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Ontario's Decision for the Province-Wide Cull of Double

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Ontario's Decision for the Province-Wide Cull of Double VOLUME 16, ISSUE 1, ARTICLE 24 Hobson, K. A. 2021. Ontario’s decision for the province-wide cull of Double-crested Cormorants. Avian Conservation and Ecology 16(1):24. https:// doi.org/10.5751/ACE-01949-160124 Copyright © 2021 by the author(s). Published here under license by the Resilience Alliance. Editorial Ontario’s decision for the province-wide cull of Double-crested Cormorants Keith A. Hobson 1 1Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada La décision de l'Ontario quant à l'abattage des Cormorans à aigrettes à la grandeur de la province Key Words: cormorants; diet; management; persecution; Laurentian Great Lakes; Ontario INTRODUCTION of birds, nests, and eggs. Management to benefit fisheries interests, On the eve of the 100th anniversary of the convention between the United States and Canada to protect migratory birds in North America, Linda Wires published an invited editorial in this journal titled “Migratory bird protection, a crack in the armor: the case of the Double-crested Cormorant” (Wires 2015). In Canada the Migratory Birds Convention Act, 1994 (MBCA) was passed in 1917, while in the United States the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) was passed in 1918. These acts resulted in the implementation of the convention in each country and provided protection under the law to migratory birds, their nests, and eggs. This protection represents a milestone internationally in bird conservation efforts. As her title suggested, the Double- crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) was one species that received no such national protection as a result of this treaty, a decision that reflected hundreds of years of persecution. An interesting aspect of Wires editorial was that she contrasted cormorant control in Canada with the United States and considered Canada’s record favorably compared to that of our southern neighbor. That is not to say that Canada has not engaged in considerable persecution of this species but that our measures have hitherto been more targeted and considered compared with the depredation orders of the United States that have resulted in the greatest culling of any native North American species. Regardless, the establishment of depredation orders in the United States and the culling of birds in Canada has led to well over half a million Double-crested Cormorants killed, by Wires (2014) account. Unfortunately, the tide has turned and recent events in the province of Ontario stand to dramatically change the standing of Canada’s record on this front. In her book The Double-crested Cormorant: Plight of a Feathered Pariah, Wires concluded a monumental accounting of the persecution of the Double-crested Cormorants in North America through 2012 (Wires 2014). To that point, Canada’s response to cormorant “control” reflected provincial government actions e.g., to recover historical fish communities and/or increase primarily of Alberta, Ontario, and Quebec. That history would allocations of fisheries to humans, had occurred only in Alberta not absolve Manitoba that saw massive illegal cormorant killings and Quebec, which had undertaken shooting and egg oiling on Lake Winnipegosis, for example, but did point to key provincial programs at colonies in just two areas for this purpose, Lac La actions that resulted in the destruction of hundreds of thousands Address of Correspondent: Keith A. Hobson, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, [email protected] Avian Conservation and Ecology 16(1): 24 http://www.ace-eco.org/vol16/iss1/art24/ Biche region, Alberta and Lac St. Pierre, Quebec. As documented lakeshores and their presence typically impacts local vegetation. by Wires (2014) in Ontario, provincial agencies had managed Many see the bird also as being ugly and generally useless. It is cormorants because of concerns about negative ecological no surprise then that the Ontario Federation of Anglers and impacts to specific habitats or other species. Large-scale shooting Hunters have been active in lobbying the provincial government and egg-oiling programs were pursued at two locations, Presqu’ile of Ontario to dramatically reduce cormorant numbers. OFAH Provincial Park, and Middle Island, Point Pelee National Park. represents over 100,000 “members, subscribers and supporters.” Conversely, at Tommy Thompson Park, home of the largest Although the province of Ontario now allows hunting of colony of Double-crested Cormorants in eastern North America, cormorants province wide from 15 September to 31 December, only nonlethal efforts had been employed. In addition, OFAH advocated a split spring (March to May) and fall hunt to management at Presqu’ile Provincial Park shifted to nonlethal have more maximal impact (OFAH file 413C/794). That may have and deterrent techniques in 2007. Under Ontario’s cormorant merit if one was interested in removing birds before they were management policy, management to benefit fisheries was not allowed to breed but a clear concern by OFAH was the public undertaken; however, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources image of hunters and the need to separate killing of cormorants conducted an experimental egg-oiling program for several years from those months when the general public were also enjoying in Lake Huron to determine if cormorants affected coastal fish the Great Lakes. Indeed much of their website (https://www.ofah. abundance. org/issues/cormorants/) contains advice to hunters to assume Despite a general history of localized management actions that their “ambassador role” in helping the province to “eradicate this allowed cormorants to be considered to at least some degree as pest”: part of our natural avian heritage, the Ontario government Government Opens Fall Hunting Season for Double- recently placed the Double-crested Cormorant on the “game list.” Crested Cormorants That action, the result overwhelmingly of lobbying by the Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters (OFAH) of the new Populations of double-crested cormorants are increasing Conservative government of Doug Ford, has fundamentally in number and distribution across Ontario’s shorelines. changed the entire approach to how we “live with” this species in Where cormorant numbers are high, they can negatively Ontario. On 31 July 2020 the Ontario Ministry of Natural affect terrestrial habitats by chemical and physical means Resources and Forestry (MNRF) announced a province-wide fall through corrosive acidic guano, and stripping/breaking season for cormorants from 15 September to 31 December. The tree branches. In some cases, cormorant colonies have daily bag limit is 15 birds under the authority of a small game destroyed entire island ecosystems. Many people are also licence (see the MNRF’s decision notice for full details, at https:// concerned about potential impacts on fish populations ero.ontario.ca/notice/013-4124).That highly questionable action and angling opportunities. derives clearly from the attitude that cormorants are competing The OFAH is pleased to see that the government is finally with anglers for sports fish as well as annoying those promoting recognizing the problems caused by overabundant nondisturbance of lakeshore vegetation. However, the scientific cormorants and are taking action to control evidence is clearly against this notion, which seems deeply based overabundant cormorant populations to help protect in human psychology that every fish taken by a cormorant is one Ontario’s ecosystems. It is encouraging to see that the less to be taken by an angler or to be taken by a fish sought after MNRF has made adjustments to the original proposal in by an angler, or that somehow, cormorants represent a new threat response to concerns expressed by the OFAH and others. to island vegetation. The OFAH and others have much explaining Provincial government action on cormorants has been a to do. long time coming for many OFAH members, and reinforces the need for persistence and determination when there is a conservation concern that threatens our THE OFAH LOBBY fish and wildlife. Much has been written about the history of human-cormorant conflict (Siegel-Causey 1997, Wires 2014, 2015) and obviously Also, from Galea (2020), this is an issue that will not disappear any time soon (or at least Ontario’s new cormorant hunt is welcome news to while cormorants persist in their native range). Suffice it to say anglers, hunters, and recreational boaters, as well as that the Double-crested Cormorant is a species that has increased shoreline property owners. But for the hunt to have any tremendously in numbers since early persecution, the end of real impact on mitigating the ecological mess caused by widespread DDT use, and the massive changes in fish community high concentrations of these fish-devouring birds, there structure favoring smaller forage fish species as the result of needs to be buy-in from hunters. several factors not the least of which is overfishing of top predatory species. Some see this change in population as a So why should you hunt a bird that’s not exactly known “recovery” and others see it as an “invasion.” Cormorants eat fish for its edibility? and have always been seen as competitors with sport and The obvious answer can be seen when you examine the commercial fisheries. They can be particularly problematic at damage done to the islands, shorelines, water quality, and catfish farms on wintering grounds in the southern United States fisheries where cormorants congregate. The less obvious but notably, that industry has collapsed because of an inability answer lies in the historic nature of this decision. The to compete with Asian markets and not because of cormorants. province has essentially called upon its hunters to Cormorants often also nest in large colonies on islands or participate in what amounts to a vast ecological Avian Conservation and Ecology 16(1): 24 http://www.ace-eco.org/vol16/iss1/art24/ stewardship program, meant to keep burgeoning goby (Coleman et al. 2012). Their take of invasive alewife should cormorant numbers and the accompanying destruction also be considered positively but of course some have argued that in check.
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