OAEP
รมา^
A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF RADIATION LEVEL AND SOME RADIONUCLIDES IN IMPORTED FOOD AND FOOD PRODUCTS
by
FUKIAT SINAKHOM AND SUCHAT MONGKOLPHANTA
library LOAN MATERIAL Please return to the Loan Ides*K F0145
เมษายน 2523 OFFICE OF ATOMIC ENERGY rOI APRIL 1980 BANGKOK , THAILAND We regret that some of the pages in the microfiche copy of this report may not be up to the proper legibility standards, even though the best possible copy was used for preparing the master fiche การrfารวVวเกราะหเของทนทงฟ่รนาพรํงสืน8ะขนศของ
ใอโชโฟในอาใเทรนอะข«»ฬผ์,พอง อาหารห!โงทททางประเห!! *
A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF RADIATION
LEVEL AND SOKE RADIONUCLIDES IN IMPORTED
FOOD AND FOOD-PRODUCTS
" ฟเกยรก สิไทกน U9ะ แขาก มงกพํนธุ กองช'fกกากกํมม้นกรง!! fi านํก์งานหล้งงานปรนาผเ*๗นกิ
FUKIAT SINAKHOM AND SUCHAT MONGKOLPHANTHA
WASTE DISPOSAL DIVISION
OFFICE OF ATOMIC ENERGY FOR PEACE
เมษายน 2523 APRIL 1980
ส'าน่ก์งานหล*งงานปรมาผู๗นก OFFICE OF ATOMIC ENERGY FOR PEACE
ทยงานนเปึน!เวนพนึ๋งของวหยานแนขของ นางijเกยรก สินากม (fmitiงาน) กามหiก์สืกราศวกรรมแาแกรมหาบ่ผทิก ชุ*ไaงกรผมหาาหขาสํย
With the rorrpl?Tents of Office of Atomic Fnergy 11.r Peace Thailand This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the
Office of Atomic Siergy for Peace. Neither the Office of Atomic Energy for Peace, nor any of their employees, or any of their contractors, sub- contractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, com- pleteness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
เอก*ทรชJข์น ^Mh ขึ้นโทย rflนกงานฑจ็งงานปรมา^*อรํนค ส์าน้กงานห®']งาน- ป!มา^เไ!อiนก ไมประ1พ้ทวามmiwอบหางกฎหมายในเรอง!ทามนนนอน ทวามรม^ทน ห?® ประโยขนชองขณพ เทรองมอ ฃลคขล หรอกระบวนการใศ ๆ หึ่เปีคเขยในเอกรารน. 2 -
นหก่ก์ฆอ
การกrษานิ้เป็นการสำท,ทบองท้นเพรำราร'วิเก!าะหกวามแรงร้ง*!เบกาฬะปรมาผของ
ไอโรโหปรงf(หมก?งชากยาว โกยเฉหารอยางยง 1ทกนอนสกรากฟ้ขพัใน!ทหารและนลกM14ชอง
อาหารหึ่สังเช้ามารำหนายภายในประเหส อาหารหนำมาาเกราะหวิพ้นมVำนวนหงหมก 89 กํว์ซยาง
ชงกำเบนการ WTB เป็นประรำหกเกอน เกอนอะทรง ในระหวางป ี ห.ก.2519-2520 รากราน-
ชุปเปอรมารเกก แธะร้านชายของชำห เป็นหนยมของบุกกฉหวไป
นำอาหารกํวอยางมากรารสอบแกมมาtl เปกกรํมกายเกรองวิเกราะหทสืชนกมํฉกแชนแนล 126
ช่อง รงกอกํบหํววํท้ Nal (T1) ธนาศ 3" X 3" กำนวพเวามแรงรง(เของโปนกสเชยม-40 แอะ
ชเขยฆ-ร37 รงเป็นไอโชโหปร้งสืหกรวรหน ชกรำกํก์ของการวิเกราะหโปแกสืเชยม-40 เพะ
ชเขยม-ไ37 ภายใกสภาาะนมกำ 0.04 และ 0.03 หโกกรก่อกรมนาหนํก์สกกามลำก่น ภายห;fงราก
เขากำอย่าง!นเป็นเถ้าแลวนำไฟ่าก์กวามแรงร*'งสืรวมเยกา กวยเครองวักร*งสืเบกา แล้วนำไปว ิ เกราะห
ป?มายสกรอนเกยม-90 กาย เหกนกการสก,กโกยใช ้ tri-n-butyl phosphate เป็นสารสกํก
ขลการวิเกราะหความแรงรง้สืรวมเบกา ป?มาซเของโปแกสเชยม-40, ชเชยม-137
และสกรอนเกยม-90 ในกํ'วอยางอาหาร หอสืรุปไกกงการางช้าง•างนิ้
ชวงของกวามเชมขนของ ขน?เของ รานวน กวามแรงรงสิ โปแกส ^ยม-40 สทรอใแกยม-90 ท'วอย่าง อาหารหนำ ชเรยม-137 สกรอนแกยม-90 รวมเบกา หโกกูรฅ่อกรํม์ หโกกูรก่อกทเ หิโกกรก่อกรํม หโกก?ทอกรํม์ อาทาร มาวิเกราะห หโกกรกอกรไJ น.น.สก บ.น.สก น.น.สก แก a เ^ยม น.น.สก - r
ปลาหะเฉ 58 0.09-15.10 < 0.04-0.58 <0.03-5.69 0. ^23-0.7808 16.87-826.50 และหอย
เนอ 6 2.15-16.77 0.05-0.97 < 0.0-3 0.1298-0.2449 528.25-312QUX'
ช?ล 22 2.27-15.81 < 0.04-0.95 < 0.03-2.98 0.0656-1.332-' 22.62-750.00
3 4.31-21.36 <0.04-1.17 <0.03 0.1852-0.3920 80.52-55.61 ผฝืกภํณทํ ผ ABSTRACT
A preliminary study of gross beta activity and content of some long-live i radionuclides associated with fission products in various types of imported food and food-products was carried out. Food samples were purchased monthly during 1976-1977 from general wellknown supermarkets and local grocery stores up to a total of 89 samples.
The gamma spectrum of long-lived radionuclides was searched using a 128 channel analyzer coupled with 3" X 3" Nal (Tl) crystal detector. T'jro radionuclides were frequently found to be present in these food samples, viz. potassium-40 and cesium-137 and their concentrations were subsequently determined. The limits of detection under the conditions used for potassium-40 and cesium-137 were 0.04 and 0.03 pCi/g-wet weight, respectively.
Samples were dry-ashed and counted for gross beta activity utilizing a low background anti-coincidence G.M. counter. The content of strontium-90 was also investigated concurrently by solvent extraction technique employing tri-n-butyl phosphate as an extractant. Results of the study are tabulated.
Type of Amount of Jtenge of concentration gross p ! K-40 as-137 Sr-90 3r-90 samples samples analyzed pCi/g-wet pCi/g-wet pCi/g-wet pCi/g-wet pCi/g-Ca wt. wt. wt. wt.
Fish and 58 0.90-15.10 <0.04-0.58 <0.03-5.69 0.0523-0.7808 16.87-826.50 shell-fis h
Meat 6 2.15-16.77 0.05-0.97 <0.03 0.1298-0.2449 528.25-3120.00
Cereals 22 2.27-15.81 <0.04-0.95 <0.03-2.98 0.0656-1.3321 22.62-750.00
Kilk prod uct 3 4.31-21.36 <0.04-1.17 <0.03 0.1852-0.3920 80.52-95.61 i:!TRCDUCTIC!i
It is well recognized that a problem of radiation pollution is playing an important role in our environment at present. Radio- active materials, which emit radiation during their decay, are created as the result of nuclear detonations^ besides nuclear weapons testing, the manufacturing and processing of nuclear fuel, reactor operations and accidents related to the use of nuclear power sources in space vehicles, and from the disposal of radioactive wastes. These are sources of a man-made environmental contamination. For the time being, a radioactive fallout represents the major source of the hazardous long-lived radionuclides of concern to the general population.
Since the mid 1950'ร, Problems of exposure to radiation have been stimulated as the result of the expanding use of nuclear energy and the occurrence of the fallout from nuclear testing programs of several nations. The recognition of the damaging effects to tissue by ionizing radiation has created the general awareness that relatively brief exposure to high levels of radioactivity may produce acute illness. Of special significance in connection with normal peacetime pursuits is the fact that prolonged contact with much lower levels may generate less immediately recognizable but potentially bodily impairments. The concern was diminished after the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1965, eventhough two countries, France and the people's Republic of China who have not signed the treaty, are currently testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere from time to time. Up to November 1976, the People's Republic of China had already conducted her 21 st nuclear test. AS reported in 1976 that the radioactivity was distributed to many areas in Fuguchima, northern of Japan, also Cs-137 was found to be 113 picocuries per litre of milk in Tokyo which resulted from fallout of that test in China.
In regard to the radioactive fallout, the main objectives are to understand the relationships between the amount and patterns of the release and the harm that may affect human beings. There is the real need to monitor the environment, to make prediction as to what will happen from known and anticipated injection of contamination and to know ho* to reduce the exposure to man.
In attempting to arrive at an evaluation of the possible dangers associated with the relatively l*w level of fallout, information from bomb explosion, both those tests which have already occurred and those which will occur in the future needs to be known in order to evaluate the eifoct on human health. It is therefore of the greatest importance to obtain observations which can be employed . to evaluate the danger. Cne of the significant steps is the environmental monitoring including the investigation of specific radionuclides in food, water and air.
The environmental radioactivity surveillance has been routinely conducted by the Office of Atomic Energy for peace (OAEP) and some other laboratories. The results, up to the present, show no significant contamination of fallout (1,2). In addition, the determination of gross beta activity, Cs-137 and Sr-90 in water around - 5 -
the OAEP where a Thai Research Reactor-1 (TRR-1) is situated and believed to be one of the sources of radiation contamination, has been routinely performed. The recent report also indicated no contamination (3,4). Furthermore, the investigation of gross beta activity and jr-90 concentration in rice samples collected from various parts of the country denoted no contamination as well (5). Eversince there is ท^ sources of harmful radiation contamination inside the country, the possible contamination from the outer sources must be brought into the consideration.
The amounts of imported foods and food products particularly milk and dairy products were increased greatly in the past. Though the country, since 1970 has changed her status from the country of importer to exporter in canned food industries, many foreign brands and various kinds of canned food are still distributed widely in supermarkets and local grocery stores.
As mentioned earlier, some countries still continue the atmospheric nuclear testing, which results in fallout contamination in world wide region. It was also reported that noticable high radiation level was found in a few items of food such as marine fish and milk. These foods were actually not allowed to be ccnsumed in such countries. There is a possibility, however, that those contaminated foods may be transferred into canned foods and exported. Consequently, there is the real need for the consumer to be aware of the problem and set up regulations for acceptable concentration of radionuclide in food.
Regarding this reason and the radiation surveillance of long-lived radionuclides particularly fission products in imported foods and food-products has not yet been reported in Thailand at present. Besides, the information obtained will be beneficial for the authorized governmental agencies to be able to set up a maximum permissible limit for radiation level and concentration of specific fission product in those food-stuffs. It is, therefore, the purpose of this study to investigate the radiation level and some long-lived radionuclides in imported foods and food products.
. FRCCEDPRE
2.1 Sampling and sample preparation
Sighty-nine samples of food and food products were purchased monthly, during January 1976 through January 1977, from different well-known supermarkets and grocery stores in downtown in 3angkok. The selected foods were fish, meat, cereal, milk, milk powder and milk products. The food was either packed in metal can or air-tighted sealed plastic bag. Sample types and the countries distributed were shown in Table 1. - 6 -
The sample preparation was performed in relation to the type of analysis, that was ะ-
2.1.1 For gamma-counting ะ The individual sample was weighed and blended with an automatic glass blender. It was then transferred into a 1000 ml Marinelli beaker (Fig.l) for gamma counting. 2.1.2 For beta counting ะ After the completion of the gamma activity measurement, the sample was transferred into porcelain dishes and dry-ashed. The ashing technique was done in three steps. Firstly^ the sample was dried in an oven at temperature 120-200 c for about 6 hours until it became char. Secondly, the sample was preliminary ashed in a muffle furnace at temperature around 120-300°c depending on the type of sample (Table 2) for a period of 8 hours and finally at 500 c for 12 hours. Thirdly, the dish was allowed to cool down and put in the oven again for 6 hoursโ After that the sample was kept in a desiccator for at least 1 hour and the ashed sample was pulverized, weighed and kept in a clean container.
2.1.3 For chemical separation ะ A portion of each ashed sample was weighed and digested with concentrated nitric acid for half an hour. The solution was filtered. The clear solution was measured and kept in a clean 125 polyethylene container for the analysis of strontium-90 and stable calcium.
2.2 Gamma-spectrum identification
Each of fresh sample in Karinelli beaker was counted for 18 hours using a 128 channel pulse height analyzer coupled with a 3" X 3" Nal(Tl) crystal detector (Fig. 2). The long-lived radionuclides frequently found to be present in samples were potassium-^O and cesium-137. Their concentrations were subsequently determined. The areas under the 1.46 MeV and 0.66 MeV photopeak were used for calculation for K-^tO and Cs-137, respectively by Covell method (6). The background radiation was counted identically as the sample but only the empty Marinelli beaker. The counting rate of sample was also corrected for background.
The activity of K-^0 and Cs-137 in the sample was compared with the activity of the known standard radioisotope and computed for that radioisotope. The standard was counted in a same configuration as the sample.
2.3 Gross beta activity measurement The ashed samplo was weighed in an aluminium planchct of 3 cm in diameter and counted in the low background anti-coincidence G.M. counter (Fig.3) for 1000 seconds. The counting rate of sample was also corrected for background radiation which was counted identically as the sample but using only aluminium planchct. The gross beta activity was computed with KC1 as the standard. - 7 -
2.4 Determination of strontium-90 (7)
Five millilitre of the sample solution (from 2.1.3) was pipetted into a 150 ml beaker containing 20 mg of strontiur. and yttrium carrier and an appropriate concentration of 3r-85 tracer. The solution was well mixed and brought up to 30 ml volume with nitric acid and then warmed in a hot plate for 10 minutes while stirred continuously. Fifty millilitre of equilibrated tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) was added into a 250 ml separatory funnel following with the warmed sample solution. A small amount of nitric acid may be used for completely transferred of the sample solution. The funnel was then shakeri vigorously for 15 minutes. After the phases were clearly separated7 the aqueous phase was drained off into another 250 ml separatory funnel containing 50 ml of equilibrated TBP. The funnel was again shaken for 15 minutes. The time and date of decantation was recorded at the end of Y-90 ingrowth and the beginning of its decay in the yttrium fraction. The phases were allowed to separate and the aqueous phase was transferred into a 125 ml polyethylene bottle and the remaining organic phase was washed successively twice with 20 ml 14 M nitric acid. The washing solution was added into the same 125 ml polyethylene bottle. The organic phase was back-extracted twice with two successive 50 ml distilled water, and the aqueous solution was drained into a 150 ml beaker and was evaporated to 10 ml. The solution was tranferred to a 50 ml centrifuge tube and adjusted to pH 8 with 1:1 NH. OH. The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature and centrifuged for 5 minutes and the supernatant was discarded.
The precipitate was dissolved with 1 ml conc. HC1 and the solution was heated to 90°c and adjusted to 25 ®1 with distilled water. Cne millilitre of saturated HpC.O^ was added and the pH was adjusted to 2 using NH.OH. Yttrium oxalate was precipitated in the centrifuge tube while vigorously stirring. The precipitate was allowed to digest for 1 hour.
The precipitate was filtered through a 2.1 cm in diameter glass fiber filter paper, which its weight was accurately known, using a set of Killlpore filtering apparatus. The oxalate precipitate was placed on the aluminium counting planchet and was dried under heat lamp for about 1 hour. The precipitate was then allowed to cool to room temperature and weighed. The activity of yttrium oxalate was counted using the low background anti- coincidence G.fc. counter. The time and date of counting was recorded.
The volume of strontium phase was diluted to the neck of the polyethylene bottle and counted for gamma-activity of Sr-85 by a single channel analyzer coupled with a 3" X 3" Nal (Tl) crystal detector (Fig. 4). - 8 -
The appropriate concentration of strontium-90 standard was treated in the same Banner as that of the sample.
Sr-90 (PCi) - BxCxDxB (1)
A = net count per minute (cpm) of Y-90 B = correction factor e~ ^t for Y-90 decay, where t is the time from the separation of Y-90 to the time of beta counting c = recovery of yttrium carrier r> = chemical yield of 3r-90 separation E = efficiency of counting Y-90 as yttrium oxalate on 2.1 cm in diameter glass filtered paper (cpm/pCi).
2.5 Determination of stable calcium The permanganate titration procedure was used to determine the calcium in food sample. The detail of the procedure can be described as follows. Five millilitre of dissolved ashed sample was pipetted into a 50 ml centrifuge tube and evaporated to dryness. The residue was re-dissolved in 6 to HNO-t and made to 50 ml with distilled water. The tube was warmed and 5 ml of 2 M oxalic acid was added. The solution was throughly mixed and adjusted to pH 3.5-^«0 with IJH^OH. The solution was centrifuged and the supernatant was discarded. The precipitate was washed twice with two successive of ko ml hot distilled water and the filtrate was also discarded. The precipitate was dissolved in 2 M and made up to 50 ml with distilled water in a 50 ml volumetric flask.
Exactly five millilitre of the solution was pipetted into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and 1 ml of H-SOj, was also added. The alijuot was adjusted to 10 ml and heated to 90°c on a hot plate. The solution was titrated while hot with standardized 0.05 N KMnO^ to a faint pink colour which persisted for at least 30 seconds.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The reliability test of the radiochemical separation procedure of strontium-90 and the determination of calcium Were satisfactory, as presented in Table 3-5' In addition, the results of the investigation of gross beta activity, potassium-40, cesium-137, calcium and strontium-90 in various kinds of imported marine fish and shellfish, meat, cereal, milk and food products as well as their concentration ranges were indicated in Table 6 to Table 17, respectively. - 9 -
It could be seen from Table 3 and 4 that the technique employed for the determination of Sr-90 is quite reliable and sensitive. The extraction yield of this procedure tested with Sr-85 tracer was found to be almost 9535» There are still more advantages regarding this extraction procedure, that is ะ- Firstly, Y-9o7 the daughter product of Sr-90, is purely separated into the organic phase. Secondly, the chemical yield of yttrium oxalate precipitate can be corrected to 100 percent with the known amount of added yttrium carrier therefore no loss of Y-90 activity is found. This IS very important since the activity of Y-90 will be used for the calculation of 3r-90. Thirdly, the extraction yield is definitely known from the added activity of or-90 tracer. Since Sr-85 is the pure gamma-emitter, the solution of Sr-85, if still remains in the Y-90 fraction, will not interfere with the beta activity measurement of Y-90. Finally, after storing the aqueous phase of 3r-90 for about two weeks allowing the ingrowthiOfi Y-90 to reach equilibrium, either Sr-90 or Y-90 can be purely separated, and calculated. This means that in a single extraction a duplicate result con be obtained.
Since the technique for Sr-90 determination is sensitive and the cost of TBP is rather high, the single measurement was employed. However, the standard solution was run together along with a set of analysis and the dummy sample was frequently checked" For calcium determination, at least three determinations for each value were performed.
The samples used in this study was selected to cover the wide categories of imported food and food products which were prefered by the native consumers such as sardine, salmon, oyster, corned beef, etc. Samples of milk powder, milk product and cereals were also chosen since they are essential to infant and this group of population is likely to receive and contain higher exposure than the others.
Gamma spectrum searching indicated that only Cs-137 and K-40 were the two radionuclides frequently found to be present in these food samples. Three fish samples (sardine) from South Africa, Japan and Thailand (sardine was imported and packed in Thailand) contained high value of Cs-137, that was 5.69, 5.46 and 5.08 pCi/g-wet weight, respectively. (Table 6)
The limit of detection under the conditions used for K-40 and Cs-137 was 0.04 and 0.03 pCi/gm wet weight, respectively.
It aould be seen from Table 7 and 9 that the activity concentration of K-40 and Cs-137 was not determined. The investigation was stopped due to the counting equipment was broken down and the other pulse height analyzers were not available.
No relationship between the activity concentration of gross beta and the concentration of Sr-90 itfas observed inwery category of samples. Regarding the value of 3r-90, it was found that Sr-90 concentration in crops was higher than in milk, meat and fish which agreed quite well with the reports of Kamath (8),' and Booth, et al. .(9). The concentration range of Sr/Ca ratio in various samples as indicated in Table 17 was remarkable. 3ince the calcium content of shellfish and corned beef was rather low, the 3r/Ca ratio of these samples was notably high accordingly. Although the Sr/Ca ratio was rather large, these food items cere occasionally consumed. Besides, they were eaten along with other normal diet which was enriched in calicum therefore the radiation harzard was less significant.
Since the baseline level of Sr-90 activity in these foods is not yet known, our present results could not be regarded conclusively. In addition,the sources where samples were collected were cot exactly known consequently the comparison with values reported by others could not be done accordingly. Furthermore, an attempt is being made to investigate the baseline level of this radionuclide as well as others such as Cs-137, Ra-226 etc. in imported food and food products at this organization for the good health and welfare of Thai people.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to express their sincere appreciation to Professor Dr. A.H. Seymour, the former Director of Laboratory Ecology, University of Washington and currently a Professor Emeritus at the same University for his valuable suggestions and comments regarding this report. Additionally, they also wish to extend their deep gratitude to the staff members of the Environmental Radiation Pollution Studies Section, 'Vaste Disposal Division who gave kind assistance throughout this work. 1 Maiinelli beaker Fig. 2 The 128 channel analyzer connected with the Nal (Tl) detector 8 The low background anti-coincidence G.M. counter Fig. 4 The single channel analyzer with a 3" X 3" Nal (Tl) detector - 11 - TABLE 1 Types of S£..nple and the country of origin
Sample Type of sample Country of origin No.
Karine fish and shellfish 1 Sardine Denmark, Japan, Morocco, Norway, Portugal, Southwest Africa, Thailand, U.S.A. 2 Salmon Canada, Japan 3 Mackerel Japan Tuna Thailand 5 Herring U.S.A. 6 Threadfin Thailand 7 Pilchard England 8 Clam Japan 9 Cyster Japan, Korea
Meat 10 Corned beef Australia, France
Cereal 11 Cornflake, Barley, Oat, Australia, Sest Germany, Malaysia, Infant food, Wheat germ Switzerland, Thailand, บ.5.A.
Kilk
12 Powdered milk Japan 13 Condensed milk Thailand - 12 - TABLE 2 Temperature used for dry-ashing relating to the type of sample
Type of Cven-dried (°c) Preliminary Final ashing (°c) sample ashing (°c)
Fish 120 burning 500
Meat 120 burning 500
Milk (dry) 200 - 500
Milk (wet) 120 120-300 500
Grains 200 200-300 500 1
TABLE 3 The precision test for 3r-•90 determination by TBP extraction
Analysis 3r-9C (pCi)
concentration added 6.00 concentration found ... 1 5.52 • • • 2 5.57 ... 3 5.74 ... 4 5.82
average 5.66 £ 0.141 - 13 - TABLE 4 The reliability test for 3r-90 determination by TBP extraction, analysing in an IAIA standard reference water sample (พ-2)
No. of observation Gr-90 (pCi)
1 2.81
2 2.94
3 3.19 4 3.19
average 3.03 - 0.189
certified value 3.08
TABLE ^ The reproducibility test for Ca determination
No. of amount of amount of analysis permanganate calcium Error (%) used (ml) calculated (mg) •
1 4. 95 97.02 2.7
2 5.00 98.00 1.7 า ร 4.95 97.02 2.7
average 97.34 2.7
Amount of added Ca was 99.70 mg. TABLE 6 Result of analyses for sardine samples purchased in January 1976
Sample Type of £onple •Trade name', Country wet wt. Gross f k-40 Cs-137. 1 Sr-90 Ca Sr-90 No. ash wt. pCi/g wet pCi/g wet pCi/g wet pCi/g wet g/g wet pCi/g Ca wt. wt. wt. wt. wt.
Sardine fish •Ayam brand', South 42 14.90 0.484 5.69 0.1690 0.0024 70.42 African
Sardine fish 'Saui*ines Al brand*, 32 5.69 <0.04 5.46 0.1368 0.0043 31.81 Thailand
Sardine fish 'Geisha brand', 37 4.08 0.277 5.08 0.1538 0.0038 40.47 Thailand
Sardine fish •Erook brand', USA. 38 4.97 0.490 <0.03 N.3. N.s. N.S.
Sardine fish •Portugese Sardine', 32 7.72 0.251 <0.03 0.2031 0.0039 52.08 Portugal
N.S. ร No sample TABLE 7 Result of analyses for fish and beef samples purchased in February 1976
1 Sample Type of Sample •Trade name', Country wet wt. Gross 1B K-40 Cs-137 Sr-90 Ca Sr-90 No. ash wt. pCi/g wet, pCi/g wet pCi/g wet pCi/g wet g/g wot pCi/g Ca wt. wt. wt. wt • wt.
1 Sardine fish 'Sea gift brand', 44 7.57 N.D. K.D. 0.1511 0.0026 58.12 Norway
2 horned Beef 'Hutton'ร', 35 16.77 N.D. N.D. 0.2449 0.0002 .224.50 Australia
3 Salmon fish •Libby•ร' * 29 15.10 N.D. N.D. 0.2603 0.0021 123.95
4 Herring fish •John -est J 1 Scotland 33 6.06 N.ว. N.D. 0.2470 0.0007 352.86
5 Sardine fish 'John Siest' 30 7.13 N.D. N.D. 0.1600 0.0030 53.33 Scotland
6 Tuna fish Skipjack tuna, Japan 36 4.80 N.D. K.D. 0.3297 0.0015 219.80
-1- -
N.D. = Net determined • = No information TA3LS ร Results of analyses of seafoods and beef from sample purchased in March 1976
Sample Type of Sample 'Trade name1, Country wet wt. Gross K-4O Cs-137 Sr-40 Ca Sr-90 p No. ash wt. pCi/g wet pCi/g wet pCi/g wet pCi/g wet g/g wet pCi/g Ca wt. wt. wt. wt. wt.
1 Kackere fish •brand Al', Japan 44 8.23 0.059 0.227 0.2080 0.0021 99.05
2 Salmon fish •Fancy', Japan 43 4.14 0.054 0.318 0.1872 0.0014 133.71
3 Kackerelfish * , Japan. น 40 4.90 0.028 0.315 0.1190 0.0010 119.00
Clam 'Sun Canary brand•, 28 2.00 <0.04 <0.03 0.1914 0.0008 239.25 Japan
5 Corned beef •Clida • 1 France 30 7.40 N.D. N.D. 0.2113 0.0004 528.25 6 Sardine fish •ICC1 , Japan 37 4.97 <0.04 <0.03 0.2070 0.0022 94.09
7 Sardine fish •Choshita brand', 31 4.71 0.062 <0.03 0.2410 0.0015 160.67 Japgun
8 Sardine fish * , Japan 39 3.67 0.128 0.365 0.1608 0.0014 114.86
9 Oyster •Ciolden Crown' ,Japan:j 8.36 0.042 0.221 0.3306 0.0004 826.50
N.D. = Not determined • = No information TAbi-p 9 Results of analyses of seafoods and beef from sample purchased in May 1976
Sample Type of Sample •Trade name'1 Country wet wt. Gross p K-40 Cs-137 Sr-90 Ca Sr-90
No. ash wt. pCi/g พ^. ฟ pCi/g พ^ pCi/g พ^ pCi/gv 1 g/e pCi/g Ca
1 Sardine fish * , Japan 33 2.42 N.D. N.D. 0.1433 อ. 0020 71.65
2 Sardine fish * , Japan 32 4.75 N.D. N.D. 0.143/» 0,0020 71.70
3 Salmon fish * , Japan 36 1.97 N.D, N.D. 0.2403 0.0022 109.23 if Mackerel fish * , Japan 27 3.26 N.D. N.D. 0.2526 0.0014 180.43
5 Shell * , Japan 29 o.ec N.D, N.D. 0.3117 0.0008 389.62
6 Corned beef HHutton•ร 1, Australia 40 2.15 N.D. N.D. 0.1560 0.00005 3120,00,'
7 Corned beef •Olida* 1 France 48 3.23 N.D. N.D. 0.1904 0.0002 952.00
8 Threadfin fish 'Catotuja', Thailand 37 3.03 N.D. N.D. 0.1719 N.S. -
9 Sardine fish 'Eiffel', Thailand ^5 4.31 K.D. j N.D. 0.1413 0.0035 40.37
N.D. « Not determined N.S. ร Ko sample * = No information TABLE 10 Results of analyses of seafoods from samples purchased in June 1976
Sample Type of Sample •Trade name', Country wet wt. Gross p K-40 08-137 Sr-90 Ca Sr-90 ash wt. No. pCi/g wet pCi/g wet pCi/g wet pCi/g wet p/g wet pCi/g Ca wt. wt. wt. wt. wt.
1 Smoked oyster 'Penguin•, Korea 28 4.8 2 <0.04 <0.03 0.2786 0.0004 696.50
2 Sardine fish •Glyngpre', Denmark 3^ 4.47 <0.04 <0.03 0.1618 0.0028 57.79
3 Sardine fish 'Brook•1 USA 39 4.26 0.053 0.177 0.0523 0.0031 16.87
4 Sardine fish » 1 Denmark 35 5.31 <0.04 0.276 N.S. N.S. N.S.
Je ; Sardine fish * , Portugal 36 5.36 <0,04 0.192 0.2803 0.0046 60.93
Sardine fish •Lucky, Thailand 35 6.51 . .08 0.134 0.3371 0.0026 129*65
N.S. = No sample
* ร No information TABLE 14 Results of analyses of seafoods from sample purchased inNovember 1976
Sai&plc Type of Sample 'Trade name', Country wet wt. Gross p K-40 Cs-137 Sr-90 Ca 3r-90 No. ash wt. pCi/g wet pCi/g wet pCi/g wet pCi/g wet g/g wet pCi/g Ca wt. wt. wt. wt. wt.
1 Sardine fish •Sea Gift brand', 36 5.1V <0.04 0.168 0.3464 0.0052 66.62 \orway
2 Sardine fish 'Brook brand1 * 19 8.32 <0.04 0,164 0.3510 0.0056 62.68
3 Tuna fish * , Thailand 29 6.83 <0.04 0.212 0.2386 N.S. -
4 *«rring fish •Safcol', Thailand 30 4.37 <0.04 0.137 0.1167 0.0059 19.78
5 Salmon fish 'Silver Crown', 37 4.76 <0.04 0.046 0.7808 0.0043 18.58 Canada
6 Sardine fish A-l brand, Thailand 34 3.26 <0.04 0.042 N.S. N.S. N.S.
7 Sardine fish * , Portugal 36 6.78 <0.04 0.131 0.1831 0.0029 63.14
N.S. = No sample
• ร No information TABLE 14 Results of analyses of seafoods from sample purchased in November197 6
1 Sample Type of Sample 'Trade name', Country wet wt. Gross p K-4© I Ca-137 sr-90 Ca Sr-90 No. ash wt. pCi/g wet pCi/g wet pCi/g wet pCi/g wot g/g wet pOi/g Ca wt. wt. wt. wt. wt.
1 Corned beef 'Olida• 1 France 46 6.48 0.971 <0.03 0.2243 0.0002 1296.53
a Corned beef •Hutton's', Australia 46 3.87 0.052 <0.03 0.1298 0.0002 865.33
3 Oyster •Aumyo' , Japan 36 8.92 N.D. N.D. 0.1358 0.0006 226.33
4 Sardine fish 'Glynore', Denmark 40 7.60 0.488 0.287 0.1635 f.. 0029 56.38
5 Sardine fish 'Brook', U.S.A. 30 10.47 0.168 0.889 0.1853 0.0041 45.20
6 Sardine fish 'Ruddcn Wheel', 28 5.64 0.575 <0.03 0.1639 0.0041 39.98 Thailand
7 Salmon fish 'Fancy', Japan 38 3.18 N.D. N.S. 0.1376 0,0020 68.80
8 Tuna fish •John West' 1 37 7.38 0.077 <0.03 0.0900 0.004? 19.15 Thailand
9 Oardine fish •Roza', Thailand 30 4.47 0.440 <0.03 0.1467 0.0038 38.60 1
N. ว. Not determined TABLE 13 Results of analyses of seafoods from samples purchased in October 1976
Samp]e Type of sample •Trade name, Country wet wt. Gross ^ k-40 Cs-137 Sr. 90 Ca Sr-90 Ko. ash wt. pCi/g wet pCi/g wet pCi/g wet pC±A; wet g/g wet pCi/g Ca wt. wt. wt. wt. wt.
1 itfheat gern: * , USA 21 15.61 <0.04 2.98 0.4243 0.0008 530.38 2 Silk powder 'Keji', Japan 30 8.27 <0.04 <0.03 0.3920 0.0041 95.61
3 Dats •Capfcia®'• Malaysia 20 15.25 <0.04 <0.03 0.5140 0.0094 54.68 4 Barley 'Pearl', the Netherlc nds 31 11.35 0.091 ^<0003 0,3000 0,0004 750.00
5 Dereal * , U.S.A. 3^ 3.35 0.260 <0.03 0.3618 0.0058 62.38 6 Cereal 'Heinz', U.S.A. 23 5.61 <0.04 1.59 0.4287 0.0044 97.43
7 Cereal 'Aponti', » £4 7.33 0.052 <0.03 1.3321 0.0032 416.28
8 Barley 'Gerbor', U.S.A. 30 N.S. <0.04 <0.03 0.1540 0.0049 31.43
9 powdered milk 'Allowrie', Australij 14 21.36 1.17 <0.03 0.3471 N.S. -
N.S. ร No sample * ร No information TABLE 14 Results of analyses of seafoods from sample purchased in November 1976
Sample Type of Sample * rade name', Country wet 'At. Gross fi K-40 Cs-137 Sr-90 Ca Sr-90 No. ash wt. pCi/g wet pCi/g wet pCi/g Fft pCi/g wet g/g wet pCi/g Ca wt • wt. wt. wt. 1 Sardine fish 'Del Honte' England 39 3.15 0.259 <0.03 0.1059 0.0022 48.14
2 Fitchard fish '(John 'Vest1, England 33 5.12 0.148 <0.03 0.0945 0.0022 42.95 X > oardine fish •Ligo*, South .-.est Af •ica34 4.12 0.121 <0.03 0.1259 0.0019 66.26
4 Sardine fish •Top Quality brand', 30 3.37 0.162 0.03 0.1473 0.0029 50.79 Thailand c; J Mackerel fish •Doublfe Star•, Japan 30 4.47 0.424 <0.03 • 0.3350 0.0013 257.69 6 Sardine fish 'King Cup', Japan 43 2.31 0.396 <0.03 N.S. N.S. N.S. 7 Sardine fish •5TD*, Thailand 29 4.62 0.281 <0.03 0.2217 0.0029 76.45
ร Sardine fish 'Ayam brand', * 28 2.64 0.333 <0.03 0.2918 N.S. -
9 Sardine fish 'Wttbo', Thailand 3k 3.82 0.122 <0.03 0.0900 0.0018 50.00
ะ0 Sardine fish * , Portugal 28 4.57 0.366 <0.03 0.1318 0.0041 32.15
11 Sardine fish 'Sumaco', Morocco 27 3.67 0.462 <0.03 N.S. N.S. N.S.
12 Condensed milk •Carnation', Thailand 29 4.31 :0.04 <0.03 0.1852 0.0023 80.52
N.S. = No sample
* = No information TABLE 15 Results of analyses of seafoods from samples purchased in December 1976
Sample Type of oample 'Trade name'. Country wet wt. Gross pi K-40 Cs-137 Sr-90 Ca Sr-90 No. ash wt. pCi/g wet pCi/g wet pCi/g wet pCi/g wet g/g wet pCi/g Ca wt. wt. wt. wt. wt.
1 Barley 'Gerber', U.S.A. 33 6.24 0.331 0.06 0.1512 0.0040 37 ..80
2 Cereal * , U.S.A. 25 6.68 <0.04 0.29 0.2212 0.0069 32.06
3 Cereal 'Aponti', A'est German r 19 13.42 <0.04 4 Cerelac •Nestle', iwitzerland 38 9.82 0.240 <0.03 0.1684 0.0031 54.32 5 ieraolina 'Fedallion', Australi » 54 7.82 <0.04 <0.03 0.0656 0.0029 22.62 6 Cats 'Captian', Malaysia 29 12.17 <0.04 <0.03 0.2190 0.0051 42.94 7 Cereal 'Heinz', U.S.A. 29 4.07 <0.04 <0.03 0.2055 0.0068 30.22 8 Infant food » , Thailand 48 4.29 0.29 <0,03 0.1273 0.0020 63.65 * = No information TABLE 16 Results of analyses of seafoods from samples purchased iu January 1977 oansple Type of Sample 'Trade name', Country wet wt. Gross p K-40 Sr-90 Ca Sr-90 No. ash wt. pCi/g pCi/g jjfft pCi/g |£t pCi/s ygt g/g |gt pCi/g Ca 1 Cereal * ) L•๖•A* 17 15.53 0.128 <0.03 0.6335 0.0068 93.16 2 Infant food * , Thailand 50 4.7 0. 185 <0.03 0.2706 0.0027 100.22 3 Cereal 'Heinz', ฃ.3.A. 18 7.61 0.245 <0.03 0.3056 0.0081 37.73 4 Cereal 'Gerber', U.S.A. 26 .'2.27 0.952 <0.03 N.S. N.S. N.S. 5 •.heat germ * 1 U.S.A. 19 13.89 0.498 <0.03 0.5942 0.0067 88.69 6 Cerelac 'Nestlft', รพitzerlani 6.45 0.070 <0.03 0.1434 N.S. - 7 Sardine fish •Glyngre * 1 Denmark 31 4.42 0.289 <0.03 0.3445 0.0033 104.39 8 Sardine fish •Brook', U.S.A. 44 3.34 0.023 <0,03 0.1766 ผ.ร. - Q Barley •Heinz', บ.3.A, 23 5.96 0.053 <0.03 N.S. N.S. - N.S. = No sample * = No information TkSLL 17 ะ Concentration rungfc of grois beta activity, K-40, Cs-137, Sr-90 aud Ca in Marine fish and shellfish, meat, cereal and milk lype of Amount of Concentration range of determined parameters sample sample Gross £ k-40 Cs-137 Sr-90 Ca Sr- 90 analyzed pCi/g wet wt« pCi/g wet wt ' pCi/g wet wt. pCi/g wet wt. g/g wet wt-. pCi/g Ca Marine fish 58 and shellfish Sardine 2.42-14.90 <0.04-0.575 ะ 0.03-5.69 0.0523-0.3510 0.0014-0.0056 16.87-160.67 salmon 5 1.97-15.10 <0.04-0.054 0.046-0.318 0.1376-0.7808 0.0014-0.0043 68.80-181.58 Mackerel 4.47- 8.23 0.028-0.424 <0.03 -0.315 0.1190-0.3350 0.0010-0.0021 99.00-257.69 Tuna 3 4.80- 7.38 <0.04-0.077 <0.03 -0.212 0.0900-0.3297 0.001^-0.0047 19.15-219.80 Herring 4.37- 6.06 < 0.04 0.13? 0.1167-0.2470 0.0007-0.0059 19.78-352.86 Threadfin 1 3.03 - - 0.1719 - - Pilchard 1 5.12 0.148 < 0.03 0.0945 0.0022 42.95 Shell, clam 5 0.9 -8.92 <0.04-0.042 <0.03 -0.226 0.1358-0.3306 0.0004-0.0008 226.33-826.50 and oyster Meat corned beef 6 2.15-16.77 0.052-0.971 < 0.03 0.1298-0.2449 0.0001-0.0004 528.25-3120.00 TkBLB 17 I (cont.) Type of Amount of Concentration range of determined parameters Sample Gross p h~40 Sr-90 c& Sr-90 sample Cs-137 analyzed pCi/g wet \»t pCi/g wet wt> pCi/g wet wt. pCi/g wet wt. \jg/g wet wt. pCi/g Ca Cereal Cornflake, 22 2.27-15.81 io.04-0.952 <0.03-2.98 0.0656-1.3321 0.0004-0.0094 22.62-750.00 Barley, Cats and Infant food Milk Milk product'.} 3 if. 31-21.36 ะ0.04-1.17 ร ^0.03 0.1852-0.3920 0.0023-0.0041 80.52-95.61 - 27 - REFERENCES 1. รพATEGANIT, Oil KrfAi&GSOPHA, ร; CHITTAPCriN, p and HAYOLOM, V., "Strontium-90 in vegetables" THAI AEC-29, 42-46 (1970). 2. BHCDIGiLN 1 ร., "aadioactivity in Thailand" Journal of the National Research Council of Thailand, 2, Wo.4, 25-36 (1961). 3. KAitASUDDHI, p., MCNGRLCLPHANThA, ร, S£TSAWGU«N, F and YAKKATE, P., "Study of Integral waste management systems and their effect on the environment in Thailand" Final report of the Research Contract No.1219 to the IAEA. (1975). 4. MhAITONG, พ and MONGKOLPHANTHA, ร; "The determination of Sr-90 in water around the Office of Atomic inergy for Peace" in preparation for OA&P technical report series. 5. PUhPUANG, ร and MONGKOLPHANTHA&, -'A preliminary study of long-lived radionuclides in rice from every part of the country" in preparation for OAEP technical report series. 6. CGVELL, D.F., "Determination of gamma-ray abundance directly from the total absorption peak" Anal. Chen 21, No.11, 1785-1790 (1959). 7. SCKELL, tf.3, "Laboratory Mannual to be used in Laboratory of Radiation Ecology, University of Washington" Private communication. 8. KAMATH, P.R "Recent guidelines for developing environmental monitoring programs (land and water) near nuclear installations" in Environmental Contamination by Raaioactive Materials. Proceedings of a seminar on agricultural and public health aspects of environmental contamination by radioactive materials, 295-308, (1969). 9. BOOTH, A.H. and SAMUELS, £.R.t "Fall-out strontium-90 levels in Canada" 1 Ibid, 393-402.