based in the Suez Fishing C,entre are divided as follows: 1. Sail Boats: These are boats which operate by sails and additional use of rows; there are about 30 sail boats concentrated in Port Tawfiq landing site •. The boat is 6 m long and is equipped with ice chest· of 250 kgs capacity for preserving fish. These boats operate in areas near the shore: three kms from the coast during daytime and five kms at night. Three to four persons plus a boy apprentice work on this boat. They use different fishing methods such as handline, bottom gillnets, cast nets and traps. 2. Small Motorized.Boats: Most of these boats are concentrated in Port Tawfiq site. These are about ten boats equipped with engines of 27 H.p. 3. Large'Motorized Boats: Most of these boats are made of wood except for eight motorized boats which are made of steel. These were designed and built locally in Suez and Port Tawfiq. Only one boat was bought from Italy (Table 11). The cost of building motorized boats has raised remarkably in the past few years as a result of increased prices of wood and increa~ed wages. The cost of building a ship nowadays ranges from E£ 50,ooo· to F£ 100,000 according to its size, power of its motors and needed ·equipment. All these boats are not equipped with telecommunicat tion or navigational facilities, or echo-sounders. Fishermen depend on personal experience and natural evidence in !coating fish communities. Many of them requested providing them with echo sounders and appropriate training. Motorized boats which are based in Suez Fishing Centre are divided according to the areas in which they are allowed to operate as follows: - 42 - TAilLE 11 Classification of the Motor Boats according to Engine Power, Fishing Methods and Fishing Grounds. Inside Suez Gulf Outside Suez Gulf I Horse Power Total Purse Handline Trawl Different Methods Seine No. % Less than 25 22 - - - 22 9.5 50 21 - - - 21 9.0 100 9 - - - 9 3.9 150 9 41 9 1 60 25 .. 9 200 - 15 28 1 44 19.0 250 - 23 25 17 65 28.0 300 - 1 4 1 6 2.e 400 - - 2 3 5 2.1 Total 61 80 68 23 232 100 % 26 34 29 11 100 - 43 - Boats which operate in the Suez Gulf: These boats are allowed to fish in the Gulf (they may also fish outside the Gulf). Most of the boats fall under this category. They are about 209 boats which use different fishing·methods (purse seining, trawling and handline). Boats whichoRerate outside the Gulf: These boats are allowed to fish outside the Gulf only. (They may not fish inside the Gulf). They are 23 boats and use different fishing methods. The Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries issues permits to vessels_operating in the Gulf in order to protect the fish stock in tho Gulf of Suez. Therefore, no permits to new boats wishing fo operate ·in the Gulf (this applies to trm·1lers and purse seiners). Thus, we can explain why vessels that are allowed to operate outside the Gulf. cannot do so inside it. The number of fishermen working on motorized boat differs according to the power of the engine, the productive capacity of~the vessel and the fishing method used. There are about 10~15 workers on a trawler, whereas on a purse seiner there may be 20-25 workers. On vessels using handlines, there are about 5 workers on the average. In all these vessels, there is usually a chief fisherman, a mechanic and in some instances (in the case of large vessels) there is an assistant to the chief and one assistant mechanic. All these vessels have a hold (at the bottom) which is zinc lined for storing both fish and ice. Fishing boats are divided according to the fishing methods they use: whether trawling, purse seining or hand lines. In spite of the \';. fact that such specializations exist, yet there are boats which use more than one method. Table 11 indicates the ~ollowing: Boats which use handlines have the least.powerful engines. There are 43 boats whose engines power is less than 50 H.p and only 18 boats whose -engines power is less than 150 H.po - 44 - There are 41 purse seiners whose engines are less than 150 HP and 39 boats whose engines power ranges from 150-300 HP. There are 37 trawlers whose engines power range from 100-200 HP and 31 boats with engines of 200-400 HP. Most of the boats operate outside the Gulf of Suez only (and not inside) have powerful raotors ranging from 200-400 HP. They are 21 in nurabers, with the exception of two boats which have motors less than 200 HP. Purse seining is the method mostly used. There are about 80 boats (34% of the total number of boats) which use this method inside the Gulf of Suez, in addition to purse seiners which operate outside the Gulf. Thus we can sec that purse seining is mostly used in Suez F'ishing c.entre, follbwed by trawling and handlines. Table (12) shows the landings of the three fishing methods in the Suez Fishing Centre dur~ng 1970-1978. According to the estimates of the Aquatic Resources Department in Suez for 1970-72, the increase in the landings of purse seiners during 1971, over the previous year, is due to the increase in number of fishing permits in Suez Gulf from 15 to 32 temporary and permanent permits. Similarly, there was a great shift from trawling to purse seining fish ing by boats which operate inside and outside the Gulf of Suez. The increase in landings of purse seining fishing method during 1972 is due to the increase in fishing operations outside the.Gulf ,(especially in Berenice and North Za 1 farana). It is also due to the reappearance of Suez shrimps in large quantities in the catch. The general decrease in catch of all methods during 1973 was due to the war during \·:hich fishing opera~ions came to a complete halt. According to the available data.from Aquatic Resources Department.in Suez on the total production and -its value of each of the three fishing methods quring (1970-1972). - 45 - TABLE 12 Total Fish Landings For Different Fishing Methods In Suez Fishing Centre (1970-1978) Purse Years Seine Trawl Handline TOTAL M.T. % M.T. % M.T. % M.T. % 1970 7624 70 3121 28 240 2 10985 100 1971 9834 74 2799 21 733 5 13366 100 1972 9023 65 3913 28 892 7 13828 100 1973 2012 45 2083 46 398 9 4493 100 " 1974 10830 73 2545 18 1361 9 14736 100 1975 7230 53 5858 43 500 4 13588 100 1976 ~4042 70 5696 28 434 2 20172 100 1977- 11419. 74 4860 29 324 2 16603 100 1978 !10886 70 4469 29 168 1 15523 100 . - 46 - The following figures indicate the average of the three years: Landings of purse seiners represent approximately_ 69°/o of the total production, and 45°/o of the total fish landing value; Landings of trawlers represent approximately 26% of the total production and 48% of the total fish landing value; Landings of boats using hand lines represent 5% of the total production and 7°/o of the total fish landing value. The above indicates the relatively high marketing value of the species caught by trawling and hand line as compared to the species caught by purse seining. This explains the increase in the average incdDle of fishermen working on boats that use trawling and hand lines over the income of those working on purse seiners. Following is a list of the species caught by each of the three fishing methods: Handline: groupers, seabreams, snappers, emperors, golden snapper, greasy grouper, sharks, jacks , squaretail seabass tuna, barracuda and spanish mackerel. Purse seining: pelagic fish, especially Indian mackerel, spotted sardinella and mackerels. Trawling: Lizard fish, striped snappers, goat fish, shrimps, Indian mackerel, cuttlefish and seabream. Productivity Indicators in Suez Fishing Centre: According to the data obtained from the Fishermen Cooperative Society in Suez and after checking it against data from the Fisheries Bureau of the Dept. of Agriculture and Dept. of Supply regarding - 47 - the total number of boats classified according to the fishing methods, the engine horse power, and the total landings, it was possible to calculate the average productivity per boat as well as per horse power and per fisherman, as indicated in Table 13. Table 13 indicates that purse seining is the most productive method regarding the fisherman, boats and horsepower, followed by trawling and handlines. 2.5.2 Hurghada Hurghada is considered the second important fishing centre on the Red Sea Coast, after Suez. Motor Boats: There are 49 motor boats with engine power ranging from 10- 45 H.P. in Hurghada area. ·They mainly use handline. Each boat has a zinc-lined insulated hold to be used as an ice box for storing ice and 2-3 tons of fish. Each boat has an average length of 6 to 7 m. and a crm·1 of about 5 persons. It is noteworthy to mention that there are 13 Japanese mad~ boats, 45 H.P., to be delivered. There are 10 boats, 30 H.P. under construction. Table (14) shows the number of boats operating in Hurghada ?-Ccording to engine power. Basing our comparison on the total engine power, we find that the total engine p·ower of motor boats operating in Hurghada represents less than"' 5% of that total engine power of boats operating in Suez. The engine power of boats using handlines in Hurgl1ada is less than half of their counterparts in Suez. TABLE 13 Average of estimated productivity in Suez Fishing Centre in 1978 Fishing Total fish Boats Average Total Annual Productivity Method landings No. HP/Boat H.P. M.T. M.T.boat M.T./HP M.T./fisherman , Purse seine 10886 80 157 12519 136 0.870 6.2 ' Trawl 4469 68 196 13329 66 0.335 5.5 t; Handline 168 61 50 3040 3 0.056 0.6 Total 15523 209 138 28888 75 0.537 6.0 - 49 - TABLE 14 Number of Boats in Hurghada according to Engine Power ( 1978) No. Engine Power Total Engine Power (H.P.) (H.P.) 11 45 495 1 35 35 31 25 775 1 22 22 5 10 50 49 28* 1377 * Average Horse Power per boat - 50 - According to the data provided by the Fishermen's Cooperative Society at Hurghada on the total number of boats using handline, and the total landing for 1978, it was possible to calculate the productive estimates as per boat/horse power/fisherman as demon strated by Table (15). TABLE (15) Productivity Indicators in Hurghada Fishing Centre Total Boats Average Total Annual Productivity Landings No. Engine Engine M.T. Power~HP Power.HP M.T./boat M.T./HP M.T./fisher 335 49 28. 1377 6~8 0.243 1.4 By comparing the averages of productivity in Hurghada with those of Suez (for handline fishing only) for 1978, we find 'that they are much higher according to all three productivity measurements used. Productivity per boat was much higher in Hurghada than in Suez. It reached fourfolds per horsepower and more than double per worker. Based on data provided by the Fishermen Cooperative Society in Hurghada, the average production per boat, for the period 1970- 1973, reached about 4 tons annually. By comparing this average with the estimated average for 1978 ( 6.8 tons) llie find that it increased by more than 50%. Sail Boats: Sail boats operating at the Hurghada Fishing Centre are divided as follows: - 51 - (A) There are about 25 small sail boats concentrated in Bakkala Area (the main landing site). The average length of the boat is 6 rn and has 2 - 3 fishermen. There are another 30 boats (Felukas) of smaller size in Dahar area; (B) Large sail boats (Katira) are specialized in fishing mullets and salting them during the trip. They operate in the southern part of the Egyptian Red Sea Coast. Some boats reach the Sudanese and Ethiopian Territo~ial water. There are about 14 Katira, four of which belong to the Hurghada Cooperative Society, and the remaining ten belong to Al Tor Cooperative • Society. Each Katira has about 12 fishennen. The average duration of a fishing trip is about three months. Each Katira completes two fishing trips per year - a winter trip (which starts by the end of January) and summer trip ( which starts during the month of July). Each Katira is about 16~ m long, 4 m wide and about 2 rn high. It has a maximum loading capacity of 100 barrels; each barrel has a capacity of 100 kgs. The average production of each Katira in a fishing trip is about 5 tons (50 barrels x 100 kgs). This means that the annual production of each Katira is 10 tons in the average. According to the average wholesale prices of 1978, the pro duction value of each Katira is estimated at E£ 7000.annually (the'price per kilogram being P.T. '70). Hence the average annual income per fisherman is about E£ 500 annually._!/ 1/ These estimates were-calculated on the basis of discussions conducted with the Chairman of Al Tor Society; a number of fishermen in this field, and some retail fish mongers that deal in sal.ted fish in Hurghada. - 52 - 2.5.3 Safaga: There are 3 motor. boats in Safaga, each is 25 H.P. No data is available on the annual landings of this area. 2.5.4 El Koweig: There are 4 sail and r.ow boats in Al Koweig. 2.5.5 .Quseir Quseir is the third fishing centre of importance on the Red Sea Coast, after Suez and Hurghada, regarding the number of motor " and sail boats which belong to the Fishermen Cooperative Society in Quseir. Boats operating in Al Quseir could be divided into the following: Motor boats: There are about three motor boats, each motor is 25 H.P. (these boats are 13 years old). Each bnat is equipped with zinc-lined insulated holds (ice box) to store ice and fish with a capacity of two tons. Due to the frequent inadequate supply of ice throughout the year, these boats are used for fishing and salting mullets and goat fish. Sail boats: (Katira): There are about 13 Katiras for fishing and sal~~ng mullets and goat fish. Th,e average duration of a fishing trip is about 3 months. These katiras operate in the southern regions of the Red Sea along the Egyptian coast. The average landing of each katira as previously estimated in Hurghada is 10 tons annually. Row boats: There are about 33 row boats whose lengths ranges between 4.5 - 6 m. - 53 - 2.5.6 Tonobak: Tonobak has about 4 row boats. The average length of a boat is about 6 m. 2.5.7 Ras Banas: There are 5 large sail boats (katira) in this site. Each 'katira' has 2 small 1 felukas 1 • They operate in the southern region, about 100 kms south of Ras Banas. The average duration of the fishing-trip is 2 - 3 months which are spent in fishing and salting sardines, mullets and goat fish. Some fishermen fish near the, coast but due to lack of ice and expedient means of trarsporta_ tion, fresh fish is limited to the local consumption of fishermen and nearly army corps. Table (16) demonstrates the distribution of the fishing fleet in the Red Sea Fishing Centres. TABLE 16 Distribution of fishing boats in the Red Sea Fishing Centres Fishing centres Motor Boats Sail & row Katira Boats Suez 232 30 - Hurghada 49 55 14 Safaga 3 -- El Koweig - 4 - Quseir 3 33 13 Tonobak - 4 - Ras Banas - - 5 - 54 - 3. FISH PROCESSING Chilling of Fish: Chilling of fish by using crushed ice is the only method of preservation which is . used on motorized boats operating in the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez (boats of Suez and Hurghada). Fish is sorted out, then packed in wooden boxes 20 kg each. It is covered with crushed ice and stDcked in the boat,• s ice box till it is unloaded in the landing sites at Ataka or Hurghada, then it is car~ied to the trucks, after add ing crushed ice. Salting of Fish: This method is used in preserving mullets and goat fish caught by sail boats (Katira) which operate in the southern region. They are salted in barrels (100 kg each by putting them between layers of salt. After the fish is salted these barrels are emptied in tins, 11-17 kg each, and transported by trucks to wholesale dealers located in distribution areas. Salting of fish is one of the most important methods of preser- vation used in south of Hurghada and along "the coast in the southern region. It is one of the most lucrative methods of processing due to the high prices of salted £ish, especially mullets, at certain seasons and at certain religious and national occasions. Drying of Fish: This method is used for the preservation of large fish but it is the least used. 4. F.ISH HANDLING & MARKETING 4.1 Fresh Fish: 4.1.1. Suez: The catch of boats operating in Suez is marketed fresh (iced) according to the following steps: 1. Fish is sorted and graded during the fishing trip. Each species is put in wooden boxes (20 kgs each) and covered with crushed ice • Ice is crushed by a special manual tool on board. - 55 - These boxes are then stacked in the boat's ice box which is a zinc-lined hold at the bottom of the boat where blocks of ice are also stored. These boxes are rented from a special factory in Ghamra in Cairo at P.T. 20 per box for each fishing trip, in addition to P.T. 100 as insurance for each box. 2. These boxes are unloaded from the boat's ice box at Ataka landing site in Suez and stacked in trucks, after adding more crushed ·ice on each box, by 11 workers as follows: 2 workers for removing the boxes from the boat's hold 2 workers on board to carry boxes to the pier 2 workers for crushing ice on the pier \~ith a tool. 1 worker to cover the boxes with ice 2 workers to load the car 2 workers to stack the boxes in the truck. The cost of this stage including the cost of ice i6 about P.T.10 per box (20 kg) which is paid by the boat owner. The average time needed for unloading the boat (trawler or purse seiner) is 90-120 ~inutes. 3. Unloading of fish takes place only in the presence of the Fish Enumerating Committee which is composed of the following: Representative of the Supply Dept. in Suez; Representative of the Suez Governorate (Financial Dept. Collector); Representative of the Fishermen's Cooperative Society in Suez:; Representative of the Dept. of Agriculture in Suez. The unloading process is also at~ended by a representative of the boatowner and another 'on behalf of the fishermen. The Committee makes an 1nv~ntoryof the transported landings by species for the following purposes: - 56 - (A) Reserving the portion of different landed species allocated to the city of Suez, according to the quotas determined by the decree issued by the Suez Governorate to ensure fish .supply to _the local market. The rest of the catch is trans ported to Cairo. The quota of the Suez Governorate is as follows: 100/o of the landings from purse seiners. 300/o of the landings from trawlers. 500/o of the landings from handlines. (B) Collecting duties determined for the transported fish to Cairo at E£ 00.01 per kg for the governorate 1 s service fund, E£ 00.20 per box in addition to E£ 00.02 per box for the local council's fund and the Fishermen Cooperative Soceity in Suez. The proceeds from the service's duties are approx. E£ 100.()(X) per fishing season which is about 900/o of the service fund sources. 4. Regarding fish which is marketed in Suez, it is transported to the wholesale market at Gharai b area in trucks'~ which have a loading capacity of 1-2 tons, after stacking the boxes on top of each other, without covering them. The expenditure for transporting one ton from Ataka port to the wholesale market at Gharaib area is E£ 7.000 while unloading costs P.T. 5 per box. The boat owner deliver the boxes to the wholesaler who keep them in cement ice boxes after covering them with crushed ice till the following day (till the supply inspector arrives to make sure that the quota allocated for local ·consumption of Suez has reached the ~arket.) The wholesale dealer sells the fish, then to the retail ~ealer according to the fixed prices. "(However, this does not happen often, and the fish is sold in auction where prices are usually much higher tha..'1 the enforced fixed prices) • The \·rholesaler gets 5-?}h of the sales~ proceeds as a conunision. The.,supply inspector , sellS -~5% of.~ .the fish which arrived at the market to the Egyptian Fish Marketing Company (governmental company) at the enforced fixed prices in order to sell it in its own shops at the same prices. - 57 - 5. Regarding fish transported to Cairo, it is carried in trucks ( 4-10 ton loading cap.). Boxes are stacked on top of each other and covered to protect them from the sun. These trucks are liable to inspection by the Supply Department Inspector. (We can imagine the damage that may happen when the Supply Inspector requests to inspect the truck to ensure that the fish species are identical to the contents of the permit carried by the driver). The cost of transporting one ton from Ataka landing site to Ghamra market in Cairo is about E£ 10.CX>O on the average. The fish is then delivered to the wholesale fish monger with whom the boatowner usual).y deals, The fish is solQ., in turn, to the retail fishmongers in Cairo and in the different provinces in public auctions, as fish is not sold by fixed '· prices.in Cairo, for'?}~ commission from the sales proceeds for the wholesale fishmonger. In case the fish is kept in the dealer's ice box and ice is added, this commsiion reaches 9% of the sales proceeds. 6. Regarding the catch of small sail and motor boats in Port Tawfiq Site, it is moved by fishermen from the boats to carts where it is tranported to wholesale or retail fishmongers, (most wholesale fishmongers in Suez are retail dealers as well) at the prices on which both sides agree. The landing of this group is exempted from duties determined by the Governorate. Retail Dealers Market This market is found in Al Arbaeen District •. It is composed of several wooden kiosks, each contains a zinc-lined insulated box for preserving fish with ice and a counter for. selling fish. The place suffers from lack of .healthy conditions. It does not have ·running water nor electricity. Figure 7 shows the fish markets channels in Suez. - 58 - Fig. { ' ) Fish marketing channels of Suez Catch of the motor boats Catch of the-sail boats in Ataka in Port-Tawfik I I I I Cairo wholesale ·suez wholesale I market market I I I I , , Retail Wholesale Fish Retail merchants in merchants Harketing Co. merchants in Cairo in Governorates in Suez Suez l I I I Retail l merchants in r ------...... '-1 Governorates I I I I I 1 I I I I V "II' "'r-V Consumers Consumers Consumers Restaurants in Cairo in Governor.ates in Suez & Hotels· in Suez - 59 - 4.1.2 Hurghada: Fish is sorted and graded during the fishing trip. Then it is put in wooden boxes (20 kgs each) and covered with ice and kept in the boat's· hold. Fish is unloaded from the boats in the same way as in Suez. It is then moved to cold storage vans (3 vans) which belong to the Egyptian Fish Market ing Company where it is sorted and listed according to species. Until January 1979 the Egyptian Fish Marketing Company was in charge of receiving a.I).d marketing the fish landing. ~owever, since that date arid in agreement with the Red Sea Governorate 1 the Fishermen's Cooperative Society replaced the marketing Co, and.became in charge of all marketing and accounting activities and is used all the Company's facilities (boxes, refrigerators etc). This was due to the fact that the marketing company bought the fish at a relatively low price. The Fishermen's Cooperative Society delivers the Governorate quota of fish to the consumers' Cooperative Society at fixed prices determined by the governorate. (It should be. mentioned that the~governorate's quota is deteremined on daily basis). The Cooperative Society sells the fish to the consumer at P.T.2 profit per kg. After satisfying the needs of the governorate , the remaining quantities are marketed through the Fishermen's Cooperative Society in Hurghada in a public auction to the wholesale dealers who operate outside Hurghada In most cases the prices of the public auction are usually 30-50% more than in the enforced fixed prices. The Fishermen's Cooperative Society collects one piast. for each Kilogrannne of marketed fish as a commission to the Society. Figure 8 shows fish marketing channels in Jiurghada. - 60 - Fig. ( 8 } Fish marketing channels of Hurghada "El Sakkala" landing site catch or the sail &. rov boats .. ,. F.c.s. in Hurghada Delivery-Enumeration- , Freezing Retail merchants in Hnrghada Wholesale Consumers merchants Co-operative outside Society in Hurghada. Hurghada • t Retail merchants outside Hurg?ada .... :Consumers outside Hurghada Consume~s-in Hurghada - 61 - 4.1.3 Other Fishing Centres: The fish landings in the other landing sites along the Red Sea Coast are .sold through the fishermen themselves to the consumer. Most of the consumers are mine workers, employees who work in nearby companies, army personnels and passengers in cars passing by the main road. This is due to the shortage of ice and limited catch in these areas, 4.2. Salted Fish Salted fish, which is caught by big sail boats (katira) is carried in metal tins (15-17 kg in each tin) by trucks.to be sold to wholesale merchants in Cairo. These merchants have their representatives (the retail dealers) in the main fishing centres in Hurghada and Quseir, and they provide fishermen with tins and loans needed to finance fishing trips. Fish is sold according to current prices at delivery time and as agreed upon. Figrue (9) shows marketing channels for salted fish. 5. FISH PRICES The quota allocated for Suez and Hurghada is sold according to the prices fixed by the pricing committee in both Governorates. Outside these Governorates (in Cairo) fish prices are free and determined according to s~ply and demand. Due to the large capacity of the Cairo fish market and the nigh selling prices, the fish sold in Cairo become more profitable than in Suez for both fishermen and"' fish merchants. This has led to a continuous increase in fish prices in the black market in Suez. as a result of a shortage in fish s~pply. - 62 - Fig. ( .9) !'Jarketing channels of the a.al ted fist, Salted fish l l Catch of Catch of Hurghada Catch of Quseir Ras-Banas, Khada' a & El Tour { 13 Katira.s) & El Shallateen ( 14 Katiras) (5 Katiras) · ' ""!!' ... • Repres. of the Retail merchants vholesale merchants in Hurghada in Q.useir ... , Wholesale .... merchants Consumers in in Cairo Hurghida CollSlll:llers in Quseir .... Retail merchants Retail merchants in provinces \!ii in Cairo Consumers in . provinces Consumers in Cairo - 63 - As a result attempts were made to reach an amicable agreement with the fish merchants in Suez on fish prices. However, continuous price increases forced the authorities to .enforce fixed prices in Suez. These fixed prices change from month to month according to the fish supply. The pricing committee in Suez governorate is composed of the following: a. Inspector of the Supply Dept; b. Representative of boat owners; c. Representative of F.c.s.; d. Representative of fishmongers; e. Representative of the Department of Agriculture; and f. Representative of fishermen. .Pricing of fish is determined on roughly basis and not on actual cost basis. The increase in fish prices in Cairo more than Suez has led to attempts to smuggle fish from Suez quota to Cairo which affected the fish supply in Suez. Similarly, due to poor control on selling fish at fixed prices these prices are often not applied. However, as for pricing of salted fish, prices are determined per tin (15-17 kg) according to supply and demand. 6. FISHERIES RELATED INFRASTRUCTURES 6 .1 Fishing Ports (1 anding sites) There are three main fishing ports on the Egyptian Red .- 64 - Sea Coast. These are: Ataka Port in Suez, Sakkala Port in Hurghada, and the fishing port in Quseir. Besides, there are some landing sites which are used for landing of sail boats and row boats; however, there are commercial ports which belong to the phosphate companies and which are used by boats for shipping phosphate. These ports could also be used for fishing purposes if the need arises, especially that the authorities concerned in these companies have expressed their readiness to offer assistance in that field. 6.1.1. Suez Ataka Port Ataka is the largest Egyptian fishing p~rt on the Red Sea Coast. ~lost of the motorized boats are based in Ataka, except 10 small boats which are in Port Tawfiq. Ataka port belongs to the Suez Canal Authority. Fishing boats are temporarily allowed to use the existing facilities. There is a pier which is 700 m long and can accon:nnodate 30 motorized boats at one time. The authority does not permit any new constructions in the site. Hence, government offices related to fishing activities, for example, frontier guards, secret police, supply bureau and representatives of shipowners,. all use :for o:ffices, kiosks made of particle board. This also applies to shops which provide boats with supplies. The port has four fuel tanles which belong to four companies to supply fishing boats with fuel. There is a slipway ~hich can lift two boats at one time. The port has no water supply facilities although a water pipeline exists. Water is tran~ported to the site by trucks. More over, there.·1s no supply of electricity. - 65 - The pier is protected by a breakwater which should be raised. The waves often overspread thus endangering fishing boats anchoring in the pier. Moreover, the port needs dredging. There is a lot of waste material such as ropes, fish boxes and straw used in covering ice during its transportation in trucks. There is also the debris of sunk ships since the war. All this often damages boats's engines. No workshop facilities exist in the port. This means that a mechanic has to ~e brought from Suez to the port, or the damaged parts have to.be transported to the workshops in Suez. Public transportaion linking the site to the city is inadequate, thus malting the journeys of fishermen and other employees to and from the city, which is 11 kms away, difficult. Moreover, no telephone communication exists between the site and Suez. In spite of the large number of fishing boats in the port, it does not have a fire station nor ambulance facilities Port Tawfiq Landi~ Site It is landing site for small sail boats. It does not have any facilities for servicing these· boats. It does not have a pier nor a breakwater. The problem becomes critical during low tide when fishermen are obliged to leave their boats at a distance of about one kilometre from the coast. In such a case a fisherman carries the catch or ice and other supply material and walks up_. to the coast.Port Tawfiq Landing Site has no water supply, fire station or ambulance facilities 6.1.2 Hurghada: Bakkala Landing Site Bakkala Landing Site is located near the ice plant's building. The site has a slipway which belongs to the Red Sea - 66 - Governorate, but it needs repair. The fishermen stated that they do not use the slipway due to the high cost they pay for using it. They pull the boats themselves whenever the necessity arises. In case of large boats they hire a truck to pull the boats. Port's Authority Site: This is a pier about 200 m longlused by fishing boats upon receiving a special permit. It has no water or fuel supply. Al Dahar Landing Site: It is a landing site for small row and sail boats. It does not have any facilities regarding piers, water or fuel facilities. 6.1.3 Safaga: Due to the fact that Safaga is located on the Red Sea between Hurghada_ond Quseir and because of transportation facilities which connect it to the Nile Valley, it has the follm·ling ports: Commercial Port: Safaga commercial port is the largest on the Egyptian Red Sea Coast. It receives large ships which carry imported wheat. The pier is 600 m long and is divided into three parts, each for a special purpose: The first part, ~50 m long, is used for unloading imported wheat .and :has all required equipment. The second part is 150 m long and is used for shipping and unloading different goods. The third part is 2bom - 67 - long and is used for unloading imported aluminium powder and has the required silos. We can investigate the possibility o:f :fishing boats, especially the large ones, using part of the pler (the second part) if Saf aga is used as a base for running fish operations in the southern regions, a$ will be mentioned later. Port of Nasr Phosphate Company (Public Sector) This Port is designated' to phosphate cargo ships. Phosphate extracted from the mines in the area is exported to China, Korea , India and Japan. The port is \vell equipped for this purpose. Boats used in transporting water occupies part o:f the port (which is not used by cargo ships). Fishing boats can also use the port by securing the approval of the company's management. Besides, the port manager stated that the company's workshops in the port could participate in servicing the fishing boats upon the approval of the company's management. Similarly, fuel could be provided upon the company's approval. This is due to the :fact that the Petrolium Cooperative Society is authorized to supply the company with its fuel requirements. Besides, the pqrt is 1~ Ion away from the ice manufacturing plant located in the city. 6.1.4 Quseir Al Quseir Port: there is a special pier for fishing boats right next to the pier designated to the phosphate Company. The latter is not used at present and could be used whenever the need arises. There is a slipway which cannot, be used at present because it needs some repair. - 68 - 6.1.5 Abu Ghossoun Port There are shipping piers which beiong to the Nasr Phosphate Company which according to the chief of the work shop and Member of the Red Sea Governorate Council could be used by the fishing boats once projects are implemented in the area. The Company is prepared to offer any assistance or facilities regarding me_chanical ·and electrical workshops. ' . Similarly it can suppli the required fuel through the Petroleum Cooperative Society. The Company has a power generator which supplies the area with electric current: 7 hours during daytime and 7 hours at night. The port still depends on transported water from Edfu (in the Nile Valley). However, foodstuff are transported from Al Quseir city. The port is 70 krns (paved road) from Berenice area. It is the last port on the Egyptian Red Sea Coast. 6.2 Ice Plants and Cold Stores Ice plants located on the Red Sea Coast are concentrated in 3 centres. These are: 1) Suez, 2) Hurghada, 3) Safaga. 6.2.1 Suez There are three main ice plants as follows: Gereco Plant, with capacity of 4 OOO, blocks per day (equal to 100 tons). The capacity will increase by 5()0/o after completing the new e'Xpansion at the end of April 1979. The plan.t is effiliated to a public sector company. It has a cold storage room used for storing ice with a capacity of 200 tons. Its temperature is -s0 ~d is - 69 - 0 0 envisaged to reach -20 c to -25 c • Its storage capacity could be increased to accommodate 200 tons more. There is always a surplus of ice production in Suez. The total requirements of both the Suez Fishing Centre and the City of Suez do not exceed 3 OOO blocks per day. Ice production is marketed through a contractor, on annual basis, at P.T. 18 per ice blocks (20 kg) who distributes the ice to the ice dealers for P.T. 19·per block. In spite. of the large quantities.of ice available in the plant coupled with its cheap prices, some fish mongerstransportice from Cairo to Suez, ir. the trucks used for transporting fish from Suez to Cairo (especially in winter). This is due to its cheaper prices in public sector plants in Cairo. Besides, merchants take advantage of difference in prices in Suez and Cairo for their own interest. This induced the Director· of Gereco Plant to attempt marketing the surplus ice outside Suez and lsmailia. Private Sector Plants: There are two private ice plants. The first plant has a capacity of 1600 blocks !Suez Plant) and .. the second (Hashem Plant) has a capacity of 600 per day. There is a third plant, which will be pulled down fioon, with a production capacity of 400 blocks per day. 6.2.2 Hurghada There is an ice plant in the Skalla which is supervised by the Red Sea Governorate. It has a capacity of 920 blocks per day. It has two cold stor~ rooms. The first can accommo date 20 tons and the second, 22 tons. Neither the plant nor the cold storage rooms operates-at present due to some repair work. Hurghada ice requirements are transported from Safaga ....; 70 - Ice Plant which is located at 60 km, away from Hurghada. Consequently, the price per block goes as high as P.T. 45, besides the crisis' which occur during the summer months as a result of increased demand on ice. 6.2.3 Safaga Safaga has one ice plant affiliated to Gerco Co. which started operating in April 1978. Its actual production capacity is 500 blocks per day (each block weighs about 25 kgs), which could be doubled, if the need arises. The plant has 2 cold storage rooms. Each has a storage capacity of 50 tons and is equipped for storing meat and fish, with a maximum 0 degree of -20 c • There is a cold storage room for storing ice till it is marketed. In addition the plant has a basement which could be turned into a cold storage room, if the need arises, after introducing some new difications. The ice is marketed at present in Hurghada (due to the fact that its plant is out of operation) and in Quseir • Safaga ice consumption is estimated at about 150 blocks per day only (due to the limited number of its fishing units). The cost of renting the cold storage room for storing one ton of ice is about E£'15/month.The Marine Supplies Co. uses at present a storage area for 10 tons only. This means that the plant has empty storage space for about 90 tons. The price of one ice block bought from the plant is P.T. 25. 6.2.4. Quseir There is a small ice plant for producing ice for the consumption of workers and employees of Phosphate Co. in Quseir. ~.71 - It has a productinn capacity of about 40 blocks a day and has no cold storage room. 6.3 Doat-building, Repairin& and l-iaintenance Workshop 6.3.1 Suez Suez has a cooperative society for building, repair and maintenance of fishing boats, The main workshop for building different sizes of Hooden boats is located in Khor area, in addition to a number of other workshops in different areas in Suez. There are 85 boat-builders, besides 200 workers who \rnrk in this business. All these workshops will be transferred to a new site behind the slaughter-house. There are a number of private worl;:shops. for electrical and mechanical repair of engines. 6.3.2 Hur&hada Hurghada has a boat building workshop for building small boats (houri). The workshop is equipped with an electric saw and has ~ carpenters. There are no mechanical workshops. How ever, there are 3 mechanica who work in the Red Sea Governorate arid Marine Force who undertake simple repafr \'l'Ork of engines. As for major repair work, it is done in Suez. There are workshops in Safaga affiliated to Al Nasr Phosphate Company. As stated by the Port Manager, these work shops could participate in servicing the fishing boats. These workshops mldertake mechanical and electrical as well as carpentry work. - 72 - 6.3.4 Quseir There are workshops affiliated to Al Nasr Phosphate Company in Al Quseir which are prepared to render services to the fishing sector whether related to mechanical, electrical or carpentry work. There are also other workshops belonging to private sector. 6.3.5 Abu Ghossoun There _are workshops affiliated to Al Nasr Phosphate Company. The chief of workshop stated that the company was prepared to offer its services to the fishing sector, if the need arises. 6.4 Roads, Water, Electricit;y and Socia]: Services Suez 1. Suez-Cairo Road which is 140 Ions long. 2. Suez-Berenice Road which runs along the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea Coast and passes by the most important fishing and mining centres. These are Zaf arana-Ras Gharib- Hurghada Safaga-Al Quseir-Marsa Alam-Abu Ghossoun-Berencie afid Ras Banas. Suez has running water, electricity and other social services as well as communications facilities •. Hurghada 1. Hurghada-Qena Road w~ich is 200 kms long. 2. Suez-Berenice.Road. - 73 - Hurghada has running water, electricity md other social services as well·as telecommunications facilities. Safaga 1. Safaga-Al Quseir Road (Suez-Berenice Road) which is 80 kms long 2. Safaga-Qena Road which is 164 kms long (It is the shortest road which connects the Red Sea Coast with the Nile Valley) Safaga has running water, electricity and other social services. Quseir 1. The main road (Suez-Berenice) 2. Al Quseir-Marsa Alam Road which is 136 Ions long. There is a road, 225 kms long, which connects Marsa Alam to Edfu in the Nile Valley. 3. Al Quseir-Keft Road which is 194 ~ms long. Keft is 20 kms away from Qena. A transmitting and receiving telecommu nications station covers all the Red Sea area for servicing commercial ships. It has also a telephone service which connects it with the rest of the Republic. 6.5 Research Stations Hurgh51ta Research Station is composed of 7 laboratories. It does not have sufficient equipment but has a scientific library. Suez Research Station is under construction. These stations are affiliated to the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries - 74 - 7. PREVIOUS ACTIVITIES 7.1 Berenice Fishing Project At the beginning of 1965 Berenice area was chosen for starting a fishing project with the objective of expanding the fishing activities in Southern area of the Red Sea and providing needed relevant facilities in Berenice, Ras Banas and neighbouring areas. The project aimed at encouraging the migration of Red Sea fishermen (in Al Quseir, Hurghada and Al Tor) to Berenice through offering them new· fishing boats.. A new cooperative society for fishermen was set up in Berenice as a nucleus of -the cooperative work. The fishermen were given the value of their catch after deducting the price of ice, fuel and bait. The project ended in June 1967, after facing many obstacles. during its different phases which brought about its failure. These obstacles could be summarized as follows: * Work started in the project before completing a comprehensive study of new fishing areas without conducting enough experiments. * Low fishermen's income as a result of fish delivering price coupled with reduction in catch as fishermen were not familiar with fishing areas and as a result of insufficient quantities of bait tieeded for handlines. This motivated fishermen to go back to their-homeland .• * Work started in the project before completing the infrastructure and social seryices needed to settle immigrating fishermen in the area, i.e., lack of technical services needed for repairin~ and maintenance of fishing boats and lack of refrigerators needed to store fish prior to its marketing,· besides lack of sufficien.t quantities of ice. - 75 - * There were many marketing problems, for example receiving, weighing, grading and transporting fish to different marketing areas (Cairo, Aswan, Qena) and the lack of prepared plan for processing fish (salting and drying) as an alternate solution to preserving it in the event of shortage in the quantities of ice or difficulties in marketing fish in fresh condition, * ..At a certain time the project depended mainly on fishermen from Alexandria but these unfortunately did not have the needed experience for Red Sea fisheries. * The project depended on a number of admin~strative organs but failed to have the necessary coordination and control between them. 7.2 Cooperative Marketing of Fish The Egyptian Fish Marketing Company conducted an experiment for cooperative marketing of fish in Suez and Hurghada in order to improve the fishermen's income and to overcome the controt of middlemen and wholesalers. However, the experiment failed in Suez first; later the Company stopped cooperative marketing in Hurghada. Finally, the Fishermen 1 s Cooperative Society in Hurghada took over as of January 1979. The failure of Coo perative marketing in Suez had its negative effects on fishermen regarding the idea of cooperative marketing as a whole. The failure of the experience could be summarized as follows: - 76 - * Difference in opinion between the fishermen and represen tatives of marketing company on estimating the freshness of different fish species which affect the prices, in addition to differences on weighing and grading. * During the high season (first quarter of the season) and with the existing shortages of the marketing company regarding means of transportation, the company refused receiving a large portion of the catch because of transportation difficulties. Thus inforced fishermen to market the part of their catch through the middlemen. * The inabiii ty of the Marketing Company to assume all financial operations needed for fishing operations (different loan) which are handled by large merchants continuously. Besides, the company was not regular in settling its accounts with fishermen and paying them for their catch. 7.3 Southern Fisheries Company This is one of the public sector companies which was liquidated for continuous losses. It operated in the Red Sea through a fishing fleet composed of 11 fishing boats with engine power ranging between 50-240 h.p. which used purse seining, trawling and handlines. The company had an ice plant with annexes in Hurghada as was previously mentioned. The Red Sea Governorate bought the fishing fleet and ice plant and annexes lately prior to operating them for - 77 - the Red Sea Fisheries Development Project which is affiliated to the governorate. The project was not yet operational when this report was written. 8. AUTHORITIES.RESPONSIBLE FOR SUPERVISION AND MANAGEMENT OF RED SEA FISHERIES There are a number of authorities responsible for supervision of Red Sea and Gulf of Suez fisheries. Each authority is responsible for supervising,·~anaging or organizing a series of operations related to the fisheries. These authorities are: I. Ministry of Agriculture (1) The Undersecretariat for Aquatic Resources comes under the Ministry of Agriculture. It is headed by the F.irst Undersecretary for Aquatic Resources •. The Undersecretariat supervises the Aquatic Resources Departments· of Suez Governorate and Red Sea Governorate from the technical aspect. The Aquatic Resources Departments, in turn, supervise.·the cooperative societies within their respective regions. (2) Agricultural Departments: These are the Agricultural Department in Suez and Red Sea Governorates. The Agri cultural Department supervises the Aquatic Resources Departments in these governorates from the administrative aspect, i.e., leaves,salaries etc. The Agricultural Department supervises the Fisheries Section which is responsible for enumerating fish catch. (3J Fishing Gear ~ompany. It provides the fishing gear and equipment. - 78 - II. Ministry of Defence The Ministry of Defence supervises the Frontier Guard Corps whose centres in the fishing ports 191dertake to issue fishing permits for boats. These permits determine. the duration of the fishing trip, date of beginning and end of trip, fishing ground and names of fishermen working on the boats. III. Ministry of Education _and Scientific Research It supervises the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries which, in turn , supervises two research stations in Hurghada and Suez •. The Institute is to conduct researches. It is responsible for determining the number of fishing boats (trawlers and purse seiners) ope~ating in the Suez Gulf, the beginning and end of the fishing season for both fishing methods in the Suez Gulf fisheries and the teclmic'al specifications of the fishing gear used. IV. Ministry of Supply (1) The Minist:i;y of Supply supervises the Supply Departments in the Suez and the Red Sea Governorates. The Supply Departments supervise the distribution of landing quota to each governorate, and fish.price control as well .as supply and control distribution of necessary production inputs (ice, fuel, etc. ). (2) The Ministry of Supply supervises the Egyptian Fish Marketin.$' Company which is responsible for: marketing part of the Suez quota (25%). - 79 - V. The Governorates These are the Suez and the Red Sea Governorate. Each is headed by a Governor who has the power of the President of the Republic over all activities in his governorate according to the Local Government Bill, with the exception of the Institute of Oceano graphy and Fisheries. VI. Fund for Subsidizing Cooperative Societies This is an independent body under the administrative supervision of the Undersecretariat for Aquatic Resources. It offers loans to the Cooperative Societies and its budget is part of the budget of the Undersecretariat. Its board. is chaired .'by the First Under secretary of State for Aquatic Resources. VII. The Specific Federation for Aquatic Resources It is an independent body which comes under the supervision of the Undersecretariat for Aquatic Resources, from the administration side but is independent from the financial side. VIII. Fishermen's Cooperative Societies Th.ese societies include fishermen who own all or part of a fishing boat and gear (motorized or sailing boats). These societies are the Fishermen's Cooperative Societies in Hurghada, Suez and Al Quseir. These are active societies while others do not have any activities neither do they have any organizational structure. FlGURE 10 Authorities Hesponsiblc fon Supcrvisfon, ,Organization and Manugement of Red Sea Fisheries >llnl •try or Lfol'.'~ t1on i lftrtt•trr of )tinJ.lr; of ~.d a .. Suu Mnhlt:r f- ol £ Ocruior.r•J>h1 ~ (er Aqu• u~ I I>.!'ArlMnt D.puU..,.t Ti•h"riu °'-'•r:_tl Co r;>• o.. ,. Co, Jluourc•• I F•d s.. 5-1t l I I l I I I .I ·; I/ I liurrhuh bvei. Agrl cul tur• A,:ri cul tu rt ~U•«..rtb :Rtfl n ..reh Pep .. Rid Su n.1.. t1.1•t. St...Uon. 3W.t!on I run.b !or .1,iuatlc lquaile TJ..i. ~•\lng !ubol dl.tlng. 'Rnou.r hd" &...... su.x\ .. Ccxtp•r•H•t -~~rall"f / S<>dot; l«l•t'J I I I I J 1'hhrrrH1n vho IU"'r not tH'•nbt!rl Ti.ehtt"~r-n •("lflhf'r• ot C.0.C,f111'1ttht $oeh l1 UI or Coopnl"'l'ltt ... e ~dtHtL'f I I I l-j - Rtd s .. ""d ou.i! or Sun I- - 80 - 9. FISHERMEN 1 S ORGANIZATIONS Fishermen's Cooperative Societies in Suez, Hurghada and Quseir are the most important organization for fishermen in addition to the Syndicate Committee (which is new) for fishermen in Suez. Each Cooperative Soceity has an elected board of directors of about 6 members, among whom the chairman, vice-chairman,secretary and treasurer are elected. In -s::ime societies there is a cooperative supervisor appointed by the Undersecretariat for Aquatic Resources to supervise financial and administrative matters in the society. According to the cooperative la¥, the objectives of the fishermen's cooperative societies are to improve the economic, social and professional state of its members. In order to achieve its objectives it has to do the following: (A) Supply members with fishing gear and equipment and other require- ments. (B) ·Assist members in owning fishing boats, equipments and other needs. (C) Provide quick and ad~quate transportation facilities to transport fish from landing sites to fish markets. (D) Marketing fish and fish products and setting up the required marketing structures. (E) Extending social services to raise the standard of fishermen and other workers in the profession.. In short the society should undertake all work related to the economies of fish production and related. industries. (F) Extending and securing loans to achieve these objectives. - 81 - 9.1 Suez Suez has the following organizations: Fishermen's Cooperative Society for fishermen who use sail and motorized boats. It is the largest and most active society. It was ~stablished in 1958. It has 720 members. Most of the small and middle fishermen stated that they do not get the services of the societies, but eepend on the laons they get from the fish-mongers in buying their fishing needs. ·By reviewing the balance sheet and closing accounts and auditors' report for 1977, the following points were clear: (1) The role of .the society in buying and selling. fishing material (excluding engines) to members was less than the preceding year (1976) by 47'/o which support the complaint filed by the fishermen. Meanwhile, the society's role in buying and selling engines increased, whereby the society gets 20/o of the basic price of these engines. (2) Net profit for 1977 reached F£ 15908 against F£ 17985 in the preceding year (1976). These profits are to be distributed according to the law in the following manner,1 15% legal reserve 7% capital bonuses 15% social services 10:J/o honoraria for board of directors 5% share of society workes. 5% cooperative training. 5% investment fund 38% the remainder, to be distriputed to members, ; - 82 - ( 3) The unpaid loans are gradually increasing year by year. So far, no action has been taken by the Cooperative to collect unpaid loans. This may affect the financial situation of the Cooperative in the future, and render it incapable of fulfilling its obligations. The Coop~rative Soci~ty for Promoting Fishermen's O\vnership of Fishing Boats. It exists. officially but has been·. inactive for years. It assisted a number of fishermen in owning their boats. It has 24 members. Boat-building Cooperative Society which Jias been set up _only recently. Al Tor Fishermen's Cooperative Society which has moved recently to Suez after the 1967 war. Soi:ne of its members are working in Hurghada and the rest immigrated to Tahrir Province. It has stopped its activities since then. It has 60 members. The Fishermen's Syndicate Committee in Suez. It comes under the general Syndicate for Agriculturists. It was set up recently and did not start its activi~ies seriously. Its mempership is open to everyone related to the fishing profession. It aims at raising the social and professional standard of fishermen who do not own their boats and equipment. 9.2 Hurghada There is one Fishermen's Cooperative Society in Hurghada for those ~ho use saii- and motorized boats. It has'257 members. 9.3 Quseir There is one Fishermen's Coop~rative Society which has 264 members. - 83 - Both Hurghada and Al '41seir societies suffer from shortage of financial resources which impede the expansion of services they offer to their members, especially for providing boat engines and fishing equipment. 10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 10.1 Fish Statistics Due to the importance of fisheries statistics and its role in planning development projects appropriate to each region, organizing such statistics and collecting them on regular basis are ·Very important in conducting such plans. The inadequacy of available data had adverse effects on the conclusions and recommendations included in this report •. In the light of available statistics the following conclusions and recommendations were reached: 10.2 Landings The average annual landings of fresh fish'in Suez Fishing C·entre reached 17 433 tons during the last 3 years, while it reached 303 tons only in Hurghada Fishing Centre. Reduced landings in some_ years may be due to the.following reasons: Military restrictions imposed on fishing operations, for example prohibiting fishing in certain areas at certain distances from the coast and determining the departure and return of the fishing boat to and from the landing sites - 84 - Expansion of oil prospecting operations in the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea by using explosives. The area covered by oil prospecting activities in the Gulf is estimated at about 2 77000kms , and it has 30 exploratory wells. On the other 2 ha.rid, such activities cover an area of about 37 ,OOO krri.s in the Red Sea. There are about 15 exploratory wells. Landing in both the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez is marked by high seasonal coef.ficient in general. Landing in Suez Fishing Centre is at its peak during the first and' second quarters of the fishing ,year, whereas in Hurghada it is at its peak in the third and fourth quarters of the fishing year, i.e. seasonal variations alternate between Suez, and Hurghada. High seasonal coefficient affects the efficiency of fishing units and labour force. There is the problem of finding fishermen during the fishing season especially in Upon examining the composition of landing, we find that 77% of the landing in Suez is ~omposed of three species only (pelagic fish caught by purse seiners). About 2/3 of the landing in Hurghada is composed of four species. Therefore, if seasonal variation of landing is reduced through introducing new 1ishing species in the traditional fishing grounds or exploring new ones, the economic efficiency of fishermen and fishing boats could be raised, thus leading to the settlement of seasonal workers from'. outside areas. 10.3 Fishermen , All fishermen working on .small sail or motorized boats and O\;~ers of large motorized boats, who arc the original inhabitants of the area, are mostly relatives. However, most of those who '"ork on trawlers and purse seiners in Suez - 85 ,... come from neighbouring areas like Mattaria, Ezbet El Borg and Alexandria during the fishing season. About 9CJ>/o of fishermen are illiterate. A fishermen's family is composed of six persons on the average. Host fishermen are covered by a pension system by law against a monthly payment of PT 10.00. Once they reach pension age, they are entitled to have a pension. All fishermen are not ensured by the boat owners. All fishermen working in the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez do not have any other occupation, except owners of large fishing boats who spmetimes work in the fish trade. The standard of living of fishermen working on sailing boats is much lower than that of fishermen working on motorized boats. The average monthly income of fishermen working on ~ sailing boats is about F£ 70.00 during the peak season against F£ 100.000 for fishennen working on motorized boats. Most fishermen do not wish to keep their children in the fishing profession. .They prefer them to choose other professiorua, whenever possible. Some fishermen dropped fishing as a profession in order t The Cooperative Societies do not meet the needs of all fishermen regarding fishing equipments or short loans required to finance their fishing trips, thus forcing them to turn to fish mongers for help and consequently fall under their cnntrol. Fishermen in Suez and Hurghada are prepared to be trained on new fishing.methods, whereas fishermen in Al Quseir and other southern areas prefer to use their own methods (handlines ~d veranda nets) and improve them, if possible. Up till the present time no investments were made in any project by using funds collected by governorates from fishermen (Governorates' cmmnission) in order to promote the fishing sector. The standard of living of fishermen could be improved socially and economically in the following ways: Strengthening the Fisheries' Workers Syndicate in Suez and recommending establishing similar ones in other fishing centres as this &roup does not have any organization to defend its interest. These workers cannot join the Fishermen's Cooperative Society since the statutes of these societies stipulate that members of the societies should own all or part qf the boat and/or fishing gear. Defining the relationship between the boat owner and its workers through an official contract binding the owners to ensure the workers. This should be done through ~?Il organized syndicate. - 87 - Part of the commission collected by the governorate should be used as short terms and medium terms loans to finance the fishermen's needs and to release them from the control of fish mongers. Improving the efficiency of fishermen through organiz ing in-service training programmes in a way as not to affect their landings and income. In conducting such programmes, the kind of training desired by each group of fishermen has to be taken into consideration. Studyi~g the possibility of using self-help efforts of educated fishermen's sons and volunteers ln organizing literacy classes for fishermen in coordination with the Cooperative ..SOcieties and Workers' Syndicate which expressed its readiness to undertake this task. Conducting a social and economic .surveys for fishermen prior to drawing policies aiming at raising their standard of living. 10.4 Fishing"' Boats and Gear Motorized boats are concentrated in Suez Fishing Centre (232 motor boats) with e.ngine power ranging between 8-400 H.p. Motorized boats with limited powerful use the handline, while the more powerful ones use trawlers and purse seiners either inside or outside the Gulf. Hurghada Fishing Centre ranks secnnd where numbers of motorized boats is concerned (49) with engine power ranging between 10-45 H.p. They all use the hand line. They represent less than 5°/a of the total power of ~otorized bo~ts in Suez centre. - 88 - Sail and row boats are concentrated in the southern area and are divided into two main types: 1) large sail boats (Katira) which operate in fishing and salting mullets in 2-3 months fishing trips; 2) small sail and row boats which operate daily near the coast. Purse sei,ning and trawling methods are w;~ed mainly in Suez Centre, while the handline is used mainly in Hurghada and the southern area. Veranda nets are used.mainly in the southern areas. According to 1978 statistics, catch by purse seining rep~esented 70}6 of landings from the Gulf of Suez and Red Sea, while trawling represented 29% and handline contributed 1% only. According to different production indicators purse seining is the most productive method, followed by trawling and then handlines. The yearly average catch per boat is 136,66 and 3 tons respectively; per horsepower it is .870, .335,.056 tons respectively; and per fisherman it is 6.2, 5.5, and 0.6 tons respectively. In Hurghada the yearly average catch per boat is 6.8, .243 tons per horsepower and 1.4 tons per worker. This means that fishing by handlines in Hurghada is more efficient than in Suez Fishing Centre. Regarding fishing boats and gears we present the follow.;.. ing proposals: Conducting a study on the possibility of improving the hull of fishing boats in order to increase their ~fficiency regarding areas of operation , besides - 89 - mechanizing a number of small sail boats and examin ing the possibility of increasing their efficiency by testing them through operating in a group served by a mother vessel and supply them with bait needed for handline. Directing boat owners to use their savings jointly in building medium and large fishing boats will create work opportunities in distant areas instead of expanding in building small boats which·have limited capacities. Providing large boats with echosounders, to detect fish schools, telecommunications facilities, emergency equipment and adhering to navigation instructions such as providing lights and emergency equipment - all this will promote the efficiency of fishing operations .and ensuring the safety of fishermen and fishing boats. Improving the handling of fishing nets. Studying the possibility of using electric light instead of kerosene in purse seining. Providing b~it to boats using hand lines, because in~ sufficient quantities have adverse affect on the efficiency of this methodo This entails providing a mother vessel - purse seiner - to work with the boat using the hand line. These proposals will undoubtedly raise the efficiency of production of each fishing unit and in turn increase the fishermen's income and raise their standard of living. - 90 - 10.5 Fish Processing Preserving fish by using ice is the·most important method used in Suez and Hurghada during the fishing trips and while unloading at the landing site till it reaches ·the consumers. Salting fish is the most important method of fish preservation used in the southern areas. Drying fish is conducted on a limited scale, especially for large fish. Therefore, improving salting and drying techniques and training fishermen on these improved methods stressing the hy~ienic side during processing and packing will promote the efficiency of processing and preservation methods. 10.6 Fish Handling When fishing boats reach the Ataka landing Site, they have to await their turn for unloading;this is due to the fact that there is just one enumerating committee which works in the site. Hence all fishing boats which reach the site at the end of the working day of the committee, have to wait till the following day. Similarly, fish handling from the boat to the trucks is done by .hand which needs much time and effort for unloading the fish. Thus time needed for unloading of fish could be reduced by studying the possiblity of mechanizing such - 91 ·- operations and increasing the number of enumerating committee. This would speed up this operation, reduce the time needed for unloading and hence increase the time spent in fishing operations. This would ultimately increase the efficiency of fishing units and increase fishermen's income. Fish is handled and.packed in wooden boxes stacked on top of each other either in fishing boats or trucks, which besides being heavy, expose the fish to damage. Therefore, studying the possibility of replacing wooden boxes by plastic .. ones ( '~hich are light and easy to handle) would enhance the efficiency of the handling operations and preserve the quality of fish during transportaion from the landing site to markets. Fish is transported in trucks that have neither insulating nor refrigerating facilities. Fish boxes are covered with crushed ice and then with a waterproof cover. This, of course exposes the fish to damage during trans portation. Hence, improving transportation by using well equipped trucks (with refrigeration or insulatin~ facilities) would increase the efficiency of transportation causing fish to reach the markets in a preserved condition. Absence of hygienic conditions in ~etail market in Suez and 1~olesale market in Cairo has an adverse effect on the quality of fish when it reaches the consumers. Thus, hygienic conditions of marketing centres must be kept under supervision. - ·92 - Improving the working conditions of the enumerating conunittee at Atalta port in Suez would increase its efficiency which would be achieved in the following manner: * Providing suitable incentives and overtime payments to encourage members of the committee to work after official working hours. * Providing regular transportation facilities for the committee's staff to and from the landing site lihich is located far from the city. * Establishing a police station in the harbour to ensure security and protection to the committee staff. * Providing a suitable office in the landing site for the connnittee staff where they can perform their duties. 10. 7 Fish Pricing and Marketing C~iro is the main market for most of the Red Sea fish. The marketing capacity of other major cities in Upper Egypt and in regions where mining companies exist along the coast needs to be studied, both regarding the required quantities and species of Red Sea fish. Hence marketing capacity needs to be studied to determine the requirements of all areas in order to open new markets to the Red Sea fish, especially within the framework of expansion plans. A small n~mber of fish .mongers in Cairo are still in control of fish trade along the Red Sea coast. Each fish monger deals with a number of motor boat owners. Some - 93 - even own one boat or more. The fish monger offers loans needed by boat owners for annual repair work and for purchase of fishing gear or even building a new boat against delivering their catch to them. The fish is sold in Cairo wholesale market in public auction to retail dealers against 7-9% commission from sales proceeds. The failure of cooperative marketing conducted by the Fish Marketing Company had adverse effect on the majority of fishermen. Subsidizing cooperative society with loans needed by fishermen and avoiding mistakes which brought about the failure of the previous cooperative marketing experience. It would be beneficial to launch a new marketing system in which the cooperative society participates with a number of volunteer fishermen. Once the experiment proves successful it will attract other fishermen to take part in the experience. Due to the fact that prices are not determined on the basis of scientific studies of the actual cost of production and marketing in Suez and Hurghada, fish was sold in the black market-for higher prices than the ones already determined (esp. in Suez). Besides quantities of fish offered for sale in Suez, 5uez quota decreased considerably. Therefore, studies must be conducted on cost of productinn and marketing in Suez and Hurghada in order to calculate prices according to different fish species ensur ing a suitable margin of profLt for both fishermen and merchants taking into consideration the different levels ·of consumers' income. Thus ensuring no large differences - 94 - in prices between different regions. The application of a card system among fish retailers in Suez would enable each retailer to receive his quota, and sell it to the consumer at the determined prices, which allow the retailer a suitable marginal profit. 10.8 Infrastructure 10.s.1 Fishing Porto There are piers for landing of fishing boats at many points along the Red Sea coast in Suez, Hurghada, Safaga, Al Quseir and Abu Ghossoun. In spite of the fact that Ataka in Suez is the largest landing site on the Red Sea (regarding quan~ tities of landings) and has a slipway to lift the boats, yet it needs a number.of improvements after determining its status (i.e., whether it would be used as a fishing port or not). It needs water supply and electricity, establishing an ambulance, police station and a fire brigade. It should be cleaned of waste material whether in the waterway or on the pier. The breakwater should be raised in order to protect the fishing boats. It should be provided with tele- phone facilities. It sbould have a permit to build workshops for repair purposes, shops to sell supplies to fishermen during their trips. It should have storage rooms and refrigeratorf8 and it should improve pubLic transportation between the landing site and the city. - 95 - Similarly Port Tawfiq (the secondary landing site in Suez whose status has not yet been finally determined (i.e., if it will be used as a fishing port for sail boats or whether fishermen will be transferred) needs the following facilities: 1) Dredging a channel to deepen the coast to facilitate the passage of fishing boats for loading and unloading purposes, constructing a bre.akwater to protect fishing boats and building a lighthouse to guide boats. 2) Establishing a water pipeline in the site and opening the road to Suez to facilitate the traffic of trucks carrying fish to the markets. The Sakk:ala landing site in Hurghada needs the fo.iHowing facilities: 1) Provision of a fuel tank to supply fishing boats through one of the oil companies entrusted with this task. 2) Operation of the light houses in Hurghada, especially in Orn Kamar Island, El Gaboun and Al Masnaa' to ensure security for the fishing boats, It is also reconnnended to establish light houses in 1Shoab El Irq El Saghier, El Irq El Kabir and Abu Nalde. Sa:faga port (affiliated to Al Nasr Phosphate Co.) which is• located between Hurghada and Al Quseir and due to facilities that may be offered by Al Nasr Phosphate Co. regarding water and fuel supply, electricity, - 96 - maintenance workshops and available health services, in addition to the ice plant in Safaga near the port - all these factors drive us to choose this site as a base to serve different fishing communities along the Red Sea coast. 10.s.2 Ice Plants and Cold Stor~~ Suez has an ice plant and storage rooms which are sufficient to cover fishing needs in the area (in addition to meeting other ice demand in Suez). There are possibilities to raise th~ output of Gerco Ice Plant if the need arises. Whenever Hurghada ice plant and annexed cold storage room start functioning it will be able to satisfy the needs of Hurghada fishing centre regarding ice and cold storage space. The Safaga ice plant and cold stores will ensure ice supply and fish storage for landings from fishing bases ext~nding from Hurghada to Ras Banas in the South. It is possible to increase the capacity of the ice plant and cold storage rooms in this'area to cope with the expected increasing fish 'landings. 10.8.3 Maintenance and Repair Worksho;es Repair workshops and boat building yards are available in Suez; besides, mining companies in Safaga, Al Quseir and Abu Ghossoun have agreed to lend their worlrshops facilities to fishing boats. - 97 - 10.8.4 Roads There is a paved road along the coast extending from Suez to Berenice in the southern area of the Egyptian Red Sea Coast. There are also paved roads which connect Hurghada, Safaga and Al Quseir with Ke.ft and Qena in the Nile Valley in addition to a paved road which connects Mersa Alam to Edfu to the north of Aswan 10.8.5 Scientific Research Stations There is a Marine Research Station in Hurghada with 7 laboratories. Another station is under const niction in Suez. They are all affiliated to the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. Strengthen ing Hurghada Research Station with needed equipment would serve the objectives of the Project. 10 .. 9 Authorities Responsible for Supervision, Organization~and Management of Red Sea Fisheries Due to the large number of authorities responsible for supervising the Red Sea fisheries and their overlapping responsibilities and lack of coordination between Suez and Red Sea Governorates, it is recommended to have a unified body to supervise the Red Sea fish fisheries sector (Gulf of Suez and Red Sea) by setting up a committee so as to include all parties responsible for fisheries in Suez and Red Sea Governorates to ensure the coordination of work and use of available facilities in both Governorates for promoting the development of the fishing sector in all the Red Sea area. - 98 - 10.10 Sooperative Societies Fishermen's Cooperative Societies in Suez, Hurghada and Al Quseir suffer from inadequate financial resources, ~ence, they cannot expand their services by offering loans to fishermen especially for the purchase of fishing gear. Consequently, financial support for the Fishermen•s Cooperative Societies has to be increased through the village banks which are affiliated to the Agricultural Credit.:Bank, taking into consideration that the fishing sector is one of the sectors of Agricultural Propuction in Egypt, in addition to Nasser Soci.al Bank, the cooperative societies fund and other local or foreign financial resources. Small scale fishermen who are in financial need should have priority in getting loans, whetheJ". in cash or in kind, in order to meet their demands of production requirements. It should be taken into consideration that services offered by Suez Cooperative Society do not reach small and middle-sc?-le fishermen, thus forcing them to borrow from fishmongers and consequently fall under their control. Members of the Suez Cooperative Society tend to delay settling their debts with their Society which affects the society's financial situation and threatens its activities. A study of this phenomenon and its underlying causes might help in finding remedial solutions to enable the society carry on its activities. Although the Suez Cooperative Society was able to realize annual profits as a result of its transaction, yet these profits were not distributed according to the - 99 - the provisions of the law, especially regarding social services, traini~g and distribution of· proceeds among members. Therefore, the supervising body which is the Undersecretariat for Aquatic Resources should be responsible, through the Aquatic Resources Department in Suez for the distribution of,profits realized by cooperative societies according to the items provided for in the law. Thus, members of the cooperative society will reap the benefits of cooperative system and will have stronger ties and dealin,_gs with it. Studying the possibility that cooperative market ing service will be undertal{en by the cooperative societiep in the interest of its members (as mentioned previously) will protect them from exploitation-.:of fishmongers. 10.11 Achieving Integration Among Fishin~ Conmrunities From the preceding review we find that integration between Red Sea fishing centres of Hurghada, Safaga, Quseir and Abu Ghossoun could be achieved. Fishermen and boats are concentrated in Hurghada and Al Quseir. There is an ice. plant, cold storage facilities and water supply in Safaga which is located halfway between Hurghada and Quseir and connected with Qena by a paved road. There is a tele communication station in Quseir which covers the whole Red Sea and Gulf of Suez area. This is in addition to workshop facilftieE1 for maintenance and repair o:f boats through workshop of mining· colJlpanies in Safaga, Quse!r and Abu Ghossoun. - 100 - Once integration is achieved among fishing centres it l'lill promote ~the exploitation of southern areas, increase the efficiency of fishing:units and hence improve the living conditions of fishermen. The following considerations should be taken into account in the implementation of projects based on inte gration of facilities of the fishing centres involved. A. Safaga will be the main base for providing ice supply to fishing boats and for storing fish prior to marketing. B. Local fishermen, concentrated in the southern areas especially Ras Banas, Khada, El Shalateen and Al Quseir, have priority in working in these projects, especially during the exploratory stages. c. JIB. fishing with hand lines is considered to be the main fishing method in this area especially in Hurghada and Quseir, it is extremely impor tant to provide purse seiners equipped with cold storage facilities to provide fishing boats with bait and to store the catch and transport it. Purse seiners belonging to the Red Sea or Suez Governorate could be used for this purpose. D. The possibility of establ:i,.shing a refrigerator in Abu Ghossoun should be studied. Its capacity will be determined according to landing estimates. Ice transported from Safaga and fish landings from near by areas will be stored there. Two insulated trucks should also be provided for transporting ice and fish. - 101 - E. Mother vessels should be provided with tele communications facilities. F. Fishing boats operating in Suez should be attracted to operate in the southern areas, whenever possible., G. Fishermen should be paid directly after deliver ing their catch. **** ANNEXES - 102 - Annex 1 -- \. \ ., \ \ I \ I - 103 Annex 2 -101 - Annex 3 ...,0 r: 0... .... 0 c: 0 / :ic::- _------ ... ~! l 10G - Annex 5 . _, ..:: .... c 0 -s: .> -f: - -= .. : .. . l-'L,-..,~.-c. • .. - 107 - Annex 6 List of Fish Prices in Hurghada For February 1979 Price Wholesale Price Consumers' . hto Species For fisherman Fis mongers Price mill. kg mill. kg mill.kg Snappers - Seabreai;n 400 430 450 Golden Snapper - Spanish Mackerel Silver biddy Emperors - Seabream - Baracuda 300 330 350 Groupers - Rabbit fish - Snappers 270 300 330 Grunts - Jacks Parrot fish - Needle fish 230 260 280 Se a chubs - :Macke re 1 tuna Seabream - Parrot fish 180 210 230 Spotted dog fish As for fishmongers outside Hurghada, prices are subject 'to supply and demand. - 108 - 7 List of Fish Prices in Suez for January 1979 Wholesale Consumers Prices Prices SPECIES per kilo . per kilo Stripped Snappers no. 1 up to 25 1'ish/kg 20 25 Stripped Snappers no. 2 more than 25 fish/kg 15 20 Goat fish 30 35 Lizard fish & Golden Snappers no. 1 up to 12 fish/ 45 55 kg no. 2 up to 25 fish/kg · 25 30 no. 3 more than 25 fish/kg 12 15 Cuttle fish 20 25 Shrimps and Pra1ms 180 200 Sardines, spotted sardinella & Indian mackerel 25 30 no. 1 up to 20 fish/kg 25 30 no. 2 more than 20 fish/kg 15 20 Mackerels 40 45 Emperors 80 90 Seabrerun 80 90 Groupers 50 60 (Cleaned) Spanish mackerels 80 90 (Uncleaned) Spanish mackerels 70 80 Needle fish 40 50 Groupers 60 70 Mackerel tuna, one fish more than 3 kgs 16 20 )) •> 1 one fish .less than 3 kgs 20 25 Emperors 50 60 - 1Q.9 - Anne;x: B List of Fish in the Egyptian Red Sea - lfoglish .. neines . ,_ ·'l •L._':i' r - _4~ __,. \ Lizard fish "j .,... Stripped-snappers ~· . . " rj ' ~ \ Prawns ~ Shrimps w-- 1•::- t Cuttle -~ish 1 0 ~ Mackerel • L. .~ &- • ,. Goat fishes c..i~ v Grey Mullet; ··~ . ., . "tl..( •• A Golden snapper u-· List of Fish in the Egyptian Red Sea English names .. , 1:>.J I 'Ley I .• r Ralf ooa.ks ..::i.11 .••=>- . YV Black spot snapper ~ • > l'A Jacks ~I. "'t'( 1fras5e.S l' ' vt ' ~ r .. Mackerels w.. ~ .. r1 Mullets ~» T' I[ Seabrea:as ul • --:-.r"' T'r Oysters . u» .;> T'l Greasy grouper v -& \0 Snapp&rs .Jl . t { r, Barracuda 1,.,,,__s~ rv Parrot fishe5 ~ "( l..>.:>- tA Squaratail seabass J. .>-l: - ,, parrot fishes ,) -u> f. • Snappers v-.Jl • l\ Spotted dog f ishas ,..,,. 4!.. I!J tT Sea chub.a J ~ 'l l" Be.:rracuda .. :• ~ t..t Squirrel fishes ~. ..:S.• . tc Grunts . c...• b~ t1 Emperor:s ~.J ·tv Barracuda...... f.A Edible crab Jil - L l\ Wolf' berr~ """"'~t' d 0 .. Anchovy . -:;- II- :-, . .t·I ·o l Lobster. ~- S"Ll o T Monthly Fish Landing; Dy Species In SUF.Z Tn 1977 . _,...... 'I • t-'"' ' ,~o ~620 10}0 ,eo 31.dlO 160 6~,bO ).3440 lJ'll!lo l5}\{l00 )C !;. l2}+0 l.Gi::60 '~ J Lllo 1i1;-.09,o · m<>o 1'5-'0 .. "'° ,oo 1 1=i620 • ll}80 JiE-0760 7).SO ,,80 7fl0 268000 156 tlO ~ '""· x ri ~180 .. ).OOO ;)20. ,,oo 4900 ].BAH) ]560 62000 !1760 ]J; ·e,20 mo 10:/:0 .. 2198 1';>40 'S'JZOO 21.BllO 26XJ 2920 UJ}l\.000 97~0 J.ua. ~ lJ IJ60 '1?20 ~820 G"° ltOO ~ :.,.1,. 2500 Wxxl ~ 1l<1i'5o 2eo '9"\0 Jul. ! ! 2020 )12'0 ~ eeo 1••·~ ,...,. ui .\.500 4MO 21,.80 6200 8'!-0 \'l.80 8'\.o ~ .,.,20 ~,20 :'jb680 l.9600 m ~. l96o s.,t.. h1- 7'420 b8Jl80 114060 7 JJ)il.O ~00 4"0 ,00 )ljGQ ,&0960 ).9480 19&60 ;oll6o 12.80 1tlO Ocl. ,.,di 08700 . 1153500 B~O ' .2:00 ~o ,-,60 l)l!'O ~ -· ~o !!0060 lJ~ ?060 JJ200 J.11..UO llM+ ,.J;; ~0()5610 107£00 tl8J200 ., 1.80 ,%20 }586850 20100 ~~ 2622() 61'® (!!120 1:500 :mo 1)4 •• r.-t" WO!:iO ,!Yl560 ~ - ,. l.29()BO lJ6!'>00 l.OW>O :msooo !)6000 115)50 4'20 1130:!0 1'tlO moo 51000 ~ .. Total "9<'?6&o. 8)0)00 1'.2920 ,58001.0 .. ""'° - rm!l'l-C. "~ § l,) ~ (0 () 0 :i Monthly Fish Landing Dy Species In SUEZ In 1977 s·c+ c l,) ,., 0. • 'ii ... • !< .;i ...... -.; k t ' Trial ... .a : ~ s~ E. • . . - :d.!.. J . e .D m . . J .. !J i J ~ 1 • .D~ ..J J~ . n ., c ., ...... :; . 1 ... 'd ~ .,r l ., , h~l I>< J) .... ~ ~I .: 1 ...... , ft ... .,, .... .8 1., > ., ;: :: ·:> ...... :.: ., J.t Ill ·:> .D "' ~1 ' lll" fa 0n ~ ~ "' JU. }( t:. '20 ~:Ml ,...... 1.r.' !l80 9~ }6080 llar. vJL .500 ~ ~ }00 106-0 ~ .l!'I'! ~I 280 ~ ~ ,.L 800 920 ')&~ ...... ,.. 2060 %60 ..... N ,~ J .... ~ ~ ~ i.20 6.20 1480 ~ ti2J?ll! Ju. :.,1,. 7920 720 ~ 26.20 '" .l 1>1. ~I ~ 720 1200 ~ J80 ~o ,00 0:20 •7'500 a., t • r,:;..- 5500 920 9ZO !)l.-0 20C» i.o 4100 04-0 ~ ,00 ~~00 Oat.~ 4~0 1"0 l.560 .f80 . 2700 ~ 16500 1)200 ~1'&> ,r:J,; ..... •120 11.80· Boo" 860 ~ 'TZO ~"° !> 'ir\.al 4"4o 411£0 6000 ,Uo 6200 ,520 ,20 i.o ,oo 1BOO. llb!lo inf>ZO 'll(,4jo· 24820 27BO 2'0 l)YJ]..!}8 ' ' Monthly Fish Landing By Species 'In HURGHADA In 1977 ! . ... • ... 'I ..:_~ l1f~ ,:J -" ~a e" ·- l'r.v.1 :_ ... ij. J• ~ :: .,:.;..; I~ ...... , J ... 1 1 t' .. .. J' ~J...... r •.. ";) ,· c .!... ,..opt."""0 :: ~ .r I'. .!> 'j' "11...... •J f1 A" fi ~ . .. . 0 • Ill Ill .IJ 'l ' l J ; ;...... ~;i ~.ii. E;;~ll ::.: ": lj ~ ~1i·~ ., k ... " .. 1 ii1: 1 if h ~ 11•"' 1;• ~ •i;)O" .... I.., ::.1 ~ lC .. . g ~ ~~·iJ~1-- i~l~J :i" • 1!.=~ • • .. ! ! .Cl : .,.,. Ill o : il1 , :;: : : :.: t:i.:~. ilD"' ~ - VI ~1., ~ 0.... c ,er t,~ t~: ~ ~ ~·:> • V) • • . ~·'" ~ • l~• • ! "' .... "' }.Of;}' ?: Z'1 .1..... )lt:..!250$ I 91n! At721 ab9! lt-021 20 I UB~Z I 55 l 9E"6 1765 I '}I '& I "''I ,7 I ~I 1921 2"51 262 U I '7U ]511 12!>1 2olll 4 l.U 1£91181' I l~ 12,50 I 2 hll, 1 " 20} ,, 71 ,e 10 i 15 ,rn1i1219'4' 1426 r&'o' M9101~u 1146 15.Z 159'6 I ,2' Tohl i.6J4::fi;061!7litU7 ,_2,5~o\,?)l I'G7 l18?1f1'6119'96 l ~ . l I . . . I . . " r\~ Monthly Fish Landing Dy Species In HURGill\DA In 1978 • ...,.:J a.""-"'..3 • .. _... ~~ I .... 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"'I 125 I,~ I IJ&s I 91 I ~I 1071 w.1 '5-0 I 71 lll I 17 ".,.· .,.,LI 254012,~l 2188 I ~ 1418 " '47 I 21.9 I szo I 250116'8 ~ 200 ! 17~1 ?62 I 167 :'71 183 I c " I 70 I J1 tQTI' .l rr. Ju..~ i.~J }6', 2868 I ~891 '8' ' I , '' l ' ) I ,. ., ~ 1791 2'\S I 126 I 58'; I ~ I 71 I ~zl '°"""I 105 '41 +6 I 511 lJ I 4 llli.9 I SOI~ ""''•. ,.u ~el 917 I l\.SJ5 l6o867~ 10 ~· 271 I uo I 25m 6151 '2 I 24-0!i(.57~1106 178 20 }>.6 I ~11 ).\.2 Ju. ~ l66918Z57 I 91251 ?'>2'1 'l!! lj U}t8 5'1 i.c I 111 59'8l)J}ll 2~00 I ~ll 72 lC I 2' 56t I 491 Jml, ;i,J ~ zi~l '771 ~i .1566 ~96 65 / ~9 / l0l4 I J 100/ l'flO I 1e j}tl6 J l1lO I 52 J ·'9' 591. ~ 991 ~ I 22. A•~ll .,, 21"5 ~2 'H>o ~ 1201 42£ 1'0 ~ol I 212 I 57 I ,1 1278 :M- I I TI I !! l r 4T S911t~I ZJ~ 88, !2817 90! I Wi I I I """ l~l 4-281 }'6 4 · .,..7 +62 201 .711?0 I ~189 oat. xP'I 1!61Q }~7 I }6,ol 65.5 I ~a I .,.,, I z,071 l i.s I I I I ~ 12 8')(JZ 91 21.}2 . .I.BOO l.5 ~ I 16-0 1£ l 11 lOOll, r.>,.;I °''I lo&>l)l.b} I 70 ·I •H .571 I I • I . Z7 I ' ,ea 1:15 11 lJO I ,, I '1 0 D~.J'!L""tj ~ I 21J I 40 15 ,120 ' "-81 416 1011710 17}22 7991 70 5 ~ 72 ,., 'l-01~ Trial g65~ ~ 1~'6/ 7575:itJ l2.JI 417' /J7'" l 2'87 ~ l2007cj }76'~ ns l 6867 !2oz~ '°'' 110?' ~o ' I• I» t I I I I I I I I I I L I I I I I l I I I I I I I I I I I I I l I~ Monthly' Fish Lru1ding In HURGHADA From· 1066 To 1978 . · ' (per Kg) .buu &l.:11 19~C un 19 '~ I 9'10 1 IS' I I 9'f t I~ 1?I I' 11r ,,1~ 181b IS11 i~U: \'r\'1 "~'I'\\ fl 1'1'1'\ 1-.-i. ' \ '\ v1 \'\\JC 1-.H \'\'1\. \Wo \W'V \'\IJf\ '"'' -~--·------· ----· '""' . JM\.. -!~. tooo , rM! It I 0 I 6>t It. '~tC.5 i ,~,~ n~o It 511 IHlt lr~H~ 15~ to,?.J.t 111.iOS t,, OC!S i ~,,,~ H S.5 ti!S ~HiZ 11 l~ 100~ S1U F~. -tl:V IO~t I Jl:lf 20 It 01Z '° k!d ..... 'ertl. ! ~ 351 · lf?SS~ .5 13 53U I 1 c; 15!! ~ ~.; 9 I o 110 HI~ ro rns I CiZo II V H ...... Mt.11... 11'93' a fl.H?..61 CJ1 ; .1oi9i; c5 8 ~3 .!) It Ht1o !1Jr.21' ~ 315 J51oS ~I .tfZ.5 I o I gIt 10 o30 to I\!"'-. 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