CEU eTD Collection Second Reader: Professor Constantin Constantin Iordachi Reader:Professor Second Marsha Siefert Professor Supervisor: The Sovietization of the Romanian Historiography. Case Study: In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Cluj History Institute, 1948-1953. Institute, History Cluj Central European University Central European Grigore ClaudiuGrigore Moldovan. History Department BUDAPEST 2009 Master of Arts Submitted to Submitted By CEU eTD Collection with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the Author.” the of permission written the without made be not may instructions such with form This a page must part of copies made. Further any such copies madein accordance librarian. the from obtained be may Details Library. European Central in the lodged and full may part beor in madeonly accordance with by instructions the given Author the “Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in ofCopyright Statement 1 CEU eTD Collection ‘actors’ involved in the implementation of the soviet model? soviet the of implementation in the involved ‘actors’ this institution’s affectformerthe structuring History Institute of were andCluj, what the regime. Its agenda was createto a “new man”, on the model homoof sovieticus. How did the towards devotion with replaced was competence segregated; or either destroyed controlledInstitute bythe Party. The educational and the scientific institutions were History one with replaced were institutions historical Romanian former all act, legislative Abstract In the same year with the creation of the new Academy new educational Academy the and new the of creation the In thesameyearwith 2 CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY: CONCLUSION: INSTITEHISTORY OF CLUJ 1949-1953. : OFHISTORYINCOMMUNIST POLITICS III: THE CHAPTER LEGISLATIVE MEASURES AND THESOVIET‘MODEL’: INSTITUTIONAL II:IMPOSING Chapter MODEL AND AVENUES FOR THE TRANSFORMATION. I: THE SOVIETIZATION OFROMANIANCHAPTER THE HISTORIOGRAPHY: INTRODUCTION Contents of Table III.3. The 1953 Scanteia article and the beginning of a new era...... 59 III.2 Actors in the Sovietization process...... 50 III.1. Eliminating undesirable elements: Ioan Lupas and Alexandru Lapedatu...... 43 II.2. The 1948 Educational act and the organization ...... 37 of Higher Education II.1. The reorganization of the Academy and the new ...... 31 History Institute institutions...... 21 I.3 Avenues of Sovietization: Soviet ‘experts’, ‘academic bureaucrats’, soviet type- I.2 The Soviet model of Historiography...... 15 ...... 10 I.1. Preliminaries ...... 65 ...... 67 4 ...... 31 ...... 41 3 ...... 10 CEU eTD Collection 1 front” was an organization scholarsof authorized towork out aMarxist theory of the past historiography" as exemplified by ’s ’historical front”. This“historical doctrinaire. History became reframed to reflect the narrative of "the conclusions of Soviet and dogmatic ideologically curricula, in universities’ the introduced were programs educational system being Newbasic mandatory reframed. and controlledparty teaching massiveandinstitutes underwent History the restructuring far-reaching the and with The Academy infrastructure. independently newetatizedlonger the under cultural work transformations.” said, “A difficultZhdanovian type was,as policy. It David aprolific Prodan, historian Clujthe of Institute, this of victims main the of one was period disciplines social other alongside history Then, of upheaval, Romanianthe assure in to order “revolutionthe historical of writing”. of agitation, of beliefs butalso toprovide constitutive legitimacy identity and newto the ruling power. humiliationsinstrumentum regni inherentprocess to withgreata initiated Party the State the in Romania utopia aim Communist the implement to of attempt its in transforming historyidentity. Therefore in legitimacy and for theirand search of Central regimes East into an important ‘adjustment’ideological of weapon,the past which madethatthe time, future and aspect of understanding present ones towards toan be one of the major temptations of the post-war communist INTRODUCTION David Prodan, The perception of the past always had a determinative role, a considerable impact, The most 1948-1953was period prodigious in the by measures terms taken of Memorii, 1 Thehistorians, whosurvived the purges,suchas Prodan, could no , meant not educate Marxistonly , according the“New to Man”, to (Memoirs)Bucure ú ti, Ed. Enciclopedic 4 ă 1993, 51. CEU eTD Collection 3 (From 1944-1977 (Politics andHistory, The Communists’ Romanian case, 1944-1977).Inhis 2 communist Romania was Vlad Georgescu’s Politic deal which One to in history canbeaddressed.firstone of this the topic with production ways itmanifested itself is a question intellectualof curiosity, and debate disagreement. in andhow this in historiography afterwhat 1948.However, occurred Romanian process dominant became model adifferent consideration political exclusively of out Therefore, number 205. Research Institute the Comintern, the of dissolution the after created structure of a newcommunist part family withas his in was warended,Roller the Before Party was outlawed. the Romanian and Communist inMoscow who Party studied himself made aname for when duringsome modestand articles he period interwar the was that a member of the Communist in Regimewas instituted isRomania. It however, known, he that published should assist party authorities in effecting a . between formalize thebondscholarship beliefthathistorians the through politics and to meant was and , in Soviet front historical Pokrovskii’s M.N of model the after authors referred to this period as the “Rollerization” of Romanian Historical writing Historical Romanian “Rollerization” of asthe referred tothis period authors some writing, historical Romanian the on influence major its to Due levels. all at policy andtheeducational shaping thescience possibility of academiaandhavingthus the the in as well as in government positions holding skills, entrepreneurial and academic both possessed who a scholar administrator Boia, by Lucian as used History”, of the dictator Florin Constantiniu. Ibid . 5ă utu and Rollerto There are multiple studies that examine this process due the different ways in ways different due the this process examine that studies multiple There are before the unknown person an he rather was Roller concerns In what Dela R Mu ă utu ú at and at and Ardeleanu) Ed., Bucure ú i Roller la Mu 2 After his return to Romania he was deemed ‘the little ú at 5 ú i Ardeleanu, ăú ú ti: Enciclopedic i Istorie. Cazul comuni ă , 2007. ú tilor români 3 . CEU eTD Collection Romaniaobserved, Bucuresti, 1998. “Rewriting the Past: Trends inContemporary Romanian Historiography” inM. Pearton, D. Deleltant, Historiography underCommunist Rule” in EuropeanHistory Quarterly, Vol 26,1996, Dennis Deletant , romaneasca istoriografia romana Marx. Studiidespre comunism si consecintele sale Istorie si practice discursiveIstorie sipractice in Romania “Democrat Populara”, 5 Romania) Bucuresti Ed Humanitas,1991. 4 Opris’s,Istoricii Ioan second, the while and Ceausescu, how history andmastered itproduced regime whothe during of GheorghiuGheorghe National in History hisBucharest Institute personal uses in who experience revealing isRoller MusatandArdeleanu), to atby ahistorian astudy thewritten who worked Ardeleanu,Rautu to si si la 2007 (From laRollerFlorin Musat Rautu Constantiniu’sDe topic, the in several historiography institutes. inhistory how the transformation andbasedonarchival documents, writing reflected was language as politicalthe a professional was transferred languageof type how with continues It after. well as war the before historiography Romanian on complex study in develops author whichthe topica broad starting with influencesthe of Romania,(Politics 1948-1964, and Historiography in ThisRomania, 1948-1964). is a in istoriografie si Politica Muller’s is Florin regime, Dej’s Gheorghiu Gheorge history secondstudy, important focused onthe phenomenon complex bonding politicsof with policy.” aundemocratic and history afalsified between occurred combination yearsthe following the‘glorious liberation’ himwhen, according to “unnatural an in Romanian politics to history of “enslavement” complete the present to aimed émigré, instudy, written 1977 and inMunchenprinted in as 1981, Georgescu a Romanian AlZub, ,, Georgescu, Vlad It is also important to mention that besides several other studies concerned with concerned studies other several besides that mention to important also is It 5 Orizont Inchis, istoriografia romana sub dictatura , Bucuresti, Humanitas, 1997, 2000, Serban Papacostea, “Captive Clio Clio “CaptivePapacostea,Serban 2000, 1997, Humanitas, Bucuresti, , Romanian : two others that appeared recently offer a new perspective to the problem. the to perspective anew offer appeared recently that others two Politica si istoriografie in Romania, 1948-1964, , Bucuresti, Ed, Enciclopedica, 1997, , Lucian 1997, Enciclopedica, Ed, Bucuresti, , 6 , Iasi, 2005, Keith Hitchins, Institutul European Iasi Andi Mihalache, Albatros, Bucuresti,2003; (Politics and Historiography in Historiography and (Politics ú i securitatea. (The Historians (The i securitatea. Istorie simit in constiinta Mit si realitate in Pe urmele lui 4 The CEU eTD Collection about Poland or Czechoslovakia, not to mention the lands further south and East” 6. East” and south further lands the mention to not Czechoslovakia, or Poland about education 1945-1956 6 study. comparative inyetintegrated sucha are not who andYugoslavia) here Romania, East,(naming in the further lands the about learned be to remains more much , though such enquires have helped chipaway atmonoliththe impression of East European from a cultural of view, asa“monolithic point To paraphrase bloc”. John Connelly even least at describe region, the to false assumption bein isit a two would end the the that of hypothesis main The settings. international and national local, varying across operated it how arose, regime academic Soviet aparticular how present to try authors where the far, so written best the are inUpheaval, Academia Fox, David Michael as theoneedited as wellSovietization HigherGerman, PolishEast and 1945,-1956, of Education, Czech, John The Connelly’s, Captive University. andEurope. Central countries of East important studies other of deal aspect thewith Sovietizing culture complex the the of institutions. control and informers of network vast a through control permanent under whosurvivedwere while purged, later those and wereundersurveillance Daicoviciu etc) very which well waysin reflect which (Lupas, Dragomir,Lapedatu, the historians the archives from Securitatea’s the several documents 2-vols), contain and Securitatea, the measures initiated in 1948 history production in communist Romania was at all times all at was Romania communist in production history in 1948 initiated measures after the fact that from the starting model. Therefore institutional asoviet transfer to of attempting theprocess on namely process, this aspectof particular of the one focusing on process institutional aspectof this of from the historiography perspective the John Connelly, Beside thesetypesfocus which studies, of exclusively on several Romania, the This study This study topicwill ofsovietization address complex the Romanianthe of Captive University: The Sovietization of East German, Czech and Polish Higher , 2000, Univ of North Carolina Press, “far more is known about East Germany than Germany East about known is more “far Press, Carolina ofNorth Univ 2000, , 6 7 CEU eTD Collection 2008,1. of Eastern Europe:new perspectives on thepost-war period. Tribuna, issuedby Inaddition publications Academyandthe the History Institute, time,the including newspapers such as:Scanteia,Ardealului, Lupta Contempornul, used organizational regulation of institutionsthe under study, aswell officialas press of university. In order tothe and Committee Party Regional by the byboth created offer documents archival on relied a complex interpretationsuch asof thethe phenomenoninstitutional theI relied on somestudy of the studiestransformation indicatedalso above, while for the particular sections of study, of the Academy transformation. its in involved andactors the and Cluj of History Institute History the on Institute of Clujinstitutions emerged. Starting from such preliminaries, the last partwill exclusively focus I Romania, as well as on of Republic Academy Peoples the coordinateof activity, the entirethe to meant cultural the newly created Historylevel inimposingfocusing themodel, the institutionalon creation an mega-structure of Institute in whichmacro- stateata in by initiated Romanian 1948 ofthe mainmeasures the presentation all former historywell as on sometheoretical approach to this process,focusing on Sovietthe model historiographyof as of the facilitating factors for its transfer. I will then offer a short 7 models developed inthe Cluj. academic neutrality of a specific historical institution, namely the History Institute from institutional structuring the determined internal politicization and cancellation previous of under the control of the state and implicitly to that of the Party I will present how this 7 E.A. Rees “Theories of Sovietization” in Balázs Apor, Péter Apor and E.A. Rees For this study several types of sources have been used. For the general thegeneral For been have of approach For thissources used. types study several As sovietization in general involved the transplantation of institutions and institutions of transplantation the involved general in sovietization As 7 in the first part of the study I will offer a 8 Washington,DC : New Academia Publishing, , ed . The sovietization The CEU eTD Collection Anuarul Institutului dinde Istorie Cluj intowere as well incorporated study. the , istorie de cercetarii si Studii Studii, Române, Populare Republicii Academiei Analele 9 CEU eTD Collection New York, Oxford University Press, 1993, 14. varied once a 1950 early the by and implications its and transformation the of uniformity 8 sterility. ideological and stagnation intellectual adulation, Stalin of cult mindless a implied which Russomania from someworld synthetic and peoples’other democracies, noncommunist extent to an ‘iron the behind in beingcurtain’, countries itfrom terms isolation, described of the he called by what from rest the was separated continent of the part TheEastern Europe. aftermath of World War IIaninsurmountable and impenetrable divide had arisenin I.1. Preliminaries TRANSFORMATION. FOR THE ANDAVENUES THEMODEL HISTORIOGRAPHY: ROMANIAN OF THE SOVIETIZATION CHAPTER I: Joseph Rothschild, Joseph According to Winston Churchill’s mental mapping of the continent, in the Return to Diversity: A political History of East Central Europe since World War II 8 Western observers were stunned at the apparent totality and totality apparent the at stunned were observers Western 10 The Romanian Scholar(…) couldn’tuse in VoropsySociety”, istorii, 1949) (“Basic task ofthe historians ofSoviet of socialist reorganization of their fatherlands. to do the difficult but wonderful and noble work Bulgaria, Albania,Mongolia, and Koreea Poland,Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, makes iteasier for the working people of The example andexperience of the soviet Union (Romanian Soviet Annales, I, nr.1. Oct1946 emptiness in culture. thinking and felt inawkward mannerthis partially and sporadically the sovietway of The intellectual in general, could not knew but just research. soviet of experience vast the laboratory ) , his CEU eTD Collection 2008, 11. Eastern Europe: new perspectives on the post-war period. institutionsfriendship cultural and societiesdo or so to itperiodicals. Inorder will first in type soviet asexamined of‘model’, imagesof by the occupied cultivation positive the least the study will show that as a part of the sovietization a place of priority was 11 Iasi, 2000,21. romana sub dictatura 10 education 1945-1956 in exileintheUSSRandwhowerethemselves “thoroughly sovietized.” alsobut by carried through whowereMoscow cadres trained,long whohad spent periods soviet advisers andoffered who specialists advicebothof technical and of political kind of help the with effected was this that arguing implementation, its for avenues the for as Stalinism. cultural of years in the Romania model,narrowing down their usetothe situation history of inproduction communist andEurope. Central East sovietization the of process this of aspects the different to the in agreementrespect far from reaching an are historians and inhistoriography debate great is still under how a different Soviet model (in politics, economics and culture ) was actually imposed 9 postbelica’. sowjetica ‘uniformitas of in terms region the Germany described inHalle East at University literature in Romance specialist Klemperer, 1952,Victor In springof the Europe. Central from and East contemporaries block’. ‘monolithic the Hugh Seton toresembleWatson called ofnational what wasthought landscape cultures John Connelly, E.A. Rees “Theories of Sovietization” in Balázs Apor, Péter Apor and E.A. Rees Term used by Alexandru Zub in descriptionhis of 1948-1964 period in This part of the study revolves around such concepts as sovietization and The same feeling a total of and uniform was transformation present among the Captive University: The Sovietization of East German, Czech and Polish Higher , University of North Carolina Press, 2000, 6. , (Dark Horizon, Romanian Historiography under dictatorship, Institutul European 10 11 It represents a quest for the ‘model’ as well 9 However, how transformation occurred, transformation how However, Washington, DC : New Academia Publishing, Orizont inchis, istoriografia , ed . The sovietization of sovietization The 11 Last but Lastnot CEU eTD Collection of the Republic, see L. Salajean, “Doi ani de la instaurarea R.P.R.” in R.P.R.” instaurarea de la ani “Doi Salajean, see L. Republic, the of the ‘objectives ofthe ” described inparty press yearstwo after instauration the in Tismaneanu by Vladimir such 14 Watson, Seton Hugh- region., ofthe parties communist the of control the and cohesion the increase to objective immediate an as had and context international the to reaction a was by Moscow ordered change, The region. the across once with1947 the popular fronts time ended and the local communist started to seize total political power communists, were in power. Political and cultural activities, even though limited, were still possible.But 1945-1947 in the countries thatwere under the control of the SovietUnion, ‘coalitiongroups’, led by local nr, 1,January 1950, 29. stages: genuine coalition, façadethree in coalition place took and monolithic take-overs the bloc that He argues Seton-Watson. Hugh by forward put one the is Europe 13 be needto made. Europe several considerations Eastern initself manner of in manifested life countries cultural the which Central the of and the and place took sovietization of phenomenon the which in ways the decoding of terms 12 imposed. itwas where societies the of restructuring fundamental the at aspiration andinstitutional instructures manifestation economics, politics with and culture the Europe. Eastern rule over of Soviet critics westerns human affairs,become in 1940sand1950by usedinapejorative widely sense to the of for system new superior organizing of a establishment the connotations regarding characteristics. clarify the its of importanceuse term forunderstandingthe itsdue to sovietization countries. European stages inmost East distinctthe of through ,which proceeded Western commentators was by It and aprocess, asdescribed thus Europe. Central of occupiedcountries Eastern of the post war era, intimately Sovietthe describe imposedon transformation of 1945,to currency process the after connected with the onset of the I use here the three, politics, economics and cultures as the main objectives of sovietization, indicated as indicated sovietization, of objectives main the as cultures and economics politics, three, the here use I Probably the most influential interpretationof how the communist seized powerin Eastern and Central See E.A. Rees Sovietization was aterm initially used in itself the Soviet Union with positive 13 The use of this term implies the creation of a specific Soviet system with The East European Revolution, Ibid , 9. Stalinism Stalinism pentru eternitate New York ; WashingtonPraeger, : 1968. 12 13 . According. tosuch interpretation,during 12 It therefore came into general into came Ittherefore (Stalinism forall seasons) as well as Lupta deClasa (Class Struggle), V, 14 In CEU eTD Collection History,analogies, consequences, In cooperation with Oldrich Tuma and Jiri Jindra ed. step by step depending on internal and external events, Alexandru Zub and Flavius Solomon, project withsimilar or comparable manifestations or rather the result of a Moscow Realpolitk, articulated 16 Connelly, See John of field. regardless contrast the leadership had proclaimed its intention to engage into cooperationwith the professoriate formed by Communist students purged the Czech professoriate of alleged . In Poland, by 150-1951 or assert central Party control at universities until after1953, instead revolutionary committees, did not continue to teach after 1945. professors ofthe 80% where professoriate, the among break unprecedented an caused denazification radical 15 late 1920s and early 1930s nor East Central Europe’s Central 1920s late Eastcommunistmakers 1930snor Europe’s policy after and early prototype of Soviet creators of the the the “neither As Gyorgy Peteri argues persuasively, model is 1940sRussian questionable. had of a1920s,or that duplication the asagoal perfectly. occurred transfer the implementation of matters in uniformity was really notmean there that does inintentions uniformity However experiences. Soviet postwar to references explicit with region the over all weredefined apparatus science-political previous, the goals beto achieved and themethods to be applied by the Party cultural and As stated elite. old the replacing or using while intelligentsia anewscientific create andsystem of communistto cadre promotion into broader academiathe to integrate plan creation, the to objectives, andeconomic political promote to andeducation, science of direction and reshape organization the to wereenormous: process the of ambitions brutal suppression of majoritythe its of individualsproducers, and institutions. The in interestwith concurrent etatist culture, an cultivated unprecedented andEurope Central region as a whole, the fact that Soviet Union as well as local communist parties of East One of the frequent questions about the process in the scholarly debate is whether it represented a soviet it represented whether is debate scholarly the in process the about questions frequent of the One An example would be the policies toward the professoriate: In East Germany, wartime migrations and a Secondly, it should be stated plan’it ‘master beshouldthat Secondly,of existence itself stated the aSoviet the for truth a was it years post-war in the that be argued should it all of First Ia 15 ú i: Polirom, 2003, Polirom, i: In Czechoslovakia party officials did not purge the professoriate until professoriate the purge not did officials party Czechoslovakia In Ibid ,3. 13 Sovietization in Romania and Czechoslovakia 11. 15 of such objectives, or the fact that 16 CEU eTD Collection better described with concrete reference to the‘model’. reference to concrete described with better context. academic a different 2) contents, Sovietmodels ofnarrative and structures, institutional 3)Soviet modelsinto ideological Models of Soviet totransfer: 1) attempting as of a process historiography region under study. his Narrowing down definition Klimo describes sovietization of ofinstitutional of process inhistoriography ruptures changes and the countries of the as representedthe that be byArpadvonKlimo,described should ametaphor understood were closed. of Soviet science whichThe subordination a Sovietto ‘model’meant was also reflected in the celebration of the primacy that direct while commandeeringby control science through state of academiaover the anduniversity.the links with westerntransformation in centersthe cultures of the countries of the region was reflectedof in thelearning early 1950s” in Balázs Apor, Péter Apor and E.A. Rees 20 19 18 Bergin&Garvey, 203. Transformations of the Communist Academic Regimein RussiaEast Central and Europe conflict. , Soviet-Yugoslav the and of the establishment War, the Cold escaladating rapid the country: the andoutside within Communists.” idea,“or even less some detailed design Sovietor Model pursued byHungarian somuch not then a clear was arrangements in line with regime Soviet the the academic Hungarian the brought what that suggest Peteri Academy, Hungarian the of study case 17 in1945 had master thesenseof a <>minds.” planin a their Arpad von Klimo, “The Sovietization of Hungarian Historiography. Failures and Modifications in the in Modifications and Failures Historiography. of Hungarian Sovietization “The Klimo, von Arpad Michael David-Fox, Gyorgy (eds),Peteri, Ibid. Ibid. In what concerns the sovietization process applied strictly to historiography, ithistoriography, strictly applied In whatconcernsthesovietization process to 18 According him, to keyfactor the was generalthe political development 20 But the aspects of the sovietization of are historiography of of sovietization aspects the Butthe Academia in Upheaval, Origins, Transfers and 14 , ed, Ibid , 237. 19 Nevertheless, a process of 17 Focusing on the , London2000, CEU eTD Collection institutes of theProfessors Academy of Sciences education),and (amember branch chairman majorissues inhigher of decided abody council that -GUS scholars state with of the there ofof the the the Russianpresidium Institute Associationof the of Commissariat influenceeducation control upon:deputy (in People’s the chairman of Academia,great had or controlled, of he either which rectorof network institutional History Social avast through ones ofMarxist the Institute which of Red aswell non-as the (SMH) Historians of Society Marxist headof the as the them directly evolved latter Hecontrolled methodology. Marxist fully assume capable to and therefore its leader, into historyyoung historians soviet immune thebourgeois influenceto of intended elderly,the as by chief embodiment of what was known as the “school of Pokrovskii”, was a group of pluralism and polarization with blurred lines between socamps. This called ‘front’, the between varied but rather of chapter, in this used epigraph Watson’s the term Seton variety of voices. The ‘historical front’ was not uniform or ‘monolithic’, touse here Hugh years of Soviet historiography, perhapslasting aslate as 1931, historians spoke in a formative in the Therefore communism. of building in the hands’ ‘noncommunist use process. presented as for amodel thesovietized in Klimon’s countries, understanding of the visionunitary historians and policy toward and history production couldthat havebeen end of Worldit Second firstthe Waris all argue for problematic of to theexistence a of I.2 TheSoviet model of Historiography In cultural ofthe years the NEP (1921-1921) markedto policy bythe effortwas Looking at the trajectory of Soviet historiography along the decades until the 15 CEU eTD Collection 22 Romania “Democrat Populara”, history in the Soviet Union University Park eds Kern, Cheryl and Gom Tatiana George, M. ,Enteen Marxist Historians 21 of under thought supervision Marxists). the and worked werenon Marxists ofinstitutes network wasa Research which Sciences of of proletariatthe (and its vanguard)supports butand logically justifies them.” interest political the with variance at is not truth Historical another. one to opposition in be “The put future: and science cannot both politics of concerned presenttask the and the in what interest ideological and political the on depending it configure to possibility the establishmentgave havingof ‘control’future past the over Thus communistthe utopia. in the belief its with communism of character teleological of larger the part part this all as designfuture, this to the and presentalso the command authority to the legitimates past of the records the who controls he that believed itwas Europe, and Central East intosuch latter the countries of vision, challenge.was Accordingto which propagated should between exist scholarship and politics, history being seen as amajor political bond a close that assumption the had Pokrovskii Revolution, October the followed that theory of ‘cultural revolution’ abandoning his view that noncommunist hands were hands noncommunist that view his abandoning revolution’ ‘cultural of theory liquidation of Ranion’s Institute of History. Thentojustify his policy,he modified his major inthe scholarship, role to theorganization a playing policiesof respect with his ownview on historiography. Beginning with secondthe half of 1928, he changed his Enteen M. George, Enteen M. George Enteen George, M. Enteen Voropsii Istorii In what concerns his views on the role of history in the Russian political context Despite consistency in some aspects, Pokrovskii was changeable in matters on , no 2, 1949, 4. 1949, 2, , no University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. StateUniversity Pennsylvania University Park: , Cambridge MIT Press, 1971;Andi Mihalache, : Pennsylvania State University Press, 1979, Nancy WittierHeer, Albatros, Bucuresti, 2003, 24-46; Florin Constantiniu, , The, Soviet Scholar Bureaucrat. M.NPokrovskii and the Society of 21 16 , Soviet historians, Soviet andthestudy of Russian Istorie si practice discursive in Ibid , 17-23. 22 Politics and CEU eTD Collection Slavonic and East European Review. American Series 25 24 1932, 282-285. the Rise of ”, see Samuel H. Cross’s article in The Journal of ModernHistory, vol. IV, No.2,Jun. Voropsii Istorii magazine: Voropsii Istorii by asinterpreted course with by short illustrated contrast the Stalin’s new‘line’ the in anti-scientific and liquidationist essentially Lenininst, anti- ‘anti-Marxist’ of in terms Pokrovskii under writing history of development the described It materialism”. historical ‘school’ “gave a distorted interpretation of historical facts, treating them, contrarily to of History ofCommittee decree,“On the State of Party Propaganda in Connectionthe with the Publication Communist Party from toignominygreatness in just nineyears. of the Soviet Union” stated that the Pokrovskii 23 important Marxist historian, not only in the U.S.S.R, but in the entire world” scene. A once praised bythe Small EncyclopediaSoviet individual (1930) the as “most ‘line’. official changing conformation, butspecially in extent the which they had tofollow the perpetually necessarily not was historians soviet problem of great the argued, G. Mazour Anatole Asmindedness). enlarge exalt (Party notion emergingfashion of the to and Partiinost to Stalin’s triumph over Bukharin,he recasthis theory of ‘cultural in revolution’ such a championedfor uniformity the quest opinion.scholarly of Afterwards in of context the required for the building of communism. D. Fedotoff White “Protiv Istoriceskoi Koncepcii” (Against M.N. Pokrovski’s concept of History) in History) of concept Pokrovski’s M.N. (Against Koncepcii” Istoriceskoi “Protiv White Fedotoff D. Andi Mihalache, Andi Enteen M. George, Enteen views which would have liquidated history as a science. The anti-Marxist essence of thehistorical concepts ofM.N.Pokrovskii his “school”and was exposed in anti-Marxist The science. a as history liquidated have would which views not possible make to progressin historical withoutresearch firstovercoming prerequisite for thiswas thedefeat primary ofthe so-called The Pokrovskii “school”. Itwas history. of science of study intensified by marked is decade past The Even though he desperately tried to stay within the party line, the Central Ibid Ibid , 27. , 4. fora review of his main work “History of Russia from the Earliest Times to 24 This remark explains best Pokrovskii’s trajectory on the Soviet the on trajectory Pokrovskii’s best explains remark This 17 , vol. 2, No.1, March 1943, 257-158. 23 Thus,defend ceasing to he pluralism, 25 had passed CEU eTD Collection these tendencies in connection with the work of Pokrovskii and his disciples, who, in superstructure, in who, disciples, his and of Pokrovskii work the with connection in tendencies these historians smashed the anti-historical Pokrovskii school…The Party has called attention to the danger of comrade Stalin perso Stalin comrade in the Soviet Press denouncing his “vulgar materialist positions”guidance of the Bolshevik Party and 28 227. Individual, Leader, Mob In thecommunist regime) Polirom, Iasi, 2001,144, FlorinConstantiniu, 27 26 Pokrovskii School.” communist Party of theand Soviet Uniondogmatized (Short to skipcourse) the Pokorovskii’s school stage and assume only who,the conclusions of the schematic “smashed theformula anti-historicalnumber in Romanianthe publishing history. illustratedfirst edition history this of inwas published over anunprecedented 735,000copies, history/historiesby In of communized states. Romania immediately 23Augustafter 1944a the publication inhistory book entirethe model socialist camp,falsifying a for thenational the entire work ofand untilStalin’s mentioned forthe his‘precious’ instructions, by he 1946 wasassignedwith paternity the of 20 ofhow in history matters inwas written Soviet Union. wasjust Even though 1938Stalin ‘History of the On January 26 Pravda officially condemned his work. In the following years numerous articles appeared articles numerous years following In the work. his condemned officially Pravda 26 January On Lavinia Betea, Lavinia “On Studying modern and historyrecent of capitalist countries” in development of society for practical purposes… of history as aprecise affirmation an science capable of making use and of lawsthe of the materialism- historical of theory –the history of the methodology of formulation classic a with historians our provided Stalin Comrade of work upon the development of agenuine historicalMarxist science. This remarkable communist of Party the SovietUnion (Short course) had a tremendouseffect the influence of these faulty concepts. The publication in 1938 History ofthe comments and decree the played a decisive inliberating role our historians from textbooks (1934) and the history textbooks of history decree of the U.S.S.R(1936).These drafts to reference in Kirov and Zhdanov Stalin, by made comments The question that rises is whether the countries of East and Central Europe were and Europe Central East of countries is rises the whether that The question Course’important The ‘Short was in1938 turning other the therefore point Psihologie Politica. Individ Lider, Multime in regimul communist : “Under the guidance of the Bolshevist Party and Comarade Stalin personally Soviet personally Stalin Comarade and Party Bolshevist of the guidance the “Under 28 An answer to this question would be that despite variations, Sovietbe variations, despite this Ananswerwould that question to th Congress this became the most important communist important most the became this Congress 18 27 26 Voropsii Istorii , ( Political Psychology, Political ( , . No.7,July 1954,12. Ibid , 226- CEU eTD Collection 30 Cornell University Press, New York, 1982, 9. 29 4. 1949, 2, no distorted the relation of history to politics and virtually eliminated history as a science.”, , Stalin’s topdeputy. by its executor roledue tothe played be known comeasZhdanovschina, line has to this harsh war, of cold the onthe onset therefore years warand the immediate after the in vision, this of height the At forms. ‘national’ toward tendency a and forms, aesthetic certain as well as ideas, and practices centralizing authoritarian strictly of introduction in general andhistory in particular. The characteristics of this ‘Stalinist’ period meant the basis coordinates,of two Stalin’s course andAndrei short theoriesZhdanov’s onculture inpresentitself era on in managed the format, thepost-war historiography to unitary cosmopolitanism, historical pragmatism, bourgeois type historicism and subjectivism: and historicism type bourgeois pragmatism, historical cosmopolitanism, principlesits of reformism, historiography,attacking retrograde Western the the nature of its opponents, soviet historiography was seen as victorious, and by step step was superiority and originality in with contrast Western the opponents. Regardless the of of interms presented ideological weapons, important Waras Cold aspects of the “On Studying modern and historyrecent of capitalist countries” in Werner G. Hahn, Postwar Soviet Politics, though. a materialist interpretation of history, this great achievementon scientific substantial ofwork bourgeois science works the since soviet permeated are with scholarship ourhistoriansof immeasurably stand higher than level any, even the most and orientation of In terms research… of scientific fundamentals attitude toward nationaltheir culture-represents renunciation of verythe is the ignoring and denying of peoples’ national characteristics and a nihilistic is an active participant in Historiography this struggle….Cosmopolitanism war. and in historicalreaction research imperialist of forces the against , and political life. The advanced progressive forces are forfighting peace, democracy isThere between astruggle going twoforces onincontemporary international Historiography and Soviet culture in general, were thus drawn inin thus drawn complex the culture and were general, Historiography Soviet 30 The fall of Zhdanov and the defeat of Moderation, 1946-1953 29 19 Voropsii Istorii . No.7,July 1954, 3-12. Voropsii Istorii , , CEU eTD Collection of the of the countries of Eastern Europe” in 34 33 them) in them) mentality of their social enviorment…which change the after directly have beenand installed automatically by change the not does mentality people’s that teaches Stalin (Comrade 32 31 building socialism all over the region. The Soviet Press of the time emphasized this: Soviet model model Soviet seemed imposed. mentality’. ‘traditional and modernize, “secularize, rationalize” help revolution’, by implementing afundamental in change people.the They were supposed to in following toassist effecting a‘cultural example, Soviet the supposed party authorities, was at all times under the control of the state and implicitly to that of the Party. which research scientific the to and centers specific to linked was Zhdanov, and Stalin therefore and education historyhigher and research scientific of institutionalization in the dynamics production all over the region, with the political aims stated both by For the evolution of historiography in the other states of East and Central European see “ Historiography see European Central and of East states other the in of historiography evolution the For “Basic task of the historians of Soviet Society” in See O.Mishakova, “The Building of Socialism and the communist education of the Working people” Working ofthe education communist the and of Socialism Building “The SeeO.Mishakova, Enteen M George, Enteen reorganization of their fatherlands. oftheir reorganization Koreea todo the difficult but wonderful and noble work ofsocialist Czechoslovakia,of Poland, people Hungary,working Romania,the for Bulgaria,easier it Albania, makes Mongolia,Union China soviet andof the experience perspectivesof the further development of the human and society…The example and events political of contemporary understanding correct the in aid to <> but also, by generalizing from historical experience, historyhas animportant obligation not only to provide a scientific explanation of active ofand builders communism and asardent patriots of their fatherland. Soviet conscientious as education their in people, Soviet of the Weltanschauung the general ideological front. Itplays agreat part in the formation of the scientific The Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press History in our socialist country represents one of the most important sectors of sectors important most the of one represents country socialist our in History can be formed only by fighting against…obsolete ideas and point of views and overcoming and of views point and ideas against…obsolete fighting by only be formed can The implementation of such despitepolicies, variations made thatby 1953, were historians countries suchinthesatellite According to coordinates Ibid . 32 An alteration of this sort was considered a prerequisite for American Historical Review 97 34 The implementation was directly connected with with the connected was directly Theimplementation 33 Voropsy istorii Voropsy 20 , No 15, vol 1, 10, Minneapolis USA, 3-5. 31 , that is they should make scientific the old conditions , No.8, October 1949. , 1992,4, p 1011-1117. of life…Therefore a oflife…Therefore new CEU eTD Collection 37 Gheorghe Gheorghiu Dej’s Regime) Bucure 36 under dictatorship) Institutul European Iasi, 2000 21. 35 science’ toassureaconstant order soviet ‘pressureof the In countries. sovietized within the important most the process, this facilitated factors several and circumstances local requiredwas aprocess to that adaptations It group. homogenous of a single product institutions soviet type- ‘academic bureaucrats’, ‘experts’, Soviet Sovietization: I.3 Avenuesof established between the centre (Moscow) and periphery () is seen first of is in firstof all seen (Bucharest) andperiphery (Moscow) centre the between established nation. dominant the of example copy apply,to to inor matters of norms culture, social and institutions, political the the partner with less power orinfluence, an attitude manifested in the attempt of the latter thesis. 1944-1964 contextin terms of a neo-colonial following regime, one of Kenneth Jowitt’s Romanian the describes Tanase Stelian one) communist local and elite’ Soviet ‘sovereign between relationship the as well as class ruling the of problems (internal society, study concerned leadership with Communist between relationship the and Romanian a In state. communist every of affairs internal the controlled also who actor the also was of region. the countries inthe presence wasthemere Soviet for sovietization precondition the Nevertheless, still debatable. measure and is therefore hardto of region sovietizingthe cultures the was needed from Soviet Union as well. The extent to which this help was efficient in Stelian T Stelian Al. Zub,, Ibid . 36 Tanase argues that such relationships created an ‘emulation attitude’, adopted by adopted an attitude’, ‘emulation such created relationships Tanasearguesthat Orizont Inchis, istoriografia romana sub dictatura, ă The Sovietization, or the attempt to introduce the Sovietmodel, was not a The was‘the Union Soviet only not for model’ the occupiedit but countries nase Elite si societate. Guvernarea Gheorge Gheorghiu. Dej 37 The main argumentsfor this vassalage relationship, ú ti Ed.Humanitas 2006, 28. 21 (Dark Horizon. Romanian Historiography Romanian Horizon. (Dark .(Elites and the Society, the Society, the and .(Elites 35 , help , CEU eTD Collection in reconstituting the problem Eastern areal is Europe that and Sovietcircuit, CounsellorInsititution. historiographical the in beintegrated cannot that sources important most this individuals but also the difficulties of integrating them into the historiographical circuit: “they are the structures”Alexandru in Zub Flavius and Solomon, Eds. 40 up to today ) Polirom 1998, Iasi, 78. statelor comuniste din1945 pana in zilelenoastre Soulet, Francoise Jean life”. country’s of sector a supervise to right the having them of 39 38 and revolutionary regimes. categories, occupation two into be classified can regimes which communist to according thesis Huntington’s S.P. following regimes’ occupation ‘communist of category in the Romania ascribed thus Tanase installed. was regime communist which in ways the with combined war, the before homeland its in Party Communist the of situation the satellite-state capitals. satellite-state to which they were sent. The leaders of these experts were the Soviet ambassadors in the more ‘experts’ being sent, with the right towatch and coordinate every aspect of the state thus,more and context, international bythe years passed, as wasaugmented, interference soviet constant The ‘experts’. someof its structures, andparty state the within infiltrate then leaders to less rid obedient got first of therefore its It enforce domination. were in Romania. were in civil counselors Bulgariawhile military moment. 29wereall Outof counselors, the that at and Romania Czechoslovakia, in Hungary Bulgaria, werepresent counsellors Minister Council inSecretary 1949,61October military counselors and9 civilian Soviet advisors headedandSoviet eight atleast for departmental fiveheadsmore hadworked “Every popular democracy received an increased number of soviet <> of different kind, each kind, of different <> of soviet number increased an received democracy popular “Every Ibid, DorinDobrincu “The Soviet Counsellor’s involvement in postwarRomanian repressive militaryand 27. According Dorin to interpretation Dobrincu’s a note of issued bythe Soviet As a consequence to this vassalage relationship Moscow continuously had continuously to Moscow vassalage this relationship As aconsequence to 40 In Poland out of twenty departments in the Ministry inthe Ministry Security,of of departments twenty InPolandout 39 38 (The compared History of Communist States from 1945 22 Ibid , 159. Dobrincu, 159. underlines the importance of Istoria comparata a CEU eTD Collection 41 local “they trusted is that hesaid, as caused was This difference above). presented cultural with and inin educational spheresbehavioraffairs contrast other their (as inwhichleadershipto EastandCentral showed a passivity European Soviet relative the according hypothesis interesting an proposing phenomenon, this of analysis his continues loyalty purged of anyoneConnelly Soviet whosethe Union suspect. toward seemed mingled with of enthusiasm, and as communistcourse opportunism were organizations consequence of a shortage of ‘reliable’ intellectualsfelt that the need was greatest in social science, with explicit reference to history. and as wellfields that seemed poorly developed. At the beginning,as as it will be shown, Sovietto visitorsin a specialists fear train help to and etc) institutions, of higher-educational purges,(ministries, institutions central cultural restructure or help create mission: to had atwofold They countries. these countries of the region with the aim of givingBeginning with 1945 dozensofsuch in specialists disciplinesdifferent visited the practical assistance todisciplines. different for the plans lesson or advisers governments professors, for Moscow asked therefore of and policy cultural accepted implementpolitically to wanted desperately Romania Germany, and East Poland functionaries inCzechoslovakia, Communist Soviet pattern. in chargeof cultural policies, there was a realneed ofindividuals tohelp duplicatethe has been applied in cultural affairs as well. Due to the low number of loyal functionaries mutual co-operation. and friendship of treaties by USSR to bound were they sovereignty, nominal granted forces. armed Soviet the NKVDor the George Schopflin, George This need for explicit Soviet involvement is explained by John Connelly as a as Connelly John by is explained involvement Soviet explicit for need This This logic of sovietinvolvement in internal affairs of the countries of the region Politics in Eastern Europe1945-1992 41 Whilst the new people’s democracies were 23 , Blackwell,Oxford, 1993, 77. CEU eTD Collection 44 43 42 ideals.” communists, within their theimporthierarchies, tooversee of established own soviet union, without becomingunion,in without involved detailsthe of East European education”. doin“micromanage attemptingmore enoughto to than education thewithin Soviet seems more plausible, is that Soviet institutions, like the ministry oh higher education had chapter). impose sovietthe model in historiography discussion (this inwill develop 3 the describing M.N.Pokorvskii, He was wasMihailRoller. not of course single the actorto in term hereEnteen M. Georges’s inhistoriography, bureaucrat” using “academic Rautu, Mihail Roller, Sorin Toma, Stefan Voicu, , P.C. Iasi etc. The bourgeois mentality.” members engaged on the “ideological front in their fight against the remnants of jargon, as they or in of communist were described as‘organizers described scholarships’, important positionsheld who individuals, these Hence process. this manage to how and implemented in Party hierarchy and be copied andwhat and individualsof should Sovietthe Union knowledge with of government as well history inmatters of duetotheproduction presenceall region over inEasternEurope the as in Academia, can conditions relatively similar produced process be line the argumentation, Following this of myths’. ‘official the of interpretation own their on based models Soviet implement and interpret to hadboth affairs, in cultural with charge local is communists, that Vladimir Tismaneanu, Vladimir Connelly, Connelly, 42 The other argument offered for the relative passivity in cultural affairs, which This hypothesis is important for this study foremerges conclusion important because the that this isstudy This hypothesis Ibid Ibid . , 21. Ibid 44 In Romania these main figures or party ideologists were Leonte , 150. 24 43 rd CEU eTD Collection Intellectuals in Archivesthe of Communism) Bucharest, Nemira, 2006, 107. Romanian institutions” in Dan Catanus, ed, 46 Bucuresti, 52. agronomist N.V Titin, the biologist V.V Parin and the literature professor A.M Egolin. asits named honorary members the Sovietthree scientists: Soviets towardsthe is evensinceJune1945the Symptomatic newattitude for the that yetnot ‘transformed’. was Academy which Romanian meetingsthe of the friendly at than more was G.Bogatirev.Rabakov, P.N.Tretiakov,Their P. reception aethnographer, and 1946visitthe of Radvonicas,V.I. aarchaeologist, historians, three V.AArtihovski, B.A acceptance. more meant“passively” than simply process the that implies which myths’ ‘official the of interpretation own their on based model make local rather and hadto that senseof communist a complicated sovietization process the soviet ‘experts’ it can be argued that there were indeed ‘prosaic’ difficulties in the Boia, ed, Boia, 1944-1947.(The Light comes from the East.Soviet Union’s new image in post-war Romania)Lucian in 45 Petrescu, Ofelia Manole, Leonte Rautu, Stela Moghiros, I. Bogdan. this meeting:,Iosif Chisinevschi, Apostol, Gh. Alexandru Draghici, Ghe. institutions. ‘scientific’ and cultural Romania’s Anicikov, Ivanov, Rosiski, Gorbunov Maximvski Butighin and Obariu, of insome the a1949 reflectsRomania. theconclusion after Soviet document The visitadviser’s of of verbatim meeting a between report advisersof leaders from a group soviet with party validity of Connelly’s thesis applied on to the Romanian case, I find of great use the 11 November 1949, “The verbatim report of meeting with the soviet delegation who visited some , “Lumina vine de la Rasarit. Noua imagine a Uniunii Sovietice in Romania postbelica, Romania in Sovietice Uniunii a imagine Noua Rasarit. la de vine “Lumina Cioroianu, Adrian Miturile Comunismului Romanesc The ‘brotherly visits’ in Romania were numerous. An earlier example for this for example earlier An numerous. were in Romania visits’ ‘brotherly The Looking at the evolution of Mihail Roller as well as to the activity of some of But in order to reflect the difficulties of the transfer and up to a pointthe reflect and difficultiesthe up to to of transfer the But inorder , ( The myths of Romanian the Communism)Nemira, 1998 Intelectualii in Arhivele comunismului 25 46 Top Romanian party leadersattended Romanian party Top (The Romanian (The 45 CEU eTD Collection 49 48 would train future loyal cadres. But expectationthis was in vain: professors and advisers would themselves train local scholars whoin turn themselves Sovietleadership that hoped general idea Romanian the Gorbunov, the communist isthat 47 Gorbunov mentionsGorbunov several ‘mistakes of History the Institute: on ideologicalthe line.Here along with the progress the party’ and dissatisfaction with appreciations and critiques. Appreciation many so with intellectuals factthat the ‘go concerned newlythe foundedwith Institute: History Ibid Ibid Ibid , 107. , 110. . activists, ideologists...and you could still see some things. There stillof lotsare students scholars, Stakhanovistwho haven’t and you, seen more. stay to have you here, few too are you you: regarding discontent our of one For us is very important to ask the soviets helpto us (…) we also want to express narrow and its world importance in not fully shown. fully not in importance world its and narrow the new History textbook) is that the is presented extremely between the Russian the and Romanian People…Anothermistake connections (reffering to the present to order in problem this with deal will Institute History our so it make will more…I popularizes be to needs problem this that think the Russian between people and approaches the the Romanian. But reflects so farwhich this is all material, what the instituteimportant has. of We plenty gathered it positive, isvery Institute History ofthe work materials…The I saw and harmful lot of a philosophy history, sciences, natural in translated they what at I looked Our entire history was written upside down and we don’t have historians, just one an important discipline as history is. history as discipline important an soviet historians[Mihail Roller] who studied toin U.S.S.R. (…) For usis important very help to ask us in this matter, this would be a priceless help in such by made considerations the someof to response Pauker’s Ana Reading The comments made by the Soviets can be grouped into two categories, into two canbeby grouped made Soviets The comments the Sheup by one of continuedbrought referring soviets the to critiques the 48 26 49 47 CEU eTD Collection 53 Communist Dictatorship, 649. Constantiniu, of the ‘sinister’ Leonte Rautu and Mihail Roller the grave diggers of Romanian culture” in Florin 52 51 strengthening ties with Soviet Union) withstrengthening ties Soviet activity: of Ana Pauker’s considerations, this time on A.R.L.U.S’s (The Romanian Association for opposite. the stated was text in the where Gorbunov show to had Party leader "Moscow’sChisinevschi maninright-hand Romania" historians still say in their writing the seizure of Bessarabiaby U.S.S.R. Romanian that opposite, saidjustthe really Gorbunov contained, pages textbook hands onBessarabia asaimperialisticnotknowing Probably power”. 700 the due to what “laid WarWorld I, after Romania, that period, in interwar the was written that everything program for teaching history in Universities) stated, the contrary historicalto reality and and .writings situation other mandatory the Thetextbook (seeRoller’s of still as a problematic aspectmentionsit amistakewhichnot presentwas but wasgenerally known thoseyears during betweenGorbunov Romaniatextbook, History same the to remarks his In purge. avoiding andwith concerned Soviet Union in Romanian localssubordination of these andrituals during that was 50 The verbatim report… , report… verbatim The Iosif Chisinevschi is described by FlorinConstantiniu as the ideological dictator of Romania, the leader The verbatim report , report verbatim The Arpad von Klimo, von Arpad respect. this in few know we Propaganda and Agitation at us, and not… or interesting the oftranslation without thebook, anyfurther knowledge if thebookis speak Russian ask for the translation of the titles; if they like the title they ask for To A.R.L.U.Scomes animportant number ofbooks who andthe scholars don’t To illustrate once more the difficulties of the process I will again refer tosome hadThe Sovietadvisers little in fact knowledgeof real the of problems the Ibid 53 , 145. see also the Final Report of the Presidential Commission for the Study of the Ibid Ibid , 240. Ibid , 109. , 110. 27 50 and the locals seemed to be more 52 born in Bessarabia in born 51 The Romanian CEU eTD Collection octombrie 1996. octombrie Cioroianu, “ARLUS, o poveste cu intelectuali”,( ARLUS a story with intellectuals) in RomanianAnnals episode (1946-1963), in istoriografic. Episodul Analelor Romano-Sovietice” (Dilemmas of the historiography mimicry, the Soviet V.G. afirma 37 theU.S.S.R. of image positive in has helping cultivating of a organization, asone such astudy argued, authors the of several studies thatdeal cultural by role or the with performed friendship societies Annales). Romanian Soviet similarcultural organizations (The orother Romanian Institute) Studies Germany,or theSoviet- PolishInstitute Institute, East Soviet Czechoslovak-Soviet the (The through Houseof Soviet in , institutes institutes Culture type learning Soviet in via andthe Soviet backbyhigher VOKSrepresentatives embassies received the examinationfor textbooks, study programs, schedules. Requests wereusually forwarded agencies begantoapproach Sovietthem, inpeople’s democracies andCommunists other was notsufficiently detailed serveto as guide for duplication of Soviet models. Therefore historical writingbecome should asSoviet aspossible buttheir knowledge of model the them had proved theirto devotion Union Sovietthe in territory. Sovietthe soviet system forintimately lengthy stays in theSoviet Union and(Roller) all almost of in historiography abovewas transferred allthroughnative communists who knewthe decisive in implementation Model.the Sovietthe of Soviet the Model about Information E.A. Rees and Apor Péter Apor, inBalázs Friendship” Polish-Soviet for League The Mobilization. and Organization, 54 I mention Jan. here C.Behrend’s study the on League forPolish-Soviet Friendship, “Agitation, , ed Therefore whether supportive, critical or disinterested, Soviet experts werenot experts Soviet disinterested, or critical supportive, whether Therefore I will offer here just an example of such an institution due to the existence of existence the to due institution an such of example an just here offer will I Romanian the proposition that dedicatedSuch functionaries to werethoroughly . Ibid , 181-201. while forthe Romanian case, Adrian Cioroianu’s ”Dilemele mimetismului 54 rosul va domina pentru multa vreme tricolorul asa cum Fatetele Istoriei 28 , Universitatea Bucuresti,2000 Adrian Bucuresti,2000 , Universitatea Revista 22 , CEU eTD Collection dossier138 / 1947, 1. 56 see –Ibid. Cioroianu Friendship. Adrian Romanian-Soviet of Day 1944, 20, of October evening the Parhon Ion Constantin Prof. 55 study”. to content its conquests are the only ones which can give ajustideological orientation and scientific support the higherin institutes “understanding educational soviet the factthat science and orientating model. Romanian culture Soviet towards the declared was Its to purpose for factor wasanimportant Institute Studies Soviet-Romanian the that fact reveal the in hadbranches Iasi.The archival Institute other inCluj two documents and the one Problems (quarterly).(monthly)andArt of and Problems From Literature 1949 the editedinstitute three journals, the Soviet RomanianAnnales (bimonthly) External year From its first the Institute. Studies Soviet-Romanian of the establishment the the endthe ofintellectuals of May 1947 a group from ARLUS “Maximlanguage Institute publishing Russian the Gorki”, Book houseandlibraries. At Russian the Museum, Russian-Romanian included:ARLUSthe which interconnected in network Cluj.ofinstitutions partof cultural fully a greater This was or organizations, and branch its mention Studies Institute Soviet-Romanian the tothe activity important of Romanian National Archives Cluj County, ( house the visiting were who of "leftist" group a to belonged association the establishing of initiative The For the purpose of this study and due to its focus on the Cluj History institute isits institute focus History of purpose andon the dueto Cluj For the study this Ÿ Ÿ conferences on Soviet science, the task being expressed in vague terms: invague beingexpressed task the onSovietscience, conferences of aseries through manifested institutes other of study the of Completion disciplines. and fields different in translations qualified and ‘scientific’ Making 56 The tasks of the institution were the following: ANDJC), P.M.R Cluj, RWP Regional Committee, fond 2, 29 55 will publish a manifest for manifest a publish will CEU eTD Collection periodicals. un- other three language and and and 4Russian publication, literature publications of art technical science publications, 8 natural science, 5 medical science, 9 social sciences(!), 4 Soviet RomanianAnnals episode (1946-1963), in 58 57 Adrian Cioroianu, Dilemele mimetismului istoriografic (Dilemmas of the historiography mimicry, the Ibid , 2. In 1963, its last year of existence ( ) the Institute edited 41magazines, 7 yearlastitsexistenceIn Institute of ()the 1963, b) a) 58 Ÿ the progress progress the mankind.of forits and role science Soviet of advancedcharacter tothe Themes related science and against cosmopolitism manifested in science. burgeoise ‘decadent’ against science of Soviet fight to the Themes related institute.” In this respect attention would be given to: „on a themathic which usually goes beyond the concerns of a regular Dissemination of the Soviet material translated at the institute. Ibid 30 , 593. 57 CEU eTD Collection Bucure the ‘old’replacing or using while intelligentsia scientific new a experts.creating of that namely Party the of ambitions the with accordance in science of In direction and organization the Communistreshaping Romania, suppression majority individuals of its the producers, andof institutions. involved This thisbrutal ininterest with concurrent etatist culture cultivated an Europe unprecedented “relentlessly upheaval” The reorganizationII.1. oftheAcademyand the new History Institute 59 foresaw its it usedagainst of thetone 1948, and part first the criticismpress throughout intheParty gloomy future. harsh increasingly of became the subject scientific) and historical literary, sections three Accordinginstitutionas a independent since 1869under patronage the of king(organizedthe on to such articles the Academy forum. scientific was seen Academy,highest the transformation and wasof course cultural Romanian countries as a institutions. Thefirst majorfar reaching tsufferof cultural process all such restructuring a through continued was and Committee Central the Party’s of Department Propaganda putting all institutions cultural under control the of a singlebody which was the AND LEGISLATIVEMEASURES. INSTITUTIONAL ‘MODEL’: THE SOVIET II: IMPOSING Chapter Intelectualii Romani in Arhivele comunismului ú ti, Ed.ti, Nemira 2006. As argued in previous chapter, Communist regimes all over East andCentral all East Communistregimes over As arguedin chapter, previous The Romanian Academy, which functioned until the removal of the monarchy the of removal the until functioned which Academy, Romanian The , (Romanian intellectuals in Communist Archives) 31 “School outside life and politics is lyingonly andhypocrisy.” 59 began with began -Lenin CEU eTD Collection 62 Romania” (The P.R.R. Academy Annales 1948-1949) Bucure transforms itself into a state institution. Its name will be The Academy of the People’s Republic of Populare Române 1948-1949 61 regime) fascist the supported cast, medieval investigation. scientific and of research in matters government the camefrom that request tot the concerns”. Theimmediate implication of this was that from then on priority will be given institution by was, asstated “closelyPrime Minister Groza, linkedgovernmental to the that factthe to as aconsequence legislative), Romanian (the Assembly National Great the by appointed be all will Academy the of members honorary first the and members, active first presidium, “the first regulation neworganizational the to According Presidency which it Councilhadtopresent Ministers the activity. accountsof its of to institution” People’sthe “state Romania Republicthe dependanta directly of to Academy of Academy bythe replaced former the was that a specialdecreestated 1948, 9 the on when then, surprise no was It regulation. organizational new of release therevisalargued for former of traditions immediatethe for Academy of the the and and pressrelated the with what in consent time) was the at Agriculture of minister (also 60 supported”. “compromisedterms false individualsscienceof through the that they culture and in thefascistsupported itsmembersweredescribed while regime” “medieval cast that of the Academy, butin front of the Presidency of the Ministry Council (article 3). Presidium were directly responsible for their activity not in front of the Plenary Assembly formed only active members, who in turn elected the Presidium. The members of the First article of the organizational regulations of the Academy published in published Academy of the regulations organizational ofthe article First Mihai Neam Ibid, 98. The supreme body governing of newwas institution the PlenaryAssembly the 60 Ġ u „Academia Român The temporary president of the institution not yet transformed, C.I. Parhon, C.I. transformed, yet not institution the of president temporary The 62 , The Romanian Academy, the highest scientific and cultural forum cultural and scientific highest the Academy, Romanian , The ă , casta medieval in Contemporanul 32 ă a sprijinit regimul fascist” (The Romanian Academy, ú ti. Ed ti. Acad. R.P.R, 1948-1949,37. No.73, Vineri 13 februarie 1948. Analele Academiei Republicii th of June 61 CEU eTD Collection Academy’s Presidium-art 62) 64 63 Cluj, both in control of all the research institutes within their range This was done by creating two branches of thehave 10members. andEconomic Section to Legal altogether Science Academy, one in Iasiinterests and the otherof the inParty. immediate the to accordingmembers (18) most Thewith section as the Department Sciences Historical Section hadmajorreorganized into 6 sections 25subsections with and and Agricultural Technical the been compressed with thefor attainingmeasure such was itsgoal internal Thus, Academy the reorganization. was Philosophy the major institutionbecome meat to was Academy the this principle, to According Academy. the branch of to coordinate the entire Cluj the in hisof description Cernea, usedby Ion centralism’ of concept ‘cultural the cultural activityParty itself related to cultural matters in generalof and to the new Academiain theparticular, is country. The first . In his inaugural speech Savulescu the presented guiding principles newthe of institution: Ministry Council andAgricultureduring government, MinisterGroza Traian Savulescu. “The role of the institutes is to solve the problems that are put forward by the Government and the and Government bythe forward put are that problems the tosolve is institutes of the role “The Ibid , 107. former autonomy. former its for lament never will research…and scientific the organizing and guiding hesitation, totally and definitively into the State assuming specific tasks in Academy,R.P.R. democratic and progressive institution will integrate without State and the newAcademy may notthere be any orconflict contradiction. The Scientists, theliterate, the mustartists, understand that between today’s New inappropriate and unacceptable in thenew and popular democratic State. Autonomy asunderstood formerby the Romanian Academy istotally The second important step was expand step atanational itslevel. to The secondimportant attributions andimplicitly in Probably description State the of the which way the best the the of president vice former a was institution the of chairman new The 63 Analele Academiei Republicii Populare Române 33 , 62. 64 CEU eTD Collection and its scientific network grew considerably, from 7 research facilities with nearly nearly 400 with facilities from 7 research grew considerably, network scientific andits life’. to closer Academy was transformed intoa omnipotent institution with the aim ‘bringingof science the meantthat Union. model This from Soviet the leastestablished formally already at the following country, the of activity academic and scientific of of sovietization the context creating the branch, a structure of six institutes of the Academy was created in Cluj: professionalism and politics, NY, St.Martin’s Press, 1997. CornellNY, Univ.Press, 1997. Vera Tolz, Russian Academicians and the revolution: combining 2000, Bergin&Garvey, and Transformations of the Communist Academic Regime in Russia and East Central Europe, London Michael David Fox, (eds) Michael David-Fox, Gyorgy Peteri, 1974) in Studia Universitatis Petru Maior Series Historia, 2006, 176. for the Soviet case see the works of 66 1947, 3. 65 by written others” by local a report in1947.cells Party described as eminentprofessor, devotedParty member and a“wonderful for examples the Victor BabeVictor Academy was founded with Emil Petrovici as its president, who was also the rector of the Bogdan C.Iacob “Some Characteristics of History Productionin Romania under Communism (1963- National Archives Cluj (ANDJC), Regional RomanianWorkers Party Committee, Fond 2, dossier 138/ To sum To sum Academyup, the in was in transformed in1948 a mega-structure the branch of P.R.R the 25Novemberinthelocal Cluj on 1948 In thiscontext ú Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ University.in specialist Linguist and Slavonic languages,Petrovici was 66 Thus, in the first two decades of the communist regime, the Academy Linguistics Institute. Linguistics Literary History and Folklore Institute. History Institute. Institute. Research Pedagogical and Psychological Research Institute. Medical Chemistry Institute. Revolution of the Mind: higher learning among the , 1918-1929, 34 Academia in Upheaval, Origins,Transfers 65 In completing the steps of Ithaca CEU eTD Collection regulations in regulations organizational Academy P.R.R. ofthe 34-37 Article see etc”, country, the outside now are who those withdrawn after 1945, those who had an antidemocratic attitude and served the and fascist, 69 the poisonof doubt within the progress… The main principles of the R.P.R. Academy”,regime, which the people has democratically elected…no indolent orpassive intellectuals that will distillate 68 67 Academy. selection for those whofor those wanted continueto withinits structures who as aswell Academy members the of whowanted become for those were set and criteria wanted to of building the socialist carry society.” Inorder forwardto such new things regulation continueby “delivered joiningforin intellectual western skepticism, a rational capable the process or enter wasascholar new academician the Groza’s description, According to institutes. withinits research and of Academy the members be could people working the cause of the structuresPrime Minister Groza, stronglysuch issues to Whenreferring eliminated. or reeducated and therefore used were either emphasizedof thethat onlycreating anew scientific intelligentsia from derived workingthe old the class, experts the most devotedwhile that implied This promotion. cadre of elementssystem communist broader the into it to the 1966. in 2,500 employees56 institutes orcenters in with about to scientific1948 collaborators articles of the new organizational articles of regulations. neworganizational the several of pretext under the eliminated were 100 sciences)while and applied theoretical in specialists them of (most members honorary as 15 and members active as kept “Those who suffered condemnation for their fascist or reactionary activity, those whose citizenship was citizenship whose those activity, or reactionary fascist their for condemnation suffered who “Those “We have to be very scrupulous in choosing our new members…no individual hostile to the democratic the to hostile individual members…no new our choosing in scrupulous very be to have “We Ibid. 67 It was no surprise then that the new regulations contained specific criteria of The last step in the process of transforming the Academy was that of integrating of that was Academy the transforming of process in the step last The 68 In the light of this new set of rules only 19 of the former members have been Analele Academiei Republicii Populare Române 35 69 , pag 50 See forthe repressive side of the ibid , 110-111 CEU eTD Collection process see also, Lucia Hossu Longin Cluj). into Anuarul Institutuluiby Studii si cercetarii de istorie while from 1958 untill 1970 the name was againchanged de Istorie din Cluj. bereplacedbetween(Studies). 1950 InCluj, latter journal and 1955to this was published (The Yearbook of Studii entitled beby one all a single replaced to Balcanica, and Istorica Romana Revista the History Institute of Ed. Humanitas, 2007, 166. journals had historical Istoric Revista perished: sections and two branches in Cluj and Iasi: Institute from of measure,this former all merged historical institutions together under the History Bucharest.Bucharest, as well as the NationalFrom Institute of History from Clujthen and Iasi. In continuation foron the the History Studyconcomitant with the abolishment of the former Institute of National History,Institute the Institute of institute Universalof the AcademyNational Assembly (the legislature of the Romanian had People’swas Republic)History, a new history 4 created, 15 July Great by adecreeof the on 1948 as in Academy. of Thus, the case occurred the the TheInstitute History forInstitute Byzantine of theStudies, Peoples all Republic from of Romania, At the same time with the new institutional reorganization the most important most the reorganization institutional new the with time same the At From view pointthe of of institutions, history the same radical changes Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Byzantium History. Slavic andBalkan History. History. Universal National History. Memorialul Durerii 36 ă , Revue Historique de Sud-Est Europeen, de Revue Historique Sud-Est , , o istorie care nu se invata la ú coala, Bucuresti, CEU eTD Collection Mandatory Curriculla Programe for teaching history in University) Ed. Acad. R.P.R . a scientific history in P.R.R) Ed. P.M.R 1957., contribu on the field of historical sciences) in 70 importance for carrying out the cultural revolution and for creating a intellectuality for the cultural importancerevolution a creating out for carrying and central the government, itits inpress continuedunderlined articles publishing which The 1948EducationalII.2. act andthe organization ofHigher Education Union. Sovietbrought to and historical praise the events, of propellant was regardedasthe which classes social between conflict the become historical the of themes main The time. speeches setting the standard of interpretation beto followed by all other historians of the control wholeactivity the in historiographic Romania1948and between 1953with his him granted managed power Academy. the by to to Roller Party, the dueto Neverthless, institutions beingjustasimple memberandthe of vice Propaganda of the the president above the of any in position official no had Roller Mihail that is interesting extremely is with of until led director Mihail Ralea, section Philosophical the the Institute 1952. What Otetea (in charge with Medieval, Modern and Contemporary (History Condurachi(Slavicof Romania),Andrei Emil history) andByzantium and History). All of them along Ionescu Lazarescu were Letitia of Institute History the in management position the important with people other Academy. The the of Section of Historical the president well be as to institute of the director Iasi, Constantinescu Petre with was changed Mihail Rollerr “Realizari 70 Ġ Ten years after the educational legislative act was emitted bythecommunist actwasemitted legislative educational the yearsTen after ie la lupta pentru o istorie In the same spirit of hipper-centralism the management of the History Institute ú i sarcini noi pe taramul stiin ú tiin Contemporanul Ġ ific ă in R.P.R Programul Cursului Universitar de Istorie al R.P.R 37 , nr.157, 7 octombrie 1949,.7, . (History Problems. A contribution to the struglle for struglle the to contribution A Problems. . (History Ġ elor istoirce”, (Accomplishments and new tasks Probleme de Istorie. O (The CEU eTD Collection 74 previous traditions’ nevertheless of course improved with the ‘positive experience of the soviet science. soviet ofthe 73 experience ‘positive the with improved of course nevertheless traditions’ previous Lupta Ardealului societies. socialist the building for and democracies popular the consolidating for needs the match to order in grounds scientific appropriate on professors the Training spirit) democratic popular the in youth the cureing/eradicating the illiteracy b)a) Introducing at: the youthinto popular aims the democratic spirit, education c)Educating public The principles. realist scientific cand democratic on popular based is it and 72 Tribuna 71 assuming this politic and to do so in a conscientious manner.” andunderstand capable technicians politics the of to class…capable working the of need “We donotany Wekindneed of of kind andtechnicians. that engineers engineers country: ofthe needs immediate the with in accordance character ‘practica’l morehave a and into undercontrol reorganized strictof state put the the public education order was the on then from that meant This realism. scientific and centralism namely principles for the more toattain palpableones a technicalelite such ascreating order butalso goals such industrialization, regime. the andconsolidate whowill of needs State the meetthe whowill specialists of analphabetism, education of in youngthe spiritthe of democracy popular and training people. the to connected strictly the new educational system revolved around two major be strictly connected to practical purposes (Gh. Vasilichi, Public Education Minister). practical Public(Gh. Vasilichi, Education topurposes beconnected strictly the necessity of preparing specialists needed for production and scientific research. Itwill according needs the to of “Ouris country system the restructured higherwere: education of the students and the general line of the education according to its interpretation of what universities. Thismeant that the Ministry assumed for itself the role of setting the number the of activity the directly control will Ministry Educational the that stipulated act, of the TeodorGal Ibid Lupta Ardealului Lupta The public The educationRPRinis organized isprovided on the grounds of state () it bythe structure unit , 5August 1948. , II, nr.31(78), 2 august 1958,3. In what concerned the Higher Education (II- Special Injunctions) the 17 , „ Un deceniu de la reforma inv reforma la de deceniu Un , IV 601,nr. 4August 1948, 8. Curiously officialthe discourse spoke of ‘valorization of , IV nr. 601,4 August 1948,20. 71 Its declared purposes elimination following: declaredwere the Its purposes ăĠă mântului”, (A decade since the educational reform) in reform) educational the since decade (A mântului”, 38 73 th article 72 In 74 CEU eTD Collection Academiei Romane, 225-239. life of the Cluj University ) in Anuarul Institutului de Istorie A.D. Xenopol din Ia 77 and Polish Higher education 1945-1956 76 75 “needles chairs will be eliminated while others can be as well reorganized.” of ‘line’the imposedby because governmentthe asfrequently they were warned university professor’s attention redirected from their work to careful and just application years, in this system following to obeisance.Asaconsequence the politically meant imposing a‘spirit of of responsibility which Chair’, the in Rautu interpretation Leonte supervise the activity of the professors.through the Control and Guidance ServiceThe (Serviciulmain de Indrumarepurpose si Control) which ofwill and institutes directly of forand research university the each by department Ministry the the two would be that of the Ministry will exert is control: indirectly through mandatory curricula programs set out and (art18Special of specialists preparing cadres Injunctions). all institutes, higheruniversities, education and schools polytechnic with precisetask the From then on higherthe education was organized inthree specific institutions, the Ferdinandthe by caused University of establishmentthe University. Hungarian the context of the strong nationalistic in government. This the occurred bytheGroza which itwascanceled before, functioned manifestations university’ a ‘captive becoming of both the professorstransformation starting earlier than step 1948. The first of Ferdinandthe in University and students of process continued throughout 1947 and the 1948through purgeswhichaffected continuedprocess selective throughout Term used by ConnellyJohn in hisstudy, Ibid Dobos Danu . In its last 1948legislativethe part, articles act specified in modality the which In inimportant higher education concerns what University Cluj,suffered the Ġ , Ingerin Ġ e politice in via 76 , University of North Carolina Press, 2000 was the year 1946 when, the autonomy principle under Ġ a universitar Captive University: The Sovietization of East German, Czech 39 ă clujean ă (1945-1948) (Political interference in the in interference (Political ú i, XXXIII, 1996, Ia 75 77 ú The i, Ed. CEU eTD Collection social promotion in Romania 19 78 the following six departments : Babe Victor name of new the under hadfunctioned Cluj of University andSciences,from Medicine State Pharmacy andSciences, 1948 until 1959 the departments. If before the Ferdinand I University had four departments, Philosophy, Law professors as well and students the endedin 1948 late with restructuringthe its of Lucian Nastasa, Lucian 6. Legal 6. Legal Sciences. 5. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. 4. Pedagogy and Psychology. 3. Philosophy. 2. History and Geography. Philology. 1. Intelectualiipromovarea si sociala in Romania th and 20 and 78 th century), Limes, Cluj-Napoca,2004, 135. 40 sec XIX-XX (The Intellectuals and the and Intellectuals (The XIX-XX sec ú ” University with ” University CEU eTD Collection Hungarian University, proposedby as determined government, the intense nationalistic a creating problem of Hungarian the by Transylvaniaoccupation, (1940-1944)caused the as in years. following the as well duringboth transformation persist to this difference made that affected situation as its itsof well problematic multicultural as city, postwar Transylvanian the aspect past The tumultuous ‘centre’. with the in competition directwere there who researchers Ferdinand I - King Ferdinand I University) was a veritable attraction point for the role for the the role for antechamber an played Cernauti) and (Iasi institution, provincial other two the while that fact the to referring life university Romanian in the different been always had Cluj that 19 promovarea sociala in Romania 79 1949-1953. CLUJ OF INSTITE THE HISTORY ROMANIA: COMMUNIST IN HISTORY OF POLITICS CHAPTER III: easy to observe in the ways the professors transferred to Bucharest see, Lucian Nastasa, Lucian see, toBucharest transferred professors ways the the in observe easy to th and and 20 th century), Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2004, 135. After the University and its institutes returned from the exile in Southern exile the from returned institutes its and University the After In his study dedicated to the interwar Cluj University interwar Lucian Nastasaargued tothe Cluj University In hisdedicated study 79 , Universitatea Daciei Superioare, (later named Univerisitatea Regele Univerisitatea named (later Superioare, Daciei , Universitatea sec XIX-XX (The Intellectuals and the social promotion in Romania in promotion social the and Intellectuals (The secXIX-XX (1952 report (1952 report on activitythe institute History the of of Cluj) 41 its in branch Cluj,place took in March 1949. Leninistideology and it could lead to higher step forward. This constituted onlythe way Institute of the Academy,lately attached to Hungarian itHungarian and allowedresearchers usto History History and Philosophy into Patronage the in which it could follow a lavish Marxist lavish a follow could it in which “The transformation of the Institute of It hosted especially Romanian and Romanian especially hosted It political level.” political Intelectualii si Intelectualii CEU eTD Collection Romane, 225-239. University life) inAnuarul Institutului de Istorie A.D. Xenopol din Ia than simply institutional actors (Academia, new History Institute, or the Party) the focus the Party) the or Institute, History new (Academia, actors institutional simply than but includedbecausemore this neutrality Institute the of and academic of cancellation ischapter toreflect howthis institutional determinedstructuring theinternal politicization under control the andof implicitly State the of that Party.the to of The purpose this times all at was which research scientific the to and centers specific to linked was Cluj in production history sovietization the of asa chapter characteristic in first the described of the Academy, of History Institute Academy,of whichCluj was 1May Romanian under the1949) strict control put Institute in Bucharest andIstorie si Arheologie to din Cluj thatal Academiei Romane of(The History theand Archaeology Party. Thereby, History Cluj)Institute, wasreplacedby a totally transformed institution, Institutul de as transformations, the former Institute Institutul de Istorie Nationala din Cluj (The National these to Accordingly culture. Romanian entire the affected which transformation history the of in havenot Romanians couldthe process escaped this of , (1920), by a special donation Kingof FerdinandI, with precisethe of purpose studying 1946) andthus firststep made its towards towards transformation. yearwas 1946 thesame when autonomy the university of the (24 August was cancelled 80 manifestations. andanticommunist antigovernment into whichturned soon on other, the governments and Groza and Sanatescu the of one side, University students on Ferdinandthe andthe disputesbetween professors the Dobos Danu The History Institute of Cluj, founded at the same time with the University Ġ , Ingerin Ġ e politice in via Ġ a universitar 42 ă clujean 80 ă The climax of these manifestations (1945-1948) ú i, XXXIII, 1996, Ia (Political interference in Cluj ú i, Ed. Academiei CEU eTD Collection West as a “professional class” (who subsumes doctors, professors, engineers professors, doctors, subsumes (who class” “professional as a West England”, havingless ‘academic a meaning’ iswhatcorresponding to usually named in in “one known use tothe haveadifferent intelligentsia intellectual terms,and 1947, the regimes’. communist new to the ‘pro- related from countries intellectuals these the how on perspective the use of the term intellectual period the understudy, journal,a Western usingto on of perspective contemporary the in the Easternthemselves related tothe Party and the postwar realities. In ordercountries to do this itwill start by of the problematiccontinent, aspect of how the Party related to intellectuals as well how the intellectuals as well the of clarification general make some as to needs sovietization’ of ‘actors as historians its the fact thatcomprehensive andcomplete explanation Nevertheless process. the of study this due to deals withterminological fluctuations of the term intellectualthe itself make it difficult to offerelimination a interest in creating manifested same atthe regime ancien while the of intellectuals of the eliminating process ofits ownthe intellectuality. a selective initiated ‘old’ Party the that meant which body professoriate the transforming professoriate The of amplitude process the was started, had itself historiography of sovietization the which of ofout such a process and as well speaks the about III.1. Eliminating undesirable elements: IoanLupas andAlexandru Lapedatu sovietization’. of ‘actors as seenthemselves the historians towards shifted frequently bewill According to the author of the 1947 article that appeared in TheEconomist, appeared article that of 1947 the author the According to preliminary the and regime, installed newly of the objectives One main the of 43 CEU eTD Collection (Stainism forTismaneanu, all seasons) Bucure Vladimir Party, of the echelon upper the from absent’ ‘obviously thatsaying with the exceptionprejudices” of Al. D. Gherea‘anti-intellectual and Lucretiu had leaders Patrascanu,Party Romanian in top the the early that periodargues the intellectualsTismaneanu Vladimir were regime, Dej’s of study his In category. this enter would Patrascanu Lucretiu article; the in specified not 84 hard no matter despite their interest of adapting to the new situation, notes mentions as the only authority forthis Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin. The life of the professors is Literature must be a literary history, translated into Serbian by a Soviet Professor, who in his voluminous (…) Inothersituation the governments go too InBelgrade far. the courses for ofstudents Englishthe theirpolitical . InRomania such aproof is asked forpermitting students access in the canteens those that want to study at the University in Sofia need to bring certificates elaborated by the Fronthave to a greatinfluenceprove in naming professors and choosing university lectors andassistants. InBulgaria professors were purged Yugoslaviain Bulgaria… and InBelgrade, Sofia and Bucharest the governments 83 82 RomanianIntellectuals in theCommunist Archives) Bucure intellectuals who support the regime, “as they once supported intellectuals whosupportthe regime,“asmainly supported theyonce fascists”,the intentions of declared progressive the end situation will dramatic postwar the after belief that to theirthe regime will due regime the support actions, political or methods some communist’s to of the critical somehow be accomplished. Besides followsgroups this general description. them there opposed of ideologically these Aninsight regime. of the of ‘adversaries’ is the that are also Februarie 1947”, see the list of documents in ofdocuments list see the 1947”, Februarie regime, naming here as the most evident the ‘communist intellectuals’ ‘communist the evident most the as here naming regime, be classified intotwo major categories.First category consists in those who supported the life university the affected most highlysensed. freedom is intellectual of in “atmosphere is whilst Budapestthe situation the ‘confuse’, which they relate to the new pro-communist governments. He starts with Romania, where intellectuals from the countries that were facing sovietization using as criteria the way in 81 magistrates). He names Josep Revai for Hungary, Theodor Pavlov in Bulgaria and for the Romanian case, even though “the relative freedom of which universities enjoyed in the former regime was strongly reduced. Many reduced. strongly was regime former the in enjoyed universities which of freedom relative “the „Intelectualitatea din R din „Intelectualitatea Ibid , 105. Within the first group areintellectualsthere whowhile notcommunist andstill 81 Starting form this premises the author then makes a classification of the 82 ăVă Along with some other considerations of how change of regime rit rit ú 83 i Occidentul” (The Eastern Intellectuality and the West) „The Economist 1 Economist „The West) the and Intellectuality Eastern (The Occidentul” i ú , the ways in which he describes the Eastern intellectuals can intellectuals Eastern the he describes in which , theways ti, Ed. Polirom, 2005. Intelectualii români in Arhivele Comunismului 44 ú ti, ti, Ed. Nemira 2006, 102. Ibid . Stalinism pentru eterniatate, 84 , while the second , (The CEU eTD Collection 86 85 asservegovernments, to theirambitions, own ortoavoid possible purges. because of their opportunism.For the author this is the most numerous group, serving the and organized outcast.” and organized incompetence politicsbutthe cannot reconcile with the of lies,violence, governments the “they accept daily ideals: into old their recognizethe realities cannot butthey revolution politic and social for fought life their all who leftist are regimes the of adversaries isfor harder them gainto livingtheir and their islivelihood becoming lower”. Other don’t have anypolitical but alsopower they are excludedfrom economic life. Everyday they that only Not England. of friends suffering and old several are there these “Among communists: acceptthe or alsocannot trust with but Germany collaborate refused to who followed by ‘conservatives’ the ‘purged werethe fascists’ First there subcategories. and/or Party historical contributedfive inand/or Party to production groups positions different Hungarian historiography.Klimo their backgrounds educational to according that argues Klimoin his of analysis attemptthe introduction,introducethe or to sovietmodel into processthe of ForHistory transformation. isbestby Arpad described tension this von soviet model not ahomogenous groupatwas all with importantconsequencesaspect for undesirable eliminated. andthusisolated or Secondly, meanthelp group to impose the the cooperate, became background their to intellectuals, whodue to and political refuse of regime fromthe agroup ‘inherited’ ancient aspects. Firstall,of Party Communist the important outtwo it points because asnecessary is seen Party the to related they in which Ibid Ibid , 106. , 106 The group of ‘the adversaries’ is as well formed by several different several by formed well is as adversaries’ ‘the of group The This short incursion in the problematic aspect of the intellectuals and the ways the and intellectuals the of aspect problematic in the incursion short This 86 45 85 CEU eTD Collection Stiintifica si Pedagogica, Bucuresti, 1978, 202. Stefanescu, ed, Stefanescu, (Introduction totheHistory ofthe Romanian Historiography) Teodor, Pompiliu Enlightenment, of Romanian tradition Istoria Romanilor, author of several studies of history theory and history of historiography.( of history and theory of history studies of several author 89 Silviu Dragomir, Ioan Moga, Ioachim Craciu etc. 88 early 1950s” in Balázs Apor, Péter Apor and E.A. Rees 87 history. of ‘falsification’ their for defamed communist historianssame time, young communist historians, who were not high ranking functionaries, non- atthe positions held who academic party theorists theorists, wereparty These Hungary: who were ‘tolerated’ and non communist historians who were Heghel si Filozofia Istoriei Lupas and Alexandru reflects Lapedatu this tendency. party. The treatmentrefused enrollmentwas sealed, if held especially importantthey tothe positions were that of the two former impressivehow thedestiny merits their ‘bourgeois’matter historian that academic of directors of the History historiansanti-communista strong with be background could thus ‘used’.No not who Institute non-communist of elimination the the on it first focus will process, sovietization of Cluj, Ioan institute of Cluj publishing along with the former, Anuarul Institutului Cluj AnuarulInstitutului institute de Istorie with the former, alongof publishing National the AlexandruHistory he toorganizehis with Lapedatu managed activity was a professor of Recent history of the Romanians and History of Transilvania. activity Religiousthe of andCultsMinistries. and At Clujthe Education he University Romanianthe intellectuals in AfterBudapest. 1918he wasinvolved constant in the yearsBerlin,magazine duringasa those the Luceafarul (1902) manifest establishing for He was a historian interested in research that Other examples involved of historians from the Cluj Institute that were purgedthe by the communistvoievodship regime were of Transylvania Arpad vonbutKlimo “The Sovietizationalsoof Hungarian Historiography.he was Failures and Modifications in the While the study While thestudy deallaterwithwill historians Cluj the involvedInstitute in the Ioan Ioan Lupas, bornin and literature 1880studied philosophyin Budapest and Enciclopedia istoriografiei Romanesti 1928) He was by named Pompiliu Teodoras the last representing of a fundamental , 1932, Leopold Ranke si MihailKogalniceanu 87 46 , (The , (The Enciclopediaof RomanianHistoriography) Ed. , ed, Introducere inIstoria Istoriografiei din Romania Ibid Accent,Cluj-Napoca,2002, 196-200.,Stefan , 237. 88 Sensul si scopul Istoriei 1936, Epocile Principale in 89 Due to 1923, CEU eTD Collection 91 Enciclopedica, 2007, 342. 90 as short as possible, avoiding carefully, any discussions of political-militant character”. only to asmall extent and in my meetings with former or new friends I force myself to be participate longer no I life social the “In content: political with discussions to lead might promoting. Lupas decided tonolonger part take in ‘socialthe life’ orin any meetings that intellectuals which was in contradiction withobvious what the new was ruling power the world thatretired first from any public life activities knowing, that he will never be ablebe to part of was to Lupas of regime,the nature the come. Noticing activity the changed historian radically. the of He was aware thatIoan Lupasrequest became afull memberof Romanianthe Academy. he was partNationala of that (The group Year Book of of theNational History Institute). In 1916, at ’s penal for life. servitude workingfor classduring the all regime of .”the Thepunishment was these “intense havingLupas activity againstthe to main an broughtwasthatof accusation expire, yearone had butwasprolongedtheoretically to condemnation The until 1955. andinterrogated imprisoned in a until colony working secondthe half of 1951, when his special order was given so his every action would be monitored. Shortly after, he was title to reflect the extent to which culture became politicized) described as “faithful as described whichbecame politicized) to culture extentreflect the title to In a1948number asuggestive Contemporanul of the (otherwise weekly cultural-political Lapedatu. Alexandru with in tandem always not, or coincidently in press, in time earlier IoanOpris, Ibid , 345. Nevertheless, once with the instauration of the communist regime the life and life the regime communist the of instauration the with once Nevertheless, Despite hisfrom early retirement publicthe on22 sphere, of April 1950 a This type of accusations used in Lupas’s condemnation appeared frequently in condemnation appeared Lupas’s used This accusations of type Istoricii si securitatea 91 , (The Historians and the Securitatea) vol 1, Bucuresti, Ed Bucuresti, 1, vol Securitatea) the and Historians (The , 47 90 CEU eTD Collection 183-185, IoanOpri legatura cudesfasurarea vietii aneamului politice romanesc de peste 1923)Pompiliu Carpati, Teodor, imprejurare de dezvoltare ale istoriografiei nationale inAIINC, Cluj,1921-1922; Istoriografiaardeleana in Transylvania andHungary (Vlad Voda Calugarul 1482-1496, 1903; Radu cel Frumos in Transilvania, Noua Middle Ages publishing different studies onthe history of the relations betweenWalachia with 94 93 (From the Memoirs of the Romanian Academy) in Academy) Romanian ofthe Memoirs the (From Romanian Academy which was yetnot transformed. Ion Aluzetu, “Din Memoriile Academiei Romane” 92 “nefarious tandem for the historical writing of the country.” servants of the bourgeois-landlord regime”,“verified enemies of the Romanian people”, a occurred without the help of the landlords but against them. against but landlords the of help the without occurred anything of onethe that tookplace in only 1945 the real and complete one which saying without Bratianu, Ion land Mr. Romania, reform of secondgreat initiated the Communist Party:was found in mainly in admit his of obstinacy to support and write realizationsthe of the Mr. Lapedatu speaks of the unquestionable merit of the one that 1937) and general secretary years.1937) andgeneral forsecretary during following the Asarecognition its both institution him the governments) of Academy named Romanian the (1935- president in several senator andminister important an in and Paris PeaceConference at the delegacy Romanian the of part interwar, Romanian the of figure (political level national between Institute and 1938. 1920 opening in 1919until wasthefounder andof 1938, Lapedatu co-director History the level. international aswellata borders theRomanian both within as a prestige democrat, enormous incriminatory factor in the became an events eyes the contemporary of interpretation official the and promoting of the new regime. What was fatal to Lapedatu was his During activityhis as directorand researcherat the History Institute he was interested inthe Romanian The two were attacked in the context of the general critique toward some of the members of the Ibid. In what concerns Lapedatu stressed author In what causefor hisdenigration, Lapedatu concerns the as A dedicated RomanianA dedicated of History Professor the Cluj itsfrom University ú , Alexandru Lapedatu incultura româneasc 94 As recognition of his activity in Cluj as well as on as well as Cluj in activity his of recognition As Contemporanul 48 ă , Bucure , Nr.72, Friday, 13of February. 92 ú 93 ti, Ed. ” His refusal in accepting refusal ” His ù tiin Ġ ific ă , 1996, pag 308. Ibid , CEU eTD Collection accusations brought to provesaccusations brought this formerinstitute the aspect. last The frequency with which party members of spoke Lupas and Lapedatu in their regime.the toward attitude about their wondering still andwere purges whoescaped the intellectualof such important figures period was of interwar the also asignal for those conditions for the implementation of the new ‘model’ in historiography. The elimination best for the assuring years by firsta preliminary its as in regime the line adopted of hardness Lupas Lapedatu areexamples maximum ideological and the (re)education. communist regime wasclearandinvolved isolation theirand to elimination due to refuse years the of them in early the towards strategy The bourgeois reactionary’. called ‘the they included what never selection of itrange needs political or its economic cultural, to werehe lot’ died sameyear. the in member of dignitaries’ august, the Sighetas a to andsent andtaken arrested Lapedatu was Alexandru Lupas, colleague 95 research as well as in politic. mansociety in likewillnot a was facing continue that Lapedatu, hisprevious activity Therefore on the 5 Government. in inincluded “Who’sImportant that he informed was New York Lapedatu of of WorldBiography Research in Institute 1947The activity academic andpolitical Ibid. For all that the Party desperately needed its own intelligentsia that corresponded that intelligentsia its own needed Party all the For desperately that 95 It was therefore obvious in the context of the changes that the Romanian the that changes the of context in the obvious therefore was It 49 th of May adaybeforejust his of 1950, CEU eTD Collection 98 Adrian Cioroianu, Adrian indeed ‘something else’: itAs stressed Daicoviciu historiography.Romanians was weresolved‘new’ by the and the between tensions historical the which in way the is account 97 Studii si cercetarii stiintifice 1949-1950” (The summary of Historyraport the Philosphy 1949-1950)and institute in Academiei R.P. R. Institutul de Instorie si Filozofie din Cluj al Academiei R.P.R. Raport sumarpe anul 96 supportandguidancethe of Communist Romanian the Party. This was by completed the itwas First ‘development’. further and transformation for the important asmost factors outtwo historiography, and points new‘scientific’ Daicoviciu account of the Institute the examples from soviet historiography. numerous all andculture of language with developmentcombined Romanian the the in had Russians then and Slaves the that role important the societies, the of development in the force dynamic the as struggle class presenting then promoted was that pattern official the follows Daicoviciu research, effectson its immediate When presenting transformation,in whichhe described invery positive terms this how atCluj.occurred sinceits institute “historical” of activity the the account of an (Studies) periodical Studii Sovietization processIII.2 inthe Actors ConstantinDaicoviciu, “Cronica. Din activitatea Institutelorsi colectiveor de cercetari ale Filialei Cluj a Ibid , 172-175 For the thematic turn see see Andi Mihalache, Andi see turn thematic Forthe 172-175 , In what concerns the historians little information is given. Nevertheless, in his Nevertheless, isgiven. information little historians the concerns what In religion. all and nations of all ‘oppressors masses, bothRomanian and againstHungarian, a commonenemy, the oppressed of arena fighting a and nations three the of of concord land the as all times,Transylvania nolonger appeared as a multinational conflict region but In 1950, Constantin Daicoviciu director of the Cluj History Institute, gave in the Seen in the light of the new science, which is the history of the working class of Ibid . Ibid , (Studies)I, 2, 1950, 172. , 174. 97 What strikes the reader’s attention in Daioviciu’s 50 98 Ibid. , 2003. Florin Constantiniu, Academia R.P.R, Ibid . 23-65. 96 CEU eTD Collection now ANDJC)on Romanian Workers Party,fond 13,dossier nr 203/1951, 77 (from county Cluj Archives, National Romanian Academy.” Bucharest the to respondent directly were develop…this will activity research the which in framework organizational the clarified has role guidance coordination thing was absent99 in the past when the institutes were part of other ministries, while other inUniversity. as well as in institutes the lines of research hadcoordinate general the the activity entireevaluating institution to which scientific different. slightly be to proved conclusions such validate to meant institutions two the of perspective the transformation, the of view own and Hungarian historians Romanian the by fully applied was history on conception of the Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist the Cluj Institute” If this was the progress: “in freedom these days of by andscientificpolitical assured Sovietthe Union case with the institute’s further for and wereassured bestconditions shortages insignificant therefore with supervised he institution in the occurred transformation the process, the about ideas own sum Communistup Daicoviciu’s of Union” inparticular. To Party (Bolshevik) Soviet Soviet in Historiography generaland is the “model for usthe that History of the Soviet Union’s model as seen in the examples of the works of different historians and information was madeexchange meetingsgenerally between localsthrough and the the from arrangements, Apartthese in Bucharest. General Secretariat the to format, of their activity which were had send According month ‘centre’. research institutes the tothis note to every the reports later summarized and with communicated branch in local ways which which the the describes informative note forwarded, every quarter, information in Relevant how Academy happened isfoundthis Bucharest. about ina1951 in a single of the General Secretariat andthe latter the between well Academy, as the branch of structuring involved an information between of and exchange Institutes the the local “The fact that all existing scientific units of the Academy are grouped around the filial whichexerts the The Cluj branch of the Academy, as stated before in this study inwas the study before this as stated Academy,the of branch The Cluj 51 99 This new institutional CEU eTD Collection Academy, brach, Cluj regarding the scientificANDJC, work, 1951, 65.Lupas Ioan historian reactionary known well by the enough loon no 102 101 which from arise lack of a clear organizing principle.” difficulties are then objectives…there internal are the aswhat as well be prepared should sessions the how way in the perspective a clear got hasn’t Filial “The transformation: within the memberscaused problems in Cluj in matters of avoiding ‘sideslips from line’andthe frustration of the branchwas sorare two between the information exchange the fact that The plans. working was manifested general of format in the year a once only branch local its to information sent ‘centre’ especially in the first years of the 100 under its new format: of which the transforamtion begun, toargue then what were the main tasks of the institute butshort comprehensivededicatet part History institute statedfirstto the premisesthe out andThe its evolution institute since the transformation. history dedicated tothe segments included inscientific Academy work”, "on thesituation of the periphery,a 1951report spot. the on given are solutions and verbally mostly a trimester, in 3 times 2- Bucharest…about he to Filial goes eachtime problems of Negulescu outthe the points Academy. Secretary of Comrade the Popa, comrade through Grigore we keepcontact “With Academy format: the involve any written didn’t which of Academy Secretary the If looking at their background the majority of the Cluj historians were part of the nationalistic school lead ANDJC, Ibid . and cosmopolitism is manifested. is cosmopolitism and step andwho do notthis have make any perspective in doing Amongthis. objectivism them couldn’t who specialists called so historians, of amount great in a are Cluj there these all fact…Despite this to due transformed sincerely and deeply been have background ‘old’ of elements Several history. of task main the years Assuming Marxism and soviethistorical science was in the last few In this rather complicated system of information exchange between centre and centre between exchange information system of In this complicated rather Ibid , Informative Note, 87. Note, , Informative 102 52 101 Ibid, The Report of the P.R.R. 100 In turn, the turn, In CEU eTD Collection Nereamia Napocae, 2003, 287; David Prodan, pick upmy membership card. Party myself. The utopias of the youth were winnowed away (…) I ceased my activity; I didn’t entering aworld see whichIdidn’t inwhich Icouldn’t deliberately integrate coming and realities: “Wewere post-war in communist the became disgustedwith Economist 1947 historianof studentas in both Lapedatu Lupas,who and classification the offered bythe jeopardize their position. This situation is best by describe David Prodan, aMarxist thus and be wrong be easily could they in which events contemporary to related topics topics that were consider to be of an urgentthere as an accusation againstneed. the historians of the Institute Thewho were avoiding to writehistorians on in general avoided the Bucuresti, 1994,214; Florin Muller, Politic (National Ideologyunder socialism, Identity andCultural Policies in Ceausescu’s Romania) Humanitas, by Prodan andSt. Pascu , Katherine Verdery, presented Horea) lui (Rascoala event historical same the compares she where Ceausescu, during produced Supplex Libbelus Valachorum, Principatele Romanein Transilvania inveacul alXVIII-lea,Iobagia indomeniul baiideAries 1770, la the modern history of Transylvania. to be one of the most prodigious and influential historians of the Cluj Institute, writing important studies on “Cosmopolitismul in stiintele istorice” (Cosmopolitism in Historical Sciences) in Institute in Bucharest, P.C. Iasi,History whofounded wasnewly of the also the director by the president written of article the is the Historicaluse their for example Section an of narrative, the Academy, 103 that was Party the of help the with Institute by the found solution The professors. former their against critical ways in other ‘combative’ more writing of that also was historians the for problem Another himself. in adapting difficulties facing hewas therefore you could easily be wrong,which “in history, contemporary modern or teach to difficulty The misinterpretations: was one of the things thewas historian was tryingsupervised to avoid and and the historians were subjected to unfair allocations and to 104 2 October, 1949. Cosmopolitsim and objectivism were otherwise frequent themes used in attackin the former historical David Prodan, The ‘objectivism’ and ‘cosmopolitanism’ and ‘objectivism’ The According toProdan, at modern history (in which he was specialist) every word Memorii, (Memoirs) Bucure see Katherine’s Verdery’s interpretation on the ways in which the past was Rascoala luiHorea incomitatele Clujsi ,Teoria imigratieidin 104 ú ă Ibid. ú Compromis si rezistenta, Cultura Romana subCeausescu, ti, Ed.Enciclopedic i istoriografie inRomânia, 1948-1964 53 103 the document referred to, was used ă 1993, 51. 1993, This hasn’t stopped Prodan Contemporanul , Cluj-Napoca,, Ed. , 160,nr. CEU eTD Collection 107 106 fatherland.” Avoiding such intasks was described terms“running of from interpreting thehistory of applicationthe nationalist-of Stalinist policy incountryour 23 after Augustof 1944”. the Transylvanian working class as well as other topics “important in order to fully reflect history andcomplete of was in aproper hesitation historians the writing Institute of 105 ‘hesitative’ historian to work with a co-author more combative: of putting whichhadsetting collectives working apre-established andto topic the use of the Party. The presentation of its content will clarify some of assumptions. of this some willclarify its content of presentation Party. The use of the the impression is that it was written by a Party member which was also ahistorian for the Constantin Daicoviciu, Fracisc Pall, David Prodan, and Stefan Pascu. Reading its content institution, of the director are thatof the frequent most appear Thenames that process. transformation the in them by played role the and institution the on not and historians since institutes focusingaddress thistimethe activity 1949 the reviews on the of ANDJC, David Prodan, Ibid . between the wars… two the between democracy social imperialistic of wars 1912-1916 aswell as the traitorous role of the right-wing connected with…the ofstruggle the working class for peace and against the on the current yearworking listed plan of the History were institute problems strongly there work years last in deficiencies observed of the account Making According issued to repport the bytheAcademy, major problem the of the solidary. be often they imposed me more a co-authorcombative me than whom with I had to promote their incompetence…Iwas to not sufficiently combative and side therefore other on the or work peoples other for respond to had You possibilities. figuration, all possible now. And all could imposedbe without any appeal Annoying were theworkingalso condition in collective, thename abuses, the A yeara document Academy’s the after unsigned rapport any andwithout Ibid 106 , 77. Ibid 105 , 59. 54 107 CEU eTD Collection 109 108 were facing a process of development, construction and progress towards the expected the towards and progress construction facing development, were of aprocess history duringwriting whosincerelytransformed communism, andhistorians themselves, the andChauvin, retrograde reactionary, intolerant, andwere, its members Institute if former the Hence, unscientific. theopposite, around ‘old’revolves the derivates, andits institution termsthe usedrevolve around mainly conceptthe of science andits if for ‘new’ history the Therefore camps. in irreconcilable history applied two to creating communism, that and divided the intoworld good andharmful, bad,useful was now to specific paradigm, of all same the First several conclusions. to can leadautomatically ideology, poison, idealism, objectivism etc. : inimical nationalism, science, false historical andChauvin, retrograde reactionary, Party saw detectinwhich the best ways the institute the interwarof activity the used for describing its activity terms values’. The ‘new to the correctly inresponding how them affected this illustrate to ‘environment’ in which institute historians the were newlycreated of the formed,in order as well as that of the University: antiscientific, intolerant, Napoca, Ed.Clusium.200, Andi Mihalache, London: Claridge Press, 1989,George Irimia For the interpretation of such terms see Francoise Thom, Francoise see terms of such interpretation the For Ibid,.92 This sort of terminology which belongs to the political language of communism of language political the to belongs which terminology of sort This the Institute became in time real nests of the legionary movement. with heads asthe and former twodirectors…There is no surprise University the that Ferdinand and imperialism foreign of agent the by headed exploiters hated the education the members of received the institute…founded and with the grown money of have the most University this In cosmopolitanism. and objectivism of swamp a in drowned all matters scientific in conception retrograde and onlynot hatredbooks, against their all and that was Hungarian,brochures German orJewish, conferences, but also through mystica desk the from propagated Professorssuch as Puscariu, Lupas, Lapedatu, Ghibu, Dragomir and others In its first part the person who wrote the rapport was trying to highligte the wastrying rapport the wrote to first personwho part the In its Ibid ú , , 2003. Structuri textuale ale discursului politic totalitar 55 Newspeak thelanguage of Communism 108 , Cluj- 109 CEU eTD Collection 111 110 Transylvanie dans l’antiquite. importantmoststudy dedicated tothe inDacian civilization LaTransylvania, his elaboration the of all leading to andFrance Greece) Germany,, (Rome,West archaeologist and historian of the antiquity, with studies started in Cluj and finished in the tendencies. two the between discourse” a“median Zub’s term, inpurpose accusing tovictimizing or any historiansthe of using itwill adopt, hereAl. position His II. nohas and butasthisstudy interpretations numerous leads Party within to Institute the the Carol with association former its despite institute, new the of director avoidmanaging to the purgesbutalsoconsolidate his to being position,named the intellectual Constantincontext of 1948-1960, Daicoviciuposition enjoyed agreat and political the In institute. the of director the Daicoviciu, Constantin was analyzed of history lies heavy therefore us upon historical science islike a burden ourshoulders. upon Daciei andits researchinstitutes: fake“All (Universitatea Superioare) of this procession argues,author didremainnotimmune this throughout to “poison school the propagated was scientific ornot, meant toperish or not was of course ideology. goal, cultural revolution and socialist consciousnessWhat . decided ifonehistoriography Constantiniu, Daicoviciu and his relationship with the Party see, Florin Muller, followed other bythe historians.ANDJC, fond PCR, nr.2, dossier38/1947, 2,3.For be to a detailed pictureexample an of ideas, progressive with beaintellectual to considered was Daicoviciu professors, University Ferdinand of the in characterization when 1947 as early by as proved starting documents archival assumptions several regime” new the to support his bided “over said, Muller Florin as Daicoviciu, under dictatorship) Institutul European Iasi, 2000, 19.When thecommunist regime was installed ù Al. Zub, tefan tefan ù tef The individuals educated in this ‘unscientific’ institutional framework as the as framework institutional ‘unscientific’ in this educated individuals The Orizont Inchis, istoriografia romana sub dictatura, Ibid ă nescu coord, nescu , see David Prodan op cit , pag, 117-118. 111 Ibid. His major mistake, seems to be very minor if comparing minor be very to seems mistake, major His .” Starting from such a vision of the past, the first the past, the of vision a such from Starting .” 56 (Dark Horizon. Romanian Historiography Romanian Horizon. (Dark The whole convoy of false science false of convoy whole The Ibid, Andi Mihalache, Andi 110 Daicoviciu was a Ibid, Florin CEU eTD Collection 114 imprisoned. and beaccused to their teaching positions or suffered exclusion from the Party.Neverhteles longerno after thisApostolfrom came removed were professors several inthen and Party the from of ‘vigilance’ increase an caused This Georgescu. Teohari and Luca Vasile Pauker, Ana process, deviationist wing ‘right so called of the context 113 salvation.” own my for sakeof the accuser become an had to I theexpectations, stand upto to In order serveinsomnia.heroismnot couldits toanything The atthattime, own butannihilation. I did fear No, it fear,with and with withstanding? allheroically Have this I experienced collaboration: fearfully accepted and others hadaccused Prodan himself save to In order University.historian Bucharest the at Marxist member,Pavel Apostol, respectably party by and a Prodan, timecontext inanofficial this to brought were same accusations 112 The commitment. political their of sign a clear was structures Party communist local struggle.” Prodan exclusively as a factor of progresscatholic and attitude: therefore “In Supplex minimizing Libellus Valachorumthe roleProdan rapport hadwhere the “Greek- a according to (1948), Valachorum Libellus (…)of thethe Union class with Rome is seen by member. as a dedicated time wasseen whereatthe structures, Party within as well as institute the within position his due is explainable Daicoviciu criticizing interpretation. idealist antiscientific an spreads he thus importance people Romanianlanguage, development/genesis and of inthe Romanian the much importance in his Christianity:study to Conferring Christianity an exaggerated too he accorded his wasthat colleagues, say other hadabout documentthe to with what D. Prodan, ANDJC, ANDJC, The fact that historians such as Daicoviciu, Prodan or others were part of the his David Supplex to majorHarsher critiqueto and work Prodan wasbrought 113 Ibid, Ibidem Ibid Interestingly, ayear was exactly this rapport published, after the (1953), 97,D. Prodan, , 68. 114 ,109. Ibid , 68. The accusations brought to Prodan by Apostol cameinthe 57 112 The fact that the author avoided author the fact that The CEU eTD Collection 116 which usually goesbeyond the concerns of a regular institute”. „on athemathic terms: in vague expressed being task the science, Soviet on ofconferences a series through translations in different fields and disciplines. Completionof the study of other institutes manifested 115 dressage.” was a .political be to It had adapted to background, they in history an weregenerally old the with domain workers The ideological education. an necessary any doubt out was with itnew world “inthe purpose: real whatwas their Romanian Institute. Studies itself,by by Academy,the Party the well as institutions,as other such as Sovietthe attendmeeting education by had assure Institute of organized the to historians agood the to ideological In order of education. importance the conclusions emergentdue tothe orientated. weren’t Party who ‘elements’ Institute the into letting for personally, Daicoviciu to and Institute the to brought Roller criticism institution until 1953 when he was, asitwill be presented, one of the causes forharsh the was managedone of historians the unabashedwho work to in thenew historical with the Party. Francisc focus of and to muchexclusively as time theirwork on avoidcontacts as any possible Pall, an “uncorrupted managedlongfor Institute ofthe a historians some of the debatable. period Nevertheless historian”, still are reasons their and historians as activity in their manifested as this in which extent Ioan Opris described him, official institution in charge with waysthe innew which values the were internalized was The control. constant its determined which system inter-institutional an into integrated Institute would assure properly “conclusionsthe of Sovietthe historiography” itwas D. Prodan, For the task of the Soviet RomanianStudies Institute see chapterI: Making ‘scientific’ and qualified After presenting the past and the present activity of activity of emphasises pastandhistorians, the the After present presenting the Up to this point several conclusions will be drawn.First of all in order that Cluj 116 Ibid , 71. 115 Again David Prodan describes best how this ocured and 58 CEU eTD Collection 117 history the of development the for Party the by assured conditions the between contrast stated by the main activity The of acusations againstthe Cluj article, institution. the the author as of purpose who by (About theActivity Academy, History the of allof P.R.R. the Institute serious brought Cluj) probabilities RPR Academiei Clujal din deIstorie Institutului activitatea Despre entitled an article was Mihail Roller, was to indicateIII.3. The1953Scanteiaarticle beginning and the of a newera the Academy.of Section the Historical the organ, control highest its from harsh criticism to were subject members involvedthose inassuringhappened its efficiency, andits and the unexpected Institue the have by long internalized, newvalues the beenasdescribed after seemedto efficiently and whenneeded,for by generally accusing its members.Not institute centre, the the used pretexts and misunderstandings for asource became this and clear never was itself line tomanifestwatch.” watch was supposed the the how and wasdefined How constant of well organization activity itsas as Party, whodidwas the “comradely and this trough : taught professors, university at the samewere time who historians, generalthe meetings, plans, rapports, working control the and courses over the that the with complex, was control its exercised it Academy the which in way The Academy. the ANDJC, Somehow unexpected, on 15 May 1953 the central party newspaper Scanteia in Scanteia newspaper party central 15May 1953 the on unexpected, Somehow The control body in important assuringline’second charge a‘just with in matters well controlled subject matters and problems. ascertainments. This meant the formation of the collective labor with reference to labor market,under or, deficient theindividual predilections imposed by the conjecture inappropriate, of ofan instead education ideological and work research [The annual plans of the Academy] a steady pilot and a skillful copilot in Ibid , 100 . 59 117 CEU eTD Collection 120 119 Institute of the P.R.R. Academy, Cluj) in “Scanteia”, 15 May 195, 2. “haven’t who RWP the of committee regional the and Academy the of Filial the elements.” young the of demoralization unhealthy staff by policy was augmented for ‘huntthe mistakes,the harassment and This conceptions”. idealistic and antiscientific obstinately promoted who cosmopolite, elements, –bourgeois nationalistic “several maintained institute the wasthat serious 118 major study. a or a book informatof finalize didn’t tothis subject dedicated studies Transylvania, the in movement workers the of history the with concerned work a elaborating for plans concrete therewere even though is saying that was theauthor What material”. studied the of interpretation theoretical and interpretation scientific of away run historians the …and (Scientific Research and therewasStudies) nohistorical study between 1951 and1952 stiintifice cercetarii si Studii the “in published: already was what of quality in the as well as materials published of lack in the seen deficiencies great to led which science’ in spirit given’: line’ ‘betrayed production Cluj of and theon the Institute ways in a ‘just thetrust which Ibid Ibid Despre activitatea Institutului de Istorie din Cluj al Academiei RPR The article continued arguing that the Institute misjudged of‘party Institute the importance that arguing continued The article , 3. . University… hooliganicand administration of theNational History Institute and Ferdinand inglorious the by past the in disseminated propaganda chauvinistic and bourgeois influencesespecially in eradicating the poisonous relics of nationalistic One of the major tasks of the institute was fighting against the influences of the Such accusations were extremely serious and the first to be found guilty be foundwere guilty to first andthe serious were extremely Such accusations 119 But the most obvious manifestations of the deficiencies and the most 118 120 60 (About the Activity of the History CEU eTD Collection 122 121 institute” the on sort of nocontrol almost exercised to find out what were the measures taken immediately by Daicoviciu after the article had article the after by Daicoviciu immediately measures the taken what were findto out by andwas represented its director LadislauBanyai. scholars important from other also attended meeting the theat Iasi C. P. with Along Institutein Bucharest. Institute in Iasi and BucharestConstantinescu Iasi, president of the Historical SectionThe and director of theculprit, History inthe order to discuss the content of the articleCluj andits validity. The meeting was led by Petre History Institutefor the28 convoked Academy the of Historical Section The immediately. reacted Iasi, Constantinescu by seconded Petre atamacro-level, the history production with bureaucrat’ responsible ‘academic the Roller, Mihail voice, main its with Bucharest from both Institute History andthe Academy the of Section Historical the study, of this in interpretation the centre, his atsuch management: extent nobody reproached then Until careless. and beliberal to proved “deliberately” and whoconstantly its director, and especially institute members the the of real the incriminate culprit, meant to strategy of the part just were Party and Filial to the brought acusations these that understands one Ibid Ibid ,109. . Cluj History School, under the two bourgeois-landlord regimes. definitely underestimated the danger of have legacy the contained in They the envenomed past. tormented a of such legacy the towards disapproval of action that they could not fairly appreciate necessity the ofan urgent and thorough of the Institute. main The decreaseof inthe board politics directorshipthe was thefact managing the and directorate the to due is guilt ofthe part as Institute, Not all the lacking and the errors can be completely imputed to members of the The first questions addressed to Daicoviciu came from P.C. Iasi who was eager The immediate reactions. aspremeditated, created, content such with An article th of May 1953, just of May1953, meeting several a article afterdays the appeared, 61 121 Despite this, if reading carefully if this, Despite reading 122 CEU eTD Collection 123 son. rolethe errant of the himself for assuming Party the of renter the grace to inorder everything Daicoviciu tried increased when by From moment critiques article.the the illustrated Scanteia the suchas those beanylonger problems thattherewon’t any guarantees weren’t there Daicoviciu did notfully assumed the real of criticism and self criticism arguing that started to question his role inmastering the historical writing.Roller, According to that rivals possible his of one in attacking interest Roller’s to a reaction but management a consequenceits wasnot bad for was subjected harsh thatDaicoviciu criticism negative effects on history writing: immediate with mistake aserious nonetheless was cause communist tothe devoted fully all were notscholars of the dinnotknewthat institute of the director the fact that Roller, the the To dramatically.situation changed prosecutor the form of himself therole assumed when Roller but situations of kind in this necessary otherwise ‘self-critique’ the activity of some of its members. formerthe wasawareabout also director the whether into butalso appeared press, Daicoviciu’s first set of answers are short and without ANDJC, As the dialogue between the two continued it was more and more obvious that the these people men of science, specialists which I needed. C.D.: I admit Ihad a conciliatory attitude (atitudine orientated? he impaciuitorista). was whom Isaw in toward then us toward orientated not was he If Roller: either fascist or ‘hitlerist’? C.D: If this Roller: isWas he or was he notabout oriented toward others? Francische is against us. Pall,when an honest element is not orientated toward wellus it isnot necessarily true that I didC. Daicoviciu: I pointed out that theynot didn’t have orientationan toward us. And know thatdifferent a point of view? then had you that inexplain you then How his others. toward past orientation an have that they means it us toward he orientation an have wasnot do they If us. toward orientation an have not do collaborators of the some that knew you that stated “You Roller: Regional Committee of the RWP, fond 13, dossier 38/1953, 47. 62 123 CEU eTD Collection overRoller was committee congress suicide,the see after days few Florina Muller, Therefore, activity. Dej’ Gheorghiu- Gheorghe criticized had who people summerof 1958, during the Communist Party’s Congress, Rollerwas under again attack asone of the Dissatisfied withRoller’s authoritarian attitude, his owncollaborators turned against him as well. In the Otetea and Constantin Daicoviciu accused Rollerof plagiarism and lack of professionalism in his work. 124 125 affected its and by methods historians were more Only previous 1964, after once this. Subsequent Hungarian tothe Romanian the revolution, Communistback to regime came it tobeproved afalse expectation after eventsthe thatoccurred in 1956 Hungary. be taught. If we have a specialist we will notlet him start anew school?” am alsofor the freedom of choosing courses, for the free choice of the curricula thatis to thingcouldnocircumstances professors, have “I which under period: happenedearlier the of research and courses the to when referring consideration into be taken should which principle a as freedom” “academic of in Cluj professors University the of meeting historiography,mentioning without Roller. of writeParty, areport to Daicoviciu Romanian the PavelTugui,and Otetea asked Workers of Romanian the Committee Central of the Department science and cultural Prodan) and Roller. Daicoviciu, Condurachi, (Otetea, historians conflictthe between several important Its in seen first historiography Romanian the of ‘de-Rollerization’ of in terms is described time manifestationLupas were setfree exit Romania and triedits to self isolationism. imposed cultural This was seen in thethis policy a number historians of thatwereincarcerated during 1948-1950,such as fact that new of Asaconsequence intellectuals. with itself reconcilethe to tried Party it the seemed that head of the and context larger European in the occurred that by changes caused relaxation ideological Since 1955, after Stalin’s death, Roller’s position becomes more and more vulnerable when Andrei ANDJC, All these convulsions indicated a possible reformation of the entire system but system entire the of reformation a possible indicated convulsions these All Between 1953 and entire 1956the society Romanian knew aperiod of Ibid , fond 13,dosssier nr 29/1956, 39. Ibid, 63 124 Andi Mihalache, In Daicovicuthisa context, spokeat Ibid, Florin Constantiniu, 125 Ibid. CEU eTD Collection specific to the years of sovietization, continued thereafter. continued years sovietization, the of to specific but arbitrary the andon aggressive involvement politicsthe of in works the historians,the was diminished level repression of the by the regime, initiated the changes with the once 64 CEU eTD Collection History,analogies, consequences, In cooperation with Oldrich Tuma and Jiri Jindra ed. 126 perverted.” which less weremoreoverdestroyed developed structures replacedwith and was and education life, research of of cultural the “anstructure concluded entire As inanalysthistoriography of particular? a phenomenon the competent of sovietization abandoned afterwards. What did this mean for Romanian inculture general and totally being without followed strictly was culture and politics economy in model Stalinist the when a period more until 1968 last than a decade, was to The occupation for military anundermined andgaveafreethe handSoviet period. occupier to presence CONCLUSION institutional model imposed.seemed controlled History Thus institute. only a year after Republicthe wasinstalled thesoviet byasingleParty institutions werereplaced history higher education, all act regarding legislative in new new Academy the the and same yearwith creation of the the Therefore Russian the system. course avoid Of history couldproduction not these transformations. 1958 1948 and Romanian the practically school copy upto a carbon was paper the of the scientific field. In what matters the education, starting with the reform of education in of an institution submitted to the regime (the Academy of the P.R.R) had severe results in creation and the dissolution wasAcademy whose Romanian the institution targeted first flourished during the weresubdued topolitics orsimply The destroyed. Vlad Georgescu, Vlad The Treaty of pace signed by Romania on 10 February legalized the February 1947 10 on byRomania signed The of pace Treaty Numerous scientificNumerous fields such as sociology, philosophy and history which had 126 Ibid 286 see also Al Zub and Flavius Solomon, Flavius and Zub Al also see 286 Ia ú I : Polirom, 2003, I :Polirom, 65 Sovietization in Romania and Czechoslovakia 11. CEU eTD Collection 128 Studii si cercetarii stiintifice 1949-1950” (The summary of Historyraport the Philosphy 1949-1950)and institute in Academiei R.P. R. Institutul de Instorie si Filozofie din Cluj al Academiei R.P.R. Raport sumarpe anul 127 had to sufferhad dressage to apolitical religion.” all and nations all of oppressor “the enemy a common against Hungarian, and Romanian as nations landof the of andconcord two the masses, afighting arena both of oppressed Romanianthe historians andand Hungarian weresolved multicultural the Cluj appeared written in Romania, a massive volume of more than 700 pages. history synthesis of Marxist which was flawsthat 1947 textbook, first wasthe its despite wasRoller’s narrative structure of the transformation in the followed was model that The nobility. the and bourgeoisie the of condemnation the and people Romanian the of development the in Union Soviet of role benefactor the events), historical of propellant the wasseen as (which classes, social the between conflict become: the themes The main Party’sthe propaganda in purposes. beCluj according history to to rewritten that started was this to consequence first The ofsovietization. actors became themselves historians the Therefore promote Party’sinterest. the andcollaborate acceptto to being willing them of the some persuasion, of by means as aswell Institutes, History the from expelled Cluj alsoleadingbeing bymeans historians prisonof repression, arrestedand sent to or in occurred process This transformation. institutional than more meant writing’ historical Academy Party. Academy the and of the Section Historical local Academy,branch of the the the was subordinated, Institute D. Prodan, Constantin Daicoviciu, “Cronica. Din activitatea Institutelor si colectiveor decercetari ale Filialei Cluj a 127 Furthermore, as the process proceeded, the previous historical tensions between tensions the previous historical as proceeded, process the Furthermore, But as casethe study Clujthe of History institute proved it ‘revolution the of In order to attain such ‘astonishing’ results the historians of institute of attain Cluj the historians the such‘astonishing’ to results Inorder Ibid , 71. , (Studies)I, 2, 1950, 172. 128 which was ‘ensured’ by the organs to which the which to organs by the ‘ensured’ was which 66 Academia R.P.R, CEU eTD Collection B. PERIODICALS: B. A. DOCUMENTS: ARCHIVAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 4. 3. 2. 1. 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