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Sistemul Internaţional Şi Politica Puterilor Minore
ŞCOALA NAŢIONALĂ DE STUDII POLITICE ŞI ADMINISTRATIVE TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT: SISTEMUL INTERNAŢIONAL ŞI POLITICA PUTERILOR MINORE. CAZUL ROMÂNIEI, 1913-1989 COORDONATOR: DOCTORAND: Prof. Univ. Dr. Mihail E. Ionescu Asist. Univ. Andrei Miroiu BUCUREŞTI, 2004 1 PARTEA I-A PUTERILE MINORE ÎN POLITICA INTERNAŢIONALĂ Această teză de doctorat reprezintă un demers realist de a înţelege comportamentul unei puteri minore, România, în raport cu propriul subsistem al relaţiilor internaţionale. Voi încerca, pe de o parte, să critic teoriile realiste actuale care tratează problematica puterilor minore şi să alcătuiesc o viziune contextualizată pentru principalul obiectiv al cercetării. Pe de altă parte, voi încerca să înţeleg comportamentul României ca actor internaţional axându-mă pe cele mai relevante teste din punctul de vedere al perspectivelor realiste: deciziile privind conflictul militar şi poziţia în sistemele de alianţe. Propria viziune asupra modului în care se structurează politica puterilor minore pornind de la constângerile sistemului internaţional, anunţată în prima parte a tezei, va fi testată în cele două părţi ale lucrării care vizează problematica românească. A doua parte a tezei va viza comportamentul României în momentele deciziilor esenţiale pentru supravieţuirea sau mărirea unui stat, cele privind acceptarea sau neacceptarea conflictului militar, din puctul de vedere al disputei teoretice legate de acţiunile de balansare şi de aliniere. A treia secţiune va încerca, bazându-se pe principiile analizei strategice şi ale analizei diplomatice să înţeleagă rolul României într-un cadru al hegemoniei de pace, determinat de plasarea în blocul estic între 1945 şi 1989-1991. Războiul interstatal a fost perceput în literatura clasică a relaţiilor internaţionale drept fenomenul central al oricărei investigaţii generatoare de teorii în 2 domeniul politicii mondiale1. -
Trials of the War Criminals
TRIALS OF THE WAR CRIMINALS General Considerations The Fascist regime that ruled Romania between September 14, 1940, and August 23, 1944, was brought to justice in Bucharest in May 1946, and after a short trial, its principal leaders—Ion and Mihai Antonescu and two of their closest assistants—were executed, while others were sentenced to life imprisonment or long terms of detention. At that time, the trial’s verdicts seemed inevitable, as they indeed do today, derived inexorably from the defendants’ decisions and actions. The People’s Tribunals functioned for a short time only. They were disbanded on June 28, 1946,1 although some of the sentences were not pronounced until sometime later. Some 2,700 cases of suspected war criminals were examined by a commission formed of “public prosecutors,”2 but only in about half of the examined cases did the commission find sufficient evidence to prosecute, and only 668 were sentenced, many in absentia.3 There were two tribunals, one in Bucharest and one in Cluj. It is worth mentioning that the Bucharest tribunal sentenced only 187 people.4 The rest were sentenced by the tribunal in Cluj. One must also note that, in general, harsher sentences were pronounced by the Cluj tribunal (set up on June 22, 1 Marcel-Dumitru Ciucă, “Introducere” in Procesul maresalului Antonescu (Bucharest: Saeculum and Europa Nova, 1995-98), vol. 1: p. 33. 2 The public prosecutors were named by communist Minister of Justice Lucret iu Pătrăşcanu and most, if not all of them were loyal party members, some of whom were also Jews. -
Anexe La H.C.G.M.B. Nr. 254 / 2008
NR. FELUL LIMITE DENUMIREA SECTOR CRT. ARTEREI DELA ..... PANA LA ..... 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 Bd. Aerogarii Sos. Bucuresti Ploiesti Bd. Ficusului 1 2 Str. Avionului Sos. Pipera Linie CF Constanta 1 3 Bd. Averescu Alex. Maresal Bd. Ion Mihalache Sos. Kiseleff 1 4 Bd. Aviatorilor Pta Victoriei Sos. Nordului 1 5 P-ta Aviatorilor 1 6 Str. Baiculesti Sos. Straulesti Str. Hrisovului 1 7 Bd. Balcescu Nicolae Bd. Regina Elisabeta Str. CA Rosetti 1 8 Str. Baldovin Parcalabul Str. Mircea Vulcanescu Str. Cameliei .(J' 9 Bd. Banu Manta Sos. Nicolae Titulescu Bd. Ion Mihalache /'co 1 ~,..~:~':~~~.~. (;~ 10 Str. Beller Radu It. avo Calea Dorobanti Bd. Mircea Eliade ,i: 1 :"~," ~, ',.." " .., Str. Berzei ,;, 1 t~:~~:;:lf~\~l'~- . ~: 11 Str. Berthelot Henri Mathias, G-ral Calea Victoriei .. ~!- .~:,.-::~ ",", .\ 1.~ 12 P-ta Botescu Haralambie ~ . 13 Str. Berzei Calea Plevnei Calea Grivitei 1 ~; 14 Str. Biharia Bd. Aerogarii Str. Zapada Mieilor 1 15 Sos. Bucuresti Ploiesti P-ta Presei Libere Str. Elena Vacarescu 1 16 Sos. Bucuresti Targoviste Bd. Bucurestii Noi Sos.Odaii 1 17 Bd. Bucurestii Noi Calea Grivitei Sos. Bucurestii Targoviste 1 18 Str. Budisteanu Ion Str. G-ral Berthelot Calea Grivitei 1 19 Str. Buzesti Calea Grivitei P-ta Victoriei 1 20 P-ta Buzesti 1 21 Str. Campineanu Ion Str. Stirbei Voda Bd. Nicolae Balcescu 1 22 Str. Caraiman Calea Grivitei Bd. Ion Mihalache 1 23 Str. Caramfil Nicolae Sos. Nordului Str. Av. AI. Serbanescu 1 24 Bd. Campul Pipera Aleea Privighetorilor 1 25 P-ta Charles de Gaulle -'- 1 26 Sos. Chitilei ,.".ll·!A Bd. Bucurestii Noi Limita administrativa - 1 27 Str. -
Doc 1 2010 Tipar.Indd
studii/documente MESAJUL ŞEFULUI STATULUI MAJOR GENERAL CU OCAZIA SĂRBĂTORIRII ZILEI SERVICIULUI ISTORIC AL ARMATEI iua Serviciului Istoric al Armatei, sărbătorită în fi ecare an la 17 martie, constituie pentru comunitatea Z militară şi civilă deopotrivă prilejul de a-i omagia pe toţi cei care, de peste paisprezece decenii, au contribuit la conservarea şi valorifi carea pe plan ştiinţifi c a testimoniilor arhivistice ale Armatei României, tezaur spiritual destinat să păstreze pentru posteritate mărturiile documentare privind rolul şi locul în societatea românească, evoluţia şi tradiţiile organismului militar naţional, precum şi faptele de arme, bravura şi spiritul de jertfă ale militarilor români. În urmă cu 143 de ani, Înaltul Decret nr. 380 din 17 martie 1867 a consfinţit înfiinţarea „Depozitului General al Războiului”, cu statut de direcţie a Ministerului de Război, care avea în compunere Secţia Lucrări istorice. Această structură indispensabilă, cu atribuţii privind clasarea și conservarea arhivelor militare, studierea documentelor de arhivă, elaborarea de lucrări referitoare la istoria Armatei României, coordonarea activităţii bibliotecilor militare și studierea organizării armatelor străine a constituit nucleul unei instituţii cu responsabilităţi și sarcini specifice în gestionarea tradiţiilor militare, care se regăsește în structura tuturor armatelor statelor membre NATO. De-a lungul timpului, Serviciul Istoric al Armatei României a asigurat un management efi cient al zecilor de mii de unităţi arhivistice care s-au acumulat în depozitele specializate, concomitent cu derularea unui proces salutar de valorifi care a lecţiilor trecutului prin elaborarea de lucrări ştiinţifi ce – culegeri de documente, cronologii, monografi i, dicţionare, albume şi enciclopedii – care refl ectă cu acurateţe şi obiectivitate un parcurs glorios şi o evoluţie constant ascendentă a organismului militar românesc. -
Romania Redivivus
alexander clapp ROMANIA REDIVIVUS nce the badlands of neoliberal Europe, Romania has become its bustling frontier. A post-communist mafia state that was cast to the bottom of the European heap by opinion- makers sixteen years ago is now billed as the success story Oof eu expansion.1 Its growth rate at nearly 6 per cent is the highest on the continent, albeit boosted by fiscal largesse.2 In Bucharest more politicians have been put in jail for corruption over the past decade than have been convicted in the rest of Eastern Europe put together. Romania causes Brussels and Berlin almost none of the headaches inflicted by the Visegrád Group—Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia— which in 1993 declined to accept Romania as a peer and collectively entered the European Union three years before it. Romanians con- sistently rank among the most Europhile people in the Union.3 An anti-eu party has never appeared on a Romanian ballot, much less in the parliament. Scattered political appeals to unsavoury interwar traditions—Legionnairism, Greater Romanianism—attract fewer voters than do far-right movements across most of Western Europe. The two million Magyars of Transylvania, one of Europe’s largest minorities, have become a model for inter-ethnic relations after a time when the park benches of Cluj were gilded in the Romanian tricolore to remind every- one where they were. Indeed, perhaps the aptest symbol of Romania’s place in Europe today is the man who sits in the Presidential Palace of Cotroceni in Bucharest. Klaus Iohannis—a former physics teacher at a high school in Sibiu, once Hermannstadt—is an ethnic German head- ing a state that, a generation ago, was shipping hundreds of thousands of its ‘Saxons’ ‘back’ to Bonn at 4,000–10,000 Deutschmarks a head. -
Turn BRD Bdul. Ion Mihalache Nr. 1-7, 011171 Bucureşti, România Tel:+
From : Board of Directors Date : March, 13, 2014 Extraordinary General Meeting of the To: Chairman – CEO visa: Shareholders Amendment of the Articles of Incorporation of BRD-Groupe Société Subject : Générale S.A. Decision draft Extraordinary General Meeting of the Shareholders approves the amendment of the Articles of Incorporation of BRD – Groupe Société Générale, according to the Annex, as well as the delegation of power to Philippe Charles LHOTTE, Chairman-CEO of the Bank, to sign the Addendum to the Articles of Incorporation and the updated form of the Articles of Incorporation. SUMMARY The amendments of the Articles of Association of BRD consist in: • changing paragraph 1 of Article 1 in order to line up with the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, consisting in changing the words “commercial companies“ with “companies”; • rephrasing the provisions of paragraph 3 and paragraph 4 of Article 5 due to the modification of paragraph 2 of Article 18 of Government Emergency Ordinance No.99/2006 on Credit Institutions and Capital Adequacy by updating the legislation invoked; • the Bank’s shareholding structure; • changing paragraph 1 of Article 15 consisting in modifying the maximum term for calling, at least once a year, the Ordinary General Meeting, in order to line up with the provisions of the Article 112 1 of the National Securities Commission Regulation no.1/2006 related to issuers and security operations (within no more than 4 months after the end of the financial year instead no more than 5 months after the end of the financial year as it is mentioned in the actual Articles of Association); • the modification of paragraph 5 of Article 28 consisting in mentioning the fact that in case of tie of vote, the proposal submitted to vote shall be deemed denied; • inserting a new paragraph to Article 28, after the paragraph 5, in order to line up with the provisions of the Companies Law no. -
Protocol No. 5 of the Meeting of the Executive Committee of the CC of the RCP, on the Situation in Czechoslovakia
Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact (PHP) April 2004 Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1989 www.isn.ethz.ch/php Edited by Dennis Deletant, Mihail E. Ionescu and Anna Locher ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Protocol No. 5 of the Meeting of the Executive Committee of the CC of the RCP, on the Situation in Czechoslovakia Bucharest, 21 August 1968 Participants in the meeting, comrades: Nicolae Ceasescu, Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Gheorghe Apostol, Alexandru Bârladeanu, Emil Bodnaras, Chivu Stoica, Paul Niculescu-Mizil, Virgil Trofin, Ilie Verdet, Maxim Berghianu, Florian Danalache, Constantin Dragan, Ianos Fazekas, Leonte Rautu, Vasile Vâlcu, Stefan Voitec, Iosif Banc, Petre Blajovici, Dumitru Coliu, Mihai Gere, Petre Lupu, Manea Manescu, Dumitru Popa, Dumitru Popescu, Gheorghe Stoica. Invited to participate in the meeting, comrades: Mihai Dalea, Vasile Patilinet. The meeting opens at 6:30 a.m. AGENDA: The situation created after the penetration of the armed forces of certain socialist countries into the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Upon listening to Comrade Nicolae Ceausescu's briefing on the very serious situation created after the penetration in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic - without the knowledge and approval of that country's Party and State bodies, of the armed forces of the URSS, the Polish People's Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic, the People's Republic of Bulgaria and the German Democratic Republic - the Executive Committee of the CC of the RCP, decides as follows: • The Government of the Socialist Republic of Romania shall address a note to the five socialist countries whose troops occupied Czechoslovakia and express its concern about and disapproval of this act, the fact that it does not share at all the views stated in the TASS Communiqué, alleging that a counter-revolutionary situation was obtaining in Czechoslovakia which might have justified a military intervention. -
MONITORUL FICIA E.- PARTEA Twa Kele,AA.04.34.44
r".7 FW 4kte.a,W414.4iAt4 .4.-104191re Anra CXVI Nr. 175 25 LEI EXEMPLARUL SimbAti 31 Tulle 1948. Ae442i-f, REPUBLICA POPULARAnomANA MONITORUL FICIA e.- PARTEA twa kele,AA.04.34.44. LEGI, DECRETE DECIZIUNI ALE CONSILIULUI DE MINISTRI, DECIZIUNI MINISTERIALE,COMUNICATE, ANUNTURI JUDICIARE (DE INTERES GENERAL) etc iewc 4031171:MOCIIIIIMP Desbaterile .Partea 1-a saua II-a ABONAMENTE iN LEI parlamentnre PUBLIdA IIIIN 1.E I inaerpa M.O. I on6Iani31uni1 lunasesiune I1 tuna LINIA iN TARA : DECRETE $1 JURNALE ALE CONSILIULU1 DE MINISTRI: 4Particulari 3.600 1.800 900 500 Peptru acordares avantajelor legii pentru incurajarea indus- Autoritati de Stat, judetsi comu-. triei la industrissi .71 fabricanti 6.000 Idem pentru meseriasi si mori taranesti tulle 1.500 ' 3.000 1.500 750 incetitenire si depuneri de juramant 2.003 Autoritati comunale rurale 2.500 1.250 625 autorizAri pentra rnfiintiri de birourt varnale 2000 DECIZII OlOrice abonali 2.500 500 Schimbari de ounre 2.000 INSTRA1NATATE 8.000 5.000 1.000CITATIILE: Curtilor de Casatie,Conturi,Apel,Tribunate t notari publici tinexemplar din anul curent lei.... 25 part. 1-aI 25 part. II-a 25 pa t. III-a 500 Judecatoriilor 250 anii expirati 50 50 " AMENAJAMENTE DE PADURI ,Abonarnentul lapartea Ill-a (Desbaterile parlamentare) pentrri sesiunile ordinare Priduri dintre 0 10 ha 150 10,01 20 .. 300 ........ , 500 prelungite sau extraordinare se socoteste 1.000 leI lunar (minimum 1 tuna). .1 20,01 100 100.01 209 2.000 Abonamentele si publicatiile pentru autorit8tiiparticulari se platesc anticipat. 1 200,01 500 3.000 ele vor fi insotite de o adresa din partea autoritatilor si de e cerere timbrata din 500,01-1000 4.000 trartea particularilor. -
Corpses, Dead Body Politics and Agency in Human Geography: Following the Corpse of Dr Petru Groza
Corpses, dead body politics and agency in human geography: following the corpse of Dr Petru Groza This paper follows the mobilities of the dead body of Dr Petru Groza (1884-1958), a significant political figure in post-World War II socialist Romania, to explore the implications for human geography of engaging with the dead. Although there has been a considerable interest in ‘geographies of the body’ and ‘deathscapes’ human geography has had relatively little to say about dead bodies. The paper draws on literatures from death studies, memory studies, history, anthropology, law and dead body politics to develop an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the role of the corpse in society, and argues that human geography should do more to consider how dead bodies contribute to the formation of contemporary geographies. To illustrate these points the analysis first explores how the treatment of Groza’s corpse and the ‘deathwork’ associated with it is an example of ‘dead body politics’. Second, the analysis draws out the agency of the corpse and its role in a variety of ‘deathscapes’. The conclusion considers the implications for human geography of engaging with dead bodies more generally. key words corpses dead body politics mobility agency Death Studies Romania 1 Corpses, dead body politics and agency in human geography: following the corpse of Dr Petru Groza Introduction This paper follows the mobilities of the corpse of Dr. Petru Groza (1884-1958) to explore the implications for human geography of engaging with the dead. Petru Groza lead the first post- War Romanian Communist government, was Prime Minister 1945-52, and titular Head of State 1952-58. -
Die Heutige Rumänische Parteiführung
WISSENSCHAFTLICHER DIENST SÖDOSTEUROPA XVIII. Jahrgang September 1969 Heft 9 Verjüngung auf breiterer repräsentativer Basis Die heutige rumänische Parteiführung Die bereits nach dem IX. RKP-Kongreß (Juli 1965) Chivu Stoica erhielt zwar den Vorsitz in der Zen eingeleitete Verjüngung der Führungskader und die tralen Revisionskommission anstelle des aus „Al Ersetzung „alter Kämpfer“ durch fachlich qualifi tersgründen“ zurückgetretenen Constantin Pirvu- zierte Kräfte ist auf dem jüngst abgehaltenen X. Kon lescu, seine Entmachtung ist aber dennoch evident. greß (6. — 12. 8. 1969) fortgesetzt worden. Die in der Er und Apostol gehörten seit Kriegsende der Füh Parteiführung vorgenommene „Wachablösung“ be rungsspitze an und galten bis zum Tode Gheorghiu- deutet freilich auch gleichzeitig eine weitere Festi Dejs im Frühjahr 1965 als dessen Vertraute. Die gung der persönlichen Macht Ceau?escus, der sich Rolle, die sie bei der Liquidierung Päträfcanus und nunmehr offensichtlich auf die überwiegende Mehr in den „Säuberungen“ der Fünfzigerjahre spielten, heit der Mitglieder aller maßgebenden Führungsgre wurde ihnen erstmalig öffentlich auf dem ZK-Ple- mien stützen kann. num vom 22. — 23. April 1968 vorgeworfen. („Scin Die Veränderungen sind zugleich auch die Folge teia“, 26. 4. 1968.) einer starken Vergrößerung der meisten Führungs Nachdem der langjährige Sicherheitschef Alex- organe. So zählt das Zentralkomitee statt bisher 121 andru Dräghici gleichfalls im Zusammenhang mit Vollmitgliedern und 76 Ersatzmitgliedem jetzt 165 den erwähnten „Säuberungen“ bereits im Frühjahr Voll- und 120 Ersatzmitglieder, das neue ZK-Exeku- 1968 ausgebootet wurde und der Wirtschaf tsfach- tivkomitee 21 statt bisher 15 Vollmitglieder sowie mann und ehemalige Vertreter Rumäniens im CO- 11 statt bisher 10 Ersatzmitglieder; die weniger be MECON, Alexandra Bxrlädeanu, im Herbst 1968 aus deutende Zentrale Revisionskommission ist von 23 „Gesundheitsgründen“ ausschied, sitzen jetzt im auf 45 Mitglieder erweitert worden. -
The Tragicomedy of Romanian Communism
RESEARCH REPORT T O NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : THE TRAGICOMEDY OF ROMANIAN COMMUNIS M AUTHOR : Vladimir Tismanean u CONTRACTOR : Foreign Policy Researc h Institute PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Vladimir Tismanean u COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 903-0 4 DATE : September, 198 9 The work leading to this report was supported by funds provided b y the National Council for Soviet and East European Research . Th e analysis and interpretations contained in the report are those o f the author . a NOTE This report, based on an article to be published i n Eastern EuropeanPolitics andSocieties, is an inciden- tal product of the Council Contract identified on the title page . It is not the Final Report, which wa s distributed in August, 1989 . TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Stalin's Romanian Disciples 1 1 The Comintern and the RCP 1 6 Stalinism for All Seasons 3 4 The Anti-De-Stalinization Platform 3 9 The Road to Absolute Power 43 The Manipulated Manipulator 47 Assault on the Party Apparatus 5 2 Notes 57 The Tragicomedy of Romanian Communis m Vladimir Tismanean u Un monde sans tyrans serait aussi ennuyeux qu'un jardi n zoologique sans hyenes . E . M . Cioran, Histoire et utopi e Now, despite eternal cabals in the inner clique and unendin g shifts of personnel, with their tremendous accumulation o f hatred, bitterness, and personal resentment, the Leader' s position can remain secure against chaotic palace revolution s not because of his superior gifts, about which the men in hi s intimate surroundings frequently have no great illusions, bu t because of these men's sincere and sensible conviction tha t without him everything would be immediately lost . -
Viaţa Viaţa Viaţa
MI E RCURI RO M ÂNI A , ANUL XXIII, NR. 6788 18 P A GINI , 1,5 LE I „Oţelarii” parcă sunt blestemaţi 8 FE BRU A RI E 2012 Negocieri în Coaliţie pentru noul Guvern PE RIP E ţ I I ondat CA BIN E TUL F 1989 P E A X A UNGUR ea NU , Bă N easa -VA L E NCI A ! ÎN FOR ma R E SPORT /7 vviaiaþaþa ACTU A LIT A T E /2 G A L A ţ I ® R O M Â N I A [[ li be rã Î N T O T D E A U N A , P R I M I I ! © COTIDIAN INDEPENDENT Adresa redacţiei: www.viata-libera.ro str. Domnească nr. 68 Zeci de ore în ”Siberia” TEL 460 620, FAX 471 028 redactie@viata‑libera.ro COTIDIAN INDEPENDENT® 74.000 de cititori zilnic marcă înregistrată Publicaţie ce beneficiază de rezultate de audienţă auditat de Biroul Român de Audit conform Studiului Naţional de Audienţă măsurate ISSN al Tirajelor membru al Biroului în perioada ianuarie 2010 ‑ ianuarie 2011 1221‑4914 Internaţional de Audit al Tirajelor VA LUT A SIN A X A R Excursie cu trenul Sf. M. Mc. Teodor Stratilat; Sf. Euro 4.3483 lei Dolar 3.3088 lei Proroc Zaharia; Sf. Mc. surori Marta şi Maria (Harţi) ME T E O A XI me -15 o -9o M ÎN epoca de Gheaţă ”Marile spirite s‑au confruntat întotdeauna cu opoziţie violentă din partea minţilor mediocre.” Galaþi] Albert Einstein Un pic de soare… INT E RIOR INT E RIOR ECONO M I E /4 Vremea rea ECONO M I E /4 Trei ani de calvar paralizează trenurile Creditele restante Încasările CFR ale gălăţenilor au Călători crescut de 15 ori! au scăzut Dacă la debutul crizei fi- de zece ori! nanciare gălăţenii aveau cre- dite neonorate de doar 39,7 A RI A milioane de lei, la începutul V /8 acestui an restanţele au cres- Iarnă grea cut la 607 milioane de lei.