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Impact De La Densité De Cerfs De Virginie Sur Les Communautés D'insectes De L'île D'anticosti

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Impact De La Densité De Cerfs De Virginie Sur Les Communautés D'insectes De L'île D'anticosti PIERRE-MARC BROUSSEAU IMPACT DE LA DENSITÉ DE CERFS DE VIRGINIE SUR LES COMMUNAUTÉS D'INSECTES DE L'ÎLE D'ANTICOSTI Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures de l’Université Laval dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en biologie pour l’obtention du grade de maître ès sciences (M. Sc.) DÉPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES ET GÉNIE UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL QUÉBEC 2011 © Pierre-Marc Brousseau, 2011 Résumé Les surabondances de cerfs peuvent nuire à la régénération forestière et modifier les communautés végétales et ainsi avoir un impact sur plusieurs groupes d'arthropodes. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé un dispositif répliqué avec trois densités contrôlées de cerfs de Virginie et une densité non contrôlée élevée sur l'île d'Anticosti. Nous y avons évalué l'impact des densités de cerfs sur les communautés de quatre groupes d'insectes représentant un gradient d'association avec les plantes, ainsi que sur les communautés d'arthropodes herbivores, pollinisateurs et prédateurs associées à trois espèces de plantes dont l'abondance varient avec la densité de cerfs. Les résultats montrent que les groupes d'arthropodes les plus directement associés aux plantes sont les plus affectés par le cerf. De plus, l'impact est plus fort si la plante à laquelle ils sont étroitement associés diminue en abondance avec la densité de cerfs. Les insectes ont également démontré une forte capacité de résilience. ii Abstract Deer overabundances can be detrimental to forest regeneration and can modify vegetal communities and consequently, have an indirect impact on many arthropod groups. In this study, we used a replicated exclosure system with three controlled white-tailed deer densities and an uncontrolled high deer density on Anticosti Island. The impact of deer density on the communities of four insect groups following a gradient of association with plants was studied alongside with the communities of herbivorous arthropods, pollinators and plant dwelling predators associated with three plant species whose abundance varies with deer density. The results revealed that arthropod groups more closely associated to plants were more strongly affected by deer density. Furthermore, the impact was stronger if the abundance of the plant to which they are closely associated decreased with deer density. Overall, insects appeared to be highly resilient to deer overabundance. Avant-Propos Ce mémoire comprend deux articles en anglais qui seront soumis pour publication dans une revue avec révision par les pairs. La récolte des donnés, l'identification des insectes, l'analyse des résultats et la rédaction de l'ensemble des textes du mémoire ont été faits par le candidat. Le directeur, Conrad Cloutier, le co-directeur Christian Hébert et le co-auteur Steeve Côté ont contribué aux manuscrits en corrigeant, révisant et en faisant des suggestions pour améliorer les textes. Cette recherche a pu être réalisée grâce à la participation conjointe de la Chaire de recherche industrielle CRSNG-Produits forestiers Anticosti de l'Université Laval et de Ressources Naturelles Canada. Je voudrais en premier lieu remercier mon directeur et mon co-directeur de m'avoir permis d'entreprendre cette recherche et pour leur constant support et commentaires pour améliorer le travail effectué. Ils ont également su améliorer mon sens critique et mon esprit scientifique par leurs nombreux commentaires, souvent frustrants en premier, mais toujours pertinents et constructifs. J'apprécie également le fait d'avoir bénéficié d'un cadre de recherche favorable au développement personnel et un lieu de travail motivant dans le laboratoire de Christian Hébert au Centre de Foresterie des Laurentides. Je remercie également les étudiants du laboratoire ÉcoDif avec qui il était toujours possible de parler de science ou d'autres sujets favorisant la décontraction aux moments opportuns: Ermias Azeria, Sébastien Bélanger, Richard Berthiaume, Jonathan Boucher, Éric Domaine, Jean-Philippe Légaré et Olivier Norvez. Je tiens également à remercier mes parents pour leur soutient tout au long de mes études. J'aimerais également exprimer ma gratitude à l'équipe de la Chaire de recherche d'Anticosti, particulièrement Steeve Côté et Jean-Pierre Tremblay qui ont apporté leurs commentaires utiles à différentes étapes de la réalisation du projet, ainsi que Sonia de Bellefeuille et Caroline Hins qui ont géré le gros de la logistique de terrain. Je souhaite également souligner la contribution de Yves Dubuc dans la préparation des travaux de terrain et son expertise au laboratoire et de George Pelletier pour son aide dans l'identification des insectes, tous deux de Ressources Naturelles Canada. Je remercie iv également les étudiants qui m'ont aidé sur le terrain ou dans le laboratoire: Jannick Gingras, Nicolas Giasson et Yan Paiement. Finalement, je remercie Gaétan Daigle du département de mathématiques et de statistiques de l'Université Laval et Ermias Azeria pour leurs conseils pour les analyses statistiques. Table des matières Résumé .................................................................................................................................... i Abstract .................................................................................................................................. ii Avant-Propos ........................................................................................................................ iii Table des matières .................................................................................................................. v Liste des tableaux ................................................................................................................. vii Liste des figures .................................................................................................................... ix Liste des annexes .................................................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 Les surpopulations de cervidés ........................................................................................... 1 L'impact des populations surabondantes sur les écosystèmes ............................................ 2 Effets sur les invertébrés ..................................................................................................... 3 L'île d'Anticosti ................................................................................................................... 6 Objectif de l'étude ............................................................................................................... 7 SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF REDUCING WHITE-TAILED DEER DENSITY ON INSECT COMMUNITIES IN A STRONGLY DISTURBED BOREAL FOREST ECOSYSTEM ......................................................................................................................... 9 Résumé ................................................................................................................................ 9 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 9 Materials and methods ...................................................................................................... 12 Study area ..................................................................................................................... 12 Experimental design ..................................................................................................... 12 Vegetation data ............................................................................................................. 13 Insect sampling ............................................................................................................. 14 Statistical analyses ........................................................................................................ 15 Results ............................................................................................................................... 17 Diversity and abundance ............................................................................................... 17 Community assemblages .............................................................................................. 18 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 20 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ 23 References Cited ............................................................................................................... 24 INSECT-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS AT REDUCED DEER DENSITY IN AN OVERBROWSED BOREAL FOREST ECOSYSTEM ...................................................... 34 Résumé .............................................................................................................................. 34 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 34 Materials and methods ...................................................................................................... 37 Study site ....................................................................................................................... 37 Experimental design ....................................................................................................
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