ANIMALOGY: CONQUEST OF THE ANIMAL WORLD

 

FOOD, FUR, FARMING

At times animals have been used in ways that have resulted in the worst forms of killing, abuse, torment, torture, mass slaughter, humiliation, frivolous entertainment, and fun killing (killing for the heck of it). All’s not bad, however. There are good uses for animals and there are many people who love animals. In this book I have used ‘English Canada’ spelling. My computer is naturally set up in this manner. So, there will be slight differences in spelling to those of ‘English America’ spelling. I apologize for any inconvenience. This is not an animal rights book. This book is tilted towards the animal welfare and animal use perspective. Humans can use animals to their own benefit but without the excessive humiliation, frivolity, torture, or brutality that is all so apparent. This is not speceism this is realism! I have used the word ‘Animalogy’ in my title to describe

  what my book is about. There are now literally thousands of animal related websites; pertaining to animal rights, animal welfare, animal use, animal abuse, entertainment, social work, social studies, human services, consumption, war, history, criminal justice, criminology, breeding, trafficking, work, clothing, killing, trapping, trading, medicine (medication, anatomy, physiology, vivisection), pharmacology, health, psychology (behaviour, vivisection), academics, display, food (pet food, animals as food), etc. Although estimates vary considerably, there are likely over 80 million cats and over 70 million dogs living in American households. Countless strays are on our streets; with five to seven million of them being euthanized annually. Animal activism is now prevalent throughout much of the world. Animal specializations in the fields of sociology, criminology, criminal justice, and social work are greatly needed. College and university students should have an option to specialize major in criminal justice, sociology, or social work with a specialization or emphasis in animals. Animal abuse is a prevalent phenomenon in our society, and in our criminal justice system. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs should be ‘academically extended’ to companion animals. What does your dog or cat need to become self-actualized? Incorporating the field of Animalogy will help to create countless jobs. In addition, many students would love to have more animal course options. All of us cannot be first class biologists or zoologists. Companion animals that are treated Animals that are treated with love, kindness, and compassion, by their owners should be ever thankful. Companion animals, like babies, cannot speak. Unless the abuse or neglect of the companion animal is manifest or blatant, it is often difficult to detect, let alone prove. Animals have been used to satisfy humanity for eons. Animals have been our companion animals, guards, slaves, entertainers (cinema, fighting, display), objects of vivisection (animal experimentation), non-paid soldiers, traction (pulling), worship, toys, objects of displaced aggression, hoarding, consumption, aphrodisiacs, and other by-product use. Humans have literally conquered the ‘animal world’. Even many of the deep sea creatures cannot evade human pollution of the waters. In addition, droves of animas in unprotected forested areas are on borrowed time. Wildlife can neither run nor hide from us humans. Our weapons can take down anything that is alive in this world. If animals could speak to us, that's what they'd say.

  It is estimated that ten billion animals area slaughtered annually for food in the U.S. This does not include what is taken from the water. Over 90 percent of the animals are from the poultry sector. It is estimated that over fifty billion animals are slaughtered annually for food on this planet. I’ve come across a 1.5 billion sea creature annual estimate, but it doesn’t seem accurate. The number is most likely higher. Not to mention by-catch, or throw away creatures. For instance ‘tuna nets’ are responsible for the killing of countless dolphins every year. Thankfully, new and improved dolphin safe nets are on the market. The shrimp industry is responsible for many by-catch killings. The beginning of large-scale meat eating and production was in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Salted pork was placed in barrels for storage and sale. The Massachusetts Bay Colony enacted the first animal cruelty statute in 1641. Article 92, called the ‘Body of Liberties’. This law forbade any ‘man’ from exercising cruelty or tyranny unto an animal that is used by ‘man’. This law, incredible for its time, was enacted only two decades after the Mayflower landed on Plymouth Rock. Later, there were the incredible trail drives, giant slaughtering facilities. The most famous being the Chicago Union Stockyards. Factory farms carry the highest numbers of food animals. It is possible to someday see multi-level factory farms. Larger tracks of land cost more than smaller ones. ‘AGRIBIGNESS’ is in the business to make money. Factory farms hold units, or ‘singular-stocks’ not living creatures. In addition to meat, humans use the skins, eggs, milk, fat, enzymes, hair, fur, teeth, even eyes, testicles, bones, bone marrow, tongues, entrails, brains, heart, blood, fecal matter, urine, semen, etc., of animals. My personal philosophy is to enact and enforce better humane legislation for the animals, workers, and the environment. The sheer quantity of output makes it quite difficult to go slow and easy with each and every slaughtering. Many people still believe that factory farm animals live normal lives. People need to know the truth! In the end it’s the consumer who will decide. Factory farmed animals end up nicely packaged into ‘pretty’ pink-red, red, or white slabs that can be cooked into edible food. Most of us prefer to see the ‘packaged version’ of the animals.

  The Chicago Union Stockyards (CUSY) was established in 1865 in order to feed the demand of millions of Americans. America was a powerful nation even back then. The population was also growing rapidly. The CUSY behemoth encompassed almost 1 square mile. At the CUSY labourers unloaded animals directly into the facility for slaughtering, canning and then packing. Over twenty thousand five thousand people were employed in Chicago's meatpacking industry. Later, the number reached forty five thousand. The CUSY was responsible for ‘meat-feeding’ eighty percent of America. Americans loved meet, and they got it from the CUSY! R apid technological advances in the 1870's helped to bring forth refrigerated transport. We can thank a genius named Gustav Swift for developing the first refrigerated railroad car. Processed meat could be shipped long distances. Prior to this remarkable invention, animals were transported live. Meat producers now had a choice. Refrigerated freight cars could be ‘parked’ at loading docks to be filled with meats. Once filled, they could be transported vast distances. Although the CUSY improved the assembly line system of processing, it was in Cincinnati that this process was first used. The famed Henry Ford discovered the use of the assembly line in production from the slaughterhouse operations. In the CUSY many thousands of carcasses (regardless of shape, weight, or size) could be processed quickly. Overhead rails were used to move large carcasses from station to station. This method is still being used in many slaughterhouses. Not surprisingly, work in this environment is potentially harmful to labourers and the animals sent to slaughter. CUSY labourers had to work ‘too fast’. As a result, brutality to animals was commonplace. Knockers used sledge hammers to smash the heads of large animals. Sometimes, several blows were needed to knock out or kill an animal. The knocker had to hit a homerun on the first blow. At the CUSY, Women comprised twenty percent of the labour force. They performed jobs that required dexterity (canning, packaging, cleaning the entrails of carcasses). These women had to work ‘too fast’. Accidents during canning, cutting, and cleaning were commonplace. The repetitive motions on their hands and fingers caused hand painful and sometimes lifelong hand problems. In order to induce the women workers to work harder and faster, bonuses were given for extra canning. Full credit must also be given for the hardworking woman at the CUSY.

  The CUSY’s men and women were hard-working individuals who fed millions of people. Many of the workers had no alternative job offers. They were forced to work in this kind of environment. Eventually, ethnic tensions at the CUSY and nearby neighbourhoods in Chicago reached a boiling point. Ethnic groups at the CUSY were stereotyped. Members of a ‘specific’ ethnic group would work at an assigned department. This is 'ethnic compartmentalization’. Today, many Latino migrants (Mexicans and Central Americans) are moving to small town America. They are desperate for work. Many Latino migrants end up in slaughterhouses, factory farms, or as farm labourers. Conditions for these hard workers are not good. No medical care, systemic racism and discrimination, no recourse, no benefits. We must give them credit. They are hard-working people doing jobs that many of would never do. Seniority meant nothing and re-instatement after a layoff was never assured. Foremen held incredible leverage over their workers. Foremen could, and often did, abuse their workers. The atmosphere lacked mercy and compassion. CUSY labourers constantly worked in and around blood, sweat, stench, maggots, rats, animal droppings, shrieks, and brutality (upon the animals, from the supervisors). The ‘slaughterhouse stench’ could’ve killed a lion. It extended into the neighbourhood. Cold Chicago winters, hot and humid summers, increased the difficulty of working in the CUSY. Employees worked up to twelve hours a day, without benefits or medical care. Today, legal and illegal factory farm workers, many of whom are Hispanics and Asians, have filled the post of factory farm workers. Slaughterhouse workers at the CUSY were immigrants, including: Germans, Slavs, visible minorities (blacks, Hispanics). Because there was a continuous supply of new immigrants to the Chicago area, CUSY slaughterhouse workers were disposable. This caused ferocious struggles between the workers and management, ethnic groups, and strike breakers. Conditions for the CUSY labourers improved with the passing of the National Labour Relations Act of 1935 (NLRA), which enabled labourers to form and join unions without being unjustly persecuted, intimidated, or otherwise harmed by the management. The National Labour Relations Board (1935) was formed by Congress to direct the NLRA. Although this was a step towards the protection of labourers and their right to form unions,

  there were subsequent attempts by management to weaken it. The final outcome saw CUSY labourers better off with the NLRA. Not well off, only better off. Corporate giants often use vertical integration to ensure bigger profits and expanded control over the process. In vertical integration large corporations provide their own feed, land space, cleanup, and distribution (delivery). In horizontal integration there are ‘other players’ in the system. This is the essence of the old time family farm. The corporate food giants can move into an area then ‘eliminate’ or ‘reduce’ small family farmers. The system can be somewhat cold and impersonal. Working in a hectic-paced meat packing plant is very difficult, even in today's world. Get the job done, over and over again. Illegal or ethnic slaughterhouse workers often have to hold it back, or they must relieve themselves while working at their station. Line workers may be ‘sprinkled’ in blood, poop, and sweat. Other problems include cuts, abrasions, over-exhaustion, racism, discrimination, little or no legal recrimination, little or no worker’s compensation, frustration, ambivalence, confusion, apathy, anger, fear of deportation (illegal aliens) generalized fear, language barrier, cultural barrier, and a portion of the general public that couldn’t care less. The southern American States are presently the most popular destination for Latino factory farm workers. Chicken catchers must be fast, hard-working, alert at all times, and may be speckled or smeared with dirt, feathers, dust, chemicals, squashed maggots and insects, fecal matter (bird and rodent), larvae, feed, blood, and other gooey stuff. At work, a cutting instrument must be the correct sharpness and the handle must be firmly in place. Unfortunately this is not always the case. Cutting instruments are sometimes too sharp or too dull. Finger and hand accidents result in serious lacerations or horrible amputations. Furthermore, the fast-paced repetitive motions of the cutting, hoisting, pulling, twisting, chopping, and yanking can cause wrist and wrist and hand problems. Most North Americans would never do this kind of work. Upton Sinclair a well-known novelist visited CUSY. He felt, saw, smelled, and noted the horrors in the CUSY. Later, Sinclair wrote a ‘fictionalized version’ of the CUSY and general slaughterhouse conditions. His book, The Jungle’ was a smashing success. The American public reacted with shock and outrage at how 'gruesome' meat could be processed, then packaged and sold to them.

  Much of the meat sold at the time was infested and contaminated. Rat droppings, fecal matter, and other disgusting matter was in their meat supply. Naturally, the American public demanded change. The U.S. Government was 'pressured’ into passing the Pure Food and Drug Act (PFDA), and the Beef Inspection Act (BIA). Without the public outcry, there would have been no government action; at least not then and there. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA was responsible with testing foods and drugs. Prescriptions were required for the purchase of what was later to be called 'prescription medication’ or ‘prescription drugs’. The physician prescribing the medication had to be licensed. In addition addictive drugs had to be labelled. The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (MIA), set required standards for animals before slaughter. Any animal that was slaughtered could be inspected by government workers post mortem. Slaughterhouses and processing plants were required to maintain an acceptable level of cleanliness. It was ‘the government’ that decided what was an acceptable standard. Contemporary slaughterhouses are killing more animals at higher speeds. In effect, less humane measures and occasional- abbreviated inspections are commonplace. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), under the Reagan Administration, granted factory farm owners and administrators ‘increased self-inspection’ rights. They were given more ‘freedom’ to violate slaughterhouse animals' rights and process polluted meat. Today’s food giants include names like Tyson Foods, Maple Leaf Foods, Pilgrim’s Pride, Smithfield Foods, Iowa Beef Products, and Wayne Farms LLC. Organizations that espouse either a ‘no animal use’ or a ‘humane animal use’ philosophy include animal rights and animal welfare organizations. Animal rights activists (ARAs) and organizations may espouse a vegan, vegetarians, lacto vegetarians (dairy and vegetables), or lacto-ovo-vegetarians (dairy, fish, vegetables) by choice. However, the dominant theme in hard-line animal rights is a no animal use philosophy. The Vegetarian Society based in the UK is the oldest recorded vegetarian organization in the world. Animal welfare organizations, in general, espouse a more humane use of animals, including legislation and enforcement. Individuals and organizations may use morality, ethics, health, empathy, personal philosophy, and/or religion as a grid

  in determining where they stand regarding animal use. On the far left of the Animal rights sector total animal liberation is espoused. The Animal Liberation Front is a good example of this movement. Richard Ryder, a notable psychologist, coined the term 'speciesism to describe our ‘superiority feelings’ and ‘attitudes’ towards the animal kingdom. The distinguished Australian philosopher and animal protectionist, Peter Singer, helped to spread the word and idea of ‘speceism’. Singer’s book Animal Liberation was a big hit. It helped to re-invigorate that animal rights movement. The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), a department within the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is assigned with ensuring that America’s meat, poultry, and egg products are safe and wholesome enough for the public to consume. Wholesomeness inspection is mandatory while quality grading is voluntary. The FSIS employs nearly 9,400 full-time career employees. Whatever it costs to sustain this department is well-worth it in tax dollars. Assuring a safe meat and poultry supply is mandatory for any nation. It is the entry-level inspectors who are responsible for inspecting the animals before and after slaughter. There are too many slaughterhouses and too many violations. In defense of the USDA and FSIS America’s meat and egg supply has been relatively safe. If you take into consideration the magnanimous levels of meat and egg consumption you will agree with my statement. This however, does not describe the everyday activities in the slaughterhouses. Plant operations work at a hectic pace. Inspectors are sometimes reluctant to stop the operation if they see a violation. It takes time to analyze the violation and file the official report. Depending on the plant, workers and supervisors may not take too kindly to inspectors who hold-up the operations. There have been cases of inspectors being intimidated. Inspectors need to be given more authority. Plant operators must respect FSIS inspectors so they can do their job without any obstacles. On January 28, 2008, Ed Schafer was officially sworn in as the new Secretary of the USDA. On May 15, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln established a Department of Agriculture. In creating the USDA President Lincoln had good intentions at heart. America was rapidly expanding in population and size. The pilgrims had a strong appetite for meat, milk, and eggs. They were no different than much of the world. Back then, there was no assembly-line-style of animal

  slaughter or meatpacking. Animals were generally slaughtered one at a time. It all came down to the sharpness of the instrument, the talent of the butcher, and the luck of the animal. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is the counterpart of the USDA. With over 6,000 employees stationed in field offices, laboratories, and processing facilities. The CFIA is assigned the duty of safeguarding food, animals, and plants that improve the health and well-being of Canadians. On a positive note, the USDA and the CFIA have comprehensive websites. As a general rule, inquiries are answered. The British counterpart is the U.K. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs. Worst case scenarios for food animals in factory farms or slaughterhouses includes kicking, beating, tossing, throwing (poultry industry), de-horning, skinning (sometimes while the animal is still conscious), amputation (blunt or sharp instrument, sometimes while the animal is still alive), ear or tail twisting, scalding, or castration (without anaesthesia), or lack of movement. ‘Chicken eating’ in America got a big boost with Herbert Hoover’s 1928 campaign promise of having a chicken in every pot. Today, processed chicken has engulfed North America. Foods such as chicken nuggets, chicken fingers, breasts, paddies, wings, thighs, steak, filets, broth, strips, soup, stir-fry, hot dogs, gravy, chicken pot pie, salami, bologna, salad, and burgers. During the Second World War, The War Food Administration did not ration chicken. Their ‘brethren’ the pigeons, immensely aided the Allied War effort, especially for the British who sent messages across the English Channel. Fast food chicken products are usually loaded with fat and salt. Never mind the fries, mayo, sauce, and other garnish. Still, most fast food chicken products are very tasty. Manufacturers understand the consumers’ palate. Chickens set for transfer to a slaughtering facility are yanked from their cages. Often, the chicken 'inadvertently' leaves part of its body behind, like a toe or more. Afterwards, they're manhandled then tossed into a box or cage in the transport vehicle. Larger animals, like steer, may be enticed to move along by being kicked and/or prodded. They're too big and heavy to be snatched, hoisted, or thrown by a human. Bovine Spongiform Encaphalopy (BSE) or Mad Cow Disease is a communicable brain disease (in cattle) that causes degeneration and is fatal. BSE has an incubation period of up to 5 years in cattle, more for humans. An infected animal could pass BSE to

  others. Potential for a wide-scale catastrophe is there. So far, we’ve been lucky. BSE made its ‘debut’ in the United Kingdom, in 1986. Infected feed (containing brain, spinal cord) was the method of transmission. Feed should never contain rendered meat or any other product animals shouldn't eat. People who eat BSE contaminated meat are at risk of acquiring Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Over 100,000 chickens are housed in windowless sheds. The chickens get no rest breaks, natural sunshine, freedom to move about, forage, or dust-bathe. Chickens truly go nuts in these hell holes. Contrast this with the turn of the 20 th century; most farm chickens in the U.S. were free-roaming. Chickens were first domesticated 9,000 years ago in China and India. Intensive farming of chickens saw a major upswing in the late 1950's. This was the beginning of a new era of massive chicken farming. Large chicken farms began to spring-up in the U.S. Although factory farming of chickens began two decades earlier, the 1950’s took off like a rocket. Chickens could no longer be personalized. The pace of operations accelerated considerably. Chickens in factory farms were now farms brutally snatched from their cages, tossed, thrown, kicked, and chocked. In addition, transport distance was long, without food, water, veterinary care, or temperature regulation. The broiler chicken industry first took hold in the Delamar Region (Delaware, Virginia, Maryland), in the 1950's. Broilers are housed for up to 7 weeks, before slaughter. Broilers’ cages or enclosures are tiny; leaving each chicken trapped, unable to stretch its wings. Because broilers are raised for ‘extreme size’, they're too big to move around. Chickens need to move around, spread their wings, dust bathe, and eat whenever and wherever they need to. Broilers are raised for meat, not for eggs. Housed in window-less sheds, surrounded by filth, chemicals, death, disease, and ammonia from dried up urine. The horrible conditions ‘impose’ immense pain, agony, and torment on every single live broiler. Many go mad. The system is fast-paced, cruel, and automated. Everything is regulated; food, water, temperature, waste disposal, chemicals, lighting, life, antibiotics, and ventilation. Broilers literally become 'super-obese’. Their legs are too weak to sustain their bodies. Imagine trying to walk around with the legs of a stork. In addition, imagine being forced to stand up, continuously. The unnatural lives of broilers results in deformities,

  especially in the legs. Broilers who can't sustain their own weight simply collapse. Unnatural weight and other problems result in numerous broiler chicken heart attacks. Dead chickens are ‘callously’ taken away by farm workers. The dead broilers may be tossed away, used as low grade food; maybe soup, or rendered (recycled as chicken feed). In order to prevent chicken-to-chicken aggression roosters have their soft, tender beaks sliced off with a hot blade. This ensures that they don’t peck at each other. If the blade is not hot enough or the slice isn't perfect, the broiler is assured of increased fain. Because of the hectic pace, pain killers may not be used. Bulbous swellings and infections are common. Antibiotics are used to help prevent infection. The hectic pace of the poultry industry doesn't allow slow and calculated movements by the line workers. One ailing chicken will never stop the process. Chickens may have their claws or part of their toes sliced off, to inhibit aggression. If part of the toes of a chicken 'encrusts' itself on the wiring, it poses another problem. When these chickens are yanked out of their cages, the encrusted flesh stays put. Chickens in the wild live by a pecking order. In cramped cages, social behaviour becomes twisted, and extremely brutal. 'Recessive chickens' can't run or hide. This category of chickens ends up being brutalized by cage mates. Also, they tend to occupy the worst part of the cage, smothered, or unable to eat and drink enough to stay alive. Stronger and larger chickens don’t have mercy on their cage mates. In this kind of environment the strong live, while the weak die. Chickens are cheaper than the cages they’re put in. Therefore, the system can sacrifice many lives, because many more will survive. The surviving ones will bring in most of the money. As stated earlier, even the dead ones can also bring in money. Breeding roosters live their lives in hunger! They peck excessively, at anything they can, to try to get something into their empty stomachs. A device called a NOZBONZ is used by some poultry farms. This device is shoved into roosters' noses (without anaesthesia) from one side to the other then left there. The purpose of the NOZBONZ is to stop roosters from sticking their heads into the cages or feeding troughs of chickens. In essence, they’re being prevented and punished for behaving like roosters. Poultry farms housing egg producing chickens have no need for the male chicks. Male chicks’ flesh is of lower quality.

  Upon birth, the male chicks are tossed into a bag, where they are suffocated. Or they can be thrown into a chicken grinder. Either way, they’re treated as second class poultry chickens. Chickens in overcrowded sheds endure extreme thirst. Owners want to save on water bills and cleaning times. Also, more water means more watery stools. Lights in chicken sheds are turned on 23 hours a day. When the lights are on the chickens are in ‘production mode’. The one hour or so of no lighting is not for the chickens’ benefit. It is a safety precaution in case there is a sudden blackout. Chickens that have never been in the dark will go berserk in a sudden blackout. Countless chickens that are taken to the slaughterhouse suffer from broken bones or severe bruises. They're routinely manhandled, tossed into tiny, filthy, boxes for transport. Right before slaughter chickens are sent through electrically charged water. Because of the hectic pace their throats may not be properly cut at the time of slaughter. Forced molting is the process of starving chickens in order to alter (enhance, increase) the egg-laying cycle. The word ‘molting’ originally meant the natural replacement of old feathers with new ones. A normal replacement of feathers occurs during the course of a year. Forced molting can last up to 2 weeks. Up to 7 million chickens are ‘molted’ each year in the U.S. Molted chickens are given unnatural doses of antibiotics. The doses cause side effects that can be dangerous to chickens' natural immunity, especially when the drugs are withdrawn. Molted chickens suffer from immense pain, agony, and frustration. Again, overcrowding, over-flowing excrement, lack of freedom, stimulus overload, unnatural lighting, callous workers, and not being able to breathe clean air, take their toll. Ammonia from urine, fecal matter, dust, chemical pollution, blood, discharges, and death stink up the chicken sheds. The build-up of excrement, rotting flesh, and disease cause toxic fumes to 'engulf' the interior of the chicken sheds. As a result many chickens develop heart and lung problems. The ever- presence of mice, rats, flies, and parasites, and the fecal matter of the former three, aggravate matters. These creatures must eat. Caged chickens in infested sheds have nowhere to run or hide. Other problems are salmonella, swollen head syndrome, and fatty liver syndrome. School hatching programs began in the 1950's, probably to glamorize the factory farming of chickens. Pre-teens and their teachers place fertilized eggs in classroom incubators. Twenty

  five days later the eggs hatch. Children make a connection between the incubator and the hatchings. Pigs in the wild can choose to play and roll in mud for pleasure, to cool off, and to protect themselves from nasty insects. Pigs are thought to be intelligent, social animals. The do, however, have a pecking order and can be extremely nasty to each other at time, even cannibalistic. We should always keep that in mind when we are criticizing the factory farming of hogs or any other animals. Being out in the open field is not always an animal paradise. In addition, in electronic sow feeding between a few dozen and several hundred sows are housed together and individually fed in high-tech computer food stations. What is proposed in this book is an improvement in housing, feeding, and slaughter of food animals. Animal welfare standards should be across the board for all species. This cannot be an overnight-completed operation. The use of animals is an essential part of human existence. It will never end, regardless of what some individuals and organizations think. Over 100 million hogs are slaughtered every year in the U.S., producing twenty billion pounds of pork, almost all of it for food. Roughly 80 percent of America’s pig farms produce more than 5000 hogs per year. Canada and Denmark are large exporters of pork. Current trends indicate that the numbers of slaughtered hogs will increase. It's a multi-billion dollar industry employing (directly or indirectly) hundreds of thousands of persons. In high concentration hog farms, most individuals spend much of their lives inside sheds or other enclosures. Small town family farms are disappearing from the North American landscape. Also, factory farm style establishments have already begun their encroachment into the Third World. There are an estimated 500 million farmed pigs in China. If you eat you must defecate. The Government of China has a notorious reputation for dumping waste with little or no consideration for the potential harm. Pigs in factory farms are unable to breathe clean air, exercise, or wallow in mud. Wallowing in mud is important to pigs because they don't sweat. The ammonia in the air can cause lung and heart problems. Many pigs that reach the slaughterhouse suffer from pneumonia. Pigs used for breeding are called breeding sows. They’re locked into gestation crates. Gestation crates are often so tiny the breeding sow can only stand and lie down. In worse cases, the sow can't properly lie down.

  The reasoning behind this is to protect the piglets from being inadvertently crushed by the mother. Also, the piglets can be nursed at will. Breeding sows that move less gain weight faster. Some pig producers are beginning to breed for less fat and more muscle; a healthier pig for the consumer. Over two thirds of the 6 million breeding sows in the United States spend seventy percent of their adult lives locked inside tiny gestation crate. Large doses of antibiotics must be given to the breeding sows to prevent medical problems. Muscle atrophy, lameness, digestive system problems, and mastitis are common problems. The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) supports the use of gestation crates. Gestation crates are an anathema to animals' overall physical and mental health. Gestation crates are an example of ‘immobility incarceration’. Piglets who survive the first three weeks of life are taken away from their mothers to a feeding pen. There they are castrated, have their tales sliced off, ears notched, and teeth ground down, without anaesthesia. Tail docking and teeth grinding are done to prevent aggression amongst pigs, like tail biting. Sometimes, the tail biting spreads to biting other body parts. The pigs are responding to the circumstances of their environment. Many pigs don’t see the light of day until transport to the slaughterhouse, which is usually far away. Transport is cramped, filthy, tiny, and little or no protection is provided from the elements. Winter transport results in the death of some of the pigs being transferred. After collapsing, their bodies may begin to freeze onto the side railing or the floor. Transport laws regarding maximum number of hours on the road and rest periods are quite difficult to adequately enforce. It depends on the owners of the pigs and their compassion. All transport is not horrific. Some livestock owners are more humane than others. However, in large-scale, fast operations, humanity is the exception not the prevalent rule. Line workers in slaughterhouse plants use metallic hooks or electric prods to ‘encourage’ hogs onto transport trailers. When used, the device is plunged into flesh, resulting in the hog’s encouragement to load onto the transport trailer's ramp. Because the hogs have lived rough lives, they may be resistant to boarding the trailer ramp. Once inside the transport vehicle, the hogs are sandwiched into a tiny area. They can suffer from breathing, internal, or rectal problems. Sandwiching ensures maximum transport with minimum expenses.

   There have been cases of hogs being squashed so badly, their guts actually pop out. Hog trailers are recognizable from their powerful stench, and the protruding snouts that are searching for clean air and freedom. Slaughter of pigs is preceded by being stunned with a captive bolt gun. Aim and accuracy are never guaranteed. In Islam and Judaism the animal must be fully conscious during slaughter. The animal must not appear sickly during slaughter. While pigs are on the conveyer hooks, they scream, shriek, struggle, and kick. Afterwards, the pigs are sent to a scalding tank. The scalding is supposed to make skinning easier. Under optimal conditions it doesn't pose a problem. Unfortunately, some pigs are still alive during the scalding phase. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), a French chemist, invented the process of pasteurization (heating food in order to destroy harmful organisms). Although this lead to many improvements in food safety and longevity, it was really Franz non Soxhlet (1848-1926), a Belgian chemist, who first applied pasteurization in milk. As a result milk could be stored for longer periods of time. Unfortunately, Soxhlet has been all but forgotten in the western world. Under normal circumstances, cows can live for up to twenty five years. Dairy cows in large operations are used for 3 or 4 years then are sent to the slaughterhouse. Dairy cows normally produce 10 pounds of milk per day. In order to increase milk output Bovine Growth Hormone (BGH) is injected into the dairy cows. BGH is a synthetic hormone that alters the normal milk production patterns and quantities of dairy cows. Cows can produce up to 100 pounds of milk per day. BGH can cause birth defects in calves. Cows have a gestation period of 9 months. Increase in yields calls for a cow to give birth once a year. The repeated birth cycles can cause milk fever; dairy cows can't produce enough calcium to compensate for the rapid birth cycle. Milk is mainly consumed as a liquid, sliced into cheeses, ice cream, butter, yogurt, coffee cream, and as part of a cereal snack or meal. Veal production using the standard method cannot be humane. The mothers of veal calves are ‘dairy producers’. Their male calves are taken away from them soon after birth. As a result, there's no time to form a true and loving bond between mother and son. ‘Bob veal’ is a veal calf that is taken away for slaughter shortly after birth. Veal calves are sent to special open pens, where they’ll spend the next 16 weeks inside a tiny pen. In inhumane farms

   they're incarcerated, usually chained, given a milk substitute lacking in iron, forced to live in darkness, and are deprived of sufficient water. Consumers expect their veal meat to be tender, and pale pink or white in color. Not being able to move around causes the veal calves to lose muscle mass and tone, thereby tenderizing their flesh. A state of sub-clinical anaemia develops, causing the flesh to appear pale. The deprivation of water causes veal calves to drink more of the milk substitute. Since the milk substitute is not water, the veal calves live their lives thirsty. Like other factory farmed animals, veal calves are given high doses of antibiotics. The darkness causes veal calves to control their movements. In the past, veal calves only weighed a fraction of what they do today. In Holland a new technique was discovered that caused the fattening of veal calves. This resulted in pain, boredom (no playing, grass, sunshine, or just running around), for 16 weeks. Today, veal calves can weigh up to 400 lbs. The craving for iron causes veal calves to lick their own urine and rust off the metallic bars in their stalls. Wooden boards are used in their stalls to prevent veal calves from licking the iron off the rust. Thankfully, more veal producers are using less cruel methods of rearing their calves. Calves may be placed near their mothers longer and water is given. It is up to the consumer to find out where the purchased meat comes from and the circumstances of rearing, transport, and slaughter. Contact an animal protection organization in your area, or a nationally known one. Thankfully, animal protection organizations in general are more than happy to answer your questions. If you need a guide or a helping hand, check the telephone booth chapter in this book. The first section of the chapter deals with websites (Dogs, Cats then general information in alphabetical order). I started out with almost no knowledge in this subject. With prayers and persistent dedication, I have learned much. You can too! Steers are bulls that have been castrated. Castration is usually done quickly and without anaesthesia. De-horning and branding are also common. Be aware, branding an animal’s face can cause severe eye or facial damage. Today OPTIBRAND absolute traceability collects retinal images for purposes of identifying and tracing livestock. Although the animal must be restrained for the procedure, it is painless. The animal resists because of fear not pain. Steers are often fed low quality feed in order to cut expenses. Even paper, manure, and rendered meat have been used.

   Hormones are administered to steers or the enhancement of growth; anything to make a buck. Branding is the act of heating a ‘marker’ on the hide of a livestock animal. Branding helps protect steer owners from theft. Thankfully, branding is being phased out through the use of tagging and modern techniques of identification. If used, branding symbols include capital letters, symbols, numbers, or combinations thereof. Ear tagging and radio frequency identification tagging are making headway. 'Beef animals' have been an important part of American history. The American trail drives changed the face of the continental United States. Cattle herds, sometimes exceeding 2,000 head each were taken to richer grazing sites and/or railheads. Railheads were the end of rails, or places where military supplies were dropped off. Long trail drives from Texas to Kansas, or from Texas to lands further north, took a few months to complete. Stampedes (often at night-time), severe weather, cattle rustlers, problems with settlers, crossing Indian country, river crossings, and exhaustion of the cattle hands and cattle, were problems to be dealt with. Every worker in the trail drive had to be tough and dedicated. The ‘man’ in charge was the trail boss. The cook drove the chuck wagon (containing food and necessary supplies), performed rudimentary medical care, and helped make the cattle hands feel at ease. The cook told interesting stories, relaxing the hands. Trail drives had four main ‘checkpoints’. The point man rode in front of the herd, while the flank riders rode on the left and right sides, and the dragsiders rode in the back of the herd. Dragsiders had the most difficult job because dust from the trailing of cattle would be ‘jettisoned’ in their faces. During the night, one or more hands were chosen to slowly ride around the herd in order to keep it in check. This activity helped to prevent many, but not all stampedes. As soon as a stampede began the cattle hands shot onto their horses and got to work trying to control the herd. When the dust cleared, it was expected that a few head of cattle would’ve been lost. Trail taggers, tagged along trail drives. They waited on the peripheral of the herd for a chance to snatch a stray animal/s. Trail taggers came in two forms; human or animal. The former was more formidable and quite dangerous at times. These fellows were nothing but low-down thieves bent on getting free cattle. Potential for the use of deadly force was in the air. Trail drivers were ready for 'gun battles' if need be.

   The Chisholm Trail, Pecos Trail, and Santa Fe Trail are embedded in American History. The Chisholm Trail was likely named after Jesse Chisholm. Chisholm was a mix of European and Cherokee blood. In 1866, Chisholm took his ‘heavy wagon’ through Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) to Wichita, Kansas. The wheels of his wagon dug deep grooves into the ground, thereby leaving a visible trail. Cattle drivers, traders, and travellers used this trail for nearly 20 years. Many historians of the era agree that the Chisholm Trail was the most famous of them all. The trail drives brought about incredible sales. These sales were an important source of income for the broke and dilapidated south, after the civil war. Most Americans aren't aware of this fact. The northerners received their beef, while the southerners received their monies; a truly symbiotic relationship had begun. The appetite for beef has continued unabated with billions upon billions of burgers having been sold in North America alone. As a general rule, fast food and mall food stand burgers are affordable. Unlike the burger, foie gras is an 'uppity food'. Foie gras is a French word meaning fatty liver. Foie gras is a specialty item in high class restaurants. Customers pay big bucks to eat this so-called delicacy. Sadly, this food item is produced in an inhumane manner. Unlike some other meat items, foie gras cannot be produced humanely. The force feeding of ducks was first practiced by the ancient Egyptians 4,000 years ago. Today, we're supposed to be a bit more civilized. Ducks in foie gras farms are forced to 'accept' enormous quantities of foods (corn is the principal ingredient), through a steel tube that is shoved down their throats twice a day. Food is literally pumped down their throats. The ducks can't struggle because their necks are 'firmly held' by a worker. The idea is to make the ducks ‘super obese’. The ducks take the shape of giant pears, without the stump. Foie gras ducks are unable to properly support themselves with their legs. Throat, digestive, and in particular, liver problems develop. Incredibly, their livers may swell up to ten times the normal size. No anaesthesia is used throughout the process. This horrible delicacy should be banned altogether. People in the foie gras business have found ways to circumvent the law. If production of foie gras is made illegal in a particular country or jurisdiction, the ban on the importation of foie gras

   demands another law, or an addendum to the original law. Thereafter, enforcement must be stringent. For example, it's illegal to force feed ducks in Poland, but foie gras is imported from France in large quantities. Other European countries have danced to this tune also; fooling their citizens, but not the ducks. In 2005, foie gras production became illegal in Israel. Prior to the Supreme Court decision, Israel was a big supplier of foie gras. Foie gras is illegal in Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Turkey; California (Goes into effect in 2012; sale and production of foie gras become illegal). Like their ‘chicken brethren’, factory farm turkeys are placed together by the thousands in long, dimly-lit sheds. North Americans eat turkeys by the millions; thanksgiving and to a lesser extent Christmas is a favourite time of year to eat turkey. Poults (turkey chicks) spend six weeks in special brood homes. Alone, they must fend for themselves and reach for food and water without the aid of their mothers. Countless poults die from disease, starvation, and extreme stress. In order to curb cannibalism, feather plucking, and pecking, turkey chicks are de-beaked, without anaesthesia. Turkeys for consumption have been bred to have large breast size. Turkey breast meat is the consumers’ favourite. For this, turkeys grow so fast they can’t support their own weight. Turkey hens used for breeding are artificially inseminated. This process is painful and terrifying for the turkey hens. Because of their incredible size and sometimes deformed bodies, male turkeys in factory farms can't properly mount a turkey hen. The male’s chest cavity is too large, thereby adversely affecting the natural mounting capabilities of the male turkey. As soon as turkeys have attained ‘selling weight’ they're promptly packed together in crates then sent to the slaughterhouse. At the slaughterhouse they're hung upside down by their legs, readied for slaughter. After being slashed, they're tossed into a scalding tank. The scalding water is supposed to remove the feathers. Every turkey is not dead at the time of scalding. Lobsters are sold as delicacies. They're placed inside tiny aquariums. The lobster must be cooked alive for up to two minutes. Waste matter from lobsters in aquariums is negligible compared to what is emanated from factory farms. Massive quantity of waste matter is ‘piled up’ from factory

  farms. Waste matter from factory farmed animals is high in nitrogen. When nitrogen seeps into the air it becomes ammonia. Too much ammonia in the air is harmful to those who breathe it. Not only are the animals and factory workers at risk, but also the surrounding neighbourhoods. A large factory farm can accumulate more waste matter than a human city. Waste matter is stored, dumped, or spread by rain. Either way, it is potentially dangerous. As a result, many rivers and lakes have been polluted; some of them irreparably. The Bush Administration signed an agreement that gave factory farms more flexibility in violating clear air standards. In addition, these same factory farms were forgiven (no fines to be paid) for previous violations. The factory farms were requested to monitor their pollution levels and furnish the results to the Federal Government. America’s population is over 4 percent of the world’s population however, America produces 25 percent of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. AGRIBIGNESS has powerful allies in government. Otherwise, many owners of factory would be paying heavy fines and seeing justice. Homes that are located near a factory farm are usually difficult to sell. A strong stench, pollution, and lower property values are three big reasons for this. Sometimes ‘shocking food pollution’ causes the government to respond. The USDA banned downers on December 30, 2003. Mad cow disease terrified people and the government. The news is not all good, however. With so many slaughterhouses it is difficult for USDA workers to identify and analyze every single downed animal. Each animal is a large block of money. It is often up to the line workers and their supervisors to abide by the no downer law. Ritual slaughter is permitted in Canada and the United States. The two most notable are Hallal and Kosher slaughter. Hallal is an Arabic word that means permitted, pure, and clean. The criteria for hallal slaughter are based on the Holy Quran and the Sunnah (sayings and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him). In order for food to be certified as Hallal it must meet the following requirements: 1. The slaughterhouse must be under the supervision of a certified Hallal inspector. The inspector should be deemed a pious Muslim by the Muslim community and observant of the slaughter. A mentally unstable or feebleminded person cannot be a certified Hallal inspector. 2. Each day before the slaughtering begins, the area,

  instruments, and machines to be used must be cleaned, and if applicable, sharpened. 3. Each animal must be checked before slaughter. Only animals that are healthy and fully conscious can be slaughtered. An animal that has been killed by strangulation, a fall off a cliff, trampled upon, beaten to death, tortured in any way, shape, or form, or if the slaughterer pronounced a name other than GOD it is not Hallal. All pork products are categorized as Haram (forbidden). Foie gras and typical veal are not raised and slaughtered in a humane manner. 4. The blade should be cleansed after each slaughter. 5. At the time of the slaughter the slaughterer must say ‘In The Name Of ALLAH (GOD)’ and ‘ALLAH (GOD) Is the Greatest’. 6. The jugular vein, oesophagus, and respiratory tract must be severed quickly and completely. 7. No work on the animal can be done until it is dead. 8. No animal should see the slaughter of another animal; as it may cause extreme panic and fear. 9. The Slaughterer must use his right hand to perform the act. Kosher laws pertaining to food are derived from the Bible (The Pentateuch). Kosher laws have been practiced and accepted by practicing Jews for thousands of years. “Animal such as pork, rabbit, and horse meat, fowl, such as owl and stork, fish, such as cat fish, eels, shell fish, shrimp, and octopus and insects are non kosher foods according to Biblical definitions. In addition, kosher meat and fowl must be slaughtered by a specially trained expert in a painless ritual fashion in order to be acceptable. Dairy and meat products which comingle are not kosher. There are also special laws relating to cheese, grape juice, and wine production.” (Rabbi Yaakov Luban, Orthodox Union). Bruises, cuts, and abrasions should not be found on the animal prior to slaughter. Furthermore, only hindquarters are used for kosher certification. The veins, arteries, and unacceptable fats are carefully removed after the slaughtering process. The rules pertaining to the practice of ritual slaughter are not always exercised in the proper manner. The pressure to produce more flesh is sometimes overwhelming. Purchase meat from a well-respected and well-known producer. Be aware that this is not a religion book. So if you eat ritual slaughter foods do not use the aforementioned information as a religious ruling of any kind. Go to a well-respected, authorized source for a religious ruling. I have only given you some basic information pertaining to ritual slaughter. If I have

  made any errors in this section or any part of this book I sincerely apologize. A lacto-ovo vegetarian is a person who is a vegetarian, but also includes dairy and egg products into his/her diet. Hard-core vegans try to abstain from consuming dairy, meat, bird, eggs, or fish. Vegans also try to abstain from using animal by-products for non-food use. Because animal by-products are used in so many products, the scope of non-use depends on the individual’s resolve. The term vegetarian was first used by the British Vegetarian Society in the mid 19th century. For early humans, plant-based foods were very important for survival. For many people consumption of animal flesh is a regular occurrence. Humans need vegetable matter and meat for optimum health. Not too much of either, however. Famous vegetarians include Pythagoras (Greek Mathematician), Leonardo da Vinci, and George Bernard Shaw. Contrary to popular belief, Adolph Hitler was not a vegetarian. Hitler enjoyed eating Bavarian sausages, pigeon, and poured liberal doses of cream into his coffee. With a personal chef, bodyguards, and close associates, it was impossible for Hitler to keep his non-vegetarian lifestyle a secret. In China and Korea, there's a demand for dog meat, and to a lesser extent cat meat. To a lesser extent, dog meat consumption can also be found in Thailand, the Philippines, and Taiwan. In Korea, it is estimated that 2 million dogs and hundreds of thousands of cats are sold for food in restaurants, grocery stores, and on the streets. Indeed, this is an organized enterprise. The dog and cat meat trade for food is horrible. In these markets you can witness an organized trade, especially in Guangzhu, located in Ching Ping. The odor emanating from public cat and dog meat markets is gagging. Cats ‘awaiting’ slaughter are crammed together in tiny, filthy cages. Killings are done by torching, strangulation, or beating while the ‘animal’ is in a bag (for cat soup). After being beaten the cats are placed into pressure cookers. Countless cats are still alive when they are placed inside the pressure cooker. This is similar to live pig scalding. Dog farms are increasing in China. These farms hold many dogs in horrible conditions. Saint Barnards are the most popular breed of dogs for slaughter because they grow fast, big, and are generally tame around humans. Saint Barnards are imported from Switzerland. These gentle giants were bred to rescue humans in life threatening situations. This is how they're paid back!

  The market demand, compounded with improved living conditions for many, dog meat has become a ‘reachable’ delicacy for the average Chinese household. Furthermore, the dog breeding industry is expanding, including in Beijing. Other big favourite dog breeds are Great Danes and Tibetan Mastiffs. The Beijing Hong Ding Breeding & Development Company is actively involved in this endeavour. A breeding facility established in 1999, in Kangxi grassland can ‘produced’ 100,000 fleshy dogs annually. Many people are duped into believing that raised adrenaline levels at the time of death will enhance the virility of the consumer. Therefore, brutal methods of slaughtering dogs are used. This claim is illogical and proven false by scientists. There's absolutely no scientific data supporting this belief. In 1991, the Korean Government passed a law forbidding the consumption of dogs and cats by humans. As a general rule, this law isn't enforced. The Government of Korea has been under incredible pressure from abroad to help end the eating of dogs and cats by many of its citizens. Even creatures living in water can't flee intensive animal farming. There's simply nowhere to go. Fish farms are ‘walled in’ pens in the ocean containing fish that are used for food. In British Columbia, Atlantic salmon (non-native species) is a very popular choice for fish farming. Fish farm waste matter may equal the amount of a small human town. This waste matter includes excreta (fecal matter) and sea lice that may flow into surrounding waters. This in turn threatens other sea creatures with high levels of pollution. If not properly enclosed, penned fishes will attract predators. During the 1990's British Columbia fish farmers killed many seals that were trying to eat penned salmon. ‘Obstructive sonar’ is one method to keep predators away from penned fish. Salmon in fish farms are crowded into unusually small swimming areas. Unnatural behaviour, diseases, and heavily dosed anti-biotic treatment pose a big problem. High doses of antibiotics are given to fish in order to help prevent diseases. Farmed fish may be fed pellets that contain fishmeal and oils, antibiotics, pesticides, or fish waste. ‘Fresh salmon’ doesn't necessarily a fish that was caught by a fisherman. The fish farming industry is also referred to as aquaculture. Corporate behemoths want to make enormous profits, without worrying about the future consequences. Believe me, if things don’t change for the better, we will almost certainly

  suffer some kinds of consequences. Wild salmon has less fat content than farmed salmon. Farmed salmon are unable to burn calories swimming. They're ‘canned’ together very tightly. Animals for destined for are also transported by water. Australian live animal export across the sea is long and gruelling for the animals in the vessels. Australia exports more live animals (sheep, cattle, goats) than any other country; the majority by sea. Millions make it to their final destination, while thousands die of dehydration, starvation, illness, or exhaustion. Problems begin before arrival to the vessel. The animals are sent from farms and holding yards to ports. Because Australia is a vast country, the journey may take up to two days. In order to cut down on expenses, food and water may be rationed. Upon arrival at the port, the animals are sent to giant vessels that contain multi-decked (multi-tiered) layers; primarily for sheep and cattle. In linear troughs the sheep are pressed together in pens, many of them don't have a chance to reach food. Sheep on overcrowded vessels may be packed up to three per square meter. Cattle may be allotted one or two square meters. Veterinary care and a routine cleanup of the decks is not something that can be easily done. Concentration is laid upon getting the animals to the slaughter destination. Most of the sheep are sent to the Middle East. The MV Cormo Express catastrophe carrying more than 100,000 sheep is not surprising. The vessel along with others like it, are ‘sailing factory farms’. Humane slaughter in Australia then refrigerated transport will solve much of the problem. Ritual slaughter can be performed in Australia by a certified person. This, however, will not remove the entire problem. Some ritual slaughter must be performed on the spot; the meat is then divided and eaten according to religious edict, as in the Hajj slaughter. In Australia merino must be ‘mulsed’. In mulesing skin is sliced away from the anal area of the sheep, without administering anaesthesia. In Australia mulesing is forbidden on companion animals. Merino sheep are specially bred to have loose skin folds. Their unnatural folds accumulate sweat, thereby attracting blowflies. The Australian sheep blowfly (Lucilia Cuprina) is a pest in Australia. The vast majority of fly strikes are initiated by this pest. The Lucilia Cuprina breeds in sheep. It’s a catch 22 kind of a situation.

   Mulesing, although extremely painful, is a procedure that should be performed on merino sheep in order to prevent the nasty blowfly infestation. The breeding of sheep that are less susceptible to blowfly infection will be a good first step in the right direction. Australian sheep farmers are only responding to consumer demand when they breed merino sheep. From their perspective, they have an inherent right to earn a living, and in many cases continue a family enterprise. What we need in this case is a more humane alternative; maybe the breeding of sheep without the excessive folds of skin. Fish have been eaten by humans for thousands of years. Catches were considerably smaller than they are today. The bodies of water were full of food and life. Large vessels employ a smaller number of fishermen. Large vessels are increasing in number although catches are shrinking. Fishermen have to fish more in order to obtain less. The alarm bells have already begun to ring. The reduced fish catches has increased competition amongst large vessel operators at the expense of small-scale fishermen. Many small-scale fishermen are from poor countries that already have a food shortage. Bottom trawling (benthic trawling) harms sea creatures' habitats and coral reefs. Large vessels work around the clock removing too many sea creatures even from the final sea frontiers. Governments around the world support these operations by giving them subsidies. Like cocaine, the pleasure is short term. The pain and agony will come later. By-catch is considered non-target sea creatures. These are throw away items. Throw away items can reach up to ninety percent of the catch. Shrimp trawling is the most wasteful of all fishing activities. Commercial long-line fishing involves large vessels using nets up to 60 miles, with up to 1000 hooks. Sea turtles, birds, and marine mammals die in large numbers as by-catch. These mega- nets are also referred to as ‘walls of death’. Overfishing disturbs the natural relationship between predator and prey. Drastic declines in numbers of predators may cause significant increases in prey numbers. A new species may fill in the gap of apex predator. This causes major changes. Creatures that are affected are turtles, seabirds, whales, sharks, dolphins, etc. Ridley turtles have been found in the Pacific Ocean hooked onto long-lines. In addition, the Pacific leatherback turtle is now threatened with extinction. In the past 25 years, the Pacific Leatherback turtle population has dropped from over

   ninety thousand to less than five thousand. This is a ninety four percent decrease. Loss of habitat is always a serious threat to land and sea creatures. Our world’s food supply may soon be adversely affected not only by ‘illogical practices’ but also by pollution and global warming. We cannot imagine what a ‘starving human world’ will be like. How will we humans behave? Humans sometimes resort to unnatural behaviours to stave off their starvation, or to just stay alive. Anthropophagi (cannibalism) can sometimes occur. An example of widespread cannibalism in extraordinary times occurred in the Ukraine (1932-1933). Joseph Stalin and his and the Bolsheviks induced a horrific famine on the Ukrainian people. Grain supplies were forcefully and mercilessly confiscated. Ukrainian peasants who could once easily feed their nation were now starving, along with their co-nationals. Russian troops were sent to ‘sniff out’ any hidden supplies of grain or food. Any person who was 'caught' with state grain, or who did not appear to be starving could receive up to ten years in a Russian gulag (labour camp). It was a terrible act of human-on-human cruelty. Ukrainians became so desperate they resorted to widespread cannibalism. The intended consequences were to break Ukrainian nationalism and the ‘individuality’ of the average peasant. Up to seven million people may have starved to death starved to death during the Ukrainian Holocaust. The Ukrainian Holocaust was hidden for decades. Thankfully, it has now been identified and accepted as a historical fact. Andrei Chikatilo, Russia's worst serial rapist, killer, and cannibal, survived the Ukrainian Holocaust as a child. He claimed to have seen his brother taken off (alive) by several of his relatives to be eaten. Chikatilo like many others around him witnessed terrifying acts. For the most part, Chikatilo was an ‘impotent’ husband, often mocked by his wife. He was finally captured, sentenced then executed by the Russian authorities. Albert Fish, a notorious cannibal of early 20th century North America, had an unusual life. Fish had his first taste of blood in an orphanage. He was being beaten mercilessly in the orphanage then blood dripped down to his lips. After getting a few lick, he felt good. This was the beginning of Fish’s ‘freaky fantasies’. Later, his fantasies would be acted out. Fish claimed to have harmed four hundred children, and feasted on at least several. In one case involving a 12 year-

   old girl, he made stew made of her flesh, mixed with carrots, and other vegetables. The stew lasted several days. Fish was finally captured, arrested then executed. After the execution an autopsy on his body revealed twenty nine needles inserted into his scrotum (testicular sac). An example of state induced anthropophagi (cannibalism) happened in China. Historically, China has been riddled with nasty famines. In Mao Zedong's so-called ‘Giant Leap Forward’, a catastrophic agricultural policy and a severe drought (1959- 1961), caused the deaths of perhaps 30 million people in Northern China. The horrible famines lead to numerous acts of cannibalism. Sometimes ‘the meal’ to be was taken alive The Red Guards (Mao Zedong's henchmen), terrorized the citizenry into reform. Anything appearing to represent the west, democracy, or bourgeois life, was deemed ‘illegal’. In other words, every aspect of Chinese society had to conform to Mao Zedong's philosophy. The Red Guards harmed and killed countless people. Unfortunately, it did not end there. The Red Guards sometimes cannibalised their victims. On at least one occasion the Red Guards displayed dead bodies on hooks in front of terrified students. Afterwards, the students were ordered to eat the flesh. Although humans have done much good on this planet, they've also done the worst of the worst. Of the creatures that we can see with our naked eyes, humans have surpassed others in their cruel sadism.

  

OTHER USES OF ANIMALS

Dogs and cats are killed for their fur in China, the Philippines, and Thailand. China is taking the lead, with an estimated two million dogs and cats that are bred, slaughtered then skinned to sustain the fur industry. Many of the furs end up in Europe as toys or stuffed animals. Short-haired cats and German shepherd dogs are favourites. Dog fur is often mislabelled as ‘coyote’, ‘raccoon’, ‘wolf’, or any other name that can successfully be used to fool the consumers and customs officials. In brief the Dog and Cat Protection Act of 2000 forbids bringing in, sending (shipping, transferring), producing, selling, marketing, or to deal out any dog or cat fur product. However, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) reserves the right to exempt certain dog and cat fur products because their ‘minute’ size and ‘quantity’. Dog and cat fur farms are overcrowded, filthy, disease-

   infested, and without empathy. These facilities lack proper food, water, veterinary medical care, and climate control. Dogs and cats are often kept outside so their fur can grow thicker and longer. Even their killings are brutal. Dogs are generally killed by strangulation. The instrument of choice is a metallic chord. Afterwards, the dogs may be stabbed in the groin repeatedly. Then, they're skinned, sometime while still alive. Cats are hanged or hanged by having water forcefully poured into their mouths. Like the foie gras birds, cats and dogs in the fur industry are unable to defend themselves. The executioner is very intent on finishing the job. Some warehouses containing cat and dog fur can be as large as football fields; they’re full to the rim (the roof). Humans have literally conquered the animal world. Animals can neither run nor hide from us. We can ‘use them' for whatever purposes needed. Eating, wearing, using by-products, observing, abusing, loving, studying, vivisecting, playing, admiring, worshipping, hating, killing, incarcerating, cooking, vilifying, chasing, hunting, riding, roping, training (for acting or performing unnatural acts), studying, or sporting. Our brains, thumbs, feet, and bipedal-style walking has enabled us to dominate the animal world. Because habitat loss is immense and continuous, at this rate most wildlife will be housed in enclosed areas; zoos, reserves, sanctuaries, national parks, or circuses (GOD forbid). The animal world is shrinking every single second of every single day. All deforestation destroys creatures’ habitats therein. The Brazilian rainforest, like other forests especially in Asia and Africa are being erased by large and quite impersonal corporations. Cameroon has lost nearly 90 percent of its original forest. In the not so distant past, overhunting was the primary culprit for reducing wildlife populations. Gross habitat destruction causes deaths by starvation, removes home ranges, destroys individual homes, and causes wildlife to venture out for food. Often this results in wildlife raiding crops owned by farmers. This is happening in Africa and Asia. The bear bile farm industry uses Asiatic black bears to literally squeeze every last bear bile drop out of these beautiful creatures. In essence, Asiatic black bears in bear bile farms are ‘bear bile machines’. A catheter is inserted into bear’s abdomen (without anaesthesia), to drain the much sought after bile.

  There are over seven thousand ‘moon bears’ in Chinese bear bile farms. There has been a 25 percent decrease in bear bile farming. Although the Chinese government stopped issuing new licenses, this industry is still operating. Even if most of the bears are eventually freed, there will still be others suffering immensely, every second of the day. The moon bears are locked into place inside a tiny, filthy cage. The moon bear inside the cage cannot turn around, stand upright, or correctly lay down. This results in deformed bones infections, constant pain, and extreme mental stress and agony. Depending on the farm a moon bear may be placed inside another cage when it’s not being drained of bile. Don't be fooled. The other cage is barely any larger than the procedure cage. Some bears spend up to fifteen years caged in a bear bile farm. Moon bears are drained twice daily. Veterinary care is considered an expensive luxury. As long as the moon bear's bile is extracted, owners are content. Bear gall bladders can sell for up to twenty times the price of gold. This kind of enterprise breeds a criminal underground. Aside from cats and dogs, other animals are also farmed for their fur and leather. Over thirty million animals are killed in fur farms (fur ranches) around the world every year. On many fur farms the animals spend their lives in cages unable move about or satisfy their basic needs. Stress for the animals and the possibility of contagious diseases are two potential problems for fur farms. Tiny cages are used in order to decrease expenditures, while making the highest profits. Animals that are naturally free-roaming or water-bound must stay put. Genuine fur is biodegradable and more eco friendly than faux fur. Farmed animals that have spent their lives in fur farms may not be able to handle being set free into the wild. They end up dying in large numbers or returning. That’s not to say that their cages are nice places. The fur animals have been de- animalized. It was in 1534 while Jacques Cartier was in the Gulf of St. Lawrence that he took notice of aboriginals holding up beaver robes. By the end of the 16 th century the French were trading in supplies of new and used beaver robes. The incredible demand in Europe helped to sustain the beaver trade. Beaver hats were a demanded specialty item. This incredible demand helped to sustain the fur trade in the land to become Canada. Later, the beaver hats trade spread to Spain and Portugal. The Dutch were

  also active in the fur trade. For Canada to have existed there must have been a prominent fur trade, First Nations expert guides and advisers, English and French settlement, and later Allophone settlement. Big names involved in fur trading include Medard Chouart des Groseillier, Radisson, Simon Fraser, Pierre-Esprit Radisson, John Jacob Astor, Simon McTavish, and Alexander Mackenzie. Fur animals, especially the beaver helped mould a viable Canada. Within the animal kingdom no animal in Canada has been as important as the beaver. The beaver has been our most important ‘unwilling contributor’. New ports and routes were established as a result of the fur trade, including the St. Maurice River, Ottawa River, Saguenay River, and the Ottawa-Gatineau system; to name a few. The Algonquin, Iroquois, Huron and Cree Nations were actively involved in the fur trade. The Europeans traded knives, kitchen supplies, alcohol, and needles for fur owned by First Nations peoples. Alcohol was a valuable trade item for all. The fur trade and exploration of new travel routes went hand in hand. A short cut to China was desperately searched for. The Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) is the oldest corporation in North America. The HBC was incorporated in 1670 by royal charter through Prince Rupert. The HBC acquired enormous land mass only to lose it through Rupert’s Land Act of 1868. In effect, the HBC lost its land empire. The HBC had its beginnings in the lucrative and expanding fur trade. In 1821 the HBC merged with its number one rival, The Northwest Company. Ivan the Terrible once sent henchmen through Siberia to ‘confiscate’ countless animal furs. This confiscation eventually led to the conquest of Siberia. Another lucrative enterprise in the America’s was sugar cane in the West Indies. For the French it equalled or perhaps excelled in importance to the fur trade.

 

HORSES

Throughout history horses have been used by human beings for companionship, farming, wars, transport, traction, sports, showmanship, as companion animals, and food. The idea of eating horse flesh never ‘took off’ in the United States. Although horses are slaughtered in the United States for food, the numbers don't compare with other slaughtered animals. If ever passed, the ‘upgraded version’ of the American Horse Slaughter Prevention Act will make it illegal for any institution to slaughter horses for human consumption or to ship horses abroad for the purpose of slaughter. Horses were first domesticated five thousand years ago. Today, there are over two hundred recognized breeds of horses. Horse slaughter plants in the United States send most of the meat to Europe and Japan. Some of the slaughtered horses were once carriage, racing (retired), or wild horses. The use of horses for food dates back at least to the Ancient Egyptians.

  It's difficult to estimate how many of the horses were stolen. Since the turn of the 20 th century, more than two million horses have been slaughtered in USDA-approved horse slaughter plants. Horses are sent to slaughterhouses in cramped trailers or carts. The crowding is so bad horses can't stand up properly. If a horse falls it may be trampled. During transport horses may spend up to 28 hours without food, water, exercise, or proper veterinary care. To aggravate matters the sealing inside the trailers or carts is often lower than the level of horses' heads. Horses in these transport facilities are forced to lower their heads for extended periods of time. This is unnatural and painful for a horse. U.S. Federal Law requires that horses are rendered unconscious before slaughter. A device called a captive bolt gun is shot into the heads of the horses to render them unconscious. Because of the hectic pace of plant work, the captive bolt gun is sometimes incorrectly used. Horses in this predicament are hoisted up and sent to have their throats cut while kicking and screaming. For humane slaughter of horses, the entire process, from beginning to end must be smooth and well-coordinated. Horses' urine is also a valuable commodity on the market. Premarin is ‘pregnant mare urine’. Premarin horses endure boredom, inactivity, pain, and discomfort in their stalls. The hormone premarin is used to treat women with menopausal symptoms. Up to eighty thousand mares are used for premarin. Premarin is extracted from their urine through the use of collecting devices strapped to their bodies. Premarin mares are placed in tiny stalls, chained, and are partially water-deprived. It is believed that increased amounts of water consumption will dilute the potency of premarin. Foals (a horse younger than a year-old) of premarin mares are normally sent to the slaughterhouse shortly after birth. The mare is unable to form a bond with her foal. The foal is of no use to premarin manufacturers. When the mare can no longer produce any more premarin, she is promptly sent to the slaughterhouse. Since March of 1999, Cenestin (conjugated synthetic estrogens), an FDA approved synthetic estrogens product that can be used to treat women with menopausal symptoms. As with all medications, the patient should contact her physician before stopping or beginning any use of medication. Like dogs, horses have been bred by humans for special purposes.

  Healthy horses have long-snappy strides, with incredible lung capacity. With strenuous physical exertion, horse’s blood oxygen can increase thirty five-fold. Horses also have good memories regarding routines and routes (returning home, delivery jobs). In addition, they are faster and have more stamina than oxen. This is one of the reasons that many more horses were used in North America than oxen or strenuous work. Mules, horses, and oxen have historically been used to pull. Draft horses are very strong and massively built. They’re not as fast as thoroughbreds, but can pull more weight. The word mule is derived from the Spanish word meaning half-breed; the commonly known word mulatto. A mule is a cross between a donkey stallion (male) and a horse mare (female). Camels were briefly used by the U.S. Military in the mid- nineteenth century. The United States Camel Corps was an experiment in the use of camels in addition to horses. Camels have a nasty temperament and ‘terrify’ horses. Their use was ended quickly. Draft horses (Clydesdales, Shires, Percherons, Punches, and Suffolks), are used for pulling heavy loads. Shires are the largest and most powerful of the draft horses. With so many horses used in cities, horse manure dotted streets, thereby creating an engulfing stench. The horse contributed to the opening up of the American west. Later, the ‘iron horse’ (railroad) became the fastest long distance way of travel on land. The 20 th century saw an increase in horse breeding. Breeding is for the benefit of humans, not for the horses involved. The use of horses has helped to improve this world. In the not so distant past horse speed and power was the engine of its day. Without horses, travel on land would’ve been much slower. Nathan Bedford Forest (founder of the KKK) was a cavalryman and a talented rider of horses. Famous men and fictional characters had special horses. Robert E. Lee (Traveller and Lucy Long), Ulysses S. Grant (Cincinnati), The Lone Ranger (Silver, Hollywood Horse), Alexander the Great (Bucephalus), and in Islam the Prophet Muhammad was taken to Paradise on a super speedy white horse named Buraq. The list of famous and important horses can never be complete. Horses helped to build the Erie Canal. Horse ferries transported many people and merchandise over long distances. Sadly, the horses used for these ferries were often worked mercilessly. There weren’t too many Henry Bergh characters around. The American Civil War saw the use of many thousands of

   horses. Transport, feed, and general care of the horses took much work. Horses were used by both the North and the South, carrying supplies, equipment, and soldiers. By war’s end many thousands of horses had died. The South found it difficult to feed horses throughout a brutal war. No feed, no functioning horses. For optimum performance horses need hay, grain, and corn. Corn is less nutritious than hay or grain. To ease the feeding problem, mixtures were also used. Don’t forget, horses need horseshoes. This was another supply demand for both sides. The Union purchased many of their horseshoes from The Burden Horseshoe Company. In 1835, Henry Burden received the first patent for a horseshoe manufacturing machine. For the Union Army transportation of soldiers, equipment, horses, and any other essential items fell on the shoulders of the Quartermaster’s Department. Many horses used in the Civil War had to endure exhaustion, fear, apprehension, injury (from shrapnel and/or from the strenuous work). Many horses were taken as booty by both side, then later used. Historically many jobs and uses evolved around horses. They included ambulance workers, law enforcement, delivery workers, knackers, show horse industry, delivery man (food, milk, beer, etc.), race industry, jockey, streetcar operator, farm worker, furrier, showmanship, horse breaker, rodeo, manufacturers of horse equipment, horse food workers, stable worker, stagecoach driver (Concord stagecoach was the standard type), nutritionist, hunting, circus, fire truck operator, Knacker (a person who purchases over-the-hill livestock then butchers them for sale), masseuse, veterinarians, vivisection (nowhere near as common as monkeys), corral worker, waste removal, entertainment industry, war, fire departments, groomer, horse show judge (prestigious), breeder, butcher, horse fighting promoter (dishonourable job), Pony Express rider (short-lived but well-respected), wagon and carriage manufacturers, carriage driver and riding instructor. The Kentucky Derby is the most famous racehorse in the world. Exceptional horses that are ridden by tenacious jockeys win the Triple Crown. The ‘mint julep’ is ‘the drink’ of the Kentucky Derby. The winner of the Kentucky Derby is literally draped with a garland of roses (564 rosebushes). The trophy is presented with the horseshoe turned up. Unfortunately, all is not good in the horse industry. Because only a select few horses can make the grade the ‘large surplus’ must be ‘removed’. Because of the incredible training and racing regimen

   injuries, including serious ones, are common. Sometimes, a horse must be euthanized. When careers end the horses must be removed from the ‘glamour’ of the racing industry. Unless a person or an organization decides to care for the horse, slaughter or euthanasia is the general outcomes. Financial gain and the thrill of winning are powerful motivating factors in the horseracing industry. Pain killers alleviate the ‘pain’ only, not the underlying cause. In effect a racehorse may run on an injury. Horses are only two or three years-old when they race. Their bones may not be fully developed. Horses can also be put to other uses. The Persians formed the first cavalry. There are guide horses for the blind, and for the physically and mentally challenged.

  

Hunting & Trapping

Early humans lived primarily as hunters and gatherers. Their food (fruits, roots, fish, mammals, birds) were obtained from the surrounding areas. In the case of birds, the eggs were easier to acquire. Residence was temporary, with small populations of humans clustered together. Whenever resources in a particular area ran out, our ancestors moved to another area. Everyone helped in the sustenance of the community. Men hunted, while the women gathered. As a general rule what was hunted was needed. There was hardly any excessive waste. Sport hunting targets an estimated 200 million animals in the United States every year. As expected varying estimates can be acquired pertaining to the number depending on the institution you get your information from. I have used a common estimate. There’s no way to get an exact number of animal kills. A successfully targeted animal may die quickly, die slowly,

   survive a lifelong wound, live maimed, and/or be orphaned. Depending on the weapon of choice, number and location of wound/s, age and health of the animal, species, the elements, the animal’s resolve, where it ranks in the predator hierarchy, gender, and the availability of food, water, and shelter. This is not an exhaustive list. An abbreviated list of hunted, fished, or trapped animals species include passenger pigeons (exterminated), elephants, apes, monkeys, bison (American bison nearly exterminated), rhinos, hippos, giraffes, koalas, pandas (the cutest bears), beavers, wolves, prairie dogs, ferrets, coyotes, fishes, Zanzibar leopard (may have been exterminated), sharks, dolphins, whales, jackals, bears, deer, foxes, tigers, turtles, bobcats, lynxes, lions, tigers, frog, cougars, snakes, cheetahs, grizzly bears, black bears, moon bears, polar bears, American bald headed eagles (now protected), California condors (now protected, peregrine falcons, ibex, musk oxen, dodo birds, almost fell into extinction), Florida panthers, leopards, jaguars, rabbits, squirrels, moose, squirrels, wildebeest, zebras, lynx, bobcats, pigeons, kangaroos, antelopes, wolverines, muskrats, whales, dolphins, fishes, apes, monkeys, crocodiles, walruses, penguins, seals, fishes, water borne mammals, alligators, snakes, boars, deer, moose, raccoons, swans, and African cape buffalos. In times of war or territorial skirmishes, humans may also been hunted-down; the Taino were almost exterminated, the Beothuk were exterminated. The last member died in 1829 in St. John’s, Newfoundland. In 1760, near Pomfret, Pennsylvania, there occurred a ‘Circle of Death’; a truly smorgasbord hunt. The intended result was to kill magnanimous numbers of wildlife (predators and prey; land and airborne). The settlers did not appreciate the presence of so many ‘pests’ nearby. The hunters formed a 30 mile diameter ring. In addition, the hunters made loud noises. Finally, the hunters slowly moved in for the kill. Wildlife had nowhere to run but to the center of the ring. In the end, a massacre ensued. Primitive hunters used crude gadgets like sticks, atlatl, rocks, or any other object they could throw, beat, or ram into an animal. Primitive hunters had to use their imaginations and brawn. Like wolves, they worked together to outsmart the prey target. Gradually, as weapons became more sophisticated hunting game could be done at a greater distance and with less brawn. Animals could even be killed without having taken notice of the hunter. Sport hunting became possible; afterwards, canned hunting. Today, we even have remote controlled hunting from vast

   distances. When the 'subsequent waves' of humans arrived in the Americas it was the beginning of the end for many of our forests areas and countless wildlife species. There's no telling how populated America was with animals. However, it is known that there were large tracks of forests containing incredible numbers of wildlife species. Today millions of acres of forests are destroyed annually. Not to mention the indigenous populations, wildlife, and other treasures therein. Early colonists were sometimes annoyed at night-time sounds emanating from forests. Unless we humans suffer through an incredible worldwide catastrophe, animal habitats will most likely continue to be squeezed. Reasons for mass hunting of species include demonization of particular species, threat to livestock, contagious diseases, human habitat expansion, protecting humans, and sport. If a mother animal is killed, or severely wounded, her offspring usually die. Bow hunting requires more concentration and steady hands than crossbow or rifle hunting. Because of this fact, a targeted animal is more likely to be struck in a non-lethal part of his/her body. This may cause a long-term lingering injury. Naturally, the targeted animal will try to get away if possible. Crossbow hunting is popular in Ohio. The use of bows and arrows in hunting and warfare were a gigantic leap in technology. The bow and arrow along with the crossbow are smaller and require less brute strength than a primitive spear. Cross bow hunting uses a propulsion system that is similar to a firearm. It’s very effective and deadly. Barring some kind of worldwide catastrophe, some form of hunting will be around for ages to come. Conservation and hunting must not be at odds. Habitats must be protected. Hunting seasons and maximum kills must be calculated to ensure that wildlife species’ numbers do not fall below a sustainable level. The Endangered Species Act (ESA) must be rejuvenated. Bush era weakening of the ESA or special interests groups must be reversed and more. Government agencies and hunters’ organizations should work together to ensure accuracy in this endeavour; if that is possible. In addition, where applicable and necessary there must be ‘protected zones’ free of hunting or human encroachment. Wildlife and forest lands are more difficult to satisfactorily protect in Parks and reserves that are located in poor, high- density population areas.

  Professional, legal hunters understand that roads give easier access to hunting sites, but remove the privacy and isolation. Africa and Asia have been hit hard by illegal and government sanctioned non-sustainable logging, poaching, and illegal wildlife trafficking. In all fairness poor people involved in deforestation, non- sustainable hunting, hyper-extraction of valuable resources, and the bush meat trade look at people in the western world as somewhat hypocritical. They need their money. Sometimes they’re very hungry and have no other way to earn a living. Westerners made fortunes by doing the same thing that they are telling the Third World nations not to do. It is the First World corporations who are doing most of the damage in Third World countries, and they are reaping the bulk of the profits. Anti-poaching laws must be stringent and enforced. In North America illegal hunting must result in stiff fines. Smorgasbord- style hunting (limitless hunting; American bison, passenger pigeon), habitat destruction, pollution, and destruction of keystone species are big problems that must be dealt with head- on. We’re not struggling Third World people. When large tracts of forests are destroyed, humans and animals therein are adversely affected. Soil erosion, habitat loss, and possibly mud slides can occur. Trees help to keep the ground soil in place. Tree dwelling creatures can't go anywhere if the trees in their habitat are destroyed. When roads are carved into forested areas, pollution levels rise, and humans become more detached from nature. Previously large woodlands or forests become non-contiguous. Road kill becomes an additional problem. What does a wild animal know about roads and road kill? The bush meat crisis is a result of overhunting of wildlife species in the equatorial forests of west and central Africa. The Great apes are being obliterated in order to be eaten as a ‘meat delicacy’ in fancy African restaurants. A plate of chimpanzee or gorilla meat can cost sixty American dollars. Because this is a lucrative business (estimated at two billion dollars annually), poachers number in the thousands, often from other countries or regions in Africa. These poachers are nasty, well-armed, and will fire on rangers if necessary. Great apes are no match for the poachers' super weapons. The logging industry is helping to sustain the bush meat crisis. Logging companies (often foreign) build roads that cut into forests. Workers enter deep into the forest to kill, eat, and sell bush meat.

  Baby apes taken for the entertainment industry require the killing of several other members of the troupe, by shooting or machete. This holds so especially in gorilla troupes. Male silverbacks may fight to the death to protect themselves, those under them, and ‘their honour’ as leader. Chimpanzee and gorilla mothers have been known to fight to the death to protect their own. Mouse lemurs are the smallest primates. Wildlife including Great Apes, monkeys, elephants, swine, water borne mammals, rodents, and pangolins are affected by the bush meat trade. Many great apes and monkeys have lost a hand or a foot in horrible snares. In fact, any animal that steps on a snare is subject to being ensnared, regardless of what the target species was. The term bush meat generally concerns Africa, but can mean any place on this planet where this problem occurs. Africa and Asia are not the only places where wildlife habitats can be obliterated. The Amazon Rainforest is taking a beating twenty hour hours a day. Many dams have flooded indigenous peoples’ lands and have destroyed wildlife habitats. Animal habitats are under the complete control of humans. Animal species can't run, hide, or migrate to far-off regions to escape us. Specialist animals have a difficult time re-adjusting to new surroundings. Many of them end up dying. Advanced weaponry, helicopters, airplanes, water vessels (with ice breaking instruments), sonar, tracking devices, computer monitoring, advanced communication devices, satellite technology, automobiles, and snowmobiles, have given humans the ability to kill, terrorize, control, trans-locate, and/or annihilate any mammalian species on the face of this planet. Humans have charted every known land mass. Wildlife on miniscule non-charted islands cannot escape our pollution. Even polar bears are hunted. The lucky ones are ‘gunned- down’ and die quickly. The unlucky ones are chased, wounded, and then continue to be chased by hunters, sometimes with specially trained dogs or mechanized vehicles. If an injured polar bear were to miraculously escape from its human pursuers, he/she will be forced to live a life of a 'wounded animal’ (blood loss, anaemia, illness, infection, the elements, loss of hunting capacity, etc.). Polar bears tread vast distances on ice in the far Northern regions of this planet. Anthropogenic (human caused problems) include oil barrel leakages, excessive hunting, PCB's and other chemical poisons. Nations and territories with polar bear populations include Canada, United States, Norway, the former Soviet Union, and Greenland (a territory of Denmark).

  Early spring ice melting has been occurring in vast stretches of the North, where polar bears live. Early spring ice melting causes a shorter hunting season for the polar bears. Polar bears need a platform (ice) in order to hunt their favourite food (seals). Polar bears wait silently and patiently next to a breathing hole then make their move as soon as the seal comes up to take a breath. Seals are a polar bear’s favourite food. In fact, a polar bear can scent a seal from up to twenty miles. Polar bears also eat seabirds, fishes, berries, plants, and reindeer. Polar bears are very powerful animals. They attack and kill seals with their teeth and claws. Polar bears are more dangerous to humans than grizzlies. Perhaps it's because Polar bears have not come into contact as often as grizzlies. Polar bears and grizzly bears have been seen evading traps. Some individuals even know how to remove an article of food without triggering the trap. Indeed, they're intelligent animals. Polar bear populations can easily fall into the dangers zone. They breed at a slow rate; small litters, maturation occurs between the age of four and six, and hunting. Native hunting of polar bears is regulated by international law and the laws of the nation the natives reside in. Poaching and corruption is more prevalent in the former Soviet Union. In sport hunting, polar bears are ‘gold medals’ of the Arctic.’ They're the largest, toughest, and most courageous of all the large bear species. Excluding humans, polar bears are the highest ranking predator in their habitat. Professional polar bear hunters must have high levels tenacity, endurance, stamina, and strength. Hunting is often done in extreme temperatures, with the use of sled dogs. This is the hunter’s choice. As stated earlier, high-tech hunting aids can be used, if chosen. Inuit peoples depend on polar bear hunting for survival. The hide, meat, and teeth, are used efficiently. Inuit peoples believed that polar bears were the second most powerful spirit. Bear claws were used as talismans by the Cree. The purpose was to ensure protection. Some aboriginal peoples of the far north use technology to hunt-down native species. In essence, it has become much easier to hunt animals, for everyone. The early American colonists killed off many of the bears in their region. Sadly, this process would continue throughout the much of the continental United States. Grizzly bears now reside in less than two percent of their former range, and their population is between one and two percent of its former number.

  There are now slightly over one thousand grizzly bears in the continental United States. There have been numerous cases of grizzly bears prying open car doors and ransacking homes. DO NOT FEED A WILD BEAR, EVER! IF YOU ARE CAMPING, BE ALERT AND PLACE YOUR FOOD IN SEALED CONTAINERS. Black bears have been more successful in their survival and evading of humans. There are presently eight recognized bear species. However, that doesn’t mean that they were never demonized or overhunted. Minnesota had a bounty on black bears from 1945 to 1965. Bears have been shot, poisoned, trapped, box trapped, and assaulted with an espontoon (French word). An espontoon is a spear known in English as a halbert. The espontoon resembled a spear, was five or six feet long, and had two blades. The attacker could thrust his weapon repeatedly at a grizzly bear. Problems between humans and bears have a very long history. In fact, it was primitive humans who first had problems with bears in caves. There are many nicknames for bears. A partial list of names includes nanook, big hairy one, black beast, brownie, yogi, bruin, happy hooligan, big feet, bear cat, beast, goliath, grandmother, shining cat, honey bear, four eyes, ape man, monster, etc. This partial list includes names from all of the bear species. The Stutz Bearcat was an early automobile. Professional, amateur, and youth sports teams use bear names; most notably football, baseball, and basketball. Many bears were killed in the First and Second World War. The Indian Army killed many sloth bears during the 1800’s. Perhaps for target practice, or some other trivial reason/s. On the up side, grizzly bears are flexible in what they eat; salmon, berries, honey, fruit, moose, elk, human food, etc. Grizzly bears may double their weight, eating up to twenty thousand calories per day, for a long hibernation. When eating plants, incredible quantities must be eaten because their digestive system cannot properly absorb the nutrients therein. Scientists study bear scats to identify what was eaten and digested by individuals. The term ‘black bear’ is a generic description of bears that are coloured black, cinnamon, brown, semi-red, or in between. Historically, bears have been hunted, trapped, used for entertainment, eaten, caged, bear baiting (horrible sport), demonized, driven off of their habitats, and have had body parts such as skin, teeth, bones, and claws used to satisfy human needs. Texas ranchers killed bears to protect their livestock.

  Grizzly bears are large, powerful, and fast animals. If desperate enough they’ll take on and kill a full-grown moose. Father Armand David was the first European to see a panda. The Chicago zoo was the first to house a giant panda. There are nearly 1600 pandas in the wild. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has used the panda as its logo since 1961. Although giant pandas are cute and cuddly looking, never approach one straight on in the wild. The giant panda is still a wild animal. Giant pandas eat twenty different kinds of bamboo. Giant pandas live in thick-forested areas in China where it is cool and damp. Their primary food source is bamboo. The hunting of giant pandas has been illegal in China since 1962. However, illegal hunting of these animals is for their fur. Being a giant panda in the wild is tough. Many giant pandas do not attain adulthood. Leopards and other predators are a lurking danger. The Government of China has established forty giant panda preserves in order to help protect this beautiful animal. Corridors have been carved out to enable pandas to migrate to bamboo sites. Pandas generally don’t breed too well in captivity. Zoo professionals must work hard to fix this problem. Whether in cold or hot climates, no animal species is safe from humanity's ‘claws and daggers’. The Arabian Oryx (140-175 lbs.) is a medium-sized antelope. It was almost blasted out of existence. This desert wonder was once very numerous in the Arabian Peninsula. The Arabian Oryx can survive without drinking water for up to a year. Plants supply it with much needed moisture. From the 1950's rampant, unfettered hunting of the Arabian Oryx by helicopters, radio communications, and modern weaponry almost resulted in extinction. The Government of Saudi Arabia, Fauna Preservation Society (now Fauna and Flora International) and the World Wildlife Fund, have helped pull the Arabian Oryx back from the brink of extinction. Today, there are conservation efforts by governments in the region and international organizations, helping to maintain a healthy Arabian Oryx population. Seven percent of the American population are hunters; they’re dedicated to their cause. Canned hunting does not require much talent, often no chase, and a guaranteed kill. Many professional hunters look down upon the canned hunting industry, and rightfully so. Canned hunting preserves are springing up in the United States. There are hundreds of preserves in Texas alone. The hunting is done on private lands containing exotic animals, often from Africa or Asia. Because most owners ‘guarantee’ that

   the hunter will get a kill, any John, Dick, or 'Harriet’, can get a kill. Just have your credit card in your hand. Thankfully, nine states have already outlawed canned hunts. In 2005 the Texas Legislature passed a law prohibiting remote hunting (hunting by internet); including bow hunting, cross bow hunting, or firearm hunting of animals in Texas. Trophy hunting is available in North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. In Europe, millions of Euros are made annually by the trophy hunting industry. Trophy hunting organizations based in Europe offer package deals (including tours, lodging, and hunting) to Africa, Asia, North America, and Europe. Endangered species are sometimes hunted. Some zoos and circuses sell animals to the canned hunting industry. Some of these animals have been in captivity, on display and have been fed by humans for much of or all of their lives. A few have been abused. The Association of Zoos & Aquariums is respected and known throughout the world. In essence, many canned hunting targets have been de- animalized. Their flight instinct has been blunted. Most preserves are fenced-in, or have some kind of enclosure structure. In effect, the animals are "sitting ducks!" Even if the animal did run away, it would always be within the confines of the preserves. In some cases, food is used to entice the animal to approach a pre-designated area. The food may be placed in the same location for days or weeks beforehand to better assure an easy kill. Some canned hunting organizations give the hunter even more. The target animal is actually securely fastened to a stationary object. It has nowhere to go! Wolves once prevailed over much of the North American continent. With over 20 gray wolf sub-species it’s no wonder. In their heyday wolves were super-predators who generally hunted in well-organized packs, thereby increasing their strength, persistence and efficiency. Wolves have incredible endurance, able to trot for many miles a day. Packs of wolves will kill a bear if it gets too close for comfort. In a one-on-one confrontation, a wolf wouldn't stand a chance against a full-grown bear or a cougar. The early European settlers, demonized, then began wide- scale slaughtering campaigns against wolves. Because wolves killed livestock and were large predators, settlers, especially ranchers, viewed them as competitors and dangerous creatures. Unwarranted and inflated stories of wolves attacking people were widely distributed. In fact, wolves in the wild almost never attack people. A wolf attack may occur when a person inadvertently walks

   into a dispute, near wolf pups or encounters a sickly individual. Hybrid (wolf-dog) should not be companion animals; they are unpredictable. They don’t belong in the pet category. Ranchers have an inherent right to defend their livestock and companion animals. Problem animals should be dealt with by translocation or deadly force, if necessary. Translocation takes time and money. Ranchers provide bread and butter to the citizens at large. Fencing, securing the livestock, guard dog/s, and motion detectors (expensive), and other non-lethal methods may help. The extermination campaign of wolves was encouraged and supported by the United States Government through the use of bounties. The bounty system was also used in the Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Calls for the 'extinction' of wolves were prevalent. What they really meant was 'extermination.' The only way to have caused wolves to become ‘extinct’ was through extermination. Extinction sounds natural, like it was caused by nature. Under this context, extermination is the deliberate, cold- blooded, and calculated series of actions designed to completely annihilate wolves. Trapping, hunting (with or without a bounty), habitat destruction, poisoning, ‘situational translocation’ were the main methods used. Bounties were given for wolf carcasses. By the early 1970's, there were only a few hundred wolves left in the Continental United States, most of them in the upper Midwest. Although wolves in Alaska fared better today they're under threat, from aerial hunting. The Endangered Species Act (1973) was a step forward in the protection of endangered species, including wolves. Although the process was slow it eventually lead to the re-introduction of additional wolves into the upper Midwest. Other areas may follow suit. An incredible wolf named ‘Old Lefty’ evaded being killed for 13 years. In Alaska, wolves are being killed by aerial shooting or land and shoot kills. The former exhaust the wolves in order to gun them down easier. The gunners are sharpshooters. In land and shoot kills, the plane lands, the gunners get out then the wolves are gunned-down at close range or point blank range. The Airborne Hunting Act 1972 specifies the conditions pertaining to the aerial hunting of wildlife. Aerial hunting in Alaska has been placed under the category of wildlife management, thereby neutralizing the Airborne Hunting Act of 1972.

   In packs wolves are very formidable predators; able to take down a full-grown, antlered, healthy moose. Wolves can trail a target animal for many miles, if necessary. Wolf packs first spot a herd, stalk the herd, get closer to the herd, close-in on an individual, harass and make contact with the individual, separate the individual then move in for the kill. In the kill, several or all of the wolf members may participate. All’s not good however. Many of their attempts at finding and killing prey are unsuccessful. Prey animals have evolved alerted senses and in the case of adult moose, an incredibly deadly kick from any of its legs and in adult males incredible antlers. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) i s an international agreement between government bodies. CITES members safeguard the safety and security of wildlife and plants in the international trade. CITES member states adhere to CITES rulings voluntarily. The trade in wildlife and plants crosses countless international borders. As such, cooperation between member nations necessary to implement CITES rulings. The black market trade is a big problem to be tackled. Currently, there are 175 members of the CITES Convention. Animals are categorized animals into three appendices: 1. Appendix one: Includes species populations that are threatened with extinction. Trade in these species is permitted under ‘special’ circumstances (non-commercial import). 2. Appendix Two: Includes species populations that are controlled in order to prevent trade that is harmful or hazardous to their existence. 3. Appendix three: Includes species that are controlled in one or more countries. The ‘controlling nations’ have requested other nations to help in their control. Although CITES does not have the power or authority it needs, the organization is respected by the governing world body and citizens across the globe. Nations that illegally trade in animals and plants are often not fully equipped to stop poaching, don't care, or are actively involved in the illegal trade. In effect, some governments are a big part of the black market. Rampant corruption, dictatorship, and no tough controls keep them going. CITES member nations should work hard and diligently to help protect endangered species. In Britain people who want to hunt game birds can do so at

   special estates or farms. Here, game birds are reared to eventually be targets for game bird hunters. Game bird hunters referred to as ‘punters’ by the British, pay hefty prices to shoot game birds out of the sky. The surrounding areas may be cleared (poisoning, trapping, shooting, bludgeoning, snaring, etc.) of wildlife prior to the big hunting event. Fur-bearing animals can be trapped by the use of snares. Snares are wires that strangle the part of the body that is caught. For instance, if a fox's leg is caught in a snare, the snare becomes a tourniquet. Since many snares don't have a 'stop' the more the fox struggles the more he/she suffers. If on the other hand, the fox's neck is caught in the snare, then the result may be death by strangulation. If a snare becomes rusty or splintery, it only adds to the pain of the ensnared animal. It is up the trapper to ensure effective snares. Snares can be implanted ‘into’ a log or block. The ensnared animal is forced to drag the log or block around until exhaustion, or death by exhaustion occurs. Non-target animals may be inadvertently trapped. Depending on where the trapping is done; it could be your dog or cat that is trapped. Sometimes wildlife population control measures are necessary. This can be done by translocation, sterilization, the introduction of predatory animals, trapping, or hunting. Prior to introducing any wildlife species in to an area, a comprehensive scientific study must be done beforehand. Artificially introducing, or re-introducing any wildlife species can adversely alter the habitat. In 1996, conibear traps were outlawed in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts by the Question One referendum. What ensued afterwards was a lesson to us all. Beaver populations skyrocketed from an estimated 20,000 in 1996 to over 50,000 in 1999, and continued rising. Massachusetts Wildlife received hundreds of complaints from homeowners hit with beaver related problems. When beavers build dams, the water can back-up, causing flooding in yards and roadways. In addition, cranberry growers were adversely affected by muskrat overpopulation. Although the plight and welfare of animals is always important, humans, their companion animals, and their properties have priority! This is not speceism, this is realism! We, who live outside of the ‘overpopulation areas’ must be sensitive to the rights and feelings of Massachusetts residents who were adversely affected by beaver and muskrat

   overpopulation. Today, residents of Massachusetts who own property can receive special permits to use conibear traps, as a result of amendments to the 1996 law, adopted in 2000. Aside from ‘mammalian traps’, some traps are used for indoor, birds, or small animals. Glue traps are a common method of trapping rodents and small birds. The traps are effective but wreak havoc on the trapped animal. A rodent caught in a glue trap struggles with all his/her might just to get loose. Rodents sometimes end up pulling out their own hair, blotches of skin, or breaking or biting off an appendage. Sometimes a rodent is stuck head first in glue; resulting in suffocation until death.

A bird can easily break a leg while struggling to ‘escape’ a glue trap. Extinct calls for a bird to fly away. Box traps (metallic or plastic) are more humane than glue traps. It's up to the trapper to check the box traps on a regular basis. From the opposing viewpoint too many birds and rodents leave droppings, can spread diseases, or destroy food supplies. Therefore, it's imperative that all humane methods of trapping and repulsion be tried first. If all fail, then lethal methods must be used. For homes and buildings, all holes, cracks, and openings should be sealed. This included windows, plumbing, and doors. Prevention usually works if it’s done early and correctly Although hunting with dogs is now illegal in the England and Wales, a basic description of this kind of hunting should be given. On November 18, 2004 the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 were invoked. The ban on hunting with dogs officially went into effect on February 18, 2005. Countless hunted animals and many overworked foxhounds had been used in this sport. In fox hunting the target animal (fox), if caught, is shot or torn into pieces by trained Foxhounds. The only way to evade this catastrophe is to escape. Foxholes in the intended hunting areas are sealed a day in advance, by 'earth stoppers’. Earth stoppers are not paid workers. They are volunteers who do their work late in the night or shortly after dawn. They seal up every single fox hole that they come across. Fox hounds are bred to have incredible stamina and endurance. During a hunt their duty is to wear down and find the hunted fox. Fox hounds are put to use for five to seven years. When a

  fox hound outlives its usefulness, it’s up to the owner to with it as he/she pleases. The end result is not always good. During the hunt, the horse rider positions himself behind the Foxhounds. As soon as the scent is picked up, hunters ride into the path of the fox. The object of the sport is to capture and kill the fox. Officially , s port hunting is illegal in Hong Kong. That doesn’t stop sport hunters from going to remote areas of the country to hunt. Nearby, in China, sport hunting is more pervasive. China is a large country both in population and geographical area. Furthermore, there are no animal protection laws. In sport fishing countless sea fishes die unnecessarily; many are tossed back into the water as a result of being killed in a mega-fishing expedition. Thousands of dolphins around the world die as ‘by-catch’. By-catch, are non-target fishes, sea mammals and birds. Dolphins and porpoises suffocate to death in fishing nets. By- catch, are usually tossed overboard. An injured fish, sea mammal, or bird is literally dead meat. Cyanide and explosives are also used to kill fish. This kind of fishing is hazardous to coral reefs and countless non- target sea creatures. Dolphins are also killed for their meat, or may be sent to seaquariums (concrete prisons) to spend countless years performing unnatural acts to cheering humans. In Taiji, a small village in Japan, fishermen slaughter thousands of dolphins and small whales in an enclosed cove. Target sea mammals are driven into a shallow water cove. Fishermen then close off the entrance to the cove by dropping large fishing nets there. Afterwards, the bloodbath begins. The dolphins and small whales are then laconically beaten to death. The water in the cove becomes blood red; because it is engulfed in blood. Cetaceans include whales, dolphins, and porpoises. People have been fascinated by whales for thousands of years. There are nearly 80 species of cetaceans. Cetology is the branch of zoology dealing with the study of whales. People first learned about whale physiology from their encounters with beached whales. There are toothed whales (orcas, sperm whales) and non- toothed (baleen) (fin, blue, humpback whales). The blue whale can reach 110 feet in length. The humpback whales are ‘astonishing singers’. Although Aristotle identified whales as mammals, in wasn't until the 18th century that the mainstream scientific community began to earnestly accept his classification.

  As civilizations continued to advance in knowledge, whale skeletons were reconstructed and then placed in natural museums. This enabled scientist to identify a link between whales and land mammals; they had a common ancestor. The Basques were the first large-scale whalers. New England colonists hunted humpback whales. Improvements in hunting equipment and most notably the steamship enabled whale hunters to drastically increase their takes. The Antarctic waters became hunting grounds for whales in the early 20 th century. In effect, whales cannot hide from whalers. Non-hunting (whale watching) has become a lucrative business and a popular activity. Whales were hunted for their meat, bones, and oil. Whale meat provides indigenous peoples with much nutrition. Blue whales may reach a weight of one hundred and sixty tons. No wonder, they were once referred to as ‘sea monsters’. This has not saved them from being critically endangered. Primitive peoples didn't have the technology to devastate whale populations. This 'devastation' began with commercial whaling. The 19th and 20th century involved a sustained series of ' whale killing fests’. The invention of the explosive harpoon gun in the 1860's, by Svend Foyn, a Norwegian, enabled whalers to kill whales faster. The harpoon gun was convenient. Whales could be killed in minutes, rather than hours. The use of sonar by the Japanese to track whales' locations helped whalers to find their targets easier. Indeed, whales could neither run nor hide. Large commercial whale hunting establishments generally think of the here-and-now, rather than sustained hunting. If the whale killing fest had continued unabated more whale species would’ve become extinct. The two most famous whales are Moby Dick, the fictional character, and the whale that swallowed the prophet Jonah. The latter that was significantly more important to our history was not given a name. The International Whaling Commission (IWC) was set up under the International Convention for the Regulating of Whales signed on December 2, 1946. The IWC is assigned to provide complete protection to certain whale species, designate whale sanctuaries, set limits regarding to maximum numbers and sizes of whales to be hunted, stipulates hunting and non-hunting seasons, prohibits the capture and/or hunting of suckling calves and female whales escorting the calves. Specified record-keeping pertaining to

  numbers of hunts and species of whales hunted. The IWC also performs much scientific research and publishes the results. Currently there are eighty eight IWC member nations and commissions. Although the IWC does not have direct enforcing powers, many nations respect its rulings. Japan, Norway, and Iceland have been violators of IWC rulings and quotas. Iceland resumed commercial whaling in 2003, after years of abiding by the moratorium. Iceland was reinstated in the IWC, having been allowed to vote in support of its reinstatement. Japan has hunted thousands of whales under the guise of ‘scientific research’. At the 2004 IWC meeting Japan issued a proposal to increase its scientific whale hunting. Norway has set its own quotas, and has tried to pass its whale hunting as scientific research. The scientific research loophole in the IWC moratorium is an indication that the IWC is a de-clawed and defanged organization when comes to belligerent nations. Whale hunting in Japan, Norway, Greenland, Iceland, and amongst northern indigenous populations is more important ‘for them’ than it is for most of us. Being a city boy I don’t rely on whale meat or any by- product thereof. When we complain about whale hunting we should always find out how important it is for the specific nation or indigenous group involved. Smorgasbord whale hunting and unsustainable whale hunting cannot be tolerated. Sustained whale hunting is an easier and more fruitful target. Nations that are obviously threatening whale populations with their overhunting should be sanctioned. Unfortunately, whale hunting on the high seas is difficult to monitor. The Southern Ocean Sanctuary, established in 1994, is a whale sanctuary. This is a good idea. Whales face other serious dangers such as by-catch, pollution, and sound energy. Anthropogenic (human-induced) sound energy has been rising steadily for decades, resulting in an increase in mass whale stranding (beaching). Except for a brief respite during the Second World War, whales have been hunted-down by one nation or another. Seal hunting is bloody and brutal. To date, there has been no mass humane slaughter of seals performed. Seal pups may be a couple of weeks of age when they are clubbed or shot to death. The attackers are perceived as ‘giant bi-pedals’. Hundreds of thousands of seals are clubbed or shot to death every year.

  Baby seal pups are born in late February to mid-March. They're born into a harsh environment therefore, rapid weight gain is essential. Mother seals produce milk rich in fat. The seal pups must drink large quantities every single day. The large accumulation of blubber helps them stay warm. The trapping of animals is done in order to control vermin, protect peoples and properties, and for the production of fur. Millions of animals are caught in traps every year around the world. Animal protectionists, especially animal rightists protest cruel capture, farming, and killing methods by the fur trapping industry. Many people choose to purchase fur, while others choose faux fur (fake fur). Regardless of the reasons for setting animal traps, serious attempts should be made to use humane traps. The fur trapping industry consists of many workers. They’re trying to earn a living. In addition, trapping of animals is an old tradition. It brings in needed income to individuals, families, and organizations. Snares are cable restraints that tighten around the animal's neck or appendage. It is possible for an animal to be ensnared in another body part. Death may take hours or a few days. Fur trappers should check traps on a regular basis. Snares strangle the affected body part, somewhat like a giant wired-python. Because an animal's natural tendency is to try to free itself, struggling may tighten the snare. In addition, snares can be dirty or have metallic splinters. Blood loss, the natural elements (extreme weather conditions or exposure), dehydration, starvation, strangulation, and/or predation are possible outcomes. These are the worst case scenarios. Fur trappers understand that the trapped animal is income; bread and butter. Laws ordering trappers to check their traps regularly, for example, once every 24 hours can't be enforced. Conibear traps snap shut on the trapped animal's spinal column at the base of the skull. Imagine a giant mouse trap; the old kind. If a mistake occurs the trap may crush the animal's bones or internal organs. An animal may spend hours or days in this predicament until death. Often times, non-target animals such as dogs, cats, birds, or endangered species are caught in conibear traps. Non-target animals are referred to as ‘trash’ or ‘throwaways’. Steel jaw leg hold traps contain two powerful metallic jaws and springs. When an animal triggers the springs the jaws slam

  shut with extreme force; bone-crushing force. Steel jaw leg hold traps are condemned by the American Veterinary Medical Association, American Animal Hospital Association, and National Animal Damage Control Association. The pain and shock of this snapping action has been compared to a person having a door slam on her/his fingers. Actually its much worse, because you or I would automatically withdraw our hands, then we would seek medical aid. The trapped animal's body part is locked into place. Therefore, the pain is sustained and unrelenting. Naturally, the trapped animal tries anything to get free. No wonder, some animals end up chewing off their limbs, losing many of their teeth (trying to bite through the metallic jaws), or twisting off their affected limbs. Most of the animals that cannot escape die before the trapper returns. The few that can twist or chew off their limbs must live with blood loss, infection, and a severe handicap (major tooth loss or a loss of a limb). Many Americans oppose the use of steel jaw leg hold traps. Whenever an adult animal is killed there’s a possibility that a youngster is relying on that animal. Padded leg hold traps are the humane version of the steel jaw leg hold trap. The snap is still there, but padded. Underwater leg hold traps target mink, beavers, and muskrats. The trapped animal drowns to death. Death can take up to twenty minutes. An animal still alive when the fur trapper returns may be beaten to death or stomped to death; in the latter case, the fur trapper jumps up and down on the animal. Nearly ninety countries have outlawed steel jaw leg hold traps. Even the awesome super-predators of the seas can’t escape the long arms of humanity. For millions of years sharks and orcas were masters of the waters that they swam in. Humanity has reached their domain. In shark finning sharks are captured by fishermen who slice off the fins then throw the body overboard. The fins represent between 1-5 percent of body weight. Because sharks without fins cannot swim, they end up sinking to the bottom of the ocean. Bleeding profusely, unable to swim or defend themselves, they die a slow and agonizing death. Shark fin soup is an expensive delicacy in China. People should be aware that some species of sharks have been decimated by up to ninety percent. Some nations have begun to take action against shark finning. The Shark Finning Prohibition Act (December 21, 2000) was signed by President Bill Clinton. Overhunting in most of the Cape Colony led to the decimation of elephants, hippos, ostrich, and rhinoceros in the early 19th century.

  The quagga were exterminated in Africa, the last individual died in Amsterdam. ‘White hunters’ who ventured into the interior of Africa had incredible firearms on their person. Their hunting rifles could kill any animal, including the largest elephants. Lions and springbok were once omnipresent in much of Africa. When the springbok migrated southward (trekbokken), they ‘blanketed’ large areas. Anyone in the path of a migration had to move out of the way or else be stamped to death. Smorgasbord hunting (rampant, uncontrolled) has resulted in countless atrocities upon wildlife. When humans overhunt, there are severe consequences for the targeted wildlife species. In my opinion, the saddest example in North America is the case of the ‘exterminated’ Passenger pigeon. The passenger pigeon was the most numerous of bird species in North America. Estimates pertaining to their numbers reach five billion! When passenger pigeons ‘flocked’ the air the sky would darkened; some accounts claim hours of darkness. Sometimes when passenger pigeons perched on trees in such large numbers one or more branches would collapse from the sheer weight. Because the Passenger pigeons were light, only slightly larger than mourning doves, their numbers would’ve had to have been astronomical to result in a branch collapsing. Prior to the destruction of their habitats passenger pigeons had an incredible supply of food choices within the North America forests. Passenger pigeons could fly as up to seventy miles per hour. Even this enormous speed wasn’t enough to save the passenger pigeon. Deforestation, human expansion, and smorgasbord hunting were a death knell for the Passenger pigeon. Firearms, netting, long sticks (to knock them off trees), and noxious fumes (used to make them dizzy and fall), and snatching of birds’ eggs were the major methods used in the extermination campaign. In addition, squabs (young pigeons) that often filled the forest floor were killed and eaten by wolves, foxes, birds, snakes, and other predators. The people involved in this horror campaign were, as a whole, selfish, greedy, and did not have ‘conservation’ on their minds. They wanted to eat and/or sell what they could as fast as they could. The 19th century was catastrophic for the Passenger pigeons. These birds naturally lived in large flocks. Later on, attempts were made at conservation, but to no avail. Laws against hunting Passenger pigeons were too little and

  too late. People simply ignored the laws. The end result was extinction. In 1914, the last Passenger pigeon died at the age of twenty nine at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden. Her name was Martha. When she died there was a crowd of people watching. Likewise the dodo bird, once located in Mauritius, was exterminated by humans. Sailors first took notice of the dodo bird in 1600. Roughly 80 years later, the bird was ‘erased’ from the face of the earth. Although the distant ancestors of the dodo birds were able to fly, the dodo bird of 1600 was flightless. Having landed on the island of Mauritius, with plentiful food, and no predators around, flying became a frivolous act. Flying for birds burns incredible quantities of energy. Therefore, the dodo bird naturally stopped flying. Sailors picked the dodo birds off quite easily. The dodo bird couldn’t fly and had no escape instinct; having lost it because of the lack of predators on the island. In addition, imported animals including cats, rats and pigs ate the dodo birds with delight. Compound this with the sailor’s big appetite, the dodo bird was doomed. Smorgasbord hunting obliterated the Quaggas of Africa. There final days were in 1870. Steller’s sea cows and cormorants were also exterminated. Quaggas are related to horses and zebras. The last Quagga died in Amsterdam, many miles away from its native habitat in Africa. The American bison (technically, the word buffalo refers to the African water buffalo, bison is the correct term to use) once roamed throughout large tracts of lands as far as Canada to the North and Mexico to the south. Bison herds were so large they blanketed the area like giant ants. Bison were an important part of the plains Indians’ culture. The three species of bison include Plains Bison, Wood Bison, and the European Wisent. In North America the bison numbered between forty and sixty five million bison. The highest estimate I came across was an astounding seventy million, the lowest thirty five million. Since there is no method to calculate precise numbers, I used the most prevalent range. The bison is the largest land mammal in North America. Their stampedes were commonly referred to as ‘thunder of the plains’. Plains Indians used the meat, bones, tongue, entrails, and other by-products of the bison. The natives stripped the bison bare, leaving nothing. The bison was their bloodline.

  With the advance of European settlers and smorgasbord hunting the bison eradication began. Bison hunters used powerful ‘repeating rifles’, big fifty rifles, and horses to gun-down buffalo. Some hunters even shot and killed bison from trains. The Transcontinental Railroad unofficially referred to as the iron horse (1869), fencing, settlers, smorgasbord hunting, bison tongue demand in the Eastern United States, cattle ranching and a perceived U.S. Government policy to exterminate the livelihood (bison) of the natives served as a death knell for the bison. The railroad split the bison into north and south. The south bison lost out first. W ithin twenty years the area Colonel Dodge described as full of bison for miles {vertically and horizontally} would be empty of buffalo, bone, and scrap. A European traveller stated that she saw buffalo carcasses mile after mile, strewn across vast patches of land. Meat, hides (many sent to Europe), bones, and tongues were used by Americans. There was so much waste and killing, often times buffalo carcasses were strewn across vast expanses of land, only their tongues missing. In effect, many tongues were sold, while the bodies were wasted. The infamous Buffalo Bill Cody bragged about having (gunned-down) around 4280 bison in a seventeen month period. Cody claimed to have committed the act in order to help feed railroad workers. Usually, when a person boasts about having committed an act, it (the act) was most likely enjoyable at the time it was committed. The 1860's through the 1870's signified the beginning of the end for the American bison. Too many were being wiped out, too fast. Individuals who cared and hunters began to notice a major decrease in the numbers of bison. By 1893 there were according to estimates, anywhere between 23 and a few hundred buffalo left. It was a miracle the bison didn't become extinct. Today, there are ‘comfortably’ over 200,000 bison in the Continental United States. Many of the bison are ‘enclosed’ in the Yellowstone National Park. If a bison strays from the enclosure at the wrong time it’ll gunned-down like a dog. This is the general policy for bison who venture out of the park onto grazing lands. The National Park Service and state agencies are being pressured by cattle ranchers to keep bison in line. The Montana Department of Livestock asserts that the Yellowstone bison slaughters are to avert a brucellosis outbreak from bison to livestock. Activists for bison assert that there has never been a transmission of brucellosis from a bison to

  livestock. Both sides are adamant in their claims. One thing is for sure: North Americans eat beef, not bison meat. Although bison contains less fat and more nutrition, it’s not one of the main food items. Also, if there were ever to be an actual case of brucellosis transmission, there’s no telling how much damage it would do to livestock. Brucellosis is a contagious bacterial disease that is found in infected livestock and from discharges that accompany aborted foetuses. Brucellosis is a very dangerous disease that affects the internal organs, causes infertility, decreased milk production, lameness, and death of young animals. Brucellosis is zoonotic (can be spread from humans to animals, vice versa). A major outbreak of brucellosis could threaten surrounding states’ livestock. The problems relating to the bison issue includes brucellosis, roaming, and grazing. There are two major adversarial parties; on the one hand, the U.S. Government and State Governments are for the control of the bison range and generally support the culling of strays from the Yellowstone National Park. On the other hand, animal rights activists who are actively involved in the bison protection campaign support better protections of strays and according to them do not see any hard evidence for punishing wandering bison for brucellosis. It’s true: the cattle industry has ‘powerful persuading powers’. Another animal that has undergone a terrible onslaught is the prairie dog. Before the arrival of the settlers there were an estimated four or five billion prairie dogs. Their colonies and towns were decimated without mercy. Up to ninety nine percent of their populations have been poisoned, gassed, hunted, bulldozed, and brutally extracted from their homes. The present pet trade in prairie dogs has exacerbated their predicament. Prairie dogs, like other undomesticated wild animals, do not belong in peoples' homes, biting their captors. As a result, owners toss or give away ‘their pet’. Fortunately, some owners send their pet to a prairie dog rescue. Most prairie dogs destined to be pets are yanked out of their habitats then sent away to be sold to a human family. As a general rule, small, cheap-priced animals in pet stores do not receive veterinary medical care. It is too expensive and it is easier to toss the animal. In the U.S. pets are a 40 billion dollar industry. The word ‘pet’ is an English word dating back to the 1500’s. Rabbits have been show animals since the end of the 19 th century. There are an estimated 5 million rabbits in the United States. Angora rabbits produce wool. Gerbils were popular pets in the U.S. in the 1970’s. Napoleon’s wife owned a pug. Sigmund Freud owned a chow-

  chow. Some prairie dogs are sent away hundreds or even thousands of miles. A more detailed explanation of pet stores will be given in a later chapter. Prairie dogs are keystone species. That is, many other species rely on them for food, and also use their homes. They are an important aspect of the ecosystem. The black-footed ferret has also undergone a catastrophic decline in population. Black-footed ferrets prey on prairie dogs. Furthermore, black-footed ferrets have a difficult time surviving away from prairie dog towns. Ferrets were once used on ships to kill off the rats. The prairies have lost many of its wolves, bison, grizzly bears, and prairie dogs. Grizzly bears once roamed an area about half the size of the continental United States. In the continental United States there were up to 100,000 grizzly bears! It almost sounds too terrible to be true. In Arizona, grizzly bears were gunned-down out of existence in the early 20th century. Because grizzly bears have a low reproductive rate humans will have to monitor grizzly bear populations. The native cultures respected grizzly bears. In contrast, grizzly bears now ‘claim’ only 2 percent of their previous habitats. Their population dropped to just over 1,000 individuals. Perceived as large predators competing with humans for food and eating livestock, they were gunned-down mercilessly. In an historical context, the mass slaughters took around a century to nearly eradicate the grizzly bears. Bears need to be free-roaming. The black bears of North America are still found in 42 states. They have fared much better than the larger and more powerful grizzly bear. Black bears have a slow reproduction rate and are affected by human encroachment. Bears are intelligent, powerful, fast, and can sometimes by cunning. They can react to circumstances with lightening speed, faster than a human can comprehend. Bears can dig large holes into the ground quickly, ‘mutilate’ or forcefully prey open a car door (downward-bending motion), climb trees (black bears), take down large prey with a single blow (grizzly bear, polar bear) and carry a carcass vast distances. Food and curiosity often bring bears close to human settlements or individuals. If a bear is hungry, it will search for food with much diligence, if necessary. People often get too close to bears, sometimes even petting them or trying to hand feed them. Bears are wild animals that are unpredictable. People should always be careful around bears. A human may inadvertently get too close to a nursing mother

  bear, or cross a hungry bear’s path. Bears that attack people or become a nuisance are chased down and then shot, or may be translocated. Property owners sometimes kill problem or trespassing bears. The Black Rhino is on the verge of extinction. This prehistoric looking animal once roamed large areas of eastern and southern Africa, reaching well into the Sudan in the north and Nigeria in the west. Rhinos are valued for their horns, which are made out of keratin. Poaching, deforestation, smorgasbord hunting, human expansion, and killing out of spite have been the major causes of this disaster. Ounce per ounce rhinos’ horns can be worth more than gold. Rhino horns are sold as items of traditional medicine in Asia and as handles for daggers in Yemen. Although the sales to Yemen have decreased, the threat of a rise is ever present. Neither the poachers nor the purchasers of rhino horns seem to care about conservation. Poachers can be extremely dangerous to law enforcement officers. Poachers may be armed with AK-47s and some will kill you where you stand, if you try to get in their way. Affected governments have begun to dehorn the Black Rhino and other rhino species to remove the monetary gain factor. All is not perfect through; some poachers are ordered to remove the stub; anything for a quick buck. Worse even yet, there have been cases of poachers killing hornless rhinos out of spite. Because black rhinos have poor vision, they are often sitting targets. Pictures of dead, dehorned rhinos describe the brutality and ruthlessness of this enterprise. On a more positive note, the Indian rhinos (one-horned) and the Southern white rhino of South Africa are presently faring better than the black rhino. With less than two hundred individuals left, the Indian Rhinos was on the verge of extinction. Presently, there are 2,500 individuals. Although poachers still operate in India, the authorities have done a decent job in thwarting many of them. Karizanga National Park (KNP), located in Assam, Eastern India, is home to Indian rhinos, tigers, leopards, elephants, tigers, birds, and other mammals. The rare Javan Rhinos, described as the one horned rhino, are located in Western Indonesia and Eastern Indochina. This animal is a few hairs away from extinction. KNP is a fine example of wildlife conservation. This kind of park should be carved out in many countries of the world; if the capacity exists. There were many thousands of southern white rhinos roaming South Africa and bordering countries. Although the natives

  hunted these magnificent creatures, their numbers were well above the ‘danger zone’. Shortly after European settlers arrived, the smorgasbord hunting campaign began. At the lowest, white rhinos dipped to a few dozen individuals. The Umfolozi Game Reserve (UGR) was established in 1897. It is the oldest game reserve in Africa. The southern white rhino, cheetah, lion, antelope, buffalo, wildebeest, black rhino (few in number), hyena, wild dog, and elephant inhabit the UGR. Tourism through the area helps to bring in badly needed monies for conservation and maintenance. ‘Non-invasive tourism’ better known as ecotourism is one of the methods used to increase funding for conservation. The southern white rhino population has risen to over 11,500 individuals thanks to hard-working rangers, and a government that has acted diligently. Southern white rhino reproductive capacity is so successful individuals are transferred to other reserves to inhibit overpopulation. International laws forbidding illegal transport or sale of animals or animal by-products should be enforced and respected by the international body of nations. In 1977, CITES ordered a ban on trade in rhino products, to no avail. Member nations must be diligent in their enforcement of bans. The world community must treat this problem like it treats the global trade in illegal drugs and illegal weapons. Although African elephants (up to 8 tons) have been hunted for centuries, from 1970 through the 1980's was a catastrophic period. A common and agreed upon estimate of the African elephant population before 1970 is 1,300,000. Within decades decimation dropped the number to a low of 600,000. Like the rhinos, an elephant’s tusks are the most valuable part of its entire body for a poacher. The major obliteration of African elephants began in 1979. The Government of Kenya has torched millions of dollars worth of tusks in its never-ending battle against ivory poaching. African elephants are flagship species (a species that symbolizes an environmental or wildlife conservation cause; usually an attractive species). The international ivory trade ban officially began in 1989. Tusks are really giant incisors. Tusk less elephants are referred to as makhnas; while tusked elephants are referred to as tuskers. Tribespersons of the Jharkhand in India have begun to worship Asian elephants for protection. Asian elephants (up to 6 tons) have also endured smorgasbord hunting. Comfortably high numbers of wildlife

  species can be sliced into populations if poachers, poisoning, smorgasbord hunting, habitat destruction, killing by angry farmers, and other anthropogenic (human caused) problems are not addressed and alleviated. Today, elephants live in congested parks, game reserves, sanctuaries, circuses, or zoos. Elephants in zoos must be observed for possible arthritis or foot problems. Most elephants live in herds. The herds consist of the dominant female (matriarch), young elephants, and a minority of bulls. Males may live in bachelor herds. Male bulls tend to become more aggressive as they age. This is why the matriarch must drive the aggressive male out of the herd. Musth is a yearly period where adult males have an incredible upsurge of testosterone levels. It is the time for breeding. Elephants in musth are extremely aggressive. Zoo keepers or anyone else in close proximity can be at risk of a deadly attack. Elephants in musk have been known to chase down rhinos and kill them mercilessly. Imagine what one of those elephants can do to an unarmed, unaware human. There are 3 elephant species, two in Africa and one in India. Elephants are herbivores and need much food to eat. In the wild elephants spend much time eating and migrating in search of food. During the hunting smorgasbord of elephants, larger tusked elephants were killed first so much that the average elephant tusk size today is smaller than in the past. In effect, the gene pool has been altered. If wildlife continues to lose habitat at the current pace, individuals and herds may one day be placed into ‘secured’, special congested zones; closed parameters. From the early 1970's, poachers began to use automatic weapons against elephants. Because elephants are very large targets they're difficult to miss. In fact, they are the ones with poor vision, not the shooters. In 1989, CITES listed the elephants in Appendix 1. Unfortunately, the poaching still goes on, but to a lesser extent. Several African nations and pro-hunting organizations want to down list the African elephant in order to return to a larger scale of ‘legal hunting’. We must be careful not to open up a giant can of worms. Hunting, if necessary, must be responsible. Elephant tusks are used in Asia, especially China, in traditional medicine. During the elephant catastrophe period, countless tusks or tusk by-products ended up in Europe and the United States.

  The African Elephant Conservation Act (AECA) of 1988 is supposed to help maintain, protect, and strengthen African elephant populations. African governments are given ‘funds’ to implement and improve elephant conservation strategies. The AECA act places major restrictions and quotas on ivory imports into the United States. African elephant trophies are y exempted from quotas. Conflicts between elephants and farmers pose a big problem. Elephant repulsion measures include electric fences, ditches, and pepper-oil bombs. The latter appear to be the most effective. Electric fencing has been neutralized by some smart elephants. Trees can be ‘toppled’ onto the fence or control box. Translocation (transfer) of elephants takes much work, coordination, and money. In addition, a suitable habitat target area must be found first. Elephants are so large they are always a keystone species in their natural habitat. They simply can’t be ignored by humans, animals, or plants. There is an elephant sanctuary in Hohenwald, Tennessee and the PAWS (Performing Animal Welfare Society) sanctuary in San Andreas, California. The latter is 2300 acres in size. The timber industry is destroying vast tracts of native peoples’ lands and wildlife habitats. When habitats are destroyed, many of the wildlife therein also perish. Although CITES can help prevent trade of these animals across international borders, often times if the poaching is done within a country. Other problems emanate from government corruption and an inability or unwillingness to enforce anti- poaching laws. Benevolent organizations are trying to combat the bush meat crisis. In 1999, Jane Goodall of the Jane Goodall Institute helped establish the Bush meat Crisis Task Force (BCTF). The BCT was formed with the collaboration of twenty eight government and non-government agencies. The BCTF promotes the conservation of wildlife populations that are threatened by commercial hunting for the sale of meat. In addition, the BCTF raises awareness of this issue to many organizations and peoples around the world. The BCTF is one of numerous benevolent organizations helping to protect wildlife. Jane Goodall is a well-respected, world famous primatologist, zoologist, author, and advocate for animals around the world; in particular, chimpanzees. The Great Apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orang- utans) are genetically our closest relatives. Chimpanzees and bonobos share nearly 90 percent of our genetic code. Great apes are intelligent, are tool users, display a variety of emotions and in the case of chimpanzees have been known to wage war and commit calculated acts of killing. Some

  experts refer to these acts as murder. In addition, great apes have opposable thumbs, tail-less, have large braincases, and stereoscopic vision (binocular vision). Gorillas have 3- dimensional color vision. Gorillas are knuckle walkers (use their knuckles as forelegs). There are two main species of gorillas; eastern gorillas and western gorillas. In addition, sexual dimorphism is well-pronounced in gorillas. Great apes are able bipedals, but for very brief periods. It is not their natural gait. Orang-utans look the clumsiest and wobbliest of all apes when walking on two legs. Orang-utans spend much of their time on trees. Eating the ‘flesh’ of great apes is almost abhorrent to most people around the world. Although chimpanzees ‘reside’ in twenty African countries, they are like all great apes; endangered. Chimpanzees are omnivores. They eat young antelopes, red collobus monkeys and other small animals. Chimpanzees are sophisticated hunters. When hunting in groups they chase a target animal in the direction of other chimpanzees. When they get a hold of a monkey they rip it apart limbs and all. In 1900, there were between 1 to 2 million chimpanzees. Today there are roughly one hundred thousand chimpanzees. The big cat family has endured excessive hunting campaigns and much habitat loss. Cheetahs, the fastest land mammals on earth, can run up to 65 mph. They have incredible streamlined bodies, with long legs suitable for sprinting short distances. Pronghorns are the fastest land mammals in North America reaching up to 50 mph. Unfortunately their speed wasn’t enough to enable them to evade smorgasbord hunting. They now number roughly one million in the United States and Canada. They once numbered in the millions. They were booted out of much of their primary range. Although cheetahs are big cats most of their catches are snatched away by other predators. Cheetahs aren't good fighters, and as sprinters they can't afford to be injured in a fight. Cheetahs weigh between 85-140 lbs., they're considered light for big cats. Cheetahs were once found in Africa and large areas of Asia. Changes in climate, destruction of habitat (cheetahs need large tracts of land to operate) and forfeit of prey to more belligerent predators, excessive inbreeding, and overhunting (trophy, hides, ranchers) have decimated cheetah populations. Inbreeding in the wild is a recurring problem. At the end of the 19th century the cheetah population may

  have been over 100,000 individuals. Presently, there are 12,000 individuals; scattered in sub-Saharan Africa, and in northern Iran, they're threatened with extinction. Cheetahs are protected in Namibia, are classified as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, and are categorized in Appendix 1 of CITES. The clearing of land was a catastrophe for the eastern cougar. Furthermore, ranchers considered these big cats vermin and livestock killers. Like the wolf, the eastern cougar was demonized. Bounties were offered for anyone killing an eastern cougar. Cougars in the mountain zone and Pacific zone were also ‘bountied’. Leopards are the most numerous and prevalent of the 36 wild cat species. Their pelts are worth much on the market. In addition, their ‘brethren’, the snow leopard are enduring habitat destruction, hunting for teeth, pelts, and bones. In addition, they are sometimes shot by farmers. ‘Executive poachers’ are cunning and sophisticated in their activities. Forgery, redirection, mislabelling, and bribery are used to transport illegal animals and their by-products through international borders. In general, customs officers throughout the world are primarily attuned to identifying and finding illegal weapons, drugs, and objects that can be used to commit attacks. Reformatting, dying, chopping up, or merging lawful with unlawful items is a trick of the trade. Customs officer usually don’t have the time or know-how to catch violators. Farming enabled the human population to grow rapidly. This resulted in the domestication of animals. Predators that tried to eat the domesticated animals were considered dangerous and a threat to the livelihood of ranchers. The story of the African continent is sad indeed. Only a few centuries ago large tracts of lands were swarming with wildlife and contained stunning habitats. The first Europeans who entered the interior of Africa were baffled at the beautiful sceneries and wildlife. Gigantic antelope herds carpeted large areas, lions were omnipresent in much of Africa, and numerous elephant herds included hundreds of individuals. Lions were once considered noble-like, while lionesses were once worshipped as goddesses. Prehistoric humans who lived in present day Spain and France drew accurate images of lions. Ancient men of power killed countless lions to prove their own strength, bravery, and virility. Nero, the cruel Roman Emperor, enjoyed staging fights between humans and lions. The fighters were usually prisoners

  that were moderately or unarmed. In Hinduism Narasingha is in the lion-god form. In addition, the ancient Egyptian sphinx is lion-headed. Lion kills by hunters were considered ‘valued trophies’. The lions were no match for the special hunting rifles and scopes. By 1000 C.E. the lion population in Europe had been eradicated. In the Gir Forest located in Gujarat, India, reside the sole remnant population of Asian lions. Lions have flexible spines, very muscular, powerful, and are digitigrades walkers (walk on their toes). Man eating lions are usually unable to catch normal prey animals, have dental problems, are medically sick, injured, expelled from their pride, elderly, lack of prey, habituation, or have taken an opportunity to kill an easy prey. Many lion cubs do not reach adulthood. The prehistoric American lions were 25 percent bigger than their counterparts in Africa. Lions in the wild and who are lucky may for up to eleven years. In zoos lions can live for up to twenty years. One of the first acts of elephant exterminations took place in the south-western Cape in the early 1700's. Professional hunters shot whatever they wanted to. Wildlife was of no match to the firearms. Eventually, habitats were destroyed and numerous wildlife species became extinct, endangered, threatened, or vulnerable. The African continent has endured slavery, colonialism, and ‘illogical borders’ drawn for the sake of ‘others’ at the expense of the native populations. A case in point is the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, activated by Portugal and advanced by German Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck. Government officials from fourteen western nations met in Berlin on November 14, 1884 for the purpose of carving-up the African continent. The major players in the Berlin Conference were Great Britain, France, Germany, and Portugal. By the First World War, the process had been complete. The cultural, territorial, and political aspirations of the indigenous peoples were ignored; let alone the wildlife therein. The wildlife story of the Americas is like that of the African continent; decimation of indigenous cultures and peoples, multi-species decimation, habitat alteration or destruction, and in the case of Africa illogical borders. Of the original eight sub-species of tigers, three are extinct. What remain of the sub-species tigers are the Bengal, Indochinese, Sumatran, South China (dangerously low numbers), and the Siberian.

  The Bengal Tiger is the most renown, followed by the Siberian Tiger. These tiger sub-species are an awesome wonder, but they’re no match to an armed poacher. From the second half of the 20th century, there has been an onslaught against tigers; poaching, non-sustainable hunting, and habitat loss. South China Tigers may be extinct in the wild. Tigers are the largest members of the cat family. They have massive bodies, giant claws, incredible teeth, and powerful jaws. Tigers can take down prey larger than themselves. Tigers can live in a multitude of habitats; jungle, tropical, or extreme cold. Hope lies in the passing of the Great Cats and Rare Canids Act of 2009 (H.R. 411). Lions, known as the king of the jungle, are no match for humans armed with firearms. Males can reach 550 lbs., with an enormous quantity of muscle mass. Lions defend their prides from other lions and predators. Lionesses are the primary hunters while lions are defenders of the pride and fighters. Lions are not affected by lightning and thunder. This helps lions hunt prey that are confused. Only a few centuries ago lions were omnipresent in vast areas of Africa. Prides were practically everywhere. It is estimated that in the past sixty years lion populations have been cut in half. Keep in mind that smorgasbord hunters had already begun to devastate lion populations well before sixty years ago. Today, lions are challenged by sport hunting, canned hunting, poaching, habitat destruction, and poisoning by ranchers. Cheetah numbers in the wild are too low (15,000 or less) for healthy existence. Excessive breeding has caused deformities and genetic abnormalities. In zoos, cheetah breeding is difficult. Cheetah females are picky and they are solitary in the wild. Male cheetahs may hunt with family members or others. More knowledge about cheetah physiology and behaviour is needed in order to increase their populations in the wild. Cheetahs once roamed large tracts of the African plains and also Asia. The cougar is known by the names: mountain lion, puma, mountain devil, panther and wildcat. Cougars have been overhunted, trapped, tormented, and ‘bountied’ by humans. Although cougars are muscular (males weighing up to 200 lbs.), solitary, hunt alone (pounce on their prey), fast runners (short distance), scale trees, swim, and have well developed senses, they can't defend themselves against human expansion, habitat destruction, deadly firearms, or any other anthropogenic problem that is ‘shoved into their faces’. Cougar populations have been decimated in eastern North

  America caused by destruction of habitat, trapping, excessive hunting, and the reduction of white-tailed deer; an important food source. The Florida panther is an endangered species. Perhaps a few dozen remain in remote areas of south Florida. Having once roamed parts of Texas and the south eastern United States, they have been humiliated and almost wiped out. Iran has beautiful mountain scenery and wildlife. Foreign n sport hunters can hunt red sheep, ibex, or birds. In Iran, the practice of sport hunting began around 500 B.C. Trained dogs and cheetahs were used to chase down prey. Today, powerful weapons (automatic firearms are forbidden) are used to kill the target animals. There are more than 70 national parks in Iran, along with game reserves and animal sanctuaries scattered throughout the country.

 

ATTITUDES TOWARDS ANIMALS

Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904-1991) is a well-known name in the animal rights arena. I.B. Singer was born in a small village in Poland. His father was a Hassidic Rabbi. As a child, I.B. Singer was ‘emotionally struck’ by what he perceived as the horrible slaughter of animals to be eaten by people. I.B. Singer believed that killing was wrong. He had to endure the deaths of relatives during the Second World War. I.B. Singer eventually became a staunch vegetarian. As a general rule, he opposed hunting and vivisection. Henry Spira (June 19, 1927 - September 12, 1998) was born in Antwerp, Belgium. He became an animal protectionist. Spira was influenced by Peter Singer's book Animal Liberation (1973); a commonly read book in the animal protection field. Animal liberation rejuvenated the animal rights movement. Spira helped to convince Revlon and Avon to end their

  animal testing. He also convinced Procter & Gamble to invest into humane alternatives, thereby helping to reduce the numbers of research animals. The draize test has been used since 1944, primarily on rabbits. In this test, irritating substances are placed into the lower eyelid pouches of restrained rabbits; rabbits don't tear. Whenever possible, alternatives to the draize eye irritancy test should be performed. The FDA supports the draize test. Spira helped to end experimentation on cats at the American Museum of Natural History. Spira often worked with, rather than against institutions that used animals. Henry Bergh (1811-1888) was born in New York. He was probably the best animal welfare activist in the history of the United States. His father, Christian Bergh, was a successful New York shipyard owner. Christian Bergh learned his trade in Nova Scotia, Canada. Bergh married the woman of his dreams, Catherine Matilda Taylor. The couple travelled to Europe and the Middle East. In Europe the couple met many prominent individuals. This helped give Bergh a larger outlook on life, and important connections he would later need. It was during Bergh’s first trip to Europe that he took notice of acts of animal abuse. Bergh considered Spanish bullfights to be extremely cruel. Abraham Lincoln appointed Bergh to a respectable legal post at the Russian Court of the Czar Alexander. While in Russia, Bergh saw numerous acts of animal abuse. Sometimes he spoke his mind to the offender. Bergh only stayed in Russia for a year then returned to New York. In New York, Bergh began to take an active role in the prevention of animal abuse. He convinced the New York State Legislature to accept his charter to incorporate the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). Hard work and powerful connections helped him to incorporate the ASPCA on April 4, 1866. Bergh was also responsible for the establishment of a ‘Declaration of the Rights of Animals’. Powerful men signed this important document, including John T. Hoffman (Mayor of New York), Horace Greeley, Harper & Bros., John J. Astor, and of course Henry Bergh. This signing was an incredible feat considering the newly formed union had other major problems to contend with. In Bergh's day, dogs, cats, pigs, and cows, could be seen roaming the streets of New York.

  Horses were the most common and speediest form of city transportation. In fact horse powered transport was the taxi and the subway system of New York. Carriage and coach operators were usually cruel to their working horses. Carriages could be stuffed with dozens of people and pulled by two horses. Snow on the cobblestone streets would eat away the horses' hoofs. Sometimes, a hoof would just drop off. Cobblestones are uneven, causing pain to horses. Not to mention the weather extremes. That made no difference to the people making money from horse powered transport. Horses sometimes died of exhaustion, lack of rest, and inadequate diet. Dogs and cats were routinely brutally killed. For instance, unclaimed dogs could be dunked into the East River while they were inside a cage. Today, this kind of ‘clean-up’ is still done in Taiwan. Bergh also fought hard against the presence of swill dairies, blue meat (rotten meat from cows), horse racing, cock fighting, tail docking (horses), cruel horse reins, dog fighting, rat baiting, bull baiting (to a lesser extent), corruption, and an outright callous and apathetic attitude towards animal suffering. Many animal fights were performed at the Sportsmen's Hall, or in the basements of buildings or saloons. The brutality of these fights was incredible. Animal fighting will be described in more detail later in this book. Bergh's ideas pertaining to animal welfare spread westwards. He even tried to halt the bison extermination campaign. Although he couldn't end it, he should be given credit and respect for his serious effort. Henry Bergh had to endure anxiety and stress while promoting animal welfare and defending animals in the line of duty. He was often threatened and ridiculed by both animal abusers and passerby. One man sent him a death threat indicating the time and day of Bergh's killing. Entrails of animals, harmful objects, and feces were thrown at him on more than one occasion. Bergh performed long and tiring foot patrols scanning the city for dog fights, overworking of horses, stray cats and dogs, drowning of dogs in the East River, or cruel animal slaughter. Rampant animal abuse and corruption in the courts and press made Bergh’s job more difficult and stressful. Bergh founded the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) in 1866, and later helped to form the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in 1874. The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) founded in 1824 was the first national animal society in the

  world. The key players in this society were well ahead of their time. By 1840, the SPCA had become widely known respected Queen Victoria permitted the addition of ‘Royal’ thereby making it the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). The title has not changed since then. The society ‘inspectors’ were like officers on-the-beat. In fact, the official police force came into being later in time. Today, there are thousands of animal rights and animal welfare organizations throughout the world. Many of these organizations have websites, making it much easier to acquire important information pertaining to animal activism. The organization ‘People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)’ is the largest animal rights organization in the world. PETA was established in 1980, by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco. Active members donate monies, do volunteer work for PETA, respond to action alerts, or help in specific campaigns. PETA concentrates most of its attention and activism on factory farms, animal laboratories, the clothing industry, and entertainment industry. PETA's website has regular updates and addendums pertaining to animal news and activism, found in the ‘action alerts’ section. Visible addendums are usually done on weekdays. PETA campaigns involve long-term issues. Although PETA falls under the category of animal rights, many of their action alerts, campaigns, and lots of literature is also suited for animal welfare activists. PETA sends individuals to do undercover work, and has received documentation of what they perceive (animal rights perspective) of animal abuse in laboratories, factory farms, and other establishments. The Animal Liberation Front (ALF.) was formed in Great Britain. This ‘anonymous member organization’ consists of cells of one or more persons. ALF members truly believe in animal liberation. ALF has done immense property damage to biomedical research facilities, snatched countless animals from some of these labs, and have removed many animals from fur farms. The massive economic damage inflicted upon biomedical research facilities has forced the industry to upgrade its security systems and in some cases alter the physical arrangements of the premises. Worse yet, scientists and researchers have been ruthlessly harassed, intimidated, threatened, and demonized. ALF guidelines in general include the following:

  ALF seeks to liberate animals from laboratories, factory farms, fur farms, and any other place/s they perceive animals as being abused or wrongly used. Afterwards, their intent is to place the animals in good homes where they can live normal/natural lives (easier said than done). ALF seeks to inflict economic damage upon institutions that profit from the ‘abuse’ or ‘exploitation’ of animals. ALF further seeks to expose the actions of animal abusing enterprises through pictures, videos, downloads, paperwork, etc.). ALF performs these actions with the intent to avoid harming any animal or human. Any group of individuals who are vegetarians or vegans and who carry out action according to ALF guidelines are part of the ALF. The ALF is a clandestine group consisting of pockets of individuals scattered without one specific overall leader. The ALF are in a micro-minority of the overall animal protectionist movement. As a result of improved security systems in animal biomedical facilities, so-called liberations have become more difficult. Biomedical organizations and facilities that experiment on animals have spent a fortune in improving security. Some facilities almost resemble military bases. The Animal Rights Militia (ARM), which was first formed in England, uses more direct and intense methods of action than the ALF. For instance, in 1984, the A.R.M. notified the media that a designated number of Mars Bars (in England) had been poisoned. In response, the Mars Company conducted a massive recall. Although the ARM. Later admitted that the notification was a hoax, huge monetary losses were caused by the scare. Although ARM's tactics were effective they were inherently wrong. In 1992, a similar action was conducted by the ARM, this time in Canada. Their target was the Cold Buster (candy bars) Company. Recalls lost the company over one million dollars! The Justice Department (JD, not part of a government body) another animal liberation organization, supports the methods used by ALF, but goes much further in their quest for animal liberation. JD members' basic philosophy is to make the animal abuser feel what their victims (animals) feel. The legality or illegality of an act is somewhat irrelevant in their choice of actions. For example, the JD has sent letter bombs, and letters coated with rat poison to specific target individuals. Individuals are usually scientists who perform animal experiments. At the other end of the scale is Rene Descartes (1596-

  1650), a philosopher who had strong views pertaining to animals. Descartes perceived animals are automata, machine-like creatures that could neither rationalize nor think. Therefore they are unable to ‘think’ about feeling pain as humans do. Descartes conducted horrible experiments on animals. Descartes believed that the shrieks and screams of subject animals were mechanical in nature. Descartes explained the human body by using a ‘hydraulic model’. Humans are similar to machines, but possess souls. Descartes was a man of his times. In this respect, the author is under the assumption that Descartes wasn't a cruel or sadistic person. He just didn't know any better. Today, we have access to more accurate and up-to-date literature regarding the behaviour, kinesiology, physiology, and anatomy of animals. Primate literature, especially that relating to great apes got a big boost from the hard work and diligence of numerous scientists; one of the most notable is Dr. Jane Goodall. Dr. Goodall is most likely the most famous expert on chimpanzee behaviour and culture. She was appointed UN Messenger of Peace. As of recently Dr. Goodall still had the chimpanzee toy her that her mother gave her as a child. Dr. Goodall (1934- ) has been studying, documenting, lecturing, and writing about chimpanzees since 1960. At the Gombe National Park, in Tanzania, Dr. Goodall spent many years observing, following, and documenting valuable information about chimpanzees. Dr. Goodall was brought into the field by the famed Dr. Louis Leakey. Dr. Goodall gave each chimpanzee a name. This is in an era apes were regarded as wild and ruthless creatures. The scientific community in general did not give personal names to individual subjects. Prior to the 1960's the bulk of ethologists were men. Ethologists could be assisted by men, or their wives. In particular, the case of Dr. Goodall; it was perceived as ‘un- woman-like’ for a young, beautiful woman to travel from England to the forests of Tanzania to work alone for an extended period of time. Dr. Goodall earned a Ph.D. in Ethology from Cambridge University. Dr. Goodall did not obtain an undergraduate degree. Dr. Goodall observed chimpanzees kissing, holding hands, eating flesh (chimpanzees were previously thought to have been herbivores), fighting, tool use, fishing (fish, termites), cannibalism, climbing, tool making, mourning, embracing, loving, calculated killing (murder), cannibalism, disease, and engaging

  in low-grade war. In 1972, 6 males and 3 females from the Kasakela group broke off to form a new group, named the Kahama group. Maybe in an act of vengeance or control, members of the Kasakela group attacked and ‘massacred’ of the Kahama group. Dr. Goodall sometimes aided sick chimpanzees by giving them medicine, and food if necessary. The scientific community, in general, does not condone ‘intrusions’ into the natural order of a studied animal community. The ‘stay clear’ policy was sometimes so ingrained, witnessing animals dying of disease, starvation, or sickness, was not alleviated by observers. Dr. Goodall also observed chimpanzees ‘fishing’ for termites in a termite mound. Chimpanzees used a grass stem, stick it in the termite mound, and then pull it out. Thereafter, it was fun licking for the most part. Chimpanzees removed the leaves from twigs before using them. Also observed were moods and varying facial expressions. Chimpanzees have temperaments. David Greybeard was the first chimpanzee who approached and ‘befriended’ Dr. Goodall. Patience, diligence, and good observational work proved very helpful to Dr. Goodall. Today Dr. Goodall does work and much lecturing in regards to habitat conservation, environmental protection, animal protection, and research. Dr. Goodall's Roots & Shoots program helps to enable and encourage youngsters to improve their communities through involvement through the promotion of care for animals, the environment, and other humans Today, the field of Primatology is ‘statistically’ dominated by women. Up to eighty percent of doctoral students in Primatology are women. Up to two thirds of individuals in field work are women. Dr. Louis Leakey believed that women were better equipped and more likely to stay for the long haul when studying primates in their natural habitat. There are over 230 species of primates. The great apes and lesser apes are only a fraction of the total number; four great apes species and one lesser ape species. All of the ape species should be protected. Leakey's girls (Goodall, Fossey, and Galdikas) were the ‘cream of the crop’ of 20 th century Primatology. Although Fossey was killed in 1985, much of her literature is still being used today. Dr. Galdikas is the world's foremost authority on orang- utans. She has spent over three decades studying orang-utans in Borneo.

  Dr. Galdikas has spent countless hours of studying orang-utans through field work observation, documentation, and enduring tough life in a rainforest half way around the world. Tanjung Puting forest contains poisonous plants, mosquitoes, swampy waters, leaches, general deprivation of modern day amenities, and of course, orang-utans. Because orang-utans are solitary by nature Dr. Galdikas had to learn patience. Dr. Galdikas has observed orang-utans eating, defecating, urinating, fighting, resting, and mating. Orang-utans have been known to attack and then rape women, especially while the victim is menstruating. As with all other animals, field workers should never forget that their subjects are animals. Adult primates are immeasurably stronger than a human. An adult orang-utan can easily kill a man or a woman. Dr. Galdikas is of Lithuanian origin. She was born in 1946, in Weisbaden, Germany. At the time, her parents were on route to Canada. Like Dr. Goodall, Dr. Galdikas loved animals as a child. However, of the three Leakey girls, Dr. Galdikas was the only one that was trained as a scientist. Dr. Galdikas has held the position of Professor at Simon Frasier University, and as Professor at the Universitas Nasional in Jakarta. Orang-utans, like other primate species face real dangers from humans. Poaching human encroachment and habitat destruction are serious problems. Dr. Galdikas is President and founder of the Orang-utan Foundation International (OFI). OFI is a non-profit organization that educates the world about orang-utans and their plight. OFI also returns former captive orang-utans back to the wild. Dian Fossey is the world’s most famed scientist when it comes to the study of gorillas. Although she was savagely killed in her sleep in 1985, her legacy continues. The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International still stands. In addition, in 1967 she founded the Karisoke Research Center located in an isolated mountain camp in Ruhengeri province, Rwanda. Fossey spent 18 years of her life studying, researching, observing, and recording the behaviours of mountain gorillas. She along with Jane Goodall and Birute’ Galdikas are the 3 most prominent primatologists of the 20 th century. Fossey learned how to behave near gorillas. Although it took a while for them to be desensitized to her presence, patience, diligence, hard work (much mountain climbing), and sacrifice in a harsh and deprived atmosphere (Virunga Mountains,

  Rwanda) finally paid off. Fossey was a chain smoker, a ‘known drinker’, and suffered from chronic asthma. People around gorillas should not run about, speak loudly, make sudden or unexpected quick motions, no sustained eye contact, no chest pounding, no creeping up, and to stay a safe distance away for your own safety and that of the gorillas. Gorillas can contract many of our diseases. They have no immunity to many of those diseases. A person with the flu or a common cold can end up wreaking havoc upon a gorilla troop. Although gorillas are powerfully built, they are absolutely no match to an armed poacher. Gorillas have a right to be apprehensive of humans. Countless of them have been hunted, trapped, and massacred. Gorillas have also been eaten. Gorilla hands are used as ashtrays and heads are used for taxidermy purposes. Lowland gorillas are the most common species seen in zoos. In addition, they love bamboo shoots. Gorilla watching tours in Rwanda began in the 1980’s. These tours bring in revenues that create jobs, bring to light the importance of gorilla conservation, and help to fund conservation. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) was established in 1948. The IUCN is the world’s longest standing and ‘grandest’ global environmental network. The IUCN contains over one thousand government and NGO member organizations. Membership is democratic in nature. The IUCN is very beneficial to humans, wildlife, and nature. This is truly a benevolent organization. The IUCN Red List of threatened species is well-known and highly respected throughout the world. Valuable and comprehensive information pertaining to the status of both plant and animal species can be obtained on their site. The Humane Methods Slaughter Act of 1958 (U.S. Federal), was intended to protect livestock during slaughter. The Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876 (U.K.) was designed to set limits on and to establish a licensing system for animal experimentation. In effect the act was intended to professionalize and better control the field of animal experimentation.

 

CANIDS & FELINES

There are hundreds of millions of dogs on this planet; by far outnumbering all of their canid relatives including foxes, wolves, coyotes, and jackals. There are presently more than four hundred recognized/known breeds of dogs. More breeds are discovered and added. There are over one hundred recognized pure breeds in the United States. Labrador retrievers have helped hunters immensely. Labs are fast runners, strong, good swimmers, medium-sized, and have a generally friendly temperament towards humans. Labs have also been used in warfare as swimmers and canid paratroopers. In addition, Labs are genetically inclined to retrieve. They can also be trained to guide the blind and sick. Mind you, Labs need much attention and love from their owners. ‘Sound dogs’ are trained to aid the deaf. Dogs have aided humanity enormously.

  Great Danes are known as ‘gentle giant dogs’. Great Danes aided hunters. These dogs carry a ‘blind’ or ‘deaf’ gene. The Assyrians used close relatives of the Great Danes for hunting and warfare. The ancestors of the Great Danes were boarhounds; they had a more aggressive temperament. Celebrities who’ve owned a Great Dane are Side Caesar, Michael Douglass, Greg Louganis (former Olympic diver), and Olivia Newton-John. Great Danes are also known for their loose and slobbery lips. If you’re close to one and it shakes its head, you’ll be sprayed with saliva. Otherwise, this dog is generally friendly. Karelian bear dogs are incredible hunters with much tenacity and heroism. Karelian dogs can spook a bear or even try to fight it. They are powerful, intelligent, and well-built. Perhaps the most respected dog breed is the German shepherd. The German shepherd is powerful, loyal, fast, and is the most versatile (companion, guard, military service, law enforcement, search and rescue, showmanship, and acting), of dog breeds. German shepherd dogs are respected in K-9 Units and in the Secret Service, RCMP (112 dog teams in Canada), and other law agencies abroad. The ‘standardization’ of the German shepherd breed began in the late 1880’s in Germany by Captain Max von Stephanitz. Mastiffs originated in Asia, were used in war (sometimes to attack and kill prisoners) and used in blood sports (still used to this day). The Mastiff is large, very powerful, and is known to be stoic, especially in the dog fighting industry. The Molussus, an ancestor of the modern day Mastiff, was an extremely aggressive dog. A properly bred Mastiff with the right genetic makeup usually results in a good companion animal. The American Kennel Club officially recognized the Mastiff breed in 1885. The American Kennel Club recognizes the following categories of dogs:

1. Herding Dogs 2. Hounds 3. Non-Sporting 4. Terriers 5. Toy Dogs 6. Working Dogs

Dalmatians have been used for hunting, carriage dogs, fire departments, mascots, and companion animals. The Pekingese and Shitzu were referred to as ‘lion dogs’ by

  ancient Chinese people. In ancient China, the Pekingese was bred to resemble a miniature lion, and was housed in large palaces. Pekingese were thought to protect their owners from evil. No wonder, theft of one of these dogs from a palace resulted in a serious penalty. The Pekingese dog has legs that are disproportionate to the head and torso. The Chihuahua is symmetrical but tiny. Rescue dogs are used after explosions, natural disasters, major wrecks, avalanches, floods, or any situation where humans or animals are hidden. There are also special ‘cadaver rescue dogs’. These dogs are trained to scent out rotten flesh. Hard-working rescue dogs are heroes in the truest sense. They can’t comprehend ‘heroism’ as we can, but they enjoy helping their master. Rescue dogs must have the following characteristics: strong, energetic, intelligent, good temperament, trainable (two years of intense training, including obstacle training), in top shape, obey commands, and be desensitized to new surroundings or stimuli. Trailing dogs sniff objects and scents. They keep their noses close to the ground. Air scenting dogs, however, sniff the air. Specially trained dogs are used by law enforcement agencies to sniff out bombs (also includes UN mine sweeping dogs), narcotics and in arson investigations. Saint Bernard dogs are primarily used for snow-bound rescues. These dogs were first used in the Swiss Alps. Although German shepherds and Newfoundland dogs may also be used in snow bound rescues, the Saint Bernard dogs are the primary experts. Newfoundland dogs are also used for water bound rescues. They have webbed toes, double coat of four, and are good swimmers. Special puppies are selected to be raised and trained as rescue dogs. The end result is a brave, obedient, versatile, easy to handle, and athletic dog. Keep in mind that dogs have been serving humans for thousands of years. Not to mention their use as companion animals. Although dog breed varieties are mind-boggling, breeders and fanciers should try to breed out genetic and physical abnormalities. In addition, tail docking and ear cropping should only be performed out of medical necessity. Dogs’ ancestors, who were wolves, tagged along and eventually crept towards human settlements. Throwaway food items and in the case of individual wolves that had the tenacity to approach humans was a precursor to a long relationship between humans and dogs. The process of

  ‘doggification’ of wolves began thousands of years ago. The ten thousand years estimate is old an outdated. Furthermore, the ‘doggification’ process began much earlier in human history. Dogs’ ancestors helped to warn humans of impending danger from predators and intruders. Puppies from dogs’ ancestors were raised and those that grew up to be human-friendly were used. Humans began a process of breeding. The 19 th century saw an incredible expansion and intensification of variable breeding of dogs. In ancient Egypt dogs were considered members of the family. A dog’s death was a tragic event. Ancient Egyptian militaries would sometimes unleash specially trained attack/killer dogs upon their enemies. In ancient Greece and Rome dog meat was considered a delicacy. They could also be put to work in kitchens to pump water. Dog meat is eaten in Korea and China, and to a lesser extent the Philippines. The Taiwanese Parliament passed a law prohibiting the consumption of dog or cat meat and the sales of their fur. The USDA uses Jack Parson Terriers to detect brown tree snakes hidden inside cargo in the territory of Guam. Fisheries and Oceans Canada also uses dogs. Servus, a Belgian Malimois and World Trade Center dog, fell twenty feet, face first into a glass, sharp-jagged rebar, and other dangerous rubble. The Suffolk County SPCA treated sick and injured dogs that worked the World Trade Center as a result of the attacks. In the First World War the Russian Military used between seventy and eighty thousand dogs. Thousands of these dogs died during the war. After the Second World War and Vietnam War many war dogs were dumped by the U.S. Military. Finding proper homes for them, veterinary care, and shipping them back to stateside would’ve been an enormous job, indeed. There were roughly three hundred and fifty rescue dogs from around the world that were put to work in the World Trade Center. Sergeant Stubby was one of the most highly decorated war dogs in recorded history. Stubby was attained the rank of sergeant in the United States Military. War dogs, like guide dogs must be trained to filter out most stimuli. During the Second World War the favourite dog breeds of the U.S. Military were German shepherds and Doberman pinschers. At bit ironic, don’t you think? Queen Elizabeth 1 loved animal blood sports. Christopher Columbus used attack dogs against the natives. These dogs ripped

  apart many human beings. Robert E. Perry, the first human to reach the North Pole (1909), was accompanied by twenty three men and one hundred and thirty three dogs. Roald Amundsen was accompanied by ninety two dogs for his Antarctic expedition (1910-1912). Agility training, Schutzhund, and the Iditarod (over 1,150 miles of sledding), are for the cream of the crop of athletically inclined dogs. Regarding the Iditarod race it is performed in Alaska in extreme cold. The raising, training, feeding, housing, and racing of any dog in this brutal race must ensure optimum animal welfare standards. There have been cases of dogs dying of heart attacks, of exhaustion, trauma, and also neglect in housing. Dogs have been photographed chained or placed into tiny, filthy pens. Mushers and sled dog owners must treat their dogs humanely. In which case, many do. Many of the sled dogs are anxious to run. It is in their genetic makeup to run in the cold. Mind you, the time, distance, terrain, and speed of the race are under the control of the human mushers. Furthermore, if one of the dogs is suddenly injured or cannot run during a sled dog race or any kind of a run serious injury or death is possible. Alaskan malamute and Siberian husky dogs are better adapted to run the Iditarod than other dog breeds. Greenland uses over twenty thousand sled dogs. Many of these dogs are chained up outdoors, when not in use. The lack of sufficient food and water for the sled dogs makes this issue a serious eyebrow raiser. Greenland has few animal protection laws and they’re generally not enforced. 1925, Balto, a Siberian husky, was the lead dog in an emergency sled dog delivery of serum to for diphtheria. A possible diphtheria epidemic in Nome, Alaska as a result of hard, strenuous work by Gunnar Kaasen , Leonhard Seppala , and sled dogs led by Balto. People around the world are fascinated with animals. In order to begin a career with animals an individual can do volunteer work, academic studies, internship, residency, or just go and apply. Depending on the institution, requirements vary considerably. Working with animals includes some possible dangers; bites, scratches or other attacks, zoonotic diseases, or allergies. Many of the entry-level jobs in the animal field are low- paying. A degree from an accredited college or university will help open doors for the applicant, and the pay level will usually increase corresponding with the degree level. Veterinarians are the M.D.’s of the animal employment sector. When searching for a dog breeder make certain that the

  facility is clean, dogs appear healthy, non-caged, no multi- breeds, notice the dog to worker ratio; behaviour of the dogs, the breeder, and the other workers (if applicable), and you should have a right to bring along a veterinarian of your choosing. Finally, try to get good referrals or recommendations from trusted family members, friends, your veterinarian, or former customers. Animal shelters in the United States are forced to ‘put down’ eight million dogs and cats every year; too many births, not enough spaying and neutering, irresponsible breeding and irresponsible ownership. Puppy mills are horrible places for dogs that are to be sold or are used as ‘breeding machines’ (breeding dogs, or breeding bitches). Puppy mill breeding machines are often the dogs that suffer the most and for the longest period in puppy mills. Many puppy mills place their dogs in tiny, filthy, and barren cages that can contain urine, pasted and logged feces, maggots, insects, blood, puss, and fresh or dry vomit. Puppy mill dogs suffer from mental and physical ailments. Veterinary care is the exception, not the rule. The object is to sell, sell, and sell at the cheapest possible price. Puppy mills frequently sell their dogs to pet stores. As a general rule, dogs should be purchased from a local shelter. Depending on the jurisdiction, shelter dogs are probably on death row. They must be sold, or they are killed. How, it depends on the shelter and the laws of the area. Euthanasia (lethal injection) is the fastest and most humane method of killing a shelter dog. Unfortunately, shelters all around the United States are overcrowded, with not enough staff and too much work. Not to mention the low pay and the lack of understanding and compassion by the public. Depending on the jurisdiction a shelter may use lethal injection, gas canister (gas chamber; a horror to the cramped animals and the ones in line that can hear their brethren suffering), or a lethal injection into the heart of a fully conscious animal. People breed dogs then casually dump them in a shelter or on the street when they realize that they cannot handle the hard work, love, and dedication needed to care for a bitch and her puppies. Even adult male dogs are tossed. The dog may be incorrigible, too aggressive, or the owners don’t know how to properly care or train him. If you purchase a dog from a shelter you may be helping to save its life and you will be helping the shelter and its staff. Please DO NOT BREED DOGS OR CATS unless you are a licensed breeder and you know what you are doing.

  Surplus animals have to go somewhere, or they may be killed. Depending on the jurisdiction an animal shelter may practice pound seizure (sending of unclaimed or tossed dogs and cats to biomedical labs). Pound seizure opens up the door to corruption. Lost animals can be sold to biomedical labs before the deadline. When purchasing a dog from an animal shelter open your hearts to multi-breed dogs. Most patron want a pure bred. No kill animal shelters are good in theory but can easily become devastatingly overcrowded. Adoption rates almost never equal the housing rates. Animal shelters are dumping grounds for former fighting dogs. Jersey City, New Jersey recently experienced a dramatic rise in fighting dog dumping (pure breed pit bulls, mixed breed pit bulls) into its shelters. These aggressive dogs have been bred to be extremely aggressive, mean, and to not fear anything. These dogs already have the genetic components to fight. Thug breeders don’t care about the dogs’ physical or mental well-being. They want to sell and make money. The breeding of overly aggressive dogs has been going on for thousands of years. The primary purposes were for war, guarding, pitting against prisoners, bull or bear baiting, fighting lions, dog fighting, prestige (criminals, drug dealers), etc. Fighting dogs were used in Roman coliseums. Dog fighting promoters, dog fighter breeders, and anyone else who supports this horrific industry must face stiff penalties. In dog fights at least one of the dogs is seriously wounded, dies, or is killed as a result of incredible wounds. The winner of any dog fight is on borrowed time, unless his owner retires him on the spot. The dog fighting organization is crime infested. Drugs, alcohol, weapons, ex-cons, illegal gambling, and a general atmosphere of toughness prevail. Youngsters or even children who attend these matches learn that this kind of behaviour (brutal blood sports, criminal activity and cruelty to animals) is acceptable. Dog fighting occurs in other parts of the world too. In Afghanistan ‘fight day’ is on Friday morning before the weekly congregational prayer. How hypocritical. In Pakistan there is ‘GITT KOOTAH’, better known as bear baiting. Mind you, this is not the bear baiting of canned hunters. This kind of baiting was originally ‘imported’ into

  Pakistan (the countryside) by the British. It is a horrible fight! The combatants are a defanged/declawed bear that is leashed to a pole or inanimate object. Two specially trained fighting dogs are leashed upon the bear. This is a horrifically bloody and gruesome sport. The bear may be forced to fight over and over again. Naturally, there’s wagering on these fights. In addition, corruption reaches high levels. It’s obvious that the promoters are siding with the dogs. The World Society for the Protection of Animals, other animal protection organizations, many petitioners, brave and hard working Pakistani government workers have combated this menace. Because bear baiting occurs in the countryside corruption and difficulty in enforcement pose continuous problems. Furthermore, a nation that is facing instability and bombings on a regular basis has other big priorities. Fight promoters and participants in animal blood fights are losers; pure and simple. No human being of sound mind and who has empathy in his/her heart would ever stage a brutal animal blood sport. Fighting dogs of the American pit bull terriers are stocky, tough, fearless, and are ‘sustained biters’. Dog fighting trainers need a strong, tough, preferably medium sized or large breed of fighting dogs. The American pit bull terriers are ‘sustained biters’. Meaning ‘they’ can bite and hold on and not pull away until the referee or their owner pulls them away. There are countless tough dog breeds but the most notable is the American pit bull terrier (APBT). The fighting version of the APBT powerfully built, fearless, relentless, knows no fear, and is an incredible sustained biter. Today, ‘moulding’ a good fighting dog involves incredible training, often times beyond exhaustion. Dogs ‘in training’ endure forced runs on moving treadmills, tree-dogging, excessive caging, scaling trees to snatch blood pasted animals, being bitched out for making mistakes, little or no empathy, deprivation of food and killing weaker animals (rabbits, cats, dogs, etc.). Fighting dog owners care about the bottom line; MONEY, MONEY, AND MORE MONEY. They couldn’t care less about the dogs in their care. Fighting dog owners have been known to curse, kick, punch, shoot, or even burn alive their losing dog. Remember, there’s a good chance that the dogs’ owners are wagering on the fights. Countless companion animals are stolen every year to be used as bait for fighting dogs. The bigger and tougher dogs that

  are stolen may be moulded to become fighters. Dog fighting is common in Japan and in certain part of Russia. Other forms of animal fighting include horse fighting (Philippine Island of Mindanao, thousand are maimed or killed every year), bullfighting, cock fighting, and hog-dog rodeos (the Deep South). Animal hoarding is a big problem in the United States. In animal hoarding individuals ‘take in’ dozens or in some cases over two hundred animals (usually dogs, but cats are also victims) into their homes and properties. Rampant, unchecked births, lack of nutrition (hunger, starvation, thirst, emaciation, death) are ever present. In addition lack of emotional care to the animals, tiny, filthy cages, and sickness are ever present. Animal hoarders are for the most part mentally ill. Hoarders consider the animals in their care as children or dependants. The hoarder may or may not realize the true nature of his/her actions. Denial is common. Unlike sadists and cruel individuals, hoarders claim to love their animals and may show no outward signs of hostility towards them. Unfortunately, it is all too common for judges to return confiscated animals to the same hoarders. Hoarders should not be allowed to own animals, period! They are sick and unable to care for them. Animals under the care of humans must be fed, watered, cared for (veterinary medical care), and loved. Hoarding is extreme negligence and ignorance of the animals in a person’s care but without the ‘malice’ or ‘evil intent’. Hoarders are a danger to the animals in their care. Persons found guilty of hoarding must have the animals in their ‘care’ confiscated and never returned. It’s a terrible sight to see starvation, emaciation, sickness, mental anguish, and death on an animal hoarder’s premises. Feces, urine, blood, maggots, fleas, vomit, horrible stench, and desperation engulf the air. Animals may be trapped inside tiny, filthy cages, chained to a tree, an inanimate object, or locked up inside a home or barn. Psychological or psychiatric counselling for hoarders, of possible, is recommended. Because these individuals are sick, there’s no telling what they’ll do after their animals are confiscated. In the United States there are over one thousand new cases of hoarding every single year. Unfortunately, the hoarding problem is probably much larger. An animal hoarder who lives out in the middle of nowhere is unlikely to be discovered; barring a miracle.

  Every continent contains wild dogs except Antarctica. Domesticated dogs come in all shapes, sizes, coats, ‘duties’ and personalities. Humans have moulded dogs more than any other species. Domestication of the dog began more than ten thousand years ago. All dogs are descended from wolves; coyotes, jackals, and foxes are relatives. However, the fox is the most distant. The gray wolf (also called the timber wolf) is the most numerous of all wolf species. In addition, the gray wolf is the largest of wolf species; or wild dogs for that matter. The gray wolf can weigh up to one hundred and seventy five pounds and can attain a height of three feet at the shoulder and six feet from one end to another. Historically, in the United States the gray wolves have been hunted, killed, trapped, poisoned, demonized, cursed, had bounties on their heads, and have been driven off of their habitats. By 1973, the gray wolf had been nearly obliterated from the continental United States except for Minnesota and Michigan. Today, people shoot and kill wolves that are in the ‘illegal place’ at the ‘wrong time’. The age-old story of the big bad wolf holds much weight in peoples’ attitudes. In 2003 Alaska began an aerial shooting campaign of wolves. It is important to understand both sides of this equation. Of course, wolves have endured tremendous suffering at the hands of humans. But you, as an intended learner and perhaps an activist, should read ‘their literature’ too. Why are they killing wolves? This kind of question pertains to other aspects of the animal use domain. Red wolf DNA is a combination of gray wolf and coyote. The latter two have been killed wholesale. The Mexican gray wolf (lobo) is visibly smaller than the gray wolf. The swift or kit fox is the fastest fox. Wolves, coyotes, foxes, and jackals have been killed in large numbers. Above all else, they are considered a threat to ranchers’ livestock. During the middle ages (in Europe) people commonly believed that wolves were ‘devils’ dressed in wolf clothing. Soon afterwards, wolves were exterminated from England and Ireland. There are only a few hundred Ethiopian wolves left. Problems include habitat loss, disease, and persecution. In addition, the maned wolf has to deal with habitat loss, disease, and hunting. In the American West bison, wolves, coyotes, prairie dogs, black footed ferrets, and grizzlies were considered vermin, and were duly exterminated. In Ancient Egypt many dogs were mummified. They were

  believed to be dual species gods (half human-half dog). Take a look at their carving of the Anubis (perceived God of the dead). The sculptured face is of a canid. In addition, many canine images were painted. There are no wolves in Australia. Even the fox and dingo (do not bark) was imported by humans. Dogs have been subjects of vivisection for biomedical, pharmaceutical, toxicity, tobacco, and burning tests. At the Third Military Medical University at Chongquing, China nearly ninety dogs were used in a series of ‘fire burning’ tests. In the napalm burning tests (thirty second duration) three dozen dogs were used. The dogs were killed after three days of ‘napalm burn living’. For the second experiment an additional seven dogs were used as control subjects (no burning). At the end of the experiment all of the dogs were killed and their organs were examined to test the effects of resuscitation fluid on internal organs of napalm victims. Other dogs were burned (third degree burns over half of their bodies) then underwent brain scanning. The third experiment involved twenty four multi-breed dogs (I don’t like to use the word ‘mongrel’ because it has negative connotations) were scalded in approximately forty percent of their bodies. Other militaries use animals in experimentation. Unfortunately, in dictatorial regimes much is hidden. Other nations cannot hide their experiments. One of the largest military experiments on animals occurred in Bikini Atoll. Tobacco experiments performed in Hazelton’s (now Covance) laboratories in Reston, Virginia involved ‘smoking Beagles’ in ‘sustained’ exposure to cigarette smoke ‘adorned’ with carbon monoxide. In the mid-twentieth century tobacco experiments conducted on Beagles included securely ‘fastening’ Beagles next to each other and fitting them with secure face masks. The gizmo used allowed the experimenters to replace one lit cigarette after another until the sequence for the particular experiment was finished. Later, other experiments relating to second-hand smoke were performed on Beagles. Vivisection or animal experimentation is a touchy subject. I hold a middle line view. Vivisection should only be done if there is some anticipated benefit for humans and/or animals. In addition, the all ‘humane alternatives’ must be studied first. And of course, animal welfare standards must be exercised

  regarding housing, food, water, cage sizes, and enrichment. Tobacco is now a known carcinogen. Experiments on animals will not solve the tobacco cancer problem. Education, and of course, non-smoking are the best choices. Dr. Ivan Pavlov ( 1849-1936) , the Russian physiologist performed experiments on dogs to better understand the connection between salivation and the digestive system. An important field of study (Classical Conditioning) in psychology was born as a result of Pavlov’s beneficial experiments. Dr. Pavlov received a Noble prize in 1904. In 1628 William Harvey proved that blood ‘proceeds’ through the circulatory system by vivisecting living animals. Many ‘research dogs’ are obtained through pound seizure, greyhound tracks, puppy mills, internet, ‘questionable sources’, through free to a good home ads, special breeding labs, or may be bred inside the facility. The vivisection industry uses labels like ‘number’, ‘subject’, object, or ‘research model’ when referring to the animals in their care. The vivisection controversy is the most emotionally charged of all animal uses; in particular for animals such as dogs, cats, and primates (especially great apes). Invasive procedures involving the head or eye cause much controversy. Procedures involving the strapping of the animals and using invasive procedures are perceived as cruel and inhumane by animal rights advocates. Graphic pictures or images, without the ‘scientific context’ cause incredible emotionality in untrained persons. Animal experiments have a purpose. The best method of understanding why a particular experiment is performed is to be knowledgeable. Read the literature of the institution and read the counter argument. Knowledge and objectivity are called for at all times. Animal testing has been used for research in tetanus, oral polio vaccines, rabies, anthrax, cardiac catheterization, insulin for diabetes, anti-coagulants, antibiotics, open heart surgery, organ transplants, lithium, AIDS and HIV, head injury, brain studies, whooping cough, arthritis, diphtheria, leprosy, rubella, measles, penicillin, measurement of blood pressure, pump-oxygenator, thyroxin, etc. Animal research is not perfect. There are ‘controls’ and ‘oversights’ in this field. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) which by U.S. federal law is required to be installed by establishments that make use of laboratory animals in their research or educating purposes to supervise and to judge all aspects of the institution’s animal care and use program.

  The IACUC consists of at least five persons including a qualified veterinarian, a qualified scientist, a layperson (non- scientist), a person who has no link or relationship whatsoever with the institution except as being an IACUC member. The fifth person can fall into one or more of the aforementioned categories. The IACUC reserves the right to have more than five members. Large scale military ‘super bomb experiments’ are a terrifying phenomena. They are not for the good of human kind. The most notable experiment was the atomic bombing at bikini atoll (part of the Marshall Islands). For this horrible ‘experiment’ four thousand goats, pigs and rodents were used. In jurisdictions where pound seizure is practiced (legal) ‘authorized institutions’ can take animals from shelters and dog pounds for the purpose of vivisection. The USDA licenses Class A (animal breeders) and Class B (animal breeders, purchasers, and re-sellers of animals). Even puppies can be used in experiments. Beagles are the most ‘convenient’ breed of dogs used in experiments. Beagles have a mild temperament and are generally trusting of humans. The Department of Defense (DoD) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have used millions of animals as research subjects. The DoD does not have to comply with the provisions of the Animal Welfare Act. Throughout most of the world animal experiments are either attributed ‘secret’ or ‘top secret’. Military experiments on animals can include gun shots, stabbings, burnings, biological tests, chemical tests, atomic tests, nuclear tests, or trauma tests. Animals used include primates, cats, dogs, pigs, rodents, sheep, and rabbits. In non-military use up to ninety percent of animal subjects are rodents. Millions of animals are used for research every single year around the world. Rabbits are a favourite source for eye irritation tests because they do not tear. Cats are a favourite in brain tests. Animal testing is also done for HIV, AIDS, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome). The use of animals in the cosmetics industry includes eye irritation tests, soaps, skin irritation, and allergic reactions. Protests against this industry’s use of animals have made more headway than in others. This is likely because alternatives have been found and the ‘cosmetics industry’ has an overall appearance of being non-essential; not used for military, household cleaners, medicine, pharmaceutical, or psychology. Leopards are an endangered species. A true leopard belongs to one of the eight subspecies: Amur, Javan, Anatolian, South

  Arabian, North Chinese, Sri Lankan, and North Persian. Unfortunately, all of the major leopard subspecies are either endangered or critically endangered. The surviving leopards can be found in deserts, rainforests, savannas, mountains, and certainly ‘perched on trees’. Adult leopards are loners. In addition, meeting other leopards is primarily for copulation. They are territorial and mark their boundaries by urinated or clawing trees. Poaching of leopards is a very serious problem. Hunting, killing as vermin, habitat loss, and the ever-present leopard skin trade are big problems that should be tackled. Cats are natural hunters. They have remarkable vision, olfactory sense, balance, speed, reflexes, agility, and good climbing and leaping abilities. Cats in general do not have good endurance. Cats’ claws enable them to seize prey, attack opponents or enemies. Declawing a cat is quite painful and potentially dangerous. Declawing is really an amputation. In human perspective it would be like amputating the last digit on each of our fingers and thumb. Declawed cats cannot defend themselves, climb trees, properly walk and run, and will have to be kept indoors for life. An escape equals a death sentence. Problems may occur after surgery such as chipped bones, nerve problems, abnormal re-growth, haemorrhage, chronic pain and sensitivity, excessive biting and/or urinating, and a noticeable personality change. Claws are an ‘inherently’ natural part of a cat’s body and ‘personality’. This procedure will not remove a cat’s predatory instinct but will certainly frustrate it considerably. Cats were most likely used to protect food stocks from rodents. Ancient Egyptians loved cats. In fact, they were considered sacred beings. A cat’s tapetum lucidum which increases the quantity of light to the retina gives the eye the reflector, shiny look at night. The tigers of Sundarbans (beautiful forest; Bangladesh and India) is a gigantic mangrove forest that covers ten thousand square kilometres; in the Ganges Delta. There are roughly five hundred tigers in Sundarbans. They are responsible for up to three hundred human deaths a year. Most of the victims are villagers. Tigers are fast, quick, stealthy, powerful, beautiful, agile, and can be extremely deadly. Sundarbans tigers are well adapted to their environment; they are able to drink salt water.

  Tigers can eat up to eighty pounds of meat in one sitting and are solitary hunters. Jim Corbett a hunter shot a tiger that killed four hundred and thirty six people. The Captive Wildlife Safety Act (Effective September 17, 2007) makes it unlawful to ‘transport’ most big cat species across state lines or U.S. borders unless the transporter is exempt. This law came into being as a result of the American public’s fear of big cat owning neighbours.

 

CAPTIVITY & ENTERTAINMENT

Zoos also referred to as zoological gardens, zoological parks, or animal parks. Menageries and roadside zoos should be banned in all countries. The crowded, inhumane housing and treatment of menagerie animals is neither educational nor beneficial to any animal/s. Zoos were established in ancient Egypt, ancient China, and the lands of the Roman Empire. The ancient Greeks had zoos primarily for learning purposes; they were well ahead of their time. The Sumerians collected rare animals. In 1828, the Zoological Society of London founded the famed zoological garden (later known as the London Zoo) in Regents Park, London. Presently, the London Zoo includes some six hundred and fifty species of animals. Over one hundred of these species are threatened. Ideally, zoos are places where people can see animals in

  the flesh, where it would be impossible to do so by the vast majority of us. Animals from around the world, many from exotic places, are enjoyable to see. For children, this can be a good introduction to the study of animals later on in life. A good zoo is an interesting and fun place to visit. Seeing wildlife on television, in books, on the net, or in magazines or journals is good, but nothing beats real life viewing. Zoo animals must receive correct quantities and types of food, adequate water supply, enrichment activities (also toys if applicable), veterinary care, and no need to flee or be subjected to harassment by another animal or patrons. Seeing animals in real life is a good step in convincing the general public the importance of conservation. The Bronx Zoo, Denver Zoo, Lincoln Park Zoo, Smithsonian's National Zoo , Oregon Zoo, Indianapolis Zoo (The Indianapolis Prize), Columbus Zoo & Aquarium (Currently has over seventy wildlife conservation projects),and many other zoos. In addition, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums helps its accredited zoos to increase and improve their conservation strategies. Although some animal species find it hard to breed in captivity, most animal species can breed in zoos. This is a boost for animals that are endangered. These animal species need to be protected and isolated in order to reproduce. Re- introduction programs are the ultimate aim. Every animal that dies in an accredited zoo undergoes a necropsy (animal autopsy). There are many horrible zoos and roadside menageries around the world including the Belgrade Zoo, zoos in Romania, Kabul Zoo (animals have received terrible treatment including a hand grenade thrown at a lion named Marjan), Although there are many conservation-minded zoos, there’s still much more work to be done. Countless species are endangered, threatened, or vulnerable. Not to mention, the species that have become extinct as a result of humanity’s cold- blooded hands. Henry 111 kept a large collection of antelopes. Antelopes are jumpy by nature. Just under three thousand and five hundred years ago ancient Egyptians were able to see animals from far off places in ‘gardens’ brought back by soldiers. We owe Queen Hatshepsut for her genius in ordering this venture. Five hundred years later (1000 B.C.), Emperor Wen Wang ordered the formation of the first imperial zoo which was to be called ‘The Garden of Intelligence’. Although the animals in the garden were initially to be seen only by the royal family, Emperor Wang’s insight has helped in the overall formation of modern day zoos. Nothing comes instantaneously.

  Many zoos have evolved from archaic, bare, concrete enclosures, to simulations of natural habitats. In addition, good zoos can and do help in conservation of wildlife species. Mind you, there are still dilapidated zoos around the world. We must strive forward diligently to improve zoo conditions (for the animals therein), and to educate the public. An abbreviated list of zoo jobs includes: zoo director, assistant director, veterinarian, veterinary nurse, nutritionist, and the general curator, Head of finance, conservation biologist, custodian, maintenance, security, food service, merchandise sales, ticket booth attendant, parking lot attendants, tour guide, and visitor assistance workers. In zoos with aquariums additional jobs are available. Animal enclosures must be temperature regulated (if indoor), correct flight distance (for prey animals), correct habitat (natural or simulated), effective barrier, clean, free of diseased animals, correct architecture, resting place (if applicable), and play area (if applicable). Humans act as ‘surrogates’ to zoo animals. Human incubators are used in some zoos. Zoo nurseries must always be cleaned after each use. Veterinarian/s, medical care and an animal dietician/s are necessary for every zoo. Larger zoos need more of each. Animals are ‘cordoned’ or ‘restrained’ in a variety of enclosure shapes, sizes, and structures in (zoos, roadside menageries, mascots, and circuses), laboratories (biomedical, pharmaceutical, academic institutions), private collections, homes, enclosed yards, aquariums, pits, tree dogs, park, reserves, or game parks are the main areas. Totally free-roaming wildlife is good in theory but is becoming more and more difficult. ‘Wildlife borders’ and ‘parameters’ are drawn up by humans, not by animals. Even polar bears, who trek vast distances in the circumpolar region cannot escape the long arm of humanity. For many of us zoos are the closest places to see animals in the flesh. The menagerie of animals in zoos cannot be anywhere in the natural world. ‘Comprehensive zoos’ may contain a wide variety of animals, insects, and plants that you and I can see in person. The word ‘zoo’ is short for Zoological garden or zoological park. The age of European colonialism and vast exploration enabled the importation of countless animal species and individuals. European zoos were turned into animal exhibitions. In the beginning the upper class folks were the main patrons, but later on ordinary citizens were able to visit zoos. On a positive note, Przewalski’s horse breeding in zoos

  helped to stop this horse breed from becoming extinct. There are currently 1100 of these horses in zoos worldwide. Unfortunately, there were cases of indigenous peoples ‘incarcerated’ inside zoo cages with concrete floors and iron bars. Ota Benga, an African pygmy, was ‘displayed’ in the Bronx Zoo’s Monkey House. Thankfully, public outrage made this a short display. Aquariums or seaquariums can house marine mammals (performing or non-performing), fish species (may include sharks), turtles, reptiles, and manatees. Marine mammals should not be forced to perform unnatural acts; especially when the training involves deprivation of food or any kind of coercion. They should be placed there for our viewing, pleasure, education, and to awaken us to the importance of conservation. Seeing sea mammals, turtles, reptiles, and manatees up close can awaken patrons to the importance of these creatures and for their conservation. A portion of the proceeds can go to conservation projects. Although countless people every single day receive much happiness and pleasure from going to seaquariums and seeing the creatures therein, here is another aspect to the housing of marine mammals in tiny, enclosed aquariums. Most attendees are unaware of a few important facts. They should be known prior to your trip to the seaquarium.

1. Cetaceans (whales and dolphins) that are in open waters spend hours every single day swimming long distances (estimates go as high as one hundred miles).

2. Seaquariums are tiny, concrete enclosures.

3. Orcas live in pods (groups) of between a few individuals to a few dozen.

4. Cetaceans in open waters dive deep into the ocean in search of food and to swim underwater. In seaquariums the action and the ‘food-search-drive’ are obliterated.

5. Chlorine in seaquariums is both unnatural and can cause eye and skin problems for cetaceans. Furthermore, the water is unlike the waters they would spend their natural lives in.

6. Breaching out of the water is limited due to the tiny enclosure.  

7. Breeding problems often occur in seaquariums.

8. Cetaceans that are not performing tricks usually swim in circles (round and round) the tiny enclosure.

9. Cetacean sonar in seaquariums is compromised. Full use of sonar requires open waters.

10. Fecal matter and urine may be present in the water. There’s nowhere to swim away to.

In 1970, an orca named Lolita was captured while when she was five years old in Puget Sound (near Washington State). At the time, Lolita was swimming with her pod. Lolita has spent four decades in a tiny aquarium. She is presently in the Miami Seaquarium. The Canadian Federation of Humane Societies is firmly opposed to housing cetaceans and polar bears in captivity. Polar bears tread many miles a day in the circumpolar region in search of food and as a natural action for them. Elephants are social animals. They tread long distances every day and need to eat and drink incredible quantities to stay alive. Elephants in zoos should not be placed inside concrete winter enclosures, should be examined on a regular basis by a qualified individual, and should be fed well. Under no circumstances should an elephant in a zoo perform stereotyped action. Any zoo animal seen performing any stereotyped action is in need of help. Both polar bears and elephants are perhaps the most difficult animals to protect from mental and physical strain, including illnesses and stereotyped behaviours. Caring and qualified zoo workers are always needed for all animals. The Malaysian sun bear (sleepy bear) is not considered an exciting animal to view by zoo patrons. Elephants have been serving humans for thousands of years. Since they are the largest terrestrial animal on earth they can pull, carry, push, or lift heavy objects. Elephants are good swimmers, surprisingly fast runners, but can’t jump. Elephants have been used in wars, traction work, entertainment and entertainment. A cetacean that is released from a seaquarium must be healthy (physically and free of contagious diseases), able to feed itself, and must successfully enter a pod.

  In the 19 th century greyhound dogs were used to destroy or to ward off coyotes. Greyhounds have very good vision (sight hounds) and can run up to 40 mph. Thousands of greyhound racing dogs are killed or disposed of every year because they cannot make the grade or are genetically unsuitable to be professional race dogs. ‘Gambling monies’ (legal and illegal), state profits, the public’s ignorance of the hidden facts, and entertainment were big motive to keep this industry going. Incredible pressure from animal protectionist organizations, individuals, and a major dip in profits has weakened the greyhound industry. Greyhound race tracks have been in the U.S. since 1920. Greyhound dogs that can no longer race because they’re worn out or are injured must be disposed of; dumping (shelter, outdoors), sold to biomedical labs, starvation, killing by shooting or beating. The very lucky ones are adopted by a reputable agency. Unfortunately, adoption levels do not come close to the actual numbers that are disposed of. The Greyhound Association of America, a non-profit membership association that promotes responsible greyhound racing dog ownership and the best treatment possible. As in most other issues pertaining to animal use, there are two ‘extreme opposing viewpoints’. One supports the use of animals for that particular cause, while the other is adamantly against it. I’m sorry to say this but lying is something that is close to prevalent in the animal use field. I’ve seen enough outright contradictory statements and statistics from the pro-use and the anti-use camps. I prefer to take the animal welfare approach, if possible. Some animal uses are so cruel there is no welfare level. If all breeds of dogs and individuals, ‘slow pokes’ and ‘fast pokes’ were to run in ‘fun races’, without the ‘corporate competitive’ and ‘wagering filled’ environment, much of the suffering of racing dogs should be removed. In this kind of dog racing people will come to the tracks to see ‘fun’ and ‘funny races’. Toy dogs, giant dogs, fat dogs, and slim dogs can race together. The rodeo had its North American beginnings in the 18 th century by the Spanish. Today, the vaqueros or cowboys/cowgirls are the human participants in rodeo events. Events include bull riding (extremely dangerous), bareback riding, ladies’ barrel racing, steer wrestling, saddle bronco riding, and tie roping. The clown has a very dangerous job too. Although he/she looks and acts funny the animal that he steers

  away is extremely dangerous. The rodeo is a terrifying and unusual even for the animals involved. Bone fractures, bone breaks, internal injuries, maiming, and death can occur. In the ‘sport’ of horse tripping (usually in Mexican rodeos) the contestant’s job is to trip a horse, bull, or steer. Animals are injured, terrified, and can easily be maimed. Cock fighting is a cruel blood sport. A pair of specially- bred roosters square off in a tiny, enclosed ring or area. Naturally, there are many people surrounding them (spectators, wagers, onlookers). One rooster must kill or seriously maim the other for the ‘fight’ to end. Cockfighting is illegal in every state in the union. Unfortunately, this blood sport still occurs. The criminal element engulfs this sport. I pity any child who is taken to one of these fights by a ‘trusted’ and ‘loved’ adult. The cruel sport of horse fighting is 500 years old. It is still practiced in parts of Asia. Kicking, biting, intimidating, pushing, and head butting are common actions in this blood sport. The horses involved, usually both, but definitely the loser, is literally beaten to a pulp and massacred by his opponent. Incredible blood loss, torn flesh, and other injuries make the spectators joyous and think about their wager. Both horses are placed in an inescapable enclosure. In addition, although both horses are supposed to be wild and vicious, a ‘chicken’ or ‘scaredy-cat’ horse must fight. There’s no escape and no mercy, compassion, or love from the spectators. They want to see a gruesome match. Wild animal mascots (WAMs) must endure incredibly high levels of ‘noises’, and bright and unnatural lighting (for the animal). The game, whatever it is, confuses and causes the WAM extreme anxiety. Remember every single person in the entire arena, field, or court, belongs to a different species than the WAM. WAMs are usually in tiny cages during the event. After the event they are sent back to ‘who knows where’? Then the WAM is re-used over and over again. The WAMs enclosure at the event and back to its home is most likely tiny and barren. WAMs are extremely dangerous! There’s always a possibility that one may ‘exit’ its cage or an intoxicated or foolish person may try to touch the WAM. College ball games and events are for humans. The best, friendliest, safest, and most natural mascots are humans dressed in ‘animals’ clothing’. At least they know what’s going on in the event.

 

WILDLIFE (GENERAL)

The bald eagle has been America’s national symbol since 1782. The Chippewa National Forest located in Northern Minnesota is a refuge for the bald eagle and countless other bird species. In 1963 the bald eagle population was down to a few hundred nesting pairs. Historically, bald eagles had to endure poisoning, trapping (non-target animals), shooting, demonization, DDT (dangerous pesticide), and habitat destruction. DDT was a decimator of bald eagles and peregrine falcons. From 1917 to 1952 there was a bounty on eagles in Alaska. Unlike the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1913 which helped to protect migratory bird species, The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940 forbade (except under strict conditions) the acquisition of, ownership (possession), and the selling, trading, or exchanging of the bald eagle.

  As a result, much illegal hunting of the bald eagle dwindled. The bald eagles’ favourite food source is fish. The bald eagle also includes other birds, beached whales, carcasses, road kill, and the theft of food from other birds in its diet. The bald eagle is the master of the sky in its domain. It is a tough bird that can steal food from other tough bird species. Native Americans have always revered the bald eagle. Today, many North Americans feel likewise. The presence of the bald eagle and the California condor are miracles. These two incredible bird species, especially the California condor were in serious trouble. When Europeans first arrived in North America there were large numbers of bald eagles along the shores of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans reaching Alaska on the west coast. Furthermore, eagles controlled the skies in their respected areas and many rivers and lakes. There may have been a million bald eagles at the time. On June 28, 2007 Secretary of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne announced that the bald eagle had been officially removed from the endangered species list. The art of falconry began in the Middle East 3000 years ago. Peregrine falcons were saved from the brink of extinction. It took 3 decades of hard work to do the job. Many ranchers and farmers shoot or trap raptors (birds of prey). Raptors hunt what trappers, hunters, and fishermen hunt; birds, rabbits, fish, and small animals. The Philippine eagle is hunted mercilessly. The California condor is a miracle story; saved from the verge of extinction. Unfortunately, by human standards this raptor is ugly and menacing-looking. It is also a scavenger. There are six species of vultures who ‘observe’ the African savannah. The lappet-faced and white-headed vultures get first pickings of a carcass. The two species are powerful enough to split open a carcass. Next in line are the griffin and white-backed vultures. They have long and specially designed necks to enable them to sink their heads deep into a carcass. Vulture populations in the Middle East and Europe have drastically declined. Today, the budgerigars are the most common bird species. Our planet’s highest mountains are in Asia and South America. Wildlife in mountain areas includes Barbary sheep, mountain lions, sun bears, giant pandas, red pandas, snow leopards, bongos, deer, elk, grizzly bears, bighorn sheep, mountain goats, wolfs, bird species (predator and prey). IN

  general, mountain prey is better protected than lowland prey. However, human encroachment has reached our tallest mountains. Pollution knows no boundaries. Wilderness safaris (ecotourism) allow tourists to enter exotic wildlife areas (sometimes densely populated) and take pictures of individuals or groups. A portion of the proceeds from wilderness safaris can go into conservation and education. To see wildlife in its natural habitat is a good way to remind and educate people about wildlife conservation. Everyone can’t afford to go to Africa, Asia, or some other far off lands. Good, accredited zoos can also help people to realize the importance of wildlife conservation. If you can afford to visit both you are double lucky! Zoos have helped in the re-introduction of bison, Arabian Oryx, and red wolf. The California condor was on the verge of extinction. Zoos can play a role in protecting individuals and populations of critically endangered species. The green tree snake, a horrible pest in Guam, is a native of the coast of Australia, Papua New Guinea, and numerous islands in Melanesia. Green tree snakes have wreaked havoc on Guam’s birds, and also have preyed on its lizards, bats, and tiny rodents. Nine species of Guam’s bird species have been ‘exterminated’ by the brown tree snake and several others are in trouble. Brown tree snakes were most likely ‘military stowaways’ at the end of the Second World War. By the early 1950’s their presence was already known. The closest U.S. state to the Territory of Guam is Hawaii. Every measure should be taken to rid Guam of this super pest and to prevent its ‘leap-frogging’ into Hawaii, or any other island or country for that matter. People in Guam have been bitten by the brown tree snake. In fact, one elderly man was bitten in the scrotum while he was seated in a toilet seat. Ouch! There are more than 400 species of sharks. They have large brains. Most shark bits are either defensive, territorial, mistakes (humans swim like injured fish). In addition, surfers on boards look like fish food. Dozens of humans are killed by sharks annually, considerably more are bitten. Sharks have been hunted for their flesh, medicine, teeth, cartilage, liver oil, or for shark fin soup. Shark fin soup which is in high demand in Asia is obtained by catching a shark, slicing off the fins then tossing the body back into the water. Shark meat is generally of little or no

  value however their fins’ soup can cost a restaurant customer one hundred dollars. Shark populations, especially in Asian waters, are being hunted for their fins in an unsustainable manner. Millions of sharks are killed annually, equalling over 1 million tons of shark flesh. Sharks have been demonized throughout history. It’s easy when you imagine what a shark looks like. Most species look very cold, terrifying, and have incredible razor sharp teeth. They appear cold and laconic when attacking prey. Sharks are a keystone species. They keep prey numbers in check and large sharks help to control small shark populations. Unsustainable shark hunting is aggravated by the sharks’ slow reproduction rate. The Great White Shark is an ‘apex predator’ in the ocean. Only orca pods can threaten this powerful shark. By-catch, demonization, pollution, habitat destruction (bottom trawlers, overfishing), and less prey are problems for the Great White Shark. In 1991 South Africa passed a law for the protection of Great White Sharks. The Shark Finning Prohibition Act makes it unlawful for any foreign oceanic craft to dump or unload shark fins into a U.S. port, without unloading the rest of the sharks’ bodies. The North American bison has always been an important part of Native American culture (in particular on the plains). The bison provide Native Americans with ‘optimum nutrition’, and the body parts of bison were stripped down. Even the bones and teeth were used. Absolutely nothing was wasted. Hides were used as clothing and for tee pees. In addition, the bison was a part of Native American religion and folklore. Hunting was important for individual males, the family, and the tribe. The U.S. Government understood that by ‘erasing’ the bison, Native Americans would be doomed to starvation, transfer, and reservations. Reservation life for Native Americans was horrible. The food handouts were of poor quality and high in fat; usually strips of bacon or other high-fat pork products. In addition, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, higher body fat composition (for males and females), cultural and religious annihilation, humiliation, loss of bison, unemployment, alcoholism, high mortality rates, and a general feeling of apathy, anger, mistrust, fear, and depression were common. Turtles have been around for nearly 200 million years. There are close to 270 turtle species. Giant turtles are referred to as tortoises. Their smaller

  relatives are the terrapins. The leatherback turtle is the largest sea turtle. Unfortunately, turtle populations around the world are declining. Turtles used for food, Chinese medicine, and pollution, habitat destruction, by-catch, pet trade, and accidents are destroying many turtle species. Leatherback blubber is used by the cosmetic industry. Plastic bags (cause choking), fishing gear, and fishing nets are big problems. Turtle watching tours are good for conservation. In addition, turtle breeding can help in the conservation effort. Nesting success for turtles is very important for their survival. Unfortunately, people take countless turtle eggs to sell at the market. In 2001, the Taiwanese Authorities seized a ‘grand illegal’ shipment of ten thousand turtles. Turtles in general are slow and do not fight back when attacked or captured by humans. Hawksbill turtles are overhunted for their incredible shells. Leatherback ‘baby turtles’ are a food delight for birds of prey, crabs, bears, coyotes, raccoons, snakes, and fish. Frogs have been on this planet for more than 250 million years, except in Antarctica. Frogs are a keystone species; very important for their habitat. Over 30 species of frogs are extinct. In addition 25 more frog species are either extinct or a hair away from extinction. Dozens more species are endangered. Frogs are easily affected by habitat loss or alteration, pollution, or the introduction of non-native species. The frog pet and vivisection trade are compounding their population decline problems. Frogs eat many insects that we consider pests. Frogs can be found living in or close to ponds, lakes, rivers, muddy grounds, wetlands, grasslands, in trees, or deserts. Grazing livestock destroy frog habitat by trampling the ground and eating much of the plant life. Pesticides, fertilizers, acid rain, and other pollutants cause countless frog deformities. Of the approximately 1000 species of bats 250, including the Mexican long-nosed bats, are endangered. No other known mammal has the ability to fly. Bats have many enemies including canids, felids, raccoons, snakes, and humans (pollution, pesticides, habitat destruction, and bat killings). Bats are classified into megabats (large type, herbivores) and microbats (small type, carnivores). There are no bats in Antarctica. In general, bats use echolocation to zoom-in on prey

   (primarily insects). Bats can be protected in abandoned caves and mines by building special barriers for people and ‘NO ENTRY’ signs. As soon as the early American settlers began to chop down trees in large numbers in order to clear the land for agriculture and settlements predators in the area became vermin; especially wolves, bears, coyotes, birds, and big cats. Coyotes are one of the most adaptable and opportunistic animals. Coyotes took advantage of the new food sources imported into the country by the settlers. The panther however, didn’t do as well. Its food source shrunk with the expansion of human settlements. They coyotes size and diet permitted it to eat whatever it could find. By the 19 th century in the U.S. the panther population had already been devastated. Sightings by settlers became fewer and far between. The last confirmed killing of an eastern panther was in Vermont in 1881. As a direct result of dwindling wildlife, the eastern panther was forced to eat livestock. The panther, wolf, and coyote have been demonized like no other species in the North America. However, the eastern panther played a significant role in Native American culture. Habitat destruction, hunting, pollution, trapping, wildlife reduction, demonization, fencing, the railroad and human expansion help to reduce predator populations. In North America, Victoria Island, British Columbia is the place where a person is most likely to be attacked by a panther. Depending on what part of North America you live in the words panther (east), mountain lion (west), or cougar (mountain) may be used to describe the biggest cat in the region. Theodore Roosevelt, the 26 th President of the United States, hated cougars with a passion.

  

INFORMATION BOOTH

Note: Sites that are listed without a website address can be found by typing in the words shown on the Yahoo or Google search engines. In addition, Wikipedia is a good source for general information on a wide variety of subjects.

IF you decide to design a web page for an animal related issue you can use the following recommended categories on your Home Page:

Home | Campaigns & Issues | Newsletter | Get Involved | Events | About Us | Blog | Contact | Links |

  

ANIMAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND RELATED SITES Note: Some words are clumped together with no Spacing. Type exactly what you see.

DOGS www.actionforgreyhounds.co.uk/ Action for Greyhounds (UK) www. adbadog.com /p_home.asp American Dog Breeders Association www. allaboutdogsandcats.com /index.html www. all-about-great-danes.com Great Danes alllabs.com All Labs American Association of Zookeepers American Bouvier des Flandres Club americanboxerclub.org American Boxer Club American Dog breeders Association American Dog Owners Association American Dog Trainers Network American German Shepherd Rescue Association American Kennel Club (Best site/institution to find information about dog breeds, registration, pedigree information, etc.) American Rottweiler Club AnimalRightsCanada.com Contains Animal Rights Sites in Canada AnimalShelters-Image Results AnimalWorld.com (Much Information) www. apdt.com The Association of Pet Dog Trainers www. arba.org American Rare Breeds Association www. ardainc.org American Rescue Dog Association www. assistancedogsinternational.org Assistance Dogs International Association of Pet Dog Owners Association of Pet Dog Trainers www. asca.org Australian Shepherd Club of America ava.org /Taildock .htm Tail Docking banpoundseizure.org Ban Pound Seizure www. barkingbuddies.com Barking Buddies www. bearsearchandrescue.org The Bear Search and Rescue Foundation (Don’t be Fooled by the Name, this is a Rescue Dog Site)

   bleedingeyeballs.com /basenjiart/ egyptiandogs .htm Other Ancient Egyptian Dogs bulgariadogs.webs.com Bulgarian Society for Animal Protection Preservation www. bulldoginformation.com /war- dogs .html War Dogs, Military Service Dogs, Battle Dogs Canadian Kennel Club www. canine-academy.com Canine Academy (Austin, Texas) www. caninecompanions.org Canine Companions for Independence Canine Good Citizen Award CanineInformationLibrary.com canismajor.com Canis Major Dog Site (Breed Information for Owners) www. carda.bc.ca Canadian Avalanche Rescue Dogs Association clubs.akc.org /NBC/ usda s_ beagle _brigade .htm USDA’s Beagle Brigade dawnrestdogs.org Dawnrest Dogs Family & Strain Delta Society digital.library.mcgill.ca /nwc/history/09.htm The Fur Traders www. dogchannel.com /dog -breeds /all_landing.aspx Dogs Info dogcustomer.com Dog Fancy (Magazine) www. workingdog.eu /dog _fighting _en.html Dog Fighting Info www. doggiesparadise.com /behavior .shtml CANINE BEHAVIOR www.doggonesafe.com Dog Bite Prevention Information www. dogmeat.org Petition Against Eating Dog Meat dogobedienceadvice.com /which_ dog _breeds_are_ most _aggressive... Dog Owner's Guide: Canine B ehavior www. dogplay.com /index.html Dog Play Dogsabuse.com Dogs for Kids (Magazine) dogsinthenews.com Dogs in the News Dogs in Review (Magazine) dogs.lovetoknow.com /wiki/ Dog _History Extensive Site dogstardaily.com Dog Star Daily Dog World (Magazine) Dog Writers Association of America Doni's Dogs.com ethiopianwolf.org Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme

   www. fema.gov /emergency /usr FEMA Urban Search and Rescue (Humans and Dogs are Employed) Gaines TWT (Touring with Towser): Information pertaining to hotels and motels that allow canine guests. Gas Chamber in Shelters German Shepherd Dog Club of America www.gdca.org Great Dane Club of America www. germanshepherddog.com United Schutzhund Clubs of America- For the German Shepherd Dog www.meetgina.ca/ Greyhounds in Need of Adoption (GINA) www. gra-america.or Greyhound Racing Association of America . greatdaneclub.danemoor.com The Great Dane Club The Great Dane Reporter greatwardifferent.com /Great_ War /Animals _at_ War /... Dogs at War Greyhound Action www. greyhoundadventures .org/ Greyhound Adventures and Networking Group of Greater Boston, Inc. www. greyhounds.org Greyhound Protection League www. helpsleddogs.org /faq.htm Iditarod Race Facts www. iditarod.com Official Site of the Iditarod International Sled Dog Racing Association kenyonsatdogcreek.com /whyagd.html Great Dane Site www. k9obedience.co.uk /dog care/rescue/ fightingdog s.html www. k9web.com /dog -faqs/ behavior .html CANINE BEHAVIOR National Association of Dog Obedience Instruction National Association of Search and Rescue Dogs National Disaster Search Dog Foundation National Stock Dog Registry North American Flyball Association North American Working Dog Association www. nsgsdc.com /breedhistory.shtml Nova Scotia German Shepherd Club On the Road Again With Man’s Best Friend: (Good Directory) NYC Anti-Animal Fighting Campaign Pit Bull Rescue Central Pitbullsontheweb.com www. puppyfinder.com PuppyProfits.com DOG FIGHTING www.stopdogfighting.net/ stoppuppymills.org Puppy Mills www. stoppuppymills.org /inside_a_ puppy _mill .html Puppy Mills

  www. texastaskforce1.org Texas Task Force 1 (Human and Canine Rescue Team Members) Therapy Dogs International tomregan-animalrights.com /archive/vivi dogs .html Dog Vivisection Pictures www. tufts.edu /vet/ behavior /canine .shtml CANINE BEHAVIOR United Kennel Club U.S.Wardogs.org www. uswardogs.org /id10.html www. westminsterkennelclub.org Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show (World Renown) White Shepherds Clubs wilddog.hypermart.net /Home/Wild_dog_page/ ... /index.htm Wild Dog Foundation www. woofstock.ca Woofstock: The Largest Annual Gathering of Dogs/Their Owners in North America (Toronto, Canada) WorkingPitbull.com/dogfighting.htm World Federation of Dogs (Federation Cynologique Internationale)

CATS  www. absolutelycats.com /22Favorite Names .html Africat Foundation Alley Cat Allies All For Tigers www. best-cat-tips.com /catbehaviorproblems .htm Cat Behavior BigCatRescue.org Burning of Cats (Found on Wikipedia) www. cannedlion.org Campaign Against Canned Hunting of Lions Catchannel.com Cat Fancy (Magazine) Cats.com Cats & Kittens (Magazine) Cat Welfare Society Of Israel Cat World (Magazine) www. catwriters.org Cat Writers Association, Inc. www. declawing.com /htmls/ declawing .htm Declawing funnycatsite.com Contains Funny Cat Pictures

  The Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (British) International Cat Association www. kats-korner.com /bigcats/ cougar .html www. pawproject.com IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT DE-CLAWING www. petstation.com /declaw .html Declawing pusscats.com /Cat _Behavior .htm CAT Behavior SaveTheCancunTigers.com www. sspca.org /Cat s CAT BEHAVIOR www. sniksnak.com /cathealth/ declaw .html Declawing ucat.us/catlinks.html

A.

www. aaalac.org Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC)  www. abcra.com.au Australian Bushmen’s Campdraft & Rodeo Association www.abolitionistapproach.com Abolitionist-Online.com ActNowForAnimals.com Actors & Others for Animals Adlaz.org Animal Defense League of Arizona Africa Biodiversity www. africanconservation.org African Wildlife Foundation Africat Foundation www. aoca.org.za /petition.php Afri Oceans Conservation Alliance www. afrma.org American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association (AFRMA) Alaska Wildlife Alliance All-Creatures.org/alert/index.html Alley Cat Allies allianceforanimalrights.webs.com American Anti-Vivisection Society American Association for the Advancement of Science www. aamp.com American Association of Beef Producers American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums www. abcbirds.org American Bird Conservancy: Bird Conservation in the Americas American Bison Society www. americanfamilyrodeo.com A Pro-Rodeo Site www. americanhumane.org Protecting Children and Animals American Museum of Natural History

  apppa.org The American Pastured Poultry Producers www. apra.com American Professional Rodeo Association Associationapppa.org www. americanpetproducts.org American Pet Products Association (APPA) American Psychological Association American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) Also the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center Hotline Toll Free At: 1-888-426-4432 American Zoo and Aquarium Association American Zoological Association americasbestonline.net /index.php/pages/ bestzoos .html Best Zoos in America www. kidcyber.com.au /topics/ zoos .htm Zoos (Good Site for Kids) www. animal-abusesite.info /index.html Animal Activism Queensland Animal Actors of Hollywood AnimalAid.org.uk Animal Alliance of Canada Animal Allies Animal blood sports - AskMen.com Contains Important Articles AnimalCircuses.com AnimalConcerns.org www. animalconnectiontx.org Animal Connection Texas www. animaldefense.org /index.html Animal Defense Militia Animal Diversity Web Animalearn.org AnimalEquality.net Animal Fighting Animalforum.com Animal Friends of the Balkans The Animal Holocaust animallawcoalition.com Animal Law Coalition Animal Legal Defense Fund Animal Liberation Front animalink.ab.ca /LivingWith Animal s/index animalprotection .htm www. animalnews.info /animal _torture_and_heinous_crimes.htm  www. animalnews.info /world/ australia _animal _news .htm Australia Animal News Animal News animalpeoplenews.org animalpetdoctor.homestead.com /History 1.html Can Type 'History of Veterinary Medicine' (Very Informative) for this page. However, access to the complete site can be acquired by typing 'The Animal Pet Doctor' Animal Protection Institute

  www. animalresearch.info /en/medical Pro-Vivisection Site Animal Rights Advocates of Upstate New York Animal Rights Africa www. animalrightscanada.com Animal Rights Canada AnimalRights.Change.org AnimalRightsCoalition Animal Rights History.org animalrightsmalta.blogspot.com animal-rights.network Animalsrighttoliewebsite.com www. animalsuffering.com Animalsvoice.com Animal Transport Coalition Animal Victims of Trauma Training www. animal-world.com Dr. Jungle’s Animal World Anonymous for Animal Rights The anti-Cruelty Society The Anti-Docking Alliance (A.D.A.) The Ape Alliance Apes in Entertainment www. the-aps.org The American Physiological Society Asian Animal Protection Network (Good information about Chinese animal abuse/use) www. 4apes.com Ape Alliance-Action for Apes www. ara.org.au Animal Rights Advocates Arkive.org Information Pertaining to Endangered Species Association Against Animal Factories www. aspca.org /pet-care/ poison -control Animal Poison Control Center The Association of Sanctuaries www. attra.org Organic Farming Site The Audubon Society www. ausraptor.org.au Australasian Raptor Association (ARA) www. avianwelfare.org Avian Welfare Resource Center www. awol-egypt.org Animal Welfare Egypt

B. www. banhdc.org Coalition to Ban Horse Drawn Carriages www. batcon.org Bat Conservation International www. bearinfo.org /gbusa.htm Grizzly Bear Outreach Project www. bearwithus.org /index.htm Bear With Us (Bear and People, Conflict Prevention) Becoming Human.org www. beef.org National Cattlemen’s Beef Association (USA) www. beefproducts.com Iowa Beef Products, Inc. (IBP) www. beeftoday.com (A Farm Journal) www. best-horse-photos.com /Wild -Horses .html Site Containing Beautiful Horse Photos

  www. bfro.net The Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization www. biaza.org.uk British Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums o www. bigfoot encounters.com Bigfoot Encounters BigWildlife.org Bikini Atoll (Nuking of Innocent Animals by Military) www. bioacademy.gr /Aboutus/about.php Biomedical Research Foundation www.bioko.org/news/ Bioko Biodiversity Program www. biography.com /animal ographies/ famous -animals .jsp Famous Animals Bonobo Initiative Born Free Foundation www. bow zone.ca/ Archery and Bow hunting (Canada) www. drmartybecker.com Best Loved Doctor for Pets (Dr. Marty Becker) Brigitte Bardot Foundation British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection blog.buffalofieldcampaign.org www. bucknell.edu /msw3 Database of Mammalian Species of the World www. bulldoginformation.com /fighting -dog -breeds.html Fighting Dog Breeds Bureau of Land Management (USA)

C.

www.cabelas.com/ Hunting Gear Calcutta Zoological Garden www. calgarystampede.com Calgary Stampede www.canada fishing online.net/ Fishing (Canada) Canada Parks and Wilderness Society CanadaWolves.net www. canadiana.org /hbc/intro_e.html Exploration, the Fur Trade and the Hudson’s Bay Company Canadian Coalition for Farm Animals The Canadian Council on Animal Care Canadian Federation of Humane Societies Canadian Food Inspection Agency Canadian Museum of Nature Canadian Psychological Association Canadian Voice for Animals Captive Animals Protection Society www. fws.gov /le/ CaptiveWildlifeSafetyAct .htm Captive Wildlife Safety Act Cease Animal Torture

   Center for Biological Diversity Center for Great Apes Centre for Orangutan Protection Change.org CHAI Animal Rights www. chicagohs.org /history/stock.html Chicago Union Stock Yards Chimpanzoo ChimpHaven.org www. cites.org Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Clean Air Act www. climateark.org Cloud Foundation (Preservation of Horses) Coalition to Ban Horse Drawn Carriages coe.fgcu.edu /students/pospisil/firstpage.htm All About Monkeys coe.nevada.edu /mnitta/mnittafolder/eha quest .html Save Endangered Hawaiian Animals WebQuest Companion Animal Protection Society www. carepets.org Companion Animal Rescue Effort (CARE) Concordia Animal Rights Association Congo (The Painting Chimpanzee) www. conservationforce.org /role2.html Conservation Force: Staunch Defenders of Hunters’ Rights Conservation International Conservation.org/Links/groups.html Cormorants Defenders International The Cornucopia Institute www. cowboyway.com /BroncRiding.htm A Pro-Rodeo Site www. cpc-ccp.com Canadian Pork Council CrimesAgainstAnimals.org Critically Ill for Biomedical Research www. crufts.org.uk Crufts Hosts Dog Shows in the UK

D. www. dardni.gov.uk Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (UK) www.deer hunting .ws/ Deer Hunting Defenders of Animals www. defra.gov.uk www. dfo-mpo.gc.ca Fisheries and Oceans Canada Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International Digit Fund International DiscoveringChimpanzees.com

   Dogs Trust Doris Day Animal Foundation Doris Day Animal League Ducks Unlimited Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust www. dyingtolearn.org /animalUse History .html Anti-Vivisection Site

E. www. eagala.org Equine Assisted Psychotherapy earth-liberation-front.org Earth Liberation Front www. eceae.org /a4_ primates .php The European Coalition to End Animal Experiments www. easterndrafthorse.com /History/ drafthorse inamerica.htm www.eco-action.org/dt/ pigeon .html Extinction: The Story of the Passenger Pigeon EcologicalInternet.org The Elephant Manager's Association elephant-news.com Elephant News www. elephants.com The Elephant Sanctuary (Hohenwald, Tennessee) www. elephanttrust.org www. elephantart.com Asian Elephant Art & Conservation Project elephant.se /african_bush_ elephant _database .php? ... +database Database with Captive Elephants Worldwide www. enchantedlearning.com /subjects/apes/ gorilla All About Primates Endangered Species Act (USA) www. endangeredspecie.com /specieprofile.htm Information Regarding Endangered Species envirolink.org /pubs The EnviroLink Network (Numerous Links) www. equinecanada.ca Equine Canada Hippique www. equisearch.com /famous quiz11302  Famous Riders and their Horses' Names The European Coalition to End Experiments

F.

Farm Animal Reform Movement Farm Sanctuary www. farinc.org www. fauna -flora .org/ Fauna & Flora International www. fauna foundation.org/ The Fauna Foundation is a Chimpanzee Sanctuary located in Quebec www. fbresearch.org Foundation for Biomedical Research (Relevant Information Pertaining to Animal Research)

   Feminists for Animal Rights www. fishing canada.com/ Fishing Directory (Canada) www. fishing .net/ Fishing ForestEthics.org Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International Frankfurt Zoological Society Friends of Captive Animals www. mcneilbears.org /press/FOMR6.htm Friends of McNeil River (Protection of McNeil River State Game Sanctuary and its brown bears) FurCommission.com Fur Institute of Canada

G.

Global Action Network (Montreal) globalphilosophy.blogspot.com /2006/03/ ... This is a Good Blog Goodzoos.com The Gorilla Foundation grants.nih.gov /grants/olaw/olaw.htm Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (US) Great Ape Alliance Great Ape Conservation Fund Great Ape Survival Partnership (A Project of the United Nations Environment Programme) greatapetrust.org Great Ape Trust The Jane Goodall Institute www. greatbear.org /pandabear .htm Great Bear Foundation www. thegreathunters.com /sitemap.htm The Great Hunters Greenpeace International www. gutenberg.org /files/17748/17748-h/17748-h.htm Bison Extermination

H. www. habitatforhorses.org Habitat for Horses www. hbc.com /hbcheritage Historic Hudson’s Bay Heritage www. hickerphoto.com /animal -pictures -cat.htm Animal Photos grants.nih.gov /grants/olaw/olaw.htm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services www. history forkids.org/learn/environment/ horses .htm Horses (kids) www. historyforkids.org /learn/economy/ hunting .htm Hunting (Kids) www.hollywoodanimals.com www. horsechannel.com

   www. horsedrawncarriages.biz Horse Drawn Carriages www. horse-races.net /library/links-famous.htm www. horse rides.org/ history-of-horses .html www. hfa.org Humane Farming Association humaneseal.org This is a Humane Charity Seal Site ( List of Charities that Do Not Espouse the Use of Animals in Experiments) Humane Society International Humane Society of the United States www. humanwildlifeconflict.org Human Wildlife Conflict Collaboration www. hunting net.com/ Hunting Community

I. www.iaapea.com/ International Association Against Painful Experiments on Animals www. iacuc.org /aboutus.htm Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) Must be Established by Every Institution that Uses Animals in their Labs (U.S. Federal Law) www.igcp.org/about/team/ International Gorilla Conservation Programme In Defense of Animals www. internationalrivers.org www. isis.org International Species Information System www. iranjasminsafari.com Site for Iran Hunting Safari www. ispca .ie/ Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals www. itbcbison.com Intertribal Bison Cooperative www. iucn.org International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) www. iucnredlist.org IUCN’s Red List (Vulnerable, Threatened, Endangered, Critically Endangered Plants and Animals) www. izea.net International Zoo Educators Association

J.

Jakarta Animal Aid Network The Jane Goodall Institute Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust jewishveg.com Jewish Vegetarians of North America www. jockeysguild.com

K.

Karisoke Research Center The Kentucky Derby Kewa.org/snow.html (Endangered Snow Leopards) www. kidcyber.com.au /topics/ zoos .htm Zoos (Good Kids Site)

   www. kidsfarm.com (Kids Farm in Colorado, Nice Information) Kinship Circle Korean Animal Rights Advocates Korean Animal Protection Society KoreanAnimals.org Krokodille Zoo (Denmark)

L.

Last Chance for Animals www. latham.org The Latham Foundation (Promotes Humane Education) The League Against Cruel Sports The Leakey Foundation www. iearn.org.au /greatapes The Great Apes Project www. lemurs.us /index.ht Lemurs The Lewa Conservancy library.thinkquest.org/3378/ Worldwide Zoo Net lifeinthefastlane.ca /horrendous -horse -fighting -blood -sport... Horrendous Horse Fighting Blood Sport LifeForceFoundation.org literati.net /Bekoff Website of Dr. Marc Bekoff www. lrca.us Lop Rabbit Club of America Louisiana Fur and Alligator Advisory Council www. lovelongears.com /about_ mule s.html Mules

M.

The Madagascar Fauna Group Maine Friends of Animals Malay Tiger www. maniacworld.com /Animal _Fights .htm Animal Fights mapleleaf-foods.com Maple Leaf Foods www. marchofdimes.com /professionals/691_14438.asp March of Dimes (Pro Vivisection) Marsabit Game Reserve www. massanimalrights.org Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition www. mercyforanimals.org Mercy for Animals Meru Game Reserve Jean Mills (Bengal Cat) www.miombo safaris .com/hunting/professional- hunter s.html Professional Safari in Tanzania www. mtbeef.org Montana Stockgrowers Association MoonBears.org The Vicki Moore Foundation The Morris Animal Foundation www. mrmcmed.org Medical Research Modernization Committee www. msc.org Marine Stewardship Council

  N. www. nanations.com /extermination _bison _buffalo.htm Bison Information www. nabt.org National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT) www. napcc.aspca.org National Animal Poison Control Center www. nas.edu National Academy of Sciences www. navs.org National Anti-Vivisection Society National Aviary National Geographic Society www.the nationalmouseclub .co.uk The National Mouse Club (UK) www.nih.gov National Institutes of Health (USA) www. nlm.nih.gov /exhibition/ animals /atomic.html Animals as Cold Warriors: Atomic Animals www. noaa.gov National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USA) www. naturecanada.ca The Nature Conservancy www. nwf .org/ National Wildlife Federation www. navs.org National Anti-Vivisection Society Network For Animals www. neavs.org /contact/media/ vivisection .htm New England Anti- Vivisection Society NHBS Alligator and Crocodile Rescue www. nigelarchers afaris.com/ Hunting Safari in Kenya No Caged Egg.com www. nofoiegras.org This Site Calls for a Ban on Foie Gras Sales and Production Northern Rangelands Trust Northwest Animal Rights Network www. nppc.org National Pork Producers Council (United States) www. nrahuntersrights .org/ The National Rifle Association Defends Hunters’ Rights (USA) www.ntonline.com/biz/twwa/ ( Bow hunting in Canada) www. nwf.org National Wildlife Federation

O. www.oceanalliance.org/ Ocean Alliance OntarioNature.org www. orangutan-appeal.org.uk www. orangutan.com www.orangutan.org Orangutan Foundation International Orangutan Conservancy www. orangutans-sos.org Sumatran Orangutan Society Orcahome.de Orca News www. orca network.org/captivity/ lolita today.html Orca Network Lolita’s (Orca) Life Today

  Origin of Bipedalism Orthopaedic Foundation for Animals Overfishing.org Ottawa Animal Advocates

P. anthro.palomar.edu /primate /prim_1.htm Primate Information Pan African Sanctuary Alliance www.pc.gc.ca/ Parks Canada www. pawsweb.org Performing Animal Welfare Society www.petnamesworld.com/animal-names.html Pet Names www. pcrm.org Physician’s Committee for Responsible Medicine petco.com Pet Foods petland.com Petland Store www. petplace.com /cat -pictures .aspx www. petsamerica.org Pets America petsmart.com Pet Foods & Supplies www. pigfarminginnz.co.nz /index.php/ farming -styles Pig Farming Styles in New Zealand www. pilgrimspride.com Pilgrim’s Pride (Giant Food Producer) www. primatefreedom.com PrimateInfoNet www. primate.org Primate Conservation, Inc. PrimatePatrol.org Primates.com Professional Hunters Association Project Primate Inc. www. prorodeo.com (The Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association) www. prosimians.com Prosimians

Q.

R. rabbit.org House Rabbit Society Rainforest Action Network www. rerun.org Adoption of Former Racehorses The Responsible Animal Care Society www. returntofreedom.org /kids/ wild _horses .html Return to Freedom-About Wild Horses www. rintintin .com/ The Most Famous German Shepherd Dog rmad.org Rocky Mountain Animal Defense www. rodeocruelty.com Anti-Rodeo SIte roldadogs.tripod.com /why.html Dogs-Romania www. rolda.org Dogs-Romania Romanian Alliance for the Protection of Animals The Rome Zoo

  Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Royal Society for the Protection of Birds

S. www. safaritalk.net Safaritalk is the African Safari Forum S.A.F.E. animal rights SanWild Wildlife Trust www. savejapandolphins.org Ending Dolphin Slauther in Taiji, Japan www. savelucy.ca /elephant -sanctuaries Dedicated to Saving Lucy the Elephant Save the Animals Rescue Foundation Save the Manatees seapics.com Ocean Wildlife Nature Pictures www. searchingforbigfoot.com Searching for Bigfoot www.seashepherd.org/ Sea Shepherd Conservation Society www. sfn.org Society for Neuroscience theshadowlands.net /bf.htm The Shadowlands Bigfoot Page shark online.org SHARK (Showing Animals Respect and Kindness) SHEVI Animal Rights Israel www. si.edu /Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/passpig.htm Passenger Pigeon- Sierra Club www. slavetoentertainment.com /statement.htm smallanimalchannel.com Small Animal Channel www. smithfield.com Smithfield Foods The Smithsonian Institute Smithsonian National Zoological Park www. snowleopard.org International Snow Leopard Trust Society for the Protection of Animals Southern Animal Rights Coalition Southern Oregon Animal Rights Society www.sparelives.org www. start4animals.org St.Louis Animal Rights Team The Suffering of Animals in War www. syracuseanimalrights.com /index.html

T.

Taiji Dolphin Massacres TalkOrigins.org The Tamarin Project Tanjung Puting National Park Texas Humane Legislation Network Thai Elephant Conservation Center tpwd.state.tx.us /huntwild/wild/ ... /louisiana blackbear /plan East Texas Black Bear and Conservation Management Plan

  tripspirit.com /35: The -Best -Zoos -in -the -World-According-to The Best Zoos in the World According to Forbes www. tvma.org /Pet_Owners/ texas _animal _HoF.phtml Texas Hall of Fame www. tyson.com Tyson Foods

U. www. unep .org/ United Nations Environment Programme us hunting .itop sites .com/ One Hundred Hunting Sites United Animal Nations www. unitedegg.org United Egg Producers United Nations Great Apes Survival Project

United Poultry Concerns United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) www. usacritters.com USACRITTERS

V. www. veccs.org Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society (VECCS) Ventana Wildlife Society visalia.k12.ca.us /teachers/lporton Good Site for Youngsters www. vita.org.ru /english/newsletters/1.2008.htm Vita Center for Animal Rights Protection (Russia) VoiceForAnimals.org Vudzungwa Primate Conservation Project

W. www. waynefarmsllc.com Giant Poultry Producer www.waza.org/ World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) www. wbu.com /chipperwoods/photos/pass pigeon .htm Passenger Pigeon-Exterminated www.wdcs.org/ Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society www. welfareforanimals.org Association for the Welfare of Animals wherelolitabelongs.com About Lolita the Captive Orca www. whiteshark.co.za South African White Shark Research Institute en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ Cattle _drives _in_the_United_States Cattle Drives of the Old West en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Meat _packing _industry Meat Packing Industry en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ Churchill _Downs (Home of the Kentucky Derby) en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ Kentucky _Derby en. wikipedia .org/wiki/List_of_ national _parks_in_Africa

  National Parks in Africa WildAid.org Wilderness First www. wilderness-safaris.com Wilderness Safari (Africa) Wildlife Conservation International www. wildlife-tour-india.com /indian -wildlife/ leopard .html Wildlife Tours in India www. thewildones.org /Animals/ lemur .html Lemurs Win Animal Rights www. wkghorse.com The Working Horse Magazine World Animal Net www. world-newspapers.com /animals .html Animal Magazines Online www. worldwildlife.org World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Society for the Protection of Animals

X. www. xphomestation.com /frm- history .html History of the Pony Express

Y. www. yorku.ca /arusson Orangutan Sanctuary

Z. zanzibarleopard.blogspot.com The Zanzibar Leopard, May Have Been Exterminated www. zippythetvchimp.com /book.htm Zippy the Chimp Zoocheck.com zoohistory.co.uk Zoo History (The Bartlett Society) Zoological Society of London zooworks.org /index.html Zoo Enclosures, Fencing, Design Technical Support (India Based) www. zoos -world wide.de/ Zoos, Aquariums, Animal Sanctuaries and Wildlife Parks (Extensive Site). Good Information for Travellers and Vacationers. www.zsl.org Zoological Society of London

NAMES (Partial List):

A.

  

Grizzly Adams: James ‘Grizzly Adams’ Capen (Oct. 12, 1812- October 25, 1860). Adams was born in Massachusetts. However, his ‘famed actions’ were performed on the west coast. He hunted animals, and also collected them for zoos. He lived near and with animals. Adams was a ‘wildlife man’, fond of grizzlies; even wrestling a few.

George ‘Baba ya Simba’ Adamson: February 3, 1906 – August 20, 1989. Adamson was a British wildlife conservationist and author working in Africa, particularly Kenya. He and his wife Joy raised an orphaned lioness named Elsa. The book and movie ‘Born Free’ was based on George and Joy Adamson.

Adwaita (Tortoiss): Aldabra Giant Tortoise living in Kolkata, India. He supposedly lived for at least 150 years or longer.

Akbar (Hunter): October 15, 1542 – October 27, 1605. Akbar owned an astounding 9000 cheetahs throughout his reign. He was also a big game hunter.

Carl Ethan Akeley: May 19, 1864-November 18, 1926. Akeley was an American naturalist, biologist, and sculptor. He is the father of modern day taxidermy. Akeley contributed much to the American Museum of Natural History.

Frank ‘Bunny’ Allen: April 17, 1906-January 14, 2002. Allen was the last of the ‘White Hunters’. He died in Kenya at the ripe old age of 95. Allen managed the best/priciest game hunting safaris in Africa. So much so, Hollywood employed him to ‘bring forth’ wildlife to be used as backdrops for movies.

Tony Archer: Renowned professional ‘white hunter’.

Argos: Was a faithful canine companion of Odysseus, in Greek mythology. Argos patiently waited for his master, Odysseus for twenty years. His master finally returned to Ithaca. When Argos recognized his master, he died moments later.

Aristotle: 384 BC – 322 BC. Aristotle was a ‘Greek genius’ who excelled in philosophy, music, biology, zoology, poetry, theatre, and politics.

John James Audubon: April 26, 1785-Janurary 27, 1851. Audubon was a French hunter, ornithologist, and naturalist. Audubon performed an incredible job in painting, describing, and charting the birds of North America of his day. Today we have

   the Audubon Society to continue his legacy.

B.

Babar: French Fictional Character ( Histoire de Babar ,1931 ) of an Elephant)

Bahati: December 6, 1999-January 21, 2003. Bahati was a gorilla who belonged to the Rugendo family. He was stoned to death by villagers near the Virunga National Park. Gorillas had been raiding farmers’ fields in the area.

William Charles Baldwin: March 3, 1867-November 17, 1903. Baldwin was a big game hunter.

Smokey Bear: U.S. Forest Service Mascot, used to inform the American public about the inherent dangers in all forest fires.

Brigitte Bardot: September 28, 1934. Bardot is a French Actress, Animal Rights Activist (The Brigitte Bardot Foundation).

P.T. Barnum: July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891. Barnum was the founder of the Ringling Bro. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.

Teddy Bear: A stuffed toy bear that got its name from President Roosevelt’s nickname ‘Teddy’.

Dr. Marty Becker: Dr. Becker is a veterinarian who is popularly known as the ‘best loved family doctor for pets’.

Gentle Ben: The bear on the television series Gentle Ben which aired from September 10, 1967 until August 31, 1969.

Beethoven: St. Bernard dog character in the movie Beethoven (1992).

Clyde Beatty: June 10, 1903 – July 19, 1965. Beatty was known for his fighting shows; pitting himself against lions and tigers. Inside the cage he held a whip, chair, and of course carried a firearm ‘fastened’ to his waist.

Marc Bekoff: Marc Bekoff is Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He is also an author, and defender of animals.

W.D.M. Bell: White hunter who shot and killed over 1000 (Roughly 1,011) elephants in Africa.

  

Henry Bergh: August 29, 1811 – March 12, 1888. Bergh was the founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Bergh was from a successful family. He worked diligently New York to champion animal welfare, particularly, but not limited to horses. He endured much stress and resistance. Sometimes, animal fecal matter or dirt was thrown at him. Overall, he was tough, resilient, and steadfast. Unfortunately, Bergh is a relatively unknown American hero.

Captain Oscar von Beringe: First European to Discover the Mountain Gorillas, on October 17, 1902. He later shot several gorillas. For the gorillas, this was a taste of things to come. Alan Black: Was a white hunter in Africa.

Manchester Billy: Killed one hundred rats in just over six minutes.

Binti Jua: A female Western Lowland gorilla ‘living; in the Brookefield Zoo in Chicago. On August 16, 1996 a three year-old boy accidently fell into the gorilla enclosure. Binti cradled the child until zoo keepers were able to retrieve him. The boy was lucky to be unconscious. If he’d been fully conscious and had had a tantrum there’s no telling how Binti would’ve reacted. For now, we are all thankful that the boy was retrieved and that Binti did not react in a hostile manner as is frequently the case with animals who perceive themselves as defending their territory.

Stephen Budanski: Budianski is a scientist, author of books about the animal kingdom, and a journalist.

Bartel Bull: Bull is the author of an incredible book entitled Safari: A Chronicle of Adventure. Safari includes detailed information about the native African helpers, white hunters, the long and treacherous treks, and the game animals.

Dr. Tom Butynski: Dr. Butynski is one of Africa’s leading primatologists.

C.

Rachel Carson: May 27, 1907 – April 14, 1964. Carson was a marine biologist, environmentalist, author, animal activist. Silent Spring was her masterpiece.

Paul du Chaillu: July 31, 1835 – April 29, 1903. Chaillu was a

   French anthropologist who ‘discovered’ the pygmy people and who ‘verified’ the existence of gorillas.

Prince Chim: Was a bonobo that was studied by Robert Yerkes at the Yerkes Institute for Primate Studies. Much information regarding bonobo intelligence was gathered in this study. It should be noted that at the time of the study, Prince Chim was thought to have been a chimpanzee. Today, we are well-aware of the difference between the two species of great apes. Hopefully, there will be more ‘great ape’ discoveries in the future.

Corky: The first captive whale to become pregnant and successfully give birth. Unfortunately, the calf died eighteen days later. Corky went on to give birth seven times while at Marine Land. Her most ‘successful’ calf lived just under seven weeks.

Buffalo Bill Cody: Was a military man and a profound bison hunter. Cody had killed more than four thousand bison in a two year period.

Jim Corbett: 25 July 1875 in Nainital , India – † 19 April 1955 in Nyeri , Kenya . Corbett was a British hunter who was notorious for killing countless big cats (tigers and leopards) in India.

Gordon Roualeyn Cumming: 15 March 1820- 24 March 1866. Cumming was known as the Scottish ‘lion hunter’.

D.

Charles Darwin: 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882. Darwin was a British naturalist and traveler who proposed and literally expanded the theory of evolution. Although there were other persons who’d proposed the theory of evolution before Darwin, Darwin was truly’ THE FATHER OF EVOLUTION THEORY’.

Father Armand David: 27 September 1826–10 November 1900. Father Armand David was the first European to see and introduce the giant panda to the western world.

Gerald Durrell: January 7, 1925-January 30, 1995. Well known author and conservationist. Founder of the Durrell Wildllife Conservation Trust

E.

  

F.

Robert Foran: 1882-1966. Foran was a white hunter (Kenya), policeman, and author.

Dr. Dian Fossey: January 16, 1932 – December 26, 1985. Fossey was hacked to death with a machete while she was sound asleep. Observed, studied, and noted gorillas for eighteen years. She worked diligently to educate the world about the plight of mountain gorillas (Virunga Mountains, Rwanda). Fossey had many enemies; poachers. She was one of Leakey’s girls (Goodall, Galdikas, Fossey).

Gary Francione: (1954- ). Francione is a distinguished scholar of law, with particular emphasis on animal rights.

G.

Dr. Birute’ Galdikas: (May 10, 1946- ). Dr. Galdikas is a world famous primatologist, with particular emphasis on orang-utans. She has worked diligently for many years in the treacherous jungles of Borneo to help the orang-utans. She is the president of the Orangutan Foundation International.

Allan & Beatrice Gardner: In 1966 the Gardners began teaching sign language to Washoe, a female chimpanzee. Washoe is famous for being a genius chimpanzee.

Dr. Jane Goodall: (April 3, l 1934- ). Goodall is the most famed primatologist in the whole world; in particular her work with chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream National Park , Tanzania . She has been studying and writing about chimpanzees since 1960.

Dr. Temple Grandin: ( Aug. 29, 1947- ). Dr. Grandin is a hard- working promoter and teacher of humane treatment of livestock in facilities from handling, moving, to the slaughter. She is autistic.

David Greybeard: First chimpanzee at Gombe to approach Dr. Jane Goodall.

John Gould (The Bird Man)

H.

  Hachiko: (November 10, 1923–March 8, 1935). Hachiko, a Japanese Akita dog, waited for the return of his ‘dead master’ return for ten whole years. He would often go to the Tokyo train station and wait for his master. Thankfully, many travellers took notice of him and fed him.

Femke den Haas: (1977- ) Haas founded the Jakarta Animal Aid Network in 2008. She has worked diligently to help improve the situation for Indonesia’s orang-utans.

Ham: (July 1956 – January 19, 1983). Ham was the first great ape to be sent into outer space. (Space Chimpanzee)

Clever Hans: A German horse who was initially thought to have been able to perform basic arithmetic, but was later found to be taking cues from his owner. Fortunately, his owner did not deliberately give out the cues. The act was inadvertent.

Harriet: (1830 – 2006). Harriet was a Galapagos Tortoise housed in an Australian zoo. She had apparently lived to the very ripe old age of one hundred and seventy five.

Brian Herne: Herne is Author, and was a big game hunter in East Africa for thirty years. Founder of Track, a hunting magazine.

William Hornaday: (December 1, 1854 – March 6, 1937). During his lifetime Hornaday was a world famous zoologist, author, and conservationist. Revolutionized and improved the use of wildlife in museums; displaying them in their natural settings.

Jack Hubert: (The Armless Wonder). Hubert was an animal trainer who lost one arm to a bear, the other to a lion.

Thomas Henry Huxley: British biologist who staunchly supported Charles Darwin’s ‘theory of evolution’.

I.

Mohammed ‘Bali’ Iqbal: Professional Pakistani big game hunter.

J.

Jiggs: (1929 – 1938). Jiggs was a famous male chimpanzee actor who played the part of Cheetah in Tarzan movies through the 1930’s.

Jumbo: ( 1861 – September 15, 1885). Jumbo was a famous elephant

  born in Sudan, ‘sent’ to a zoo in Paris, was later ‘sent’ to the London Zoo. Finally, he was ‘purchased’ by P.T. Barnum Circus. Jumbo was killed by a locomotive.

K.

Kanzi: October 28, 1980- ). Kanzi is an incredibly intelligent bonobo who has excelled in the use of lexigrams.

Koko: (July 4, 1971- ). Koko has excelled in American Sign Language and is said to understand nearly two thousand English words.

L.

Laika: First dog in space.

Frans Lanting: (July 13, 1951). Lanting is a famous Dutch wildlife photographer.

Julia Marton-Lefèvre: Director General of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

Louis Leakey: (August 7, 1903 – October 1, 1972). Leakey was a world famous British-Kenyan archaelogist, naturalist, and primatologist. He was the mentor of three of the most famous and well-respected primatologists of all time: Jane Goodall, Birute’ Galdikas, and Dian Fossey.

Lucy: (1964–1987). Lucy was a famous chimpanzee who belonged to the Institute for Primate Studies in the state of Oklahoma. She eventually learned 140 signs.

M.

Richard Martin: 15 January 1754 – 6 January 1834. Martin was an Irish Politician nicknamed ‘Humanity Dick’ because of his tenacious animal activism.

Mikey: Poker playing chimpanzee.

Moose: (Died on June 28, 2006). Moose was the Parson Russell Terrier who Played Eddie on Frasier.

Desmond Morris (January 24, 1928- ).Morris is a world famous British zoologist and ethologist. He is the author of numerous educational books.

 

Cynthia Moss: Moss has studied and worked diligently for the conservation of African elephants for the past thirty years.

Motala: Motala is a Thai elephant landmine victim. Motala was fitted with a giant prosthesis on her left foreleg.

Mrithi: Mrithi was shot and killed while sleeping, during Rwanda’s long civil war. Mrithi was shown in the movie Gorillas in the Mist.

Muggs: Muggs was used as a mascot for NBC’s Today show, 1953- 1957.

John Muir: (April 21, 1838 – December 24, 1914). Muir was a naturalist, author, and conservationist. Muir founded the Sierra Club.

N.

Ingrid Newkirk (Animal Rights Activist, co-founder of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals-PETA). PETA is the largest animal rights organization in the world.

O.

Henry Osborn: (1857-1935). Osborn helped to improve the research program and exhibits at the American Museum of Natural History. Osborn was a biologist, zoologist, palaeontologist, and eugenicist.

P.

Pal: (1940 – 1958). Pal was a male Collie and the first dog to ever play Lassie. June 4, 1940 – 1958

Colonel J.H. Patterson: (November 10, 1867 – June 18, 1947). Patterson was an Anglo-Irish hunter, soldier, and author.

Ivan Pavlov: (1849-1936). Pavlov was a world famous Russian physiologist, behavioural scientist, and physician. Pavlov is best known for his ‘discovery’ of classical conditioning. His experiments with ‘salivating dogs’ is in virtually every introductory psychology book.

Q.

 

R.

Tom Regan: (November 28, 1938- ). Regan is a retired philosopher from North Carolina University, an author, and an animal rights activist.

Teddy Roosevelt: (October 27, 1858- January 6, 1919). Roosevelt was the 26 th President of the United States, big game hunter turned conservationist. As president, Roosevelt enacted protection for 235 million acres of timberland, and did much work to help protect American wildlife. He’d seen first-hand the devastating impact of overhunting on African wildlife.

Roselle: Roselle was a guide dog who successfully led her owner, Michael Hingson, blind from birth, down and out of a burning, smoking, ‘panic-stricken’ building .during the World Trade Center attacks.

Nigel Rothfels: Director, Office of Undergraduate Research University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Eminent Zoo historian.

Sue Savage-Rumbaugh: (1946- ). Dr. Rumbaugh is a well-respected and dedicated scientist emphasizing the study of ape behaviour and intelligence. She has special standing at Great Ape Trust of Iowa.

Anne Russon: Dr. Russon is a Professor of Psychology at Glendon College of York University in Toronto, Ontario. Russon has done extensive studies in orang-utan intelligence and behaviour.

S.

Henry Salt: September 20, 1851– April 19, 1939). British author, animal activist, social reformer, naturalist, and socialist.

George B. Schaller: (1933- ). Schaller is a biologist, naturalist, conservationist, and one of the best wildlife photographers in the world.

Seabiscuit: (May 23, 1933—May 17, 1947). Seabiscuit was a world famous champion racehorse.

Secretariat: (March 30, 1970 – October 4, 1989). Secretariat was a world famous Triple Crown champion.

  Fredrick Courtney Selous:( December 31, 1851 – January 4, 1917). Selous was a white hunter, military man, and a conservationist.

Upton Sinclair: (September 20, 1878 – November 25, 1968). Sinclair was a journalist, author, and socialist. Sinclair was most notably known for his novel The Jungle. In The Jungle, Sinclair writes about the horrors of the meatpacking industry of the day; including gross animal and human abuse. The humans, of course are the meatpacking workers. The animals are those that are brought in for slaughter. In addition, his graphic description of the filthy environment and contamination of Americaès meat was a shocker to the public.

B.F. Skinner: Skinner, a behavioural scientist, is best known for his work on operant conditioning, including pigeons and rats. The èSkinner Boxè was an apparatus that helped bring him fame.

Siegfried and Roy: Siegfried and Roy are famous entertainers who used illusions and tigers in many of their acts. On October 3, 2003 , Roy was bitten in the neck by one of his tigers. He sustained serious injuries.

Peter Singer: (6 July 1946- ). Singer is a philosopher, author, and animal activist. His book Animal Liberation was a major charge-up for the animal rights and animal liberation movement.

Henry Spira:(June 19, 1927–September 12, 1998). Spira was an animal activist who particularly targeted the animal testing industry.

T.

Rin-Tin-Tin: This dog is probably the most famous German shepherd in history. This dog starred in The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin.

Edward Tyson: (1650–1708). Tyson was the founder of modern day primatology.

U.

Sri Suci Utami Atmoco: Dr. Atmoco is a biologist, socio- ecologist, and primatologist with emphasis on orang-utans and gibbons.

V.

  

Veerapan: (January 18, 1952 – October 18, 2004). Veerapan was a notorious big-time poacher in India.

Vicki: Vicki was a female chimpanzee who was adopted in infancy by Keith and Catherine Hayes. The Hayes tried to raise Vicki like a human child in order to see if they could teach her how to speak. Expectedly, human speech cannot be ‘correctly’ duplicated by great apes. Vicki was later taught American Sign Language. In this venture, she did much better.

W.

Frans De Waal: (October 29, 1948- ). De Waal is a primatologist, biologist, zoologist, ethologist, and writer.

Washoe: (1965-2007). Washoe was the first ‘animal’ to ‘gain’ a human language.

E.O. Wilson: (June 10, 1929- ). Wilson is a world famous scientist who has excelled in biology, sociobiology, entomology, and has been a staunch conservationist. Wilson is most notable for his knowledge of sociobiology.

X.

Y.

Old Yeller: The Canine character in the classic 1957 film Old Yeller.

Robert Yerkes: (May 26, 1876 – February 3, 1956). Yerkes excelled as a psychologist, primatologist, and ethologist. Yerkes did remarkable work in the study of human and primate (Chimpanzee, Gorilla) intelligence. He served as the President of the American Psychological Association. In addition, the Yerkes National Primate Research Center is named after him.

Z.

Zippy: Zippy was a chimpanzee ‘actor’ in the 1950’s Howdy Doody Show.

  

FORESTS, PARKS, GAME RESERVES, SANCTUARIES, PLAINS, ZOOS, PARKS, SANCTUARIES, SAFARIS:

A.

Addo Elephant Park (South Africa) Adirondack State Park (New York, USA) Albert National Park (Central Saskatchewan, Canada) Aberdare National Park (Kenya) Algonquin Provincial Park (Ontario, Canada) Antwerp Zoo (Antwerp, Belgium) Arizona Sonora Desert Museum (Arizona, USA) Arnhem Zoo Chimpanzee Colony (Netherlands) Atlanta Zoo (Atlanta, USA) Auckland Zoo (Auckland, New Zealand)

B.

Bako National Park (Sarawak, Malaysia) Banff National Park (Canada’s Oldest National Park located in Alberta) Barcelona Zoo (Spain) Batang Gadis National Park (Sumatra, Indonesia) Bawangling National Nature Reserve (Southern China) Big Bend National Park (Texas, USA) Big Cypress National Preserve (Southern Florida, USA) Big South Fork National River & Recreation Area (Tennessee/Kentucky, USA) Biharamulo Game Reserve (North Western Tanzania) Blue Ridge Parkway (North Carolina/Virginia, USA) Tanjung Puting National Park (Borneo, Indonesia) Murchison Falls National Park (Uganda) Bristol Zoo (England) Bronx Zoo (New York City, USA) Brookfield Zoo (Bristol, England) Budapest Zoo (Budapest, Hungary) Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (Indonesia)

C.

Calgary Zoo (Calgary, Alberta) Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge (Maine, USA) Chang Tang Reserve (Tibet) Chapleau Crown Game Preserve (Ontario, Canada)

   Chimpanzee Sanctuary & Wildlife Conservation Trust Chippewa National Forest (Minnesota, USA) Chobe Game Reserve (Botswana) Cincinnati Zoo (Cincinnati, Ohio, USA) Cologne Zoo (Cologne, Germany) Copenhagen Zoo (Copenhagen, Denmark)

D.

Dallas Zoo (Dallas, Texas, USA) Dresden Zoo (Dresden, Germany) Duba Plains (Okavango Delta, Botswana) Dzanga Ndoki National Park (Central African Republic)

E.

Edinburgh Zoo (Edinburgh, Scotland-United Kingdom) The Elephant Sanctuary (Hohenwald, Tennessee) Etosha National Park (Namibia) Everglades National Park (Florida, USA)

F.

Frankfurt Zoo (Frankfurt, Germany)

G.

Gir Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park (Gujarat, India) Glacier National Park (Montana, USA) Gombe National Park (Tanzania) Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve (Tanzania) Granby Zoo (Eastern Township, Quebec, Canada) Grand Canyon National Park (Arizona, USA) Great Smokey Mountains National Park (North Carolina & Tennessee, USA) Guadalupe Mountains National Park (Texas, USA)

H.

Haleakala National Park (Hawaii, USA Huangshan Scenic Area (China)

I.

Imire Private Game Reserve (Zimbabwe) Isle Royale National Park (Michigan, USA) Ituri Rainforest (Democratic Republic of Congo)

   Iwatayama National Park (Japan) Iwokrama Forest (Guyana)

J.

Jardin Zoologique de Montreal (Montreal, Canada) Jasper National Park (Alberta, Canada) Jersey Zoo (Jersey, England) Jim Corbett National Park (India)

K.

Kafue National Park (Zambia) Kahuzi Biega National Park (Democratic Republic of Congo) Kalahari Desert (Southern Africa-Botswana, Namibia, Republic of South Africa) Kasokwa Forest Area (Uganda) Katmai National Park and Preserve (Alaska, USA) Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary (Malaysia) Kings Canyon National Park (California, USA) Kootenay National Park (British Columbia, Canada) Korup National Park (Cameroon) Kruger National Park (Republic of South Africa) Kutal National Park (Indonesia) Kwando Reserve (Botswana) Kwazulu-Natal (Republic of South Africa)

L.

Lake Clark National Park and Preserve (Alaska, USA) Camp Leakey (Borneo, Indonesia) Lincoln Park Zoo (Chicago, Illinois, USA) Lola ya Bonobo Sanctuary Lomako Forest (Democratic Republic of Congo) Londolozi Game Reserve (Republic of South Africa) Lope’ National Park (Gabon) Los Angeles Zoo (Los Angeles, California, USA) Lossi Gorilla Sanctuary (Democratic Republic of Congo) Luo Scientific Reserve (Democratic Republic of Congo)

M.

Mahale Mountains National Park (Tanzania) Mala Mala Private Game Reserve (Republic of South Africa) Mamiraua Ecological Sanctuary (Brazil) Manuel Antonio National Park (Peru) Manu National Park (Peru)

   Marahoue’ National Park (Cote d’Ivoire) Marsabit National Park and Game Reserve (Kenya) Masai Mara Game Reserve (Kenya) Mbalingwe Nature Reserve (Limpopo, South Africa) The McNeil River Sanctuary (Alaska, USA) Melbourne Zoo (Melbourne, Australia) Mgahinga Gorilla National Park (Uganda) Midmar Public Resort and Nature Reserve (Republic of South Africa) Miami Zoo (Miami, Florida, USA) Milwaukee Zoo (Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) Minnesota Zoo (Apple Valley, Minnesota, USA) Moremi Game Reserve (Botswana) Morne National Park (Newfoundland) Mount Huangshan Scenic Area (China) Mount Meru Game Reserve (Near Marangu, Tanzania) Munich Zoo (Munich, Germany)

N.

Nagarhole National Park (Southern India) National Bison Range Wildlife Refuge (Montana, USA) Ngala Game Reserve (Limpopo, South Africa) Ngorongoro Crater (Tanzania) Nyungwe National Park (Rwanda)

O.

Ocala National Forest (Florida, USA) Odzala National Park (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Okavango Delta (Botswana) Olympic National Park (Washington, USA) Omega Park (Montebello, Quebec, Canada) Osceola National Forest (Florida, USA) Ozark National Scenic Riverways (Ozarks, Missouri, USA)

P.

Pacific Rim National Park (British Columbia) Parc Nationale des Volcan (Rwanda) Parc Nationale du Haut Niger (Niger) Parc Zoologique de Paris (Paris, France) Philadelphia Zoo (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA-First Zoo in America) Phinda Game Reserve (KwaZulu-Natal, Republic of South Africa) Pilanesberg National Park/Game Reserve (Republic of South Africa)

  Poco das Antas Biological Reserve (Brazil) Polonnaruwa Archeological Sanctuary and Horton Plains National Park (Sri Lanka) Prince Albert National Park (Saskatchewan, Canada) Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range (Wyoming, USA)

Q.

R.

Ranomafana National Park (Madagascar) Riding Mountain National Park (Manitoba, Canada) Ruaha National Park (Tanzania)

S.

Sabi Sands Game Reserve (Republic of South Africa) Kwano Safari (Botswana) Saiwa Swamp (Kenya) San Antonio Zoo and Aquarium (San Antonio, Texas, USA) San Diego Zoo/ San Diego Wild Animal Park (San Diego, California, USA) Sanwild Sanctuary (Republic of South Africa) Savute Game Reserve (Botswana) Selous Game Reserve (Tanzania) Sepilok Forest Reserve and Orangutan Sanctuary (Malaysia) Sequoia National Park (California, USA) Serengeti Plains (Tanzania/Kenya) Shawnee National Forest (Southern Illinois) Shenandoah National Park (Virginia) Similian Islands National Park of Thailand (Thailand) St. Louis Zoological Park (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge (Florida, USA) Sumbu National Park (Zambia)

T.

Tai National Forest ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Taronga Zoo (Australia) Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Center (Democratic Republic of Congo) Tembe National Elephant Park (Republic of South Africa) Topeka Zoo (Topeka, Kansas, USA) Toronto Zoo (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) Tsavo National Park (Kenya) Tulsa Zoo (Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA)

  Twycross Zoo (England)

U.

The Ueno Zoo (Tokyo, Japan)

V.

Van Long Nature Reserve (Vietnam) Vince Shute Wildlife Sanctuary (Minnesota) Virunga National Park (Democratic Republic of Congo)

W.

Wassenaar Zoo (Netherlands) Waza National Park (Cameroon) West Coast National Park (Republic of South Africa) Whiteshell Provincial Park (Manitoba) Wilhelma Zoo (Germany)

X.

Y.

Yala National Park (Sri Lanka) Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming, Montana, Idaho) Yoho National Park (British Columbia, Canada) Yosemite National Park (California, USA)

Z.

Zoo Atlanta (Atlanta, Georgia, USA)

BOOKS (PARTIAL LIST):

A.

Altman, Roberta. Dunstan, Christina. The Quintessential Cat. MacMillan Publishing Company, 1996. Amory, Cleveland. Ranch of Dreams: The Heartwarming Story of America’s Most Unusual Animal Sanctuary. Viking, 1997.

B.

 

Bailie, Marylin. Amazing Things Animals Do. Maple Tree Press, 2003. Baldwin, Douglas. New France and the Fur Trade. Calgary : Weigl Educational Publ ishers, 2003. Ballenberghe, Victor Van. In the Company of Moose. Stackpole Books, 2004. Barton, Miles. Animal Rights (Survival Series). Franklin Watts, 1987. Barton, Miles. Zoos and Game Reserves. Hodder Children’s Division, 1988. Bateman, Robert. Safari. Little, Brown; 1st edition, 1998. Baur, Gene. Farm Sanctuary. Touchstone, 2008. Beauchamp, Richard G. The Doberman Pinscher: An Owner’s Guide to a Happy Healthy Pet. Howell Books; 1 edition, 1996. Bedoyere, Camilla de la. No One Loved Gorillas More: Dian Fossey: Letters From the Mist. National Geographic, 2005. Bekoff, Marc. Animals Matter. Shambhala Publications, 2007. Bieder, Robert E. Bears. Reaktion Books; 1 edition, 2004. Birr, Uschi. A Cat in the Family. Philadelphia : Chelsea House, 1997. Bloom, Steve. Untamed: Animals in the Wild. Abrams Books for Young Readers, 2005. Blum, Deborah. The Monkey Wars. Oxford University Press, 1995. Bonner, Jeffrey. Sailing With Noah. University of Missouri Press, 2006. Bortolotti, Dan. Tiger Recue: Changing the Future for Endangered Wildlife (Firefly Animal Rescue), 2003. Bow, Patricia. Chimp Rescue: Changing the Future for Endangered Wildlife. Firefly Books Ltd., 2004. Boysen, Sally. Custance, Deborah. The Smartest Animals on the Planet: Extraordinary Tales of the Natural World’s Cleverest Creatures. Firefly Book s, 2009. Brown, Gary. Great Bear Almanac. The Lyons Press; 1st edition, 1996. Brunner, Bernd. Bears: A Brief History. Yale University Press; illustrated edition, 2007. Brunskill, Chris. Tiger Forest: A Visual Study of Ranthambhore Park. Cheltenham, 2004. Bull, Bartle. Safari: A Chronicle of Adventure. Da Capo Press, 2006.

C.

Carson, Gerald. Men, Beasts, and Gods: A history of Cruelty and Kindness to Animals. New York: Scribner. 1972. Castricano, Jodey. Animal Subjects. Wilfrid Laurier University

  Press, 2008. Chinery, Michael. Animals in Danger: Wild Animal Planet Series. Lorenz Books, 2004. Cohat, Yves. Collet, Anne. Discoveries: Whales: Giants of the Seas and Oceans (Discoveries Abrams). Harry N. Abrams, 2001. Cohen, Carl. Regan, Tom. The Animal Rights Debate. Rowman& Littlefield, 2001. Cohen, Judith-Jango. Giraffes. Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2001. Collard. Sneed B. In the Wild (Science Adventures). Benchmark Books (NY), 2005. Crisp, Marty. Everything Horse: What Kids Really Want to Know About Horses. NorthWord Books For Young Readers, 2005. Croke, Vicki. The Modern Ark: The Story of Zoos: Past, Present and Future. Diane Pub Co, 1997.

D.

Davies, Ben. Black Market: Inside the Endangered Species Trade in Asia. Earth Aware Editions, 2005. Day, Nancy. Animal Experimentation: Cruelty or Science. Enslow Publishers; Revised edition, 2000. Dekker, Dick. Wolves of the Rocky Mountains. Hancock House Publishers; Enlarged and updated edition, 1997. DK Publishers (Author). Animals Like Us, 2005. Doherty, Gillian. Birds Usborne Discovery Internet-Linked. First edition, 2005.

E.

Eckhart, Gene. Lanjouw, Annette. Mountain Gorillas: Biology, Conservation, and Coexistence. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. Eilert-Overbeck, Brigitte. Cats. Barron's Educational Series, 2009.

F.

Facklam, Margery. Who Harnessed the Horse: The Story of Animal Domestication. Little Brown & Co (Juv), 1992. Fenton, M. Brock. The Bat: Wings in the Night Sky. Key Porter Books Ltd, 1998. Finsen, Lawrence and Susan. The Animal Rights Movement in America: From Compassion to Respect (Social Movements Past and Present Series), 1994. Fox, Michael W. Beyond Evolution: The Genetically Altered Future

  of Plants, Animals, the Earth and Humans. The Lyons Press, 1999. Fox, Michael W. Animals Have Rights Too. Continuum Intl Pub Group, 1991. Fox, Michael W. Inhumane Society: The American Way of Exploiting Animals. St. Martin's Griffin, 1990. Francione, Gary. Introduction to Animal Rights. Temple University Press, 2000. Fugier, Elisabeth Hardouin. Baratay, Eric. Reaktion Books, 2004. Furstinger, Nancy. Mastiffs. Checkerboard Books, 2005.

G.

Galdikas, Birute’. Great Ape Odyssey. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publisher, 2005. Galdikas, Birute’. Reflections of Eden: My Years with the Orangutans of Borneo. Back Bay Books, 1996. Gibbons, Gail. Soaring With the Wind: The Bald Eagle. HarperCollins, 1998. Gibbons, Gail. Zoos. T.Y. Crowell, New York, 1987 Grant, Catharine. The No-Nonsense Guide to Animal Rights. New Internationalist, 2006. Gilders, Michelle A. The Nature of Great Apes: Our Next of Kin. Douglas and McIntyre, 2003. Glen, Samantha. Best Friends. Kensington, 2001. Goddard, Donald Letcher. Swope, Sam and the Wildlife Conservation Society. Saving Wildlife: A Century of Conservation. Harry N Abrams, 1995. Godwin, Laura. Forest. HarperCollins, 2000. Goodall, Jane. In the Shadow of Man. Mariner Books; Revised edition, 2000. Goodall, Jane. Berman, Phillip. Reason for Hope. Grand Central Publishing, 2000. Goodall, Jane. Through a Window. Mariner Books, 2000. Goodall, Jane. Peterson, Dale. Visions of Caliban. University of Georgia Press, 2000. Dutton Juvenile; 1st edition, 1991. Goodall, Jane. Chimpanzees I love: Saving their World and Ours. Scholastic Press , 2001. Goodall, Jane. Africa in My Blood: An Autobiography in Letters: The Early Years. Mariner Books, 2001. Goodall, Jane. Bekoff, Marc. The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love. HarperCollins Publishers , 2002. Goodall, Jane. Nichols, Michael. Brutal Kinship. Aperture; 1st edition, 2005. Gorrell, Gena K. Working Like a Dog: The Story of Working Dogs Through History. Tundra Books, 2003. Grace, E.S. The Nature of Lions. Greystone Books, 2001. Grandin, Temple. Johnson, Catherine. Animals Make Us Human.

   Boston; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009. Green, Ann Norton. Horses at Work. Harvard University Press; 1 edition, 2008. Green, Alan. Animal Underworld: Inside America’s Black Market for Rare and Exotic Species. PublicAffairs, 2006. Greenberg, Daniel A. Leopards. Benchmark Books (NY), 2002. Grossman, Loyd. Dogs Tale: A History of Man’s Best Friend. London Bridge, 1999. Grove, Noel. Preserving Eden. Harry N. Abrams, 1992. Guither, Harold D. Animal Rights: History and Scope of a Radical Social Movement. Southern Illinois University Press, 1997.

H.

Haggerty, Edward C. Working Dogs: Nature’s Children. Grolier Educational Corporation, 1997. Hamilton, Gary. Frog Rescue: Changing the Future for Endangered Wildlife. Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books, 2004. Hamilton, Gary. Rhino Rescue: Changing the Future for Endangered Wildlife. Firefly Books, 2006. Harkrader, Lisa. The Orangutan: Threatened and Endangered Animals. Myreportlinks.com, 2005. Harnack, Andrew. Animal Rights: Opposing Viewpoints. Greenhaven Pr, 1996. Harris, Tim. Frogs. Grolier, Inc., 2008. Harris, Tim. Hawks. Grolier, Scholastic (Danbury, Conn), 2008. Hart, Joyce. Big Dogs. Benchmark Books (NY); 1 edition, 2007. Harvey, Martin. Mills, Gus. African Predators. Smithsonian Books, 2001. Havard, Christian. Untamed: Animals Around the World. New York : H.N. Abrams, 2005. Herne, Brian. White Hunters: The Golden Age of African Safaris. Holt Paperbacks, 2001. Herrero, Stephen. Bear Attacks: Their Causes and Avoidance (Revised Edition). The Lyons Press, 2002. Herscovici, Allan. Second Nature. C. B. C. Enterprises, 1985. Hickman, Pamella. Bird Rescue: Changing the Future for Endangered Wildlife (Firefly Animal Rescue). Firefly Books, 2005. Hills, Alison. Do Animals Have Rights? Totem Books, 2006. Hinde, Gerald. Hunter, Luke. Cats of Africa. New Holland Publishers, 2005. Hinshaw, Dorothy. The Bald Eagle Returns. New York : Clarion Books, 2000. Hodgson, Barbara. The Rat. Ten Speed Press, 1997. Horton, Casey. Endangered Apes. Benchmark Books New York, 1996. Howell Book House (Author). The Essential Labrador Retriever.

   1998. Hoyt, Eric. Whale Rescue: Changing the Future for Endangered Wildlife (Firefly Animal Rescue). Firefly Books, 2005.

I.

Ingebretsen, Karen. Gorillas and Other Apes. World Book Inc., 2005. Irwin, Paul G. Losing Paradise: The Growing Threat to Our Animals, Our Environment, and Ourselves. Square One Publishers; First Printing edition, 2000.

J.

Jackson, Donna M. ER Vets: Life in an Animal Emergency Room. Houghton Mifflin Books for Children, 2005. Jahme, Carole. Beauty and the Beasts: Women, Ape, and Evolution. Soho Press; First American Ed edition. Jameson, Pam. Dogs: Responsible Pet Care. Rourke Publishing, 1989. Jasper, James M. Nelkin, Dorothy. The Animal Rights Crusade. Free Press, 1991. Jenkins, Sid. Leitch, Michael. Animals Have More Sense. Fontana Press, 1988. Johnson, Jinny. Great Little Facts Books: Birds. Parragon Publishing, 2002. Judson, Karen. Animal Testing. Benchmark Books, 2006.

K.

Kallen, Stewart A. German Shepherds. Abdo & Daughters Publishing, 2005. Kallen, Stewart A. Labrador Retrievers. Abdo & Daughters Publishing, 1995. Kalman, Bobbie. Lundblad, Kristina. Endangered Bats: Earth’s Endangered Animals. Crabtree Publishing Company; 1 edition, 2006. Kalman, Bobbie. Endangered Turtles. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2004. Kalman, Bobbie. Endangered Leopards. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2005. Kalman, Bobbie. Endangered Manatees. Crabtree Publishing Company; 1 edition, 2006. Kawich, Horst-Hegenwald. The German Shepherd Dog. Hauppauge, NY : Barron's, 2007. Kawich, Horst-Hegenwald. My Dog and Me. Barron's Educational

   Series; illustrated edition edition, 2002. Keating, Brian. Amazing Animal Adventures Around the World. Fifth House Books; 1 edition, 2004. Kenyon, Linda. Rainforest Bird Rescue: Changing the Future for Endangered Wildlife (Firefly Animal Rescue). Firefly Books, 2006. Kevles, Betyann. Watching the Great Apes. Dutton Juvenile; 1st edition, 1976. Komar, Vitally. Melamid, Alexander. When Elephants Paint. Perennial Books (Harper Collins), 2001.

L.

Laidlaw, Rob. Wild Animals in Captivity. Fitzhenry and Whiteside; 1 edition, 2008. Langley, Jill. Animal Experimentation: The Consensus Changes. Springer; 1 edition, 1989. Lanting, Frans. De Waal, Frans B.M. Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape. University of California Press, 1998. Leach, Michael. The Great Apes. Sterling Pub Co Inc, 1998. Lepthien, Emilie U. Giraffes. Children's Press (CT), 1997. Loeper, John J. Crusade for Kindness, Henry Bergh and the ASPCA. Atheneum, 1991. Lynge, Finn. Animal Wars, Animal Rights, Endangered Peoples. Dartmouth; 1st edition, 1992.

M.

Mackay, Richard. The Atlas of Endangered Species. University of California Press; 1 edition, 2008. Manning, Phillip. Islands of Hope. John F. Blair Publisher; Likely 1st Edtion edition, 1999. Markle, Sandra. Killer Whales: Animal Predators. First Avenue Editions, 2004. McDaniel, Melissa. Monkeys (Animals). Marshall Cavendish Children's Books, 2004. McKay, William Angus. The Great Skin Game. Macmillan of Canada , 1967. McKenna, Virginia. Travers, Will. Wray, Jonathan. Sterling Pub Co Inc, 1988. Midkiff, Ken. The Meat You Eat: How Corporate Farming Has Endangered America’s Food Supply, 2005. Milani, Myrna. Dogsmart. McGraw-Hill; 1 edition, 1988. Miller, Greg. Bowhunting Forests & Deep Woods. Krause Publications, 2006. DK Publishing (Author). Animals Like Us. DK Children, 2005. Montgomery, Charlotte. Blood Relations. Between the Lines,

   2000. Montgomery, M. R. A Cow’s Life: The Surprising History of Cattle, and How the Black Angus Came to be Home on the Range. Walker & Company, 2004. Montgomery, Sy. The Man Eating Tigers of Sundarbans. Sandpiper, 2004. Montgomery, Sy. Walking With the Great Apes: Jane Goodall, Dian Fosey, Birute Galdikas. Mariner Books, 1992. Morgan, Diane. The Whole Horse Wellness Guide: Natural and Conventional Care for a Healthy Horse. TFH Publications, Inc.; 1,2008. Moore, Arden. The Dog Behavior Answer Book. Regent Publishing Services, 2006. Morris, Desmond. Parker, Steve. Planet Ape. Firefly Books, 2009. Morris, Desmond. Dogs Home Battersea (Author). Boyle, Katie. Morris, Desmond. A Passion for Dogs: The Dogs Home Battersea. David & Charles, 1992. Morris, Desmond. Animal Watching. Crown Publishers, 1990. Morris, Desmond. The Animal Contract. Grand Central Publishers, 1991. Morrison, Adrian R. An Odyssey with Animals: A Veterinarian’s Reflections on the Animal Rights & Welfare Debate. Oxford University Press, 2009. Muszynski, Julie. The Blue Book of Dogs: Sporting, Working, Herding, Non-Sporting. Collins Design, 2007. Muszynski, Julie. The Red Book of Dogs: Hounds, Terriers, Toys. Collins Design, 2007. Muszynski, Julie

N.

Newkirk, Ingrid. Making Kind Choices. St. Martin's Griffin, 2004. Nichol, John. The Animal Smugglers: And Other Wildlife Traders. Facts on File, 1987. Nichols, Michael. Goodall, Jane (Contributor). Brutal Kinship. Aperture; 1st edition, 2005. Nichols, Michael. The Great Apes. Natl Geographic Society, 1993. Nielsen, John. Condor. Harpercollins, 2006. Niven, Charles D. History of the Humane Movement. London; Johnson Publications, 1967.

Nussbaum, Martha C. Sunstein, Cass R. Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions. Oxford University Press, 2004.

O.

  

Orlans, Barbara F. Beauchamp, Tom L. Morton, David B. Gluck, John P. The Human Use of Animals: Case Studies in Ethical Choice, 1998

P.

Page, George. Inside the Animal Mind. Broadway, 2001. Page, Jack. Maeir, Franz. Zoo. Key Porter Books Ltd, 1990. Patent, Dorothy Hinshaw. Jubb, Kendahl Jan. Big Cats. Walker Books for Young Readers, 2005. Patterson, Charles. The Eternal Treblinka. Lantern Books, 2002. Paul, Jeffrey. Why Animal Experimentation Matters: The Use of Animals in Medical Research (New Studies in Social Policy, 2). Transaction Publishers; 1 edition, 2001. Perrine, Doug. Sharks. Voyageur Press (MN), 1999. Peterson, Dale. Eating Apes. University of California Press; 1 edition, 2004. Pratesi, Fulco. Global 200 World Wildlife Fund: Places that Must Survive (Journeys Through the World of Nature). White Star; illustrated edition, 2007. Pringle, Laurence. The Animal Rights Controversy. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt P, 1989.

Q.

R.

Raeke, Carolyn. Guide to Adopting an Ex-Racing Greyhound. TFH Publications, 1997. Reda, Sheri. Frogs. Chicago : World Book, Inc., 2006. Redmond, Ian. The Primate Family Tree. Firefly Books, 2008. Redmond, Ian. The Elephant Book. Candlewick, 2001. Regan, Tom. The Case for Animal Rights. University of California Press, 1985. Regan, Tom. Masson, JefferyMoussaief. Empty Cages. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005. Rich, Edwin Ernest. Montreal and the Fur Trade. McGill University Press , 1967. Rimas, Andrew. Fraser, Evan. Beef. Harper Paperbacks; Reprint edition, 2009. Ritter, Erika. The Dog by the Cradle, the Serpent Beneath: Some Paradoxes of Human-Animal Relationships . Key Porter Books, 2009. Robinson, Phillip T. Life at the Zoo: Behind the Scenes with the Animal Doctors. Columbia University Press, 2007. Roosevelt, Kermit. A Sentimental Safari. Alfred A Knopf; 1st

   edition, 1963. Rudacille, Deborah. The Scalpel and the Butterfly. Douglas & McIntyre, 2000. Russon, A.E. Orangutans: Wizards of the Rainforest, revised edition. Toronto: Key Porter Publications, 2004. Ruth, Maria Mudd. Owls.Marshall Cavendish Corp, 2005.

S.

Salt, Henry. Animal Rights Considered to Social Progress. A. C. Fifield, London, 1905 (Revised Edition), 1905. Savage, Candace. Wildcats: Lynx, Bobcats, Mountain Lions. Sierra Club Books, 1994. Schandy, Tom. Magnificent Africa. Duncan Baird, 2005. Schultz, Jeff. Dogs in the Iditarod. Sasquatch Books, 2003. Scully, Mathew. Dominion: The Power of Man, The Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy. St. Martin's Griffin, 2003. Sequoia, Anna. 67 Ways to Save Animals. Perennial; 1st edition, 1990. Shenk, Ellen. Careers with Animals: Exploring Occupations Involving Dogs, Horses, Cats, Birds, Wildlife, and Exotics. Stackpole Books, 2005. Shevelow, Kathryn. For the Love of Animals. Holt Paperbacks, 2009. Simon, Seymour. Cats. New York : HarperCollins Publishers, 2004 Singer, Peter. In Defense of Animals: The Second Wave. Wiley- Blackwell; 2nd edition, 2005. Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation. Harper Perennial, 2001. Singer, Peter. The Great Ape Project. St. Martin's Griffin, 1994. Smith, Donna Campbell. The Book of Draft Horses: The Gentle Giants that Built the World. The Lyons Press; illustrated edition, 2007. Smith, Roland. Inside the Zoo Nursery. Cobblehill, 1993 . Snyder, Trish. Alligator and Crocodile Rescue. Firefly Books Ltd, 2006. Sparks, John. Battle of the Sexes: The Natural History of Sex. Diane Pub Co, 2001. Steele, Zemulda. Angel in Top Hat: Life of Henry Bergh. New York : Harper, 1942. Stefoff, Rebecca. Turtles: Animal Ways. Benchmark Books (NY); 1 edition, 2007. Stefoff, Rebecca. Chimpanzees (Animalways). Benchmark Books (NY), 2003. Stefoff, Rebecca. Dogs. Marshall Cavendish Children's Books, 2002. Stefoff, Rebecca. Horses. Marshall Cavendish Children's Books,

   2000. Striffler, Steve. Chicken: The Dangerous Transformation of America’s Favorite Food, 2007. Stuart, Tristram. Bloodless Revolution: A Cultural History of Vegetarianism: From 1600 to Modern Times. W.W. Norton & Co. ,2008. Stull, Donald D. Broadway, Michael J. Slaughterhouse Blues: The Meat and Poultry Industry in North America (Case Studies on Contemporary Social Issues). Wadsworth Publishing; 1 edition, 2003. Sullivan, Robert. Rats. Bloomsbury USA, 2005. Swanson, Diane. Welcome to the World of Orangutans. Walrus Books, 2003. Swedlow, Jill. The Great Dane. Howell Books, 1998. Swinburne, Stephen R. Black Bear. Boyd Mills Press, 2009.

T.

Taylor, Angus. Animals and Ethics: An Overview of the Philosophical Debate. Broadview Press; 1 edition, 2003. Taylor, Angus. Monkeys, Magpies, and Morals: What Philosophers Say About Animal Liberation. Broadview Press; 1 edition, 1999. Taylor, Barbara. Monkeys and Apes. Kingfisher, 2004. Taylor, Dave. Black Bears: A Natural History. Fitzhenry and Whiteside; 1 edition, 2006. Taylor, Marianne. Mountain Gorilla: In Danger of Extinction! Heinemann Library, 2004. Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall. The Hidden Life of Dogs. Pocket, 1996. Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall. The Social Lives of Dogs. New York : Simon & Schuster, 2000. Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall. The Tribe of Tiger. Pocket, 2001. Tobias, Michael. Voices from the Underground. Hope Publishing House, 1999. Toon, Ann & Steve. Rhinos. Voyageur Press, 2002. Tort, Patrick. Darwin and the Sciences of Evolution (Abrams Discoveries). Harry N. Abrams, 2001. Town, Florida. The Northwest Company: Frontier Merchants. Umbrella Press , 1998. Turner, Alan. Prehistoric Mammals. National Geographic , 2004. Turner, Matt. Asian Elephant: Animals Under Threat. Heinemann- Raintree, 2005. Turner, Pamela S. Gorilla Doctors: Saving Endangered Great Apes. Sandpiper; Reprint edition, 2008.

U.

   Unwin, Mike. Peregrine Falcon: Saved From Extinction! (Animals Under Threat). Heinemann Library, 2004.

V.

W.

Waal, Frans de. Chimpanzee Politics. The Johns Hopkins University Press; Revised edition, 2000. Wilcove, David S. The Condor’s Shadow. Anchor; First Edition edition, 2000. Williams, Erin E. Why Animals Matter. Prometheus Books, 2007. Willers, Bill. Learning to Listen to the Land. Island Press, 1991. Williams, Joy. Ill Nature. Vintage, 2002. Wise, Stephen M. Drawing the Line. Basic Books, 2003. Wylie, Dan. Elephant. Reaktion Books, 2009.

X.

Y.

Z.