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Rhode Island Bird EA

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Rhode Island Bird EA ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REDUCING BIRD DAMAGE IN THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND Prepared by: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE WILDLIFE SERVICES In cooperation with: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE MIGRATORY BIRD PROGRAM REGION 5 May 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................................................... ii CHAPTER 1: PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION 1.1 PURPOSE .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 NEED FOR ACTION ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 SCOPE OF THIS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT .................................................................... 23 1.4 RELATIONSHIP OF THIS DOCUMENT TO OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL DOCUMENTS ........ 26 1.5 AUTHORITY OF FEDERAL AND STATE AGENCIES .................................................................. 27 1.6 COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS AND STATUTES ....................................................................... 30 1.7 DECISIONS TO BE MADE ................................................................................................................ 35 CHAPTER 2: AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ISSUES 2.1 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................ 37 2.2 ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH BIRD DAMAGE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES .......................... 41 2.3 ISSUES CONSIDERED BUT NOT IN DETAIL WITH RATIONALE ............................................. 49 CHAPTER 3: ALTERNATIVES 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE ALTERNATIVES ....................................................................................... 54 3.2 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED BUT NOT ANALYZED IN DETAIL WITH RATIONALE ...... 60 3.3 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR BIRD DAMAGE MANAGEMENT ................... 63 3.4 ADDITIONAL STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES SPECIFIC TO THE ISSUES ............. 64 CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES 4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES FOR ISSUES ANALYZED IN DETAIL ......................... 67 4.2 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED ACTION BY ISSUE ......................................... 154 CHAPTER 5: LIST OF PREPARERS AND PERSONS CONSULTED 5.1 LIST OF PREPARERS AND REVIEWERS ..................................................................................... 164 5.2 LIST OF PERSONS CONSULTED ................................................................................................... 164 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX A: LITERATURE CITED ....................................................................................................... A-1 APPENDIX B: BIRD DAMAGE MANAGEMENT METHODS AVAILABLE FOR USE OR RECOMMENDATION BY THE RHODE ISLAND WS’ PROGRAM ............................. B-1 APPENDIX C: FEDERALLY AND STATE LISTED THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES IN THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND .............................................................. C-1 APPENDIX D: USFWS NEFO “NO SPECIES PRESENT” LETTER ........................................................ D-1 i ACRONYMS APHIS Animal and Plant Health IUCN International Union for Inspection Service Conservation of Nature and AI Avian Influenza Natural Resources AMDUCA Animal Medicinal Drug Use LD Median Lethal Dose Clarification Act LC Median Lethal Concentration AQDO Aquaculture Depredation Order MA Methyl Anthranilate AVMA American Veterinary Medical MANEM Mid-Atlantic/New Association England/Maritime BBS Breeding Bird Survey MBTA Migratory Bird Treaty Act BCR Bird Conservation Region MOU Memorandum of Understanding CBC Christmas Bird Count MSMSS Mid-Summer Mute Swan CEQ Council on Environmental Survey Quality NAS National Audubon Society CFR Code of Federal Regulations NASS National Agricultural Statistics DFW Division of Fisheries and Service Wildlife NEFO New England Field Office DNC Dinitrocarbanilide NEPA National Environmental Policy EA Environmental Assessment Act EIS Environmental Impact NHPA National Historic Preservation Statement Act EPA U.S. Environmental Protection NWRC National Wildlife Research Agency Center ESA Endangered Species Act RIDEM Rhode Island Department of FAA Federal Aviation Administration Environmental Management FDA Food and Drug Administration PL Public Law FEIS Final Environmental Impact PRDO Public Resource Depredation Statement Order FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, ROD Record of Decision and Rodenticide Act SOP Standard Operating Procedure FONSI Finding of No Significant SVC Spring Viraemia of Carp Impact T&E Threatened and Endangered FR Federal Register USC United States Code FY Fiscal Year USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture HDP 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service HP Highly Pathogenic VHS Viral Haemorrhagic INAD Investigational New Animal Septicaemia Drug WS Wildlife Services IPN Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis ii CHAPTER 1: PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION 1.1 PURPOSE The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Wildlife Services (WS)1 program in Rhode Island and the Migratory Bird Program within the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)2 continue to receive requests for assistance or anticipate receiving requests for assistance to alleviate or prevent damage occurring to agricultural resources, natural resources, and property, including threats to human safety associated with snow geese (Chen caerulescens), brant (Branta bernicla), mute swans (Cygnus olor), wood ducks (Aix sponsa), gadwalls (Anas strepera), American wigeons (Anas americana), American black ducks (Anas rubripes), mallards (domestic/wild) (Anas platyrhynchos), blue-winged teal (Anas discors), Northern shovelers (Anas clypeata), Northern pintails (Anas acuta), green-winged teal (Anas crecca), canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria), redheads (Aythya americana), ring-necked ducks (Aythya collaris), greater scaup (Aythya marila), lesser scaup (Aythya affinis), common eiders (Somateria mollissima), surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata), white-winged scoters (Melanitta fusca), black scoters (Melanitta americana), long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis), buffleheads (Bucephala albeola), common goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula), hooded mergansers (Lophodytes cucullatus), common mergansers (Mergus merganser), red-breasted mergansers (Mergus serrator), ruddy ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis), feral/free ranging domestic waterfowl3, Northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus), ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), common loons (Gavia immer), pied-billed grebes (Podilymbus podiceps), horned grebes (Podiceps auritus), red-necked grebes (Podiceps grisegena), double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus), great blue herons (Ardea herodias), great egrets (Ardea alba), snowy egrets (Egretta thula), little blue herons (Egretta caerulea), cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis), green herons (Butorides virescens), black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax), yellow-crowned night-herons (Nyctanassa violacea), glossy ibises (Plegadis falcinellus), black vultures (Coragyps atratus), turkey vultures (Cathartes aura), ospreys (Pandion haliaetus), bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Northern harriers (Circus cyaneus), sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus), Cooper’s hawks (Accipiter cooperii), Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), red-shouldered hawks (Buteo lineatus), broad-winged hawks (Buteo platypterus), Swainson’s hawks (Buteo swainsoni), red- tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), rough-legged hawks (Buteo lagopus), American kestrels (Falco sparverius), merlins (Falco columbarius), peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), American coots (Fulica americana), black-bellied plovers (Pluvialis squatarola), American golden plovers (Pluvialis dominica), semi-palmated plovers (Charadrius semipalmatus), killdeer (Charadrius vociferous), American oystercatchers (Haematopus palliates), spotted sandpipers (Actitis macularia), solitary sandpipers (Tringa solitaria), greater yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca), willets (Tringa semipalmata), lesser yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes), upland sandpipers (Bartramia longicauda), whimbrels (Numenius phaeopus), ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres), sanderlings (Calidris alba), semi-palmated sandpipers (Calidris pusilla), Western sandpipers (Calidris mauri), least sandpipers (Calidris minutilla), white-rumped sandpipers (Calidris fuscicollis), pectoral sandpipers (Calidris melantos), purple sandpipers (Calidris maritima), 1 The WS program is authorized to protect agriculture and other resources from damage caused by wildlife through the Act of March 2, 1931 (46 Stat. 1468; 7 USC 426-426b) as amended, and the Act of December 22, 1987 (101 Stat. 1329-331, 7 USC 426c). 2 The USFWS is responsible for managing and regulating bird species under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA). The take of migratory birds is prohibited by the MBTA. However, the USFWS can issue depredation permits for the take of protected birds when certain criteria are met pursuant to the MBTA. Depredation permits are issued to take migratory birds to alleviate damage and threats of damage. 3 Free-ranging or feral waterfowl refers to captive-reared, domestic, of some domestic genetic stock, or domesticated breeds of ducks, geese, and swans. Examples of free
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