Subject Index

In most instances the common names of insects, and the adjectival form of scientific names, have not been included in this index.

A Aedes australis, 154, 158 Acacia, 161 Aedes calceatus, 354 Accession card, 567 Aedes einereus, 154, 158 Achroia grisella, 302 Aedes communis, nematode parasitism in, 380 Achromobacter eurydice, relationship to Aedes fulgens, 354 European foulbrood, 121-122 Aedes haworthi, 354 synonomy of, 120 Aedes marshalli, 354 transmission of, 440 Aedes metallicus, 354 Acleris minuta, 203 Aedes notoscriptus, 152, 158 Acrostalagmus, 234 Aedes polynesiensis, 151, 157, 185 Acrostalagmus aphidum, 245 Aedes scatophagoides, 154, 158, 168-169 Adelina, 306 Aedes scutellaris, 151, 154, 158 frequency of infection, 310 ciliate infection of, 353, 354 life cycle of, 308-309 Aedes sierrensis, ciliate infection of, 355 Adelina cryptocerci, 312 Aedes taeniorhynchus, Coelomomyces in­ Adelina mesnili, 310, 311 fection of, 153, 158, 169, 170, 171, 174, Adelina sericesthis, host specificity of, 309- 175, 176-177, 181, 182 310 Aedes vexans, 153, 158 spore recovery after infection of, 311 Aedomyia, 151, 159 Adelina simplex, 312 Aedomyia catasticta, 151, 153, 158 Adelina tenebrionis, 310, 311 Aegerita, 234 Adelina tipulae, 312 Aegerita xvebberi, 237 Adelina transitu, 312 Aerobacter spp., 128 Adelina tribolii, cysts of, 307 Aerobacter aerogenes, taxonomic prob­ hosts of, 310 lems of, 5, 128, 139 in microbial control, 311 varying pathogenicity of, 139 Adelina zonula, 312 Aerobacter cloacae, 138, 141 Adoretus sinicus, 98 Aerobacter scolyti, 140, 440 Adoxophyes, 402, 404 Aeromonas, 127 Aedes, Coelomomyces infection in, 157, Aeromonas margarita, 127 159, 160, 185 Agamermis, 374 Aedes (Macleaya) sp., 153, 158 Agamermis decaudata, 377 Aedes aegypti, ciliate infection of, 354 Aglais urticae, 126 Coelomomyces infection of, 151, 154, Agriotes obscurus, 207 157, 158 Agr totes sputator, 207 eugregarine infection of, 295 Agrostis alba, 93 microbial control of, 506 Agrotis infusa, 374 susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis, Agrotis ipsilon, 132 46 Agrotis orthogonia, 126 Agrotis segetum, 257 Aedes albopictus, ciliate infection of, 354 Akanthomyces, 275 Coelomomyces infection of, 151, 154, 157, 158, 171, 183 Alfalfa caterpillar, see Colias eurytheme 652 SUBJECT INDEX 653

Alimentary tract, bacterial flora of, 138, Anagasta kühniella, microbial control of, 139, 142 29 bacterial flora of, 138, 139, 142 original host of Bacillus thuringiensis, bacterial infection of in bagworm, 119- 29, 32 120 protozoan infection in, 457, 458 bacterial multiplication in, 136 schizogregarine infection of, 302, 304 bacterial transmission by passage symptoms of to Bacillus thuringiensis, through, 440 42 as barrier to infection, 129 virulence of Bacillus cereus to, 24 eugregarines in, 294-296 Anal sphincter, paralysis of, 396 histopathology of, 44 Anasa, 412 localization of eugregarines in, 294-295 Anasa tristis, 411 mechanical blockage by fungi, 253 Anatomical systems in diagnosis, 569- mechanical damage and pathogen pene­ 570 tration of, 129 Ancylistes, 190 nematode commensals of, 364, 369 Andrena, stylopization of, 414-416 nematode penetration of, 368, 376 Angoumois grain moth, see Sitotroga nematode survival in, 377 cere ale lla paralysis, of anal sphincter, 396 Anomala exitialis, 456 from Bacillus thuringiensis infection, Anomala innuba, 98 42-43 Anomala lucicola, 98 protozoan infections of, 313, 315-316, Anomala oblivia, 98 342, 343, 347, 348 Anomala orientalis, susceptibility to milky as route of fungus infection, 241-242, diseases, 98, 99, 100, 102 247, 453 symbiotic gut protozoan of, 348 Allantonema, 370 Anopheles, Coelomomyces infection of, Allantonematidae, 370 151, 159, 160, 166-167, 168-169, 170, Allomyces, 165, 172 172, 174, 176-177, 183, 184 Allomyces javanicus, 165 haplosporidian infection in, 315 Alsophila pometaria, microbial control of, susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis, 504 46 Alvein, 53 Anopheles aconitus, 153, 158 Alysia manducator, 410, 411 Anopheles annularis, 152, 158 Amara obesa, 257 Anopheles barbirostris, 152, 158 American foulbrood, causative agent of, Anopheles bifurcatus, 305 54-55 Anopheles crucians, Coelomomyces infec­ pathology of, 55-57 tion of, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, resistance to, 54 159, 166-167, 172, 181, 185 signs and symptoms of, 54 Anopheles ear lei, 153, 158 susceptibility to, 54, 55 Anopheles farauti, 152, 158 toxin associated with, 56-57 Anopheles funestus, 152, 153, 154, 155, Amoeba proteus, 348 158, 170, 179 Amoebae, pathogenic to insects, 348-353 Anopheles gambiae, Coelomomyces infec­ Amphimallon majalis, and milky disease, tion of, 152, 153, 154, 155, 158, 161, 91, 100, 101, 437 163, 170, 178, 179, 180, 181, 184 Amphimallon solstitialis, latent bacterial Anopheles georgianus, 154, 155, 158 infections in, 439 Anopheles hyrcanus, 152, 158 susceptibility to milky-disease organ­ Anopheles hyrcanus var. sinensis, 170 isms, 98, 99, 101 Anopheles jamiesi, 153, 158 Anagasta, 410 Anopheles maculipennis, 345 654 SUBJECT INDEX

Anopheles minimus, 152, 158 Aphodius howitti, coccidian infection in, Anopheles pretoriensis, 153, 158 310 Anopheles punctipennis, 152, 154, 155, 156, Cordyceps infection in, 282, 288 158, 166-167 milky diseases in, 98, 100 Anopheles punctulatus, 154, 158 Aphomia gularis, 24, 32 Anopheles quadrimaculatus, 154, 155, 156, Aphonus castaneus, 98, 99 158, 159 Apis mellifera, American foulbrood of, Anopheles ramsayi, 153, 159 54-57 Anopheles rivulosum, 153, 159 amoebic disease of, 348-351 Anopheles rufipes, 153, 159 brood diseases, diagnosis of, 553 Anopheles squamosus, 152, 153, 155, 159, disease study of, 423 168, 169 European foulbrood of, 50-57, 117, 120- Anopheles subpictus, 151, 152, 153, 159, 123, 439, 440, 443 171 mailing restrictions on, 593 Anopheles tesselatus, 154, 159 maladies of diagnosed by Aristotle, 552 Anopheles vagus, 151, 152, 153, 159, 170 mycoses of, 241, 242, 247, 250, 251, 253, Anopheles varuna, 152, 153, 159 254 Anopheles walkeri, 154, 159 nematode parasite of, 371 Anther aea eucalypti, chemical culture of Nosema apis in, 458, 459, 460 tissues from, 540 not susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis, Anther aea pernyi, paralysis of from bac­ 46 teria, 42 nutrition in diseases of, 436 Antibiotics, effects on milky-disease or­ per os infection with Serratia, 136 ganisms, 97 resistance in, 432 lack of, in Beauveria, 255 resistance to foulbrood, 441 produced by Bacillus alvei, 53 septicemia in, 126, 127 sensitivity of crystalliferous bacilli to, Aporia crataegi, 126, 457, 458 40 Aproctonema entomophagum, 373 Anticarsia gemmatilis, 263 Arachnida, Cordyceps infections of, 288 Apanteles sp., 458 Aradus cinnamomeus, fungus infection in, host reaction to oviposition by, 395 452 vector of microsporidian spores, 326, Arcella, 169 328 Archigregarina, 298 Apanteles glomeratus, teratocytes pro­ Ar chips crataegana, 505 duced in host by, 407 Arctia caja, 207 as vector of entomogenous bacilli, 440 Argyrotaenia mariana, microbial control vector of microsporidian spores, 326, of, 504 328, 458 Argyrotaenia velutinana, microbial con­ Apanteles medicaginis, 395 trol of, 504, 507-508 Apanteles militaris, 410 Arizona, 9 Aphelenchidae, entomophilic species, life Armigeres, 159 cycles, and habits of, 371 Armigeres digitatus, 356 Aphelenchoidea, 370-371 Armigeres (Leicesteria) dentatus, 356 Aphelenchoides, 371 Armigeres obturbans, 151, 154, 159 Aphelenchoididae, 371 Artona trisignata, 398 Aphelenchus macrobolus, 371 Ascaris, 385 Aphelopus, 414 Asclepias syriaca, 347 Aphelopus theliae, 413-414 Ascocystis, 295 Ascogaster, 410 Aphodius spp., 368 SUBJECT INDEX 655

Aspergillus, 234, 236, 242, 245, 249, 250, Bacillus sp., taxonomic reassignment in, 251,253, 254, 255, 257, 261 32 Aspergillus flavus, artificial culture and "Bacillus Y," 51 virulence of, 262 Bacillus alesti, 15 chitin hydrolysis by, 243, 279 as variety of B. thuringiensis, 437 differential host penetration of, 241 (see also Bacillus thuringiensis var. al­ as grasshopper pathogen, 239, 242, 250 esti) humidity, effect on, 244 Bacillus alvei, antagonism plates, 595 infection through spiracles, 242 bacteriophages for strain differentia­ infectious to all tissues, 249, 250 tion, 437 in tegumental resistance to, 259 early isolations of, 51 lepidopterous pupal resistance to, 454 and European foulbrood, 53-54, 120, mechanical gut blockage by, 253 122, 439 mechanical loss of resistance to, 245 Bacillus anduzae, 15 melanic reactions associated with, 251 Bacillus anthracis, sensitivity to penicil­ oxygen uptake increase, 427 lin, 40 physical damage by mycelia of, 253 taxonomic relationships of, 13, 14, 32, physiological characteristics of, 262 33, 48 pigments secreted by, 252 Bacillus apisepticus, 126, 127 respiration inhibition by, 254 Bacillus cazaubon, 440 saprophytic strain and pathogenicity of, Bacillus cereus, cross specificity of, 32 258 crystalliferous species, related to, 28, 29 sensitivity of Bacillus thuringiensis to, culture of, 596 40 diseases caused by, 22-28 temperature effects on infectivity of, 253 exotoxin of, 39 toxin production by, 247, 251, 254 gut histopathology produced by, 45 Aspergillus luchuensis, 454 key to related species, 33-34 Aspergillus ochraceus, 257 lytic exoenzymes of, 43 Aspergillus parasiticus, infection through mode of action, 26, 28 spiracles by, 242 pathogenic strains of, 23, 24-25, 26 sporulation of, 250 pathogenicity of, 7 temperature effect on infectivity of, 245, pH as factor in infection, 442 253, 455 relation to Bacillus anthracis, 13, 14, Aspergillus versicolor, 263 32, 33, 48 Aulacorthum circumflexum, 403 survival of, 439 Aureomycin, 437 symptoms and signs in insects infected Auricularia, 190 with, 23, 26 Azygospores, formation in Entomoph­ taxonomic problems associated with, 13- thora, 199-200 15 Β use against codling moth, 504 Babesia bigemina, 292 virulence differences, 24-25, 437, 438 Bacillus, antibacterial substances for, 436 Bacillus cereus Group, key to species of, crystalloid parasporal inclusions of, 22 33-34 description of, 22 Bacillus cereus var. alesti, pathogenic to diseases produced by, 21 silkworms, 26, 29 early work, confusion of, 118 taxonomic reassignment of, 32 as entomogenous pathogen, 21-67 toxins extracted from, 30 parasporal body, morphology in, 35 (see also Bacillus thuringiensis) taxonomy of, 13 Bacillus cereus var. mycoides, 14, 15, 33 (see also various species) Bacillus circulans, 15 656 SUBJECT INDEX

Bacillus dendrolimus, change of name, Bacillus paraalvei, antagonism plates, 595 32, 34 Bacillus pathogens of bees, 50-57 larval migration in epizootic produced Bacillus pluton, synonym of Streptococcus by, 439 pluton, 51, 120 Bacillus entomocidus var. entomocidus, Bacillus popilliae, 8, 28, 66, 80 chemistry of, 37 artificial culture studies on, 103-113 exotoxin produced by, 39 dosage effects by injection of, 89-93 histology produced by, 27, 44 effect of food on development of, 85-89 as microbial-control agent, 502 effect of temperatures on development taxonomy of, 13-15, 32, 34 of, 78, 79, 80, 81-85 toxins extracted from, 30 field development of, 77, 78, 79 Bacillus entomocidus var. subtoxicus, no host range of, 97-103 exotoxin produced by, 39 long-term biological control with, 481 taxonomy of, 13-15, 32, 34 mass production of, 596 Bacillus euloomarahae, 58, 80, 102 as microbial control agent, 75-76 Bacillus eurydice, 52 nature of paraspore in, 81 Bacillus euxoae, 15, 34 production of spores, 524-526, 534, 539, 543 Bacillus finitimus, 13, 14, 15, 34 soil inoculation studies, 93-96 Bacillus fribourgensis, 58, 101 strains of, 76, 101 Bacillus galleriae, 33 taxonomy, need for clarification, 17, 58 Bacillus larvae, bacteriophages for strain viability of spores of, 439 differentiation, 55, 437 virulence increase, 438 bee colony resistance to, 441 virulence variation, 437, 438 description of, 54 (see also Milky diseases) mode of action, 55-56 Bacillus popilliae, Cyclocephala strain, 101 resistance of spores, 55 Bacillus popilliae, Melolontha strain, 101 toxins produced by, 56-57 Bacillus sotto, as variety of B. thuringien­ (see also American foulbrood) sis, 32, 33, 437 Bacillus lentimorbus, 76, 113 Bacillus sphingidis, reclassifications of, blood turbidity produced by, 80 126, 127 carbohydrate requirement of, 107-108 virulence loss, 438 effect of pH on, 104 Bacillus subtilis, 15 effect of starch on growth, 111 Bacillus thuringiensis and its varieties, field development of, 77, 78, 79 5, 7, 8, 17, 66, 511 larval instar resistance to, 96 bacteriophage and antibiotic sensitivity long-term biological control with, 481 of, 39-40 nitrogen requirement of, 109 commercial production of, 494-500, 527- oxygen sensitivity of, 106 531, 534, 535, 536, 538, 539, 540, production of spores, 524-526, 534, 543 541, 542, 544 tabulation of susceptible hosts, 100 crystal, formation and characteristics, use in nutritional state determination 34-38 of larval host, 87 dispersal by parasites, 440 viability of in culture, 112 dispersal capacity of, 428 virulence variation, 437 field application, 49 Bacillus lentimorbus var. australis, 58, histopathology of infection with, 43-44 100 historical aspects of, 28-31 Bacillus megaterium, 14, 15, 23, 33 host susceptibility to, 44, 46 Bacillus noctuarum, synonym of, 5, 126, mass production of, 596 127, 438 as microbial insecticide, 46-49, 481-506 SUBJECT INDEX 657

as microbial insecticide, standardization industrial standardization, lack of, 500- of, 47, 530-531, 535-536 501 mode of action, 40-43, 535 insect control with, 489-490, 493, 494 paralysis due to, 41-43 as microbial insecticide, 46-49 parasporal crystal, discovery of, 30 in microbial-chemical mixture for con­ persistence in nature of, 439 trol, 491, 492 pH as factor in infection, 442 mode of action, 40-43 as predisposing factor in Streptococcus regulations governing commercial pro­ infection, 141 duction, 497 staining of, 611 residual activity of, 486 as stressor in coccidian infection, 311 sensitivity to Aspergillus flavus sub­ structure determination of, 615 stance, 40 susceptibility of M. domestica to, 583 serological strain comparison, 437 taxonomy of, 13-16, 31-34 survival of, 428, 439 toxins, classification of, 38-39 taxonomic problems associated with, 13- virulence differences, 437, 438 15 (see also Bacillus thuringiensis var. taxonomy of, 32-34 thuringiensis) toxin extraction from, 30-31 Bacillus thuringiensis var. alesti, crystal, virulence loss, 438 chemistry of, 37-38 (see also Bacillus thuringiensis) crystal formation in, 35 Bacteria, bacteriophage for differentiating dissolution of crystal, 43 strains, 437 host paralysis from, 41 biochemical techniques for, 617 taxonomic-key characteristics of, 34 as control agents, 481-482, 486-491, 493- taxonomic problems associated with, 506, 524, 527 13-15 crystalliferous (see Bacillus thuringien­ taxonomic reassignment of, 32 sis and varieties) toxin extraction from, 30 epizootics caused by, 437-443 toxic fractions of, 31 nonsporulating, 117-143 Bacillus thuringiensis var. dendrolimus, sporeforming, 21-67, 75-114 39 staining techniques, 611, 613 Bacillus thuringiensis var. sotto, crystal, taxonomy of, 1-17, 31-33 chemical composition of, 37-38 Bacterial epibionts, 143 effect of alkali-treated cultures on silk­ Bacteriophage, of Bacillus larvae, 55 worm, 30 of crystalliferous bacilli, 39 use in differentiating bacterial strains, historical aspects of, 29 437 lack of thermostable exotoxin in, 39 Bacterium, 118 paralysis and gut pH changes with, 41 Bacterium eurydice, 16, 120 taxonomy of, 13-15, 32, 33-34 Bacterium eurydice, also see Achromo- Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis, hacter eurydice, and European foul­ 489, 490, 512 brood, 439 commercial names for, 498-499 Bacterium prodigiosum, 131 dispersal of, 440 (see also Serratia marcescens) epizootics caused by, 425 Bacterium sphingidis, see Bacillus sphingi- exotoxins produced by, 39 dis field testing of commercial product of, Baetis sp., 357 501-506 Bagworm, see Solenohia triquetrella first commercial testing of, 495 Balansia, 274 historical aspects of, 28-29 Balantidium, 353 658 SUBJECT INDEX

Balantidium spp., 357 toxin, produced by germinating spores Barrouxia, 306, 309, 310 of, 243 Barrouxia ornata, spore morphology of, produced in colony substrate, 254 309 transmission of, 453 Basidiobolus, 190 variability of strain virulence, 257 Basidiobolus, ranarum, 190 virulence variation, 452 Beauveria, 451, 509 Beauveria brogniartii, 234 ability to infect many hosts, 257 Beauveria delacroixii, 234 absence of antibiotic substances in, 255 Beauveria densa, color changes in eggs in­ of premortem sporulation in, 250 fected by, 252 infection by spore consumption of, 241 cuticle penetration by, 240, 242 mycelial spread from host into sub­ diminution of virulence in artificial cul­ strate, 258 ture, 262 organic content and blood pH altered perithecial stages of, 236, 256 by, 252 strain of Beauveria tenella, 234 production of free cells in blood, 248 substrate penetration from infected ca­ red colors produced by, 252 davers with, 258 species and synonyms of, 234 temperature effects on, 245 symptoms produced by, 251 Beauveria doryphorae, 234 Beauveria bassiana, age susceptibility of Beauveria effusa, digestive tract infection insect to, 454 attempts with, 241 antibiotic production, absent in, 255 incomplete phagocytosis of free cells apparent immunity in, 260 by, 250 bacteria combined with, 247 isolated cells in blood of, 248 and Β HC and DDT for control, 491 strain of Beauveria bassiana, 234 combined with Serratia, 247 Beauveria globulifera, cuticle penetration conidiophore morphology of, 235 by, 240 as control agent, 508-510 humidity, effects on germination of, 244 free cell production in blood by, 248 infection, failure to produce per os, 241 host death, blocked circulation by, 253 injury as predisposing factor to infec­ humidity, effect on germination of, 244 tion with, 246 infection, signs and symptoms in, 251- resistance to infection by, 260 252 spore viability of, 257 through digestive tract by, 241, 247 strain of Beauveria bassiana, 234 through tracheae by, 242 Beauveria laxa, 234 inoculum amount and host mortality Beauveria shiotae, 234 with, 246 Beauveria stephanoderis, 234, 260 in tegumental penetration, process of in, Beauveria tenella, 234 240, 242-243, 246 virulence variation, 452 organic matter and, 456 Bees (see Apis mellifera) perithecial stages of, 236, 256 Biochemical techniques, miscellaneous, physical factors in infection with, 455 617 presence in soil, 258 spore viability of, 257 Biological control (see Microbial control) starvation effects on gut infection with, Biophysical techniques, 617 247 Blaberus craniifer, susceptibility to Ser­ strains or synonyms of, 234 ratia marcescens, 132, 136 temperature, effect on infected host Black flies, Coelomomyces infection of, with, 245 157 tissue tropisms in, 248-249, 250 Β laps mortisaga, 312 SUBJECT INDEX 659

Blastocrithidia, 344 resistance to pebrine, 459 morphological features of, 339 restrictions on field tests for microbial new names for some species of Cri­ control due to, 499 thidia, 338, 344, 346 staining of polyhedra in, 611 Blastocrithidia bombycis, 346 survival of viruses in, 444 Blastocrithidia culicis, 346 trans-ovum transmission of Nosema Blastocrithidia familiaris, 346 bombycis in, 458 Blastocrithidia gerridis, 345, 346 types of nosematoses in, 459 Blastocrithidia leptocoridis, 346 Borrelinavirus bombycis, activity decline Blastocrithidia sandoni, 346 in, 600 Blatella germanica, commensal ciliates in, Bothynoderes punctiventris, microbial- 357 chemical control of, 492 latent infections in eggs, 439 Botrytis acridiorum, 234 Botrytis melolonthae, 234 LD50 for Serratia infection in, 135 resistant to per os infection with Ser­ Brachymeria fonscolombei, 410 ratia, 136 Brachyosis, in association with a virus susceptibility to American foulbrood disease, 64 scale residue toxin, 57 causative agent, 59 to Serratia marcescens, 134 experimental infections of, 61, 63, 64 Blatta spp., 348 symptoms and pathology of, 58-59 Blatta orientalis, commensal ciliate of, tabular comparison of three causative agents, 65 357 Brachyrhinus ligustici, 458 commensal flagellate of, 347 Brachysternus sp., 98 nematode survival in gut of, 377 Bracon, 397 Blissus leucopterus, fungus infection in, Bracon brevicornis, 397 246, 452, 454, 455 Bracon hebetor, 458 Blood, alkalinity of related to paralysis, Bracon hylobii, 397 41 Bradynema, 370 composition, changes due to flagellate Brevibacterium, 9, 140 infection, 341, 342 Bunonema, 366 mycoses of, 248-249, 250 resistance to fungus infection by, 259- Bupalus piniarius, bacteriosis of, 126 260 mycosis of, 245 role in resistance to insect parasites, Bursaphelenchus, 371, 375 400-404, 418 Byssostilbe, 288 studies in diagnosis, 575 Bombus, nematode castration of, 381 c Bombyx mori, bacterial infections in, 26, Cabbage looper, see Trichoplusia ni 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, Cacoecia, 404 125, 127, 128, 132, 134, 139, 141 Cacoecia crataegana, 126 diagnosis of disease in, 562 Cactoblastis cactorum, 499 disease study of, 423, 424 Caligo eurilochus, 418 flagellate infection of, 346 Calliphora sp., 340 fungicidal substances of, 442 Calliphora erythrocephala, 306 fungus infections in, 240, 241, 246, 247, Callosamia promethea, 284 248, 250, 252, 259, 260, 262, 453 Calosoma sycophanta, 457 immunity in, 432 Camnula pellucida, 123, 134 immunity studies in, 616 increase in virus infection, 450 Camponotus pennsylvanicus, 287 protozoan infections in, 292, 318, 324, Cannibalism, and transmission of fungus, 326, 458 216 660 SUBJECT INDEX

and transmission of protozoa, 301, 309- Chironomus plumosus, 354, 355 310, 313, 457-458 Chlamydospores, in Entomophthora, 198 Cantharis fusca, 457 Chloromycetin, 437 Carabonema hasei, 369 Chlor ops taeniopus, 411 Carabonematidae, 369 Chondronema, 370 Carabus auratus, 296 Choristoneura, fumiferana, antagonism of Carausius morosus, 132, 340, 341 two viruses in, 450 Carpocapsa pomonella, bacterium-nema- Bacillus cereus pathogenic to, 23 tode disease complex in, 382 double virus infection in, 444 entomogenous parasite of, 410 egg reduction laying in, 459 host of nematode DD-136, 382 microbial control of, 504 microbial control of, 492, 504, 511 mycosis of, 197 mycosis of, 244 trans-ovum transmission in, 458 susceptibility to Bacillus cereus, 23, 24 Choristoneura murinana, microbial con­ susceptibility to Serratia infection, 132 trol of, 505 Carriers, pathogen, 429 Chorizagrotis auxiliaris, 132 Cassida, 408 Chromaphis juglandicola, 214 Castration, by entomogenous parasites, Chromatography, 10 411-412 Ciliatoses, of miscellaneous insect orders, by nematodes, 381 357-358 parasitic, nutritional basis, 413 of mosquitoes and chironomids, 353-357 Catenaria allomycis, 167, 178 Ciliophora, 353-358 Catenaria anguillulae, 178 Cione intestinalis, 295 Caudospora, 322 Claviceps, 273, 274 Caudospora simulii, 322, 323, 326 Cleonus punctiventris, 133 Caulleryella, diagnostic review of, 305 drought as stressor in mycosis of, 263 Caulleryella anophelis, 305 insecticide as stressor in mycosis of, Caulleryella apiochaetae, 305 263 Caulleryella pipientis, 305 latent infection of Metarrhizium in, Cenaeus carnifex, 346 240 Cephalcia abietis, bacterial infection in, mycosis of, 247, 258 134, 135, 136 pH and mycosis in, 244, 456 incubation infection period, 427 Climate, as density-dependent mortality Cephalobidae, entomophilic species, life factor, 433, 455 cycles, and habits of, 368 Cloaca, 9 Cephalobium microbivorum, 368 Cloaca spp., 128 Cephalosporium, 234, 275 Cloaca aerogenes, 128, 139 Cephalosporium lecanii, 241, 262, 452 Cloaca cloacae, 138, 437 Ceratophyllus spp., 343 Cloaca cloacae var. acridiorum, 16 Ceratophyllus columbae, 310, 312 Closterium, 190 Ceratophyllus fasciatus, 352 Clostridial pathogens of insects, 57-66 Ceratophyllus gallinae, 310, 312 Clostridium, 22, 57, 58, 62, 65, 106 Ceratopogon solstitialis, 306 Clostridium brevifaciens, 58-66 Cetonia aurata, milky-disease organisms- Clostridium malacosomae, 58-66 in, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102 Clysia ambiquella, 29 Chagasella, 306, 309, 310 Coccidia, diagnosis of, 306, 308 Chaoborus, 317 in fresh water insects, 312 Chilo simplex, 245 genera of other than Adelina, 309 Chironomids, ciliatoses of, 353-357 generic and specific review of, 311-312 Chironomus, 317 host specificity in, 310 SUBJECT INDEX 661

infection, epizootiology of, 310 Coelomomyces africanus, 152, 155, 158 symptoms of, 308 field infection experiments with, 178 morphology and development of, 308- Coelomomyces anophelesica, 151, 152, 158/ 309 159 as parasites of fleas, 312 pathogenesis of, 172 as potential control agents, 311 thin-walled sporangia in, 169 in stored product pests, 311 Coelomomyces ascariformis, 152, 158, 160 transmission of, 309-310 Coelomomyces bisymmetricus, 152, 156, Coccobacillus, 118 158, 160 Coccobacillus acridiorum, age susceptibil­ Coelomomyces cairnsensis, 152, 158 ity variance to, 441 Coelomomyces cribrosus, 152, 156, 158, optimum for epizootics with, 442 159, 160 present status of, 16, 138-139 Coelomomyces dodgei, 152, 155, 156, 158, survival of, 439 160, 166-167 transfer of, 440 early development of, 163 infection experiments with, 181 virulence increase of, 438 mycelial nuclei of, 172 virulence variance, 437 percent infections in nature, 185 (see also Cloaca cloacae) thick-walled sporangia in, 174, 177 Coccobacillus insectorum, 126 Coelomomyces finlayae, 152, 158 Cochliomyia, 343 Coelomomyces grassei, 152, 158 Codling moth, see Carpocapsa pomonella Coelomomyces indiana, 151, 152-153, 158, Coelogregarina, 305 159 Coelogregarina ephestiae, 458 nuclear observations on, 172 Coelomomyces, development and structure pathogenesis of, 171-172 of resting sporangia, 167-169 thin-walled sporangia, germination of, in diagnosis of insect diseases, 585 177-178 early developmental stages of, 163-164 thin-walled sporangia in, 169, 170 extent and structure of mycelium, 164- Coelomomyces infections, 149-179 167 in adult mosquitoes, 170-171 geographical distribution of, 160 Couch, Dodge, and Umphlett's experi­ germination of thick-walled sporangia ments with, 181-183 of, 173-177 degree of infection in nature, 183-185 of thin-walled sporangia of, 177-178 experimental infections of, 178-183 habitats of, 161-162 Laird's infection experiments with, 183, histological observations on infected 185-186 hosts, 171-172 microbial control of mosquitoes by, 150, list of host species, 158-159 183-186, 510 of species, host, locality, and refer­ Muspratt's infection, experiments with, ence of, 152-154 179-181 observations on nuclei of, 172-173 recognition of infection, 163 species with one host, 156-160 seasonal occurrence of, 162-163 ^with several hosts, 150-155 Tokelau Islands experiment in micro­ sporangia, 167-170, 173-178 bial control with, 185-186 thin-walled sporangia of, 169-170 Walker's infection, experiments with, use in biological control, 150, 183-186, 178-179 510 Coelomomyces keilini, 153, 158 varietal forms on several hosts, 155-156 mycelial structure of, 165, 166, 167 (see also Coelomomyces infections, and Coelomomyces lativittatus, 153, 156, 158, specific names) 160 Coelomomyces (Muspratt's type b), 158 sporangial germination of, 174, 177 662 SUBJECT INDEX

Coelomomyces macleayae, 153, 158 Colias eurytheme, Bacillus infections of, Coelomomyces notonectae, 153, 157, 159, 24, 29 161, 162, 171 control by B. thuringiensis var. thur­ Coelomomyces pentangulatus, 153, 156, ingiensis, 490, 493 159 disease in, 588 early development of, 163, 164 humidity in virus infections, 449 infection, percent in nature, 185 nuclear-polyhedrosis of, 429 mycelium of, 166, 167, 168, 169 reaction of to entomogenous parasite, observations on mycelial nuclei of, 172 395 Coelomomyces psorophorae, 153, 154, 156, Serratia infections for, 132 157, 158, 159, 160 survival of viruses for, 444 early development of, 164 as test insect, 494 infection, percent in nature, 184-185 Color, changes in bacterial infections, 23, infectivity experiments with, 181-182 50, 51, 54, 59 mycelium, extent and structure of, 164, changes in Cordy ceps-infected larvae, 165 282 sporangia, thick-walled, germination of, changes in fungus-infected host, 251, 174-175 252 Coelomomyces psorophorae var., 153-154, changes due to stylopization, 415 158, 159, 171, 177, 178 of Cordyceps stromata, 275 Coelomomyces punctatus, 154, 156, 158, of Entomophthora conidiophores, 195 160, 174, 177 Colpoda sp., 357 Coelomomyces quadrangulatus, 154, 155, Commensalism, in bacteria, 120 156, 158, 165, 166-167 of nematode and insects, 364 Coelomomyces quadrangulatus var. irregu­ Commercial production of pathogens, 495- laris, 154, 158, 167-168 500, 519-548 Coelomomyces quadrangulatus var. lam- assay, 534-535 borni, 154 growth conditions for, 541-542 Coelomomyces. quadrangulatus var. par­ media for, 538-541 vus, 154, 159, 169 nuclear-polyhedrosis viruses, 521-524 Coelomomyces sculptosporus, 154, 156, 158, process engineering, 544-545 159, 160 recovery of, 542-543 Coelomomyces solomonis, 154, 158 research involved, 531-536 Coelomomyces stegomyiae, 150, 151, 154, selection of pathogens for, 531-533 155, 157, 158, 159, 160 strain selection for, 536-538 histology of in host, 1/1, 172 (see also Microbial-control products) sporangial germination in, 173, 175, 177 Completoria, 190 use in microbial control, 185-186 Computers, use in diagnosis, 584-587 Coelomomyces stegomyiae var. rotumae, Concentration of pathogens, 599-600 154, 158 Conidiobolus, 190 Coelomomyces tasmaniensis, 154, 158, 160 Coniomycetes, 219 Coelomomyces uranotaeniae, 154, 156, 159, Copaifera mopane, 161 165, 166-167 Copidosoma koehleri, 399 Coelomomyces walkeri, 154, 158 Cordyceps, 236 Coelomycidium simulii, 315 artificial culture of, 278, 284, 285 Coelospora binucleata, 317 chitin hydrolysis by, 278-279 Coelosporidium periplanetae, 313, 315 conidial stages of, 275, 282, 283 Colchicus autumnalis, 342 cultural requirements of, 278 Coleoptera, Cordyceps infections of, 281- germination, host penetration and de­ 283 velopment of, 279-281 Colias, 395 host specificity of, 277 SUBJECT INDEX 663

as parasite on other fungi, 273-274 Cordyceps gracilioides, 281 stromal morphology of, 275-276 Cordyceps gracilis, 276, 277, 283 subgeneric categories of, 274-275 Cordyceps grenadensis, 288 superparasitism of by other fungi, 288 Cordyceps gryllotalpae, 287 Cordyceps acicularis, 281 Cordyceps gunnii, 278, 283 Cordyceps ainictos, 288 Cordyceps hawkesit, 278, 283 Cordyceps albida, 288 Cordyceps henleyae, 283 Cordyceps amazonica, 277, 287 Cordyceps hesleri, 285 Cordyceps aphodii, 278, 279, 280, 282-283 Cordyceps heteropoda, 285 Cordyceps arachneicola, 288 Cordyceps hokkaidoensis, 284 Cordyceps humberti, 286 Cordyceps armeniaca, 281 Cordyceps ignota, 288 Cordyceps aspera, 281 Cordyceps incarnata, 288 Cordyceps atrobrunnea, 283 Cordyceps infections, 273-289 Cordyceps australis, 276, 286 hosts of, 273-274 Cordyceps barnesii, 281 Cordyceps baumaniana, 283 medicinal value of infected hosts of, Cordyceps bicephala, 287 274 Cordyceps blattae, 277, 287 morphology of, 275-277 Cordyceps brasiliensis, 281 of Arachnida, 288 Cordyceps brittlebankii, 281 of Coleoptera, 281-283 Cordyceps catocercoides, 288 of Diptera, 287 Cordyceps citrea, 281 of Hemiptera, 285-286 Cordyceps clavulata, 277, 280, 285 of Hymenoptera, 286-287 Cordyceps coccinea, 281 of Isoptera, 287 Cordyceps cor allomyces, 287 of Lepidoptera, 283-285 Cordyceps coronilla, 286 of Orthoptera, 287 Cordyceps consumpta, 283 pathogenesis of, 279-288 Cordyceps craigii, 283 physiology of, 277-279 Cordyceps cranstounii, 278, 283 taxonomy of, 274-275 Cordyceps ctenocephala, 285 Cordyceps insignis, 281 Cordyceps curculionum, 277, 281 Cordyceps interrupta, 281 Cordyceps cylindrica, 288 Cordyceps isarioides, 284 Cordyceps deflectens, 283 Cordyceps japonensis, 287 Cordyceps dimeropoda, 285 Cordyceps javensis, 283 Cordyceps dipterigena, 276, 287 Cordyceps joaquiensis, 281 Cordyceps dittmarii, 286 Cordyceps juruensis, 288 Cordyceps kirkii, 287 Cordyceps dovei, 281 Cordyceps klenei, 283 Cordyceps elongata, 284 Cordyceps koningsbergeri, 287 Cordyceps engleriana, 288 Cordyceps lachnopoda, 287 Cordyceps entomorrhiza, 281 Cordyceps lacroixii, 283 Cordyceps erotyli, 281 Cordyceps langloisii, 286 Cordyceps falcata, 281 Cordyceps larvarum, 283 Cordyceps flavo-brunnescens, 284 Cordyceps larvicola, 281 Cordyceps fleischen, 288 Cordyceps lloydii, 287 Cordyceps formicarum, 286 Cordyceps locustiphila, 287 Cordyceps formicivora, 286 Cordyceps macular is, 281 Cordyceps forquignoni, 287 Cordyceps martialis, 281, 283 Cordyceps furcata, 288 Cordyceps melolonthae, 281 Cordyceps geotrupis, 281 Cordyceps memorabilis, 281 Cordyceps glaziovii, 283 664 SUBJECT INDEX

Cordyceps michaelisii, 284 Cordyceps takaomontana, 284, 285 Cordyceps michiganensis, 281 Cordyceps tarapotensis, 284 Cordyceps militaris, 236, 276, 277, 284, 285, Cordyceps taylori, 283 288 Cordyceps thaxteri, 275, 288 antibiotic produced by, 255 Cordyceps thyrsoides, 287 artificial culture of, 278 Cordyceps translucens, 281 chitin hydrolysis by, 278-279 Cordyceps tricentri, 285 presence of carotenoid in, 275 Cordyceps tuberculata, 284 Cordyceps miryensis, 284 Cordyceps typhulaeformis, 288 Cordyceps myrmecophila, 287 Cordyceps uleana, 287 Cordyceps neovolkiana, 281 Cordyceps unilateralis, 277, 287 Cordyceps nikkoensis, 283 Cordyceps variabilis, 277, 281 Cordyceps nipponica, 275, 285, 286 Cordyceps viperina, 281 Cordyceps norvegica, 275, 283, 285 Cordyceps volkiana, 281 Cordyceps nutans, 285 Cordyceps wallaysii, 288 Cordyceps obliqua, 284 Cossws cossws, fungus infection of, 245, 249 Cordyceps obtusa, 281 Cotinis nitida, 99 Cordyceps odyneri, 286 Cremastocarpon, 274 Cordyceps ophioglossoides, 275 Crithidia, 338, 339, 344, 345, 346 Cordyceps owariensis, 285 Crithidia anophelis, 345 Cordyceps oxycephala, 287 Crithidia familiaris, see Blastocrithidia fa- Cordyceps palustris, 281 miliaris Cordyceps paradoxa, 285 Crithidia fasciculata, 345 Cordyceps peltata, 277 Crithidia leptocoridis, see Blastocrithidia Cordyceps podocreoides, 288 leptocoridis Cordyceps polyarthra, 284 Crithidia melophagia, 339 Cordyceps proliferans, 287 Crithidia sandoni, see Blastocrithidia san- Cordyceps pruinosa, 284, 285 doni Cordyceps ramosa, 281 Cryptaphelenchus, 371 Cordyceps ravenelii, 277, 281 Cryptocercus punctulatus, 312 Cordyceps rhizoidea, 281 Cryptocordyceps, 275 Cordyceps rhizomorpha, 288 Crystalliferous bacteria, additional toxins Cordyceps ridleyi, 287 produced by, 38-39 Cordyceps robertsii, 278 chemistry of toxic crystal, 37-38 Cordyceps rubra, 281, 283 commercial quality control, 48-49 Cordyceps scottiana, 281 commercial standardization of, 47 Cordyceps sinensis, 277 crystal stability, 38 use as food and medicine, 274, 283 development of toxic crystal, 35 Cordyceps singeri, 288 differential centrifugation, 598-599 Cordyceps smithii, 287 diseases caused by, 21-67 Cordyceps sobolifera, 276, 285 field application as an insecticide, 49 Cordyceps sphecocephala, 286 general and gut paralysis caused by, Cordyceps stiphrodes, 287 41-43 Cordyceps stylophora, 277, 281 histopathology associated with, 43-44 Cordyceps subcorticola, 288 historical aspects of, 28-31 Cordyceps submilitaris, 283 as a microbial insecticide, 46-49 Cordyceps subsessilis, 281 mode of action of, 40-43 Cordyceps subunilateralis, 287 morphology of toxic crystal, 35-37 Cordyceps superficialis, 281 sensitivity to bacteriophages and anti­ Cordyceps takaoensis, 285 biotics of, 39-40 SUBJECT INDEX 665

specificity when used as an insecticide, Cyclocephala borealis, 98, 99, 100, 101 47-48 Cyclocephala immaculata, 99, 101 susceptible insect species to, 44, 46 Cylas formicarius elegantulus, 133 taxonomy of, 13-16, 31-34 Cylindrocorporidae, entomophilic species, (see also Bacillus thuringiensis and va­ life cycles, and habits of, 369 rieties) Cystidia, 195 Crystalliferous pathogen, definition of, 28 Cystocordyceps, 275 Crystals, bacterial (see Crystalliferous bac­ teria) D Ctenocephalides cants, protozoan infec­ Dacus Cucurbitae, 399, 400 tions of, 342, 343, 352, 460 Dacus dorsalis, 133 Ctenophthalmus spp., 343 Dasyhelea obscura, 331 Culex, 151, 159, 179 DD-136, 382, 379, 461, 511, 596 Culex decens, 354 Delacroixia, 191, 193 Culex erraticus, Coelomomyces infection Delacroixia coronata, 193 of, 153, 156, 159, 163, 164, 166-167, Dendroctonus monticolae, 133 168-169, 172, 185 Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, nematode ef­ Culex faudatrix, 152, 159 fects on flight of, 380 Culex fuscocephalus, 354 Dendrolimus sibericus, 32, 440, 505 Culex gelidus, 354 Density-dependent mortality factors, 433, Culex nebulosus, 354 434 Culex pipiens, ciliate infection of, 354, in nematode infection, 384 355 Dermacentor andersoni, 132 flagellate infection of, 346 Dermestes maculatus, 57 schizogregarine infection of, 305 Deuteromycetes, see Hyphomycetes Culex quin que jasciatus, 160 Dexia ventraits, 407 Culex siamensis, 152, 154 Diagnosis, 549-588 Culex simpsoni, 153, 159 accession card form, 567 Culex summorosus, 152, 159 analysis of facts collected in, 577-588 Culex taeniorhynchus summorosus, 354 anatomical systems in, 569-570 Culex taeniorhynchus trisimialis, 354 ancillary examination, 571-577 Culex tarsalis, 460 background for, 549-589 Culex tritaeniorhynchus, 170 biochemical tests in, 575-576 Culex tritaeniorhynchus siamensis, 159 blood studies in, 575 Culex vexans, 154 computers in, 584-587 Culicoides alatus, 380 cultivation of pathogens in, 573 Culicoides albicans, 381 definitions of, 550-551 Culicoides peregrinus, 354, 355 diagnostic index in, 584 Culiseta, 159 early beginnings, 551-553 Culiseta annulata, 354, 355 electronic processing in, 584 Culiseta inornata, Coelomomyces infection evaluation of data in, 578-579 of, 153, 159, 163, 184, 185 final, form for, 583 Cultural properties, as related to bacterial history card in, 567 taxonomy, 6-7 infectivity tests in, 573-574 Culture collections, 593 laboratory examination in, 571-577 Culture of pathogens, 203-204, 595-597 laboratory examination scan sheet form, Cuticle, penetration by fungi, 210, 240- 572 241, 243-243, 245, 246, 259 listing of possible diseases in, 581 Cyclocephala, 76, 99 of reliable findings in, 579 Cyclocephala sp., 99 microscopic examinations in, 573 666 SUBJECT INDEX

nomenclature of diseases, 558-562 infectious, epizootiology of, 423-475 nosography, 555-556 listing of in diagnosis, 581 nosology, 555, 556-558 metabolic, 582 observation of course of disease in, 576- nomenclature of, 558-562 577 noninfectious, in classification, 556-558 of insect diseases, 549-589 nosography of, 555-556 physical examination card form, 570 nosology of 555, 556-558 physical examination in, 568-571 observations of course of, 576-577 probability in, 586 signs in, 559-560 report of, card form for, 583 symptoms, definitions of, 559-562 selecting the single disease in, 581-584 types of, 559-562 selection of principle features in, 579- Disinfection techniques, 601-604 581 Dissection of insects, 593-594 serological tests in, 574-575 Ditylenchus, 369 signs of disease in, 559-560 Dobellina, 348, 352 special techniques in, 576 Dobellina mesnili, 352 steps in, 562-588 Dolerus gonager, 128, 134 symptoms used in nomenclature, 558- Dolerus nigratus, 128 Dorcus parallelopipedus, 366 562 Double infections, 64 terminology, 550-551 Drosophila sp., 134, 344 types of, 553-555 Drosophila melanogaster, 608 Diagnostics, 550, 551, 552 Drosophila subobscura, 384 Dialeurodes citri, 237, 257 Dysdercus, 207 Dibrachys, 440 Dysdercus ruficollis, 310 Dibrachys boucheanus, 458 Dibrachys cavus, 133, 458 Ε Dinocampus, 406 Eacles impertalis, 284 Diplazon fissorius, 400 Ecdyonurus venosus, 327 Diplocystis, 295-296 Ecology, relation to bacterial taxonomy, Diplocystis major, 296 9-10 Diplocystis schneidert, 296 (see also Epizootiology) Diplogaster, 367, 368 Ectobius lapponicus, eugregarine infec­ Diplogasteridae, 366-368 tion in, 295 Diplogasteroides, 367 gut flagellate of, 347 Diploscapter, 366 ED50, determination of, 427, 609 Diplotaxis sp., 98 Egg, 252, 261 Diprion hercyniae, 24, 446, 447 bacterial transmission by, 440 pathogen survival in, 428 disease transmission by, 426, 429, 430 polyhedrosis as control for, 508 encystment of, 401-404, 418 resistance to virus infections, 448, 449 fungus transmission by, 453 spread of viruses of, 446, 447, 450 laying, reduction of, 459 survival of viruses for, 444, 445 mycoses of, 252, 261 Diptera, Cordyceps infections of, 287 Nosema bombycis transmission by, 458 Discophrya, 357 protozoan transmission by, 457 Disease, classification of in diagnosis, 555, sterilization of, 603 556-558 virus transmission by, 445, 446 description of in diagnosis, 555, 556-558 (see also trans-ovum transmission) genetic, 556, 582 Ektaphelenchus, cocoonlike structures in, history of in diagnosis, 564-568 371, 375 infectious, in classification, 556-558 ectoparasite of bark beetles, 374 SUBJECT INDEX 667

Elachertus, 398 introduction of by inoculation, 209-212 Elaphomyces, 274, 275, 288 morphology and development of, 193- Electron microscopic examination, 614-616 205 Electronic processing, 584 mycelial morphology and development Embia solirei, coccidian infection in, 312 of, 193, 195 Empusa, see Entomophthora natural dissemination of, 215-217, 317 Enarmonia, 404 reproductive morphology and develop­ Encapsulation, see Encystment ment of, 195-203 Encystment, of nematodes, 379-380 resting spore germination of, 201-202 of parasite eggs and embryos, 401-404, sexual development of, 198-203 418 signs and symptoms of infection with, Endamoeba, 348 214-215 Endochironomus nynchoides-group, 324 taxonomy based on resting spores of, Endolimax, 348, 352 202-203 Entamoeba, 348, 352 temperature effects on artificial culture Entaphelenchus, 371 growth of, 204-205 Enterella stethorae, 451 vegetative morphology and develop­ Enterobacter aerogenes, 128, 139 ment of, 193-195 Enterobacter cloacae, 138 zygospore formation, 199 Enterobacteriaceae, role as potential path­ Entomophthora acaricida, 207, 223 ogens, 127-128 Entomophthora acaridis, 223 Enterocystis, 294, 295 Entomophthora americana, 223 Enterocystis ensis, 295 host and distribution of, 207 Enterocystis fungoides, 295 zygospore formation in, 199 Enterocystis palmata, 295 Entomophthora anglica, 223 Enterocystis racovitzai, 295 Entomophthora anisopliae, 223 Enterocystis rithrogenae, 295 synonym of Metarrhizium anisopliae, Entomogenae, 274 234 Entomogenous, definition of, 191 Entomophthora anticae, 223 meaning in relation to bacterial tax­ Entomophthora aphidis, 224 onomy, 3-4 conidia, variations in, 198 Entomophagous insects, pathologies caused conidial aureole (halo) 196-197 by, 393-422 hosts of, 207, 208 Entomophthora, artificial dissemination mode of infection by, 209 of, 217-219 resting spore of, 194, 195 asexual development of, 195-198 spore dispersal of, 453 azygospore formation, 199-200 Entomophthora aphrophorae, 224 chlamydospore development, 198 Entomophthora apiculata, 224 conidia development and morphology, artificial culture of, 204 197-198 as lepidopterous larval pathogen, 207 conidiophore development of, 195, 197 Entomophthora apiculata var. major, 224 conditions producing resting spores of, Entomophthora arrenoctona, 224 200-201 Entomophthora atrosperma, 224 cultivation of, 203-204 resting spore morphology of, 203 developmental mode of, 212-214 Entomophthora aulicae, 224 historical aspects and synonomy of, 191- culture of, by continual host infection, 193 218 host-parasite relationships of, 205-219 incubation period, in host, 213 host species and distribution of, 205-209 pathogenic to arctiids, 207 index to species of, 223-225 symptoms produced by, 214 668 s u b je c t INDEX

Entomophthora blunckii, 224 Entomophthora grylli, 224 Entomophthora brahminae, 224 climatic influence on epizootics of, 455 Entomophthora bullata, 203, 224 incubation period in host of, 213 Entomophthora calliphorae, 203, 224 infectivity experiments with, 209, 211- Entomophthora calopteni, 224 212 Entomophthora caroliniana, 224 resting spores of, 194, 195 Entomophthora carpentieri, 224 zygospores, conditions initiating devel­ Entomophthora chromaphidis, 214, 224 opment, 202 Entomophthora cimbicis, 224 formation of, 199 Entomophthora cleoni, 224 Entomophthora henrici, 224 Entomophthora coleopterorum, 203, 224 Entomophthora hylemyiae, 224 Entomophthora colorata, 224 Entomophthora ignobilis, 205, 224 Entomophthora conglomerata, 224 Entomophthora jaapiana, 224 Entomophthora conica, 224 Entomophthora jassi, 224 Entomophthora coronata, 193, 224 Entomophthora kansana, 224 artificial culture of, 204 Entomophthora lageniformis, 224 morphology, resting spore surface, 203 Entomophthora lampyridarum, 225 temperature, growth optima for, 205 Entomophthora lauxaniae, 225 Entomophthora creatonotus, 224 Entomophthora lecanii, 225 Entomophthora culicis, 224 Entomophthora macrospora, 225 Entomophthora curvispora, 224 Entomophthora megasperma, 225 Entomophthora cyrtoneurae, 224 infection of Malacosoma disstria, 205, Entomophthora delphacis, 207, 224 206, 207 Entomophthora delpiniana, 192, 224 resting spores of, 194, 195, 203 Entomophthora dipterigena, 224 Entomophthora montana, 225 Entomophthora dissolvens, 224 Entomophthora muscae, 225 Entomophthora dysderci, 207, 224 cold sterilization and culture of, 203 Entomophthora echinospora, 203, 224 conditions affecting transmission of, 210 Entomophthora elegans, 224 conidia, shape of, 198 Entomophthora erupta, 224 conidial halo produced by, 452 cannibalism as means of natural spread conidiophores, variations in, 195 in, 216 historical aspects of, 191, 192 dissemination, by insects infected with, host and distribution of, 205, 206, 207 218 morphology, of resting spore surface, host and distribution of, 205 203 mode of development in, 212-213, 214 resting spores, development of, 200, 201 mode of infection in, 209 Entomophthora muscarina, 225 resting spores, germination of, 201-202 Entomophthora muscivora, 203, 225 zygospore formation, 200 Entomophthora nebriae, 225 Entomophthora exitialis, 224 Entomophthora obscura, 205, 225 epizootiology of, 452 Entomophthora occidentalis, 225 as microbial control agent, 452 Entomophthora ovispora, 225 temperature, optima for growth of, 205 Entomophthora packyrrhinae, 225 Entomophthora ferruginea, 224 Entomophthora papillata, 225 Entomophthora forficulae, 207, 224 Entomophthora pelliculosa, 225 Entomophthora fresenii, 202, 224 Entomophthora phalangicida, 225 Entomophthora fumosa, 224 Entomophthora phryganeae, 225 Entomophthora geometralis, 207, 224 Entomophthora phytonomi, 225 Entomophthora gloeospora, 224 Entomophthora planchoniana, 225 Entomophthora gracilis, 198, 224 Entomophthora plusiae, 225 SUBJECT INDEX 669

Entomophthora pooreana, 225 Ephestia elutella, microbial control of, 29 Entomophthora pseudococci, 207, 210, 225 schizogregarine infection of, 302 Entomophthora punctata, 225 Epibionts, bacterial, 143 Entomophthora pyralidarum, 225 Epidemic strains, 426 Entomophthora radicans, 225 Epistylis spp., 357 Entomophthora reticulata, 203, 225 Epizootics, bacterial diseases in, 437-443 biotic factors in, 435-436 Entomophthora rhizospora, 225 causes of, 424 Entomophthora richteri, 225 curve, portions of, 425 Entomophthora rimosa, 225 of foulbrood in bees, 443 Entomophthora saccharina, 207, 225 fungus diseases in, 451-456 Entomophthora scatophagae, 225 nematode diseases in, 460-462 Entomophthora sciarae, 197, 225 physical factors in, 434-435 Entomophthora sepulchralis, 225 protozoan diseases in, 456-460 Entomophthora sphaerosperma, 225 spatial distribution in, 434 adult castration by, 454 strains in, 426 conidia, germination of, 210, 211 virus diseases in, 443-450 cultivation of, 203 (see also Epizootiology) growth, temperature effects on, 204 Epizootiology, dispersal capacity of path­ hosts and distribution of, 205, 207, 209 ogen, 428-430 infection, symptoms of, 214 environmental factors in, 434-436 mode of development in, 212, 213 host population, 431-434 morphology, of resting spore surface, of infectious diseases, 423-475 203 infectivity of pathogen in, 426-427 resting spores, development of, 200 in microsporidian infections, 327, 328 germination of, 201, 202 noninfectious diseases, 424 use of infected insects as inoculum for pathogen population in, 425-430 control, 218 in schizogregarine infections, 302-303 Entomophthora sphaerosperma cicadelli- survival capacity of pathogen in, 427­ phaga, 225 428 Entomophthora sphaerosperma elateridi- transmission in, 430-431 phaga, 225 virulence of pathogen in, 426-427 Entomophthora staritzii, 225 (see also Epizootics) Entomophthora syrphi, 225 Eponyms, 558 Entomophthora telaria, 225 Eremotes porcatus, 128, 140 Entomophthora tenthredinis, 225 Erithacus rubecula, 446 Entomophthora thaxteriana, 225 Ernestia, 408 Entomophthora tipulae, 225 Escherichia coü, 9, 139 Entomophthora uvella, 225 Escherichia klebsiellaeformis, 16, 140, 440 Entomophthora variabilis, 225 Esperia, 404 Entomophthora virescens, 207, 225 Estigmene acrea, 132 Entomophthora virulenta, 225 as test insect, 494 resting spores, germination in, 201 Eucosma griseana, 448, 450 temperature, optima for growth of, 205 Eugregarinia, coelomic, morphology and Entomophthora zabrii, 225 development in, 296-298 Entomophthoraceae, key to genera of, 190 families of, 294 Entomophthorales infections, 189-225 morphology and development of, 294­ Enzootics, 425 298 Ephemera, 317 Euproctis chrysorrhoea, fungus infection Ephemera danica, 322 of, 456, 457 670 SUBJECT INDEX

protozoan infection of, 328, 457 Formulation of microbial insecticides, 498, Pseudomonas pathogenic to, 126 523-524, 526, 531, 543-544 European foulbrood, 50-57, 120-123, 443 Foulbrood diseases, 50-57, 120-123 bacteria associated with infection, 120, diagnosis of different, 553 123 differentiation of, 437 confused etiology, 120 resistance to, 432, 441 culture of causative agent, 52 (see also American and European foul­ diagnosis and causative agent, 51 brood) role of Bacillus alvei and other micro­ Fuchsia, 367 organisms associated with, 53-54 Fungi, 149-290 signs and symptoms of, 50-51 as control agents, 484, 508-510 Eurygaster integriceps, 453, 454 culture preparation of, 596 Eutrichomastix, 348 and host densities in epizootics, 434 Eutrichomastix trichopterae, 348 humidity, factor in, 210, 243-244, 435 Exidechthis, 404, 405 hyphomycetous, diseases caused by, 233- Exidechthis canescens, 401, 402, 410 263 inhibitory principle in, 255, 533 F search pattern of, 429 Facultative bacterial pathogens, 130-137 staining techniques for, 612, 613 Fall webworm, see Hyphantria cunea transmission of, 430, 431 Fannia, 343 (see also specific names) Farinocystis, 310 Fungi Imperfecti, see Hyphomycetes diagnostic review of, 305 Fungus diseases, 149-188, 189-225, 233-263, epizootic of, 303 273-289, 451-456 infection, effect of stressors on, 303-304. Fusarium, 242, 261 spores, morphology of, 300 Fusarium acridiorum, 236, 237, 238 Farinocystis tribolii, 299, 301, 304, 305 Fusarium coeruleum, 246 Fecundity, and fungus infections, 454 Fusarium poae, 245 reduction of, 381, 411-413, 459 Fergusobia, 370 G Figites anthomyiarum, 395 Galleria, 9 Flacherie, 29, 581 Galleria mellonella, bacterial infections Flagellata, 337 (see also Mastigophora) in, 32, 34, 97, 125, 130, 132, 135, 137, Flagellates, 337-348 248, 253 classification of, 337 ciliate infection in, 355 cultivation of, 596 flagellate infection in, 340, 341 (see also Flagellatoses and genera of) fungus infections in, 248, 253 Flagellatoses, caused by Crithidia and increased susceptibility, 438 Blastocrithidia species, 344-346 protozoan transmission in, 458 by Herpetomonas species, 343-344 schizogregarine infection of, 302 by Leptomonas species, 340-343 septicemia in, nematode vector of, 382- Fluorocarbon, in bacterial crystal purifi­ 383 cation, 599 storage of pathogens in, 600 in virus purification, 598 Gamocystis, 294, 295 Foliage, bacterial inhibitory substance Gamocystis francisci, 295 produced by, 40 Gamocystis tenax, 295 Forficula auricularia, as carrier of micro­ Gastromermis sp., 373 sporidian spores, 457 Gattine, 141 mycosis of, 207 Gelechia gossypiella, 29 Formica ruf a, 457 Genetic diseases, 556, 582 SUBJECT INDEX 671

Genetics, influence in bacterial taxonomy, Haplosporidia, epizootics of, 315 11 morphology and development of, 313 Gerris spp., 345 specificity and pathology produced by, Gerris remigis, 345 315 Giant cells, in oenocytes, 407 taxonomic position of, 313 origin in trophserosa, 406-407 transmission of, 313 Glaucoma, 353 Haplosporidium, 313 Glugea, 322 Haplosporidium bayeri, 315 G luge a legeri, 458 Haplosporidium tipulae, 317 Haplosporidium typographi, 314, 315, 316 Glugea mesnili, 458 Harpalus sp., 369 Glugea trichopterae, 342 Hartmanella, 348, 352 Gnorimoschema operculella, bacteria in­ Helicosporidia, 331-332 fections in, 24, 132, 141 Helicosporidium parasiticum, 331 microsporidiosis of, 326 Heliothis obsoleta, 32 Gonia sp., 401 Heliothis virescens, microbial control of, Gonocephalum arenarium, 317 504, 511 Goodeyus, 369 Heliothis zea, isolation of Serratia mar- Grasshoppers, amoebic disease of, 351-352, cescens from, 132 459 microbial control of, 502, 503 bacterial infections in, 123-125, 126, 127- resistance to virus infections, 449 128, 129, 132, 134, 135, 138-139, 140, Hemichroa crocea, 24 439 Hemicordyceps, 274 insect parasites of, effect on, 413 Hepatozoon, 306 mycoses of, 208, 209, 211-212, 236-237, Herpetomonas, flagellatoses caused by, 241, 247, 253, 255, 258, 455 343-344 variance in susceptibility, 441 morphological features of, 338, 339 Greater wax moth, see Galleria mellonella as synonym of other genera, 343, 346 Green apple bug, see Lygus communis Herpetomonas bombycis, see Blastocrith- var. novascotiensis idia bombycis Gregarina, 292 Herpetomonas culicidarum, 345 Gregarina culicis, 295 Herpetomonas culicis, 345, 346 Gregarina cuneata, 295 Herpetomonas ludvigi, 344 Gregarina polymorpha, 295 Herpetomonas muscae-domesticae, see Gregarina steint, 295 Herpetomonas muscarum Gross pathologies, 560 Herpetomonas muscarum, 343, 344 Gut, see Alimentary tract Heterodera, 378 Gryllotalpa spp., 348 Heterodera spp., 377 Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, 347, 357 Heteronychus sanctae-helenae, 98, 100, 102 Gryllotalpa hexadactyla, 395 Heterotylenchus, 370 Gryllus campestris, 296 Hirsutella, 234, 260, 275 Gyrtnus, 312 nutritional studies on, 236, 596 Hirsutella gigantea, 262 T T r i Histological sections, preparation of, 612- Habrocytus cerealellae, 397 613, 615-616 Haemogregarina, 306 Histopathologies, 27, 43-44, 171-172, 560, “Halbparasiten,” 364 572 Halotydeus destructor, 207 Historical aspects of diagnosis, 551-553 Hammerschmidtiella sp., 385 History card of diagnosis, 567 Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, 377 History of disease in diagnosis, 564-568 672 SUBJECT INDEX

Hofmannophila, 404 cuticle penetration, process of in, 242- Holopterna alata, 346 243 Homeosoma nehulellum, 301, 304, 305 dormant infection of, 239-240 Homolomyia, 343 factors that influence infection by, 243- Homonotus iwatai, 395 247 Homoptera, 207 (see also specific names) host specificity of, 260-261 Honey bee, see Apis mellifera infective unit of, 237-240 Hoplia sp., coelomic gregarine in, 296- modes of parasitism by, 236-237 298 physiological characteristics of, 261-263 Host, disinfection and sterilization of, 601- postmortem behavior of, 255-256 604 proliferation of within host, 247-250 infection of, techniques, 601-609 resistance to infection of, 259-260 House fly, see Musca domestica site and mode of infection by, 240-243 Howardula, host penetration by, 377 sporulation of, 256 life cycle of, 370 stress and incidence of mycoses with, mortality of, 380 263 Humidity, effect on fungus infections, 210, superficial parasitism of, 236-237 243-244 survival and persistence of, 256-258 on fungus sporulation, 256 symptoms produced by infections with, and epizootics, 435, 436 250-254 in fungus epizootics, 454, 455 toxin production of, 254 in protozoan infections, 462 (see also specific names) regulation of entomogenous organisms, Hyphomycetous fungi, diseases caused by, 480 233-263 in virus epizootics, 449 Hypochnus, 190 Hyalophora cecropia, 454 Hyponomeuta malinellus, 457, 505 oxygen uptake in disease, 427 Hyposoter exiguae, 400 Hydromermis churchillensis, 462 Hydrophilus piceus, 358 I Hydroporus palustris, 312 Ibalia, 410 Hylamorpha elegans, 78, 100, 101, 102 Immunity, cellular, 432 Hylemya antiqua, 205, 206, 207 humoral, 432 Hylobius abietus, 397 maturation, 432, 458 Hymenoptera, Cordyceps infections of, resistance to protozoan infections, 459 286-287 techniques for study of, 616 parasitic, venom effect on hosts, of, 394- Incitant, 436 398 Infections, bacterial, 21-67, 75-114, 117- (see also specific names) 143, 437-443 Hymenostilbe, 275 fungus, 149-186, 189-225, 233-263, 273- Hypera punctata, 207 289, 451-456 Hypermastigida, entomophilic species of, nematode, 363-386, 460-462 348 protozoan, 291-332, 335-358, 456-460 Hyphantria cunea, 126 rickettsial, 450-451 (see also Volume I) humidity in virus infections in, 449 virus, 443-450 (see also Volume I) immunity to virus, 447 Injuries, classification of, 556 microbial control of, 505, 508 Inoculation of pathogens, 606-608 protozoan infection of, 328, 457, 510 Inostemma piricola, 399 trans-ovum transmission in, 458 Insect parasites, pathologies caused by, Hyphomycetes, common entomogenous 393-419 genera and species of, 234-236 (see also Parasites, insect) SUBJECT INDEX 673

Insect pathogen, see Pathogen, insect Latent infections, bacterial in eggs, 439 Insect pathology, definition of, 561 (see determination of, 605 also Volume I) egg transmission of viruses in, 446-447 techniques in, 591-636 and environment, 435 Integument, emergence of fungus through, factors in, 436 255-256 with fungi, 240, 456 fungus penetration of, 240-241, 242-243, nutritional factors and, 424 245 with protozoa, 459 Invertebrates, diseases of, 588 with viruses, 436 Ips confusus, 380 Lecanium sp., 286 reduced fertility in nematode infection Lecanium fletcheri, 285 of, 381-382 Legerella, 306, 309, 311 Ips typographus, 314 Legerella grassi, 310, 312 haplosporidian infection of, 315-317 Legerella hydropori, 312 Isaria, 234, 251, 275 Legerella parva, 310, 312 Isaria farinosa, 235 Leishmania, 338, 339, 346 Isaria vexans, 234 Lepidoptera, and Bacillus thuringiensis, Isolation of pathogens, 592-599 428 Isomermis sp., 373 fungus infections of, 207, 281-283, 454 Isoptera, Cordyceps infections of, 287 pH factor in bacterial infections, 442 Ithania, 306, 309 surface sterilization of eggs, 603 Ithania wenrichi, 312 susceptibility to B. thuringiensis, 533 (see also specific names) J Leptinotarsa decemlineata, 258 Japanese beetle, see Popillia japonica Β eauver ia-proauced toxin pathogenic lunonia coenia, 24, 132 to, 254 fungus, infection through tracheae, 242 Κ in tegumental penetration in, 240 Kakothrips robustus, 237 per os infection in, 241 Kelly my ia kellyi, 210 fungus colonization in larvae of, 249 Koch's postulates, 574 fungus infection in, 454, 455 Kotochalia junodi, 443, 444, 507 hypodermal fungus lesions in, 252 microbial control of, 509 L temperature effects on fungus infection

LD50, 9, 123, 124, 125, 128, 135, 139, 427, in, 245 600, 605, 608 Leptocoris trivittatus, 346 determination of, 609 Leptoglena, 353 Laboratory examination scan sheet, 572 Leptomonas, 344, 347 Laboratory examinations in diagnosis, 571- flagellatoses caused by, 340-343 577 morphological features of, 338, 339 Lachnosterna, 259 Leptomonas ctenocephali, 342-343, 460 Lactobacillus, 121 Leptomonas fasciculata, 345 Laimaphelenchus, 371 Leptomonas michiganensis, 345 Lambornella, 353 Leptomonas pyraustae, 342 Lambornella stegomyiae, 150 Leptomonas pyrrhocoris, 340, 341, 342 Lamia, 191 Leptomonas serpens, 342, 347 Lankesteria, 294, 295 Leptomonas (Strigomonas) fasciculata, 345 Lankesteria culicis, 294, 295 Lichnanthe vulpina, 99 Lankesteria mackiei, 294 Limnophilus flavicornis, 348 Laphygma exigua, 400 Lipocystis, 300, 305 674 SUBJECT INDEX

Lipocystis polyspora, 305 Malacosoma americanum, Clostridium Lipotropha, diagnostic review of, 306 pathogen of, 58-66 Lipotropha calliphorae, 306 microbial control of, 504 Lipotropha macrospora, 306 Proteus bombycis infectious to, 128 Lipotropha microspora, 306 Malacosoma castrensis, 126 Locusta migratoria migratorioides, 459 Malacosoma disstria, Clostridium path­ Locus tana pardalina, 134, 135 ogen of, 58-66 Lophomonas blattarum, 348 fungus infection of, 195, 205, 206, 207 Lophomonas striata, 348 strain virulence of Bacillus cereus to, Lorsch disease, 451 24 Loxostege sticticalis, 257 Malacosoma fragile, survival of viruses castration by fungus in adults of, 251 for, 444 cuticle penetration of fungus in, 240 Malacosoma neustria, bacterial infections gut penetration of fungus in, 241, 453 of, 24, 126, 132 susceptibility to Serratia marcescens, 133 fungus infection of, 242

LT50, 427, 600 microbial control of, 505 Lucilla, 343, 411 microsporidian infection of, 328, 457 Lumbricus terrestris, susceptibility to Malacosoma pluviale, Clostridium path­ Bacillus thuringiensis var. thu­ ogen of, 58-66 ringiensis, 46 Maladera castanea, 98, 99, 100, 102 Lycopersicum esculentum, 342 Malamoeba, 348, 352 Lygus communis var. novascotiensis, 200, Malamoeba locustae, 351 202, 205, 212-213, 214, 216-217, 219 Malpighamoeba, 348 Lymantria dispar, 330 Malpighamoeba mellificae, 348-351, 459, Lymantria monacha, epizootiology of 460 diseases of, 424 Malpighiella, 348, 352 fungus infection in, 456 Malpighiella refringens, 352 latent infections in eggs, 439 Mass production of pathogens, 482, 519- resistance to fungus infection, 263 546 Lyophilization, 601 (see also Commercial production) Massospora, 189 Μ artificial culture of, 221 Machadoella, 300, 305 dissemination of, 223 Machadoella spinigeri, 305 germination of, 220-221 Machadoella triatomae, 305 historical aspects and species of, 219- Macrocentrus, 326 220 Macrocentrus ancylivorus, 133, 326 key characteristics of, 190 Macrodactylus subspinosus, 98, 99 mode of development of, 221-222 Macroscytus japonensis, 417 morphology and hosts of, 220 Macrosiphum pisi, Entomophthora in­ new genus related to, 191 fection in, 194, 195, 196, 197, 207, pathogenicity of, 222 208, 453 signs and symptoms of infection with, Macrosporium, 261 222 Magicicada septendecim, mycosis of, 219- Massospora cicadina, 219-223, 452 223 Massospora cleoni, 220 Malacosoma, host quality in, 432 Massospora levispora, description of, 220 Malacosoma spp., effect of Bacillus thu­ Massospora richten, 220 ringiensis on, 43 Massospora spinosa, 220 effective minimal dose of Clostridium Massospora staritzii, 220 pathogenic to, 63 Massospora tipulae, 220 SUBJECT INDEX 675

Mastigophora, cultivation of, 596 gut infection of fungus in, 241 pathogenic to insects, 337-348 milky diseases in, 91, 98, 99, 100, 101, sites to be found in host, 337 102 Mattesia, 300, 305 mortality in by fungus toxin, 254 Mattesia dispora, density-dependent in­ role of soil moisture in fungus infec­ fections of, 302 tion of, 244 epizootic prediction of, 304 Melolontha vulgaris, 98 as factor in natural control of stored- Melophagus ovinus, 339 product pests, 305 Menzbieria, 300, 305 transmission of, 301, 458 Menzbieria chalcographi, 301, 305 Mattesia orchopiae, 305 Mermis, 374, 376 Mattesia povolnyi, 301, 302, 304, 305 Mermis nigrescens, 374 Mealybugs, 245, 250, 253 (see also specific Mermithidae, 373-374, 461 names) Mermithoidea, 372-374 Mermithonema entomophilum, 373 Median effective dose (see ED50) Mesoleius tenthredinis, 403 Median lethal dose (see LD50) Metaphycus helvolus, 398 Median lethal time (see LT50) Megachile sp., 134 Metarrhizium, and chemicals for control Melanization, as a defensive reaction to of, 492 insect parasites, 404-405 infection of eggs by, 252 in fungus infections, 251 species and varieties of, 234 in nematode infections, 379-380 sporulation of, 250 Melanoplus spp., 351, 352 symptoms in infections by, 251 Melanoplus bilituratus, 134 wide host range of, 257 Melanoplus bivittatus, 123, 134 Metarrhizium album, 234 bacterial susceptibility of, 439 Metarrhizium anisopliae, conidial germi­ mycoses of, 195, 208, 209 nation in, 245 Melanoplus differentialis, 352 conidiophores of, 235 Melanoplus femurrubrum, 352 cuticle penetration of, 240, 243, 245 Melanoplus mexicanus, 352 factors in producing death by, 253, 254 Melanoplus packardii, 134 host colonization by, 248, 249, 250 Meloidogyne, 377, 378 infection, through alimentary tract, Melolontha sp., mycosis of, 244 241, 453 Melolontha spp., mermithid infection in, lack of host specificity in, 260 379, 380, 384 latent infection of, 240, 456 protozoan infection in, 462 perithecial stages of, 236 rickettsial infection in, 451 physiological characteristics of, 262 Melolontha hippocastani, coccidian in­ predisposing factors affecting infection fection of, 310, 311 with, 246, 263 resistance to fungus infection in, 259 resistance to infection of, 259 Melolontha melolontha, bacterial infec­ soil conditions affecting infection of, tions in, 126, 134, 140, 442 244, 456 coelomic gregarine in, 298 spores, viability of, 257 cuticle penetration of fungus in, 240, sporulation of, 256 241, 245 symptoms produced by, 252 entomophilic flagellate of, 348 synonyms of, 234 fungus colonies in hypodermis of, 248 trans-ovum transmission of, 453 fungus infection of egg in, 252 wide spread in soil, 258, 456 through wounds in, 242 Metarrhizium anisopliae var. americana, fungus transmission by egg, 453 234 676 SUBJECT INDEX

Metarrhizium hrunneum, 234, 262 Microinjector, 607 Methodology in insect pathology, 562-588, Microsporidia, defensive reactions of 591-636 host to, 327 Methods, artificial culture of milky dispersal of, 429 disease organisms, 103-113 epizootiology of, 327, 328 blood volume estimation of milky- host specificity in, 326 diseased larvae, 86 infections, diagnosis of, 317-319 for germinating Entomophthora resting in insect control, 330-331 spores, 201-202 life cycle of, 319 media for isolating Streptococcus morphology and development of, 317- pluton, 52 326 medium for isolating entomogenous polar filament, structure and extrusion Clostridia, 61 of, 319, 321 nematode preparation for identifica­ spores of, 319, 322, 324 tion, 365 staining techniques for, 611-612, 613 Microbial-chemical mixtures for control, transmission of, 326, 328, 330 491-492 Microsporidial diseases, 456-460 Microbial control, 477-517 Milky disease type A, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, coverage and, 428 95, 103, 104 long-term control, 481-485 Milky disease type B, 76, 78, 79, 80, 96, methods of utilizing pathogens, 481-493 100, 104 regulations governing products for, 497 Milky diseases, 75-114 short-term control, 485-493 artificial culture studies of, 103-113 standardization of materials in, 487- carbohydrate requirement in artificial 488 culture of, 107-108 use of bacteria in, 29, 49, 75-76, 493- density-dependent mortality factor of, 506 433, 434 of fungi in, 150, 183, 185-186, 217-219, development in the field, 76-80 288, 508-510 development of, 442, 443 of nematodes in, 510-511 development within the host, 80-97 of protozoa in, 311, 330-331, 510 differential resistance to, 441 of viruses in, 506-508 dispersal of, 440 Microbial-control products, 498-499, 519- effect of dosage on development of, 89- 546 96 application of, 49 epizootiology of, 424, 425 assay for, 534-535 growth factors associated with artificial development of, 536-544 culture of, 110-112 formulation of, 496, 498, 543-544 host range of, 97-103 manufacture of, 519-546 lethality of, 96-97 safety of, 497, 545 mineral requirement in artificial cul­ specificity of, 47-49 ture of, 110 standardization of, 47, 496, 523, 526, mode of action of, 96-97 530-531 nitrogen requirement in artificial cul­ (see also Commercial production) ture of, 108-109 Microbial insecticides (see Microbial- nutritional effect on development of, control products) 85-89 Micrococcus sp., 247 pH effect on artificial culture of, 104- Micrococcus nigrofasciens, 440, 442 105 Microctonus vittatae, 406 primary culture isolation of, 112-113 Microfeeding, 607-608 production of spores, 524-526, 538, 539 SUBJECT INDEX 677

relation of oxygen to artificial culture Mycetobia pallipes, 331 of, 105-107 Mycetosporidium, 315 temperature effect on development of, Mycogenae, 274 81-85, 442 Myiobium, 315 variation in virulence, 437, 438 Myrmicisporidium, 315 virulence of strains, 102-103 Myzomyia, 151 (see also Bacillus popilliae and Bacil­ lus lentimorbus) Ν Minella chalybeata, 408 Naranga aenescens, 453 Mites, as agents in schizogregarine spore Naucoris cimicoides, 340 dispersal, 301 Nectria, 236 mycosis of, 207 Nematode DD-136, 461 viroses of, 512 (see also p. 493, Vol. I) propagation of, 596 Moniliales, see Hyphomycetes Nematode diseases, 460-462 Monoctonus paludum, 398, 403 humidity, factor in, 435 Monocystis, 294, 297, 298 Nematodes, active infection of, 377, 461 Monocystis legeri, 296 competition between, 378-379 Morphology, of amoebae, 349, 351 as control agents, 510-511 of bacteria-produced crystals, 35-37 culture of, 385, 596-597 of coccidia, 308-309 diseases, epizootiology of, 460-462 of Coelomomyces, 164-167, 169, 172 emergence from host, 378 of Cordyceps infections, 275-277 evolutionary considerations of, 385-386 of Entomophthorales, 193-200, 220-221 external parasitism by, 374-376 of eugregarines, 294, 296 in hemocoel, modifications of, 378 of flagellates, 338-339, 344, 345, 346 host reactions to infections of, 379-382, of haplosporidia, 313 462 of microsporidia, 319-325 infections caused by, 363-386 of monocystid gregarines, 296-298 internal parasitism by, 376-379 of nematodes, 365, 366-373 juvenile exsheathment of, 376 of schizogregarines, 300 means of resisting desiccation, 375- Mosquitoes, ciliatoses of, 353-357 376, 461 Coelomomyces infections of, 149-186 mechanism for attachment, 375 eugregarine infection in, 295 melanization, encapsulation and expul­ flagellates, cultivation of, 596 sion of, 378-380, 462 host list of Coelomomyces infected morphology of, 365 species, 158-159 multiple parasitism of, 384 schizogregarine infection in, 305 parasitic adaptations of, 374-379 Mrazekia, 322 passive infection of, 376 Mrazekidae, 321-322 physiology and culture of, 385 Musca, 343 population interaction, with hosts, 383- Musca domestica, bacterial infections in, 385 46, 57, 97, 133 search abilities of, 374, 428 in bioassay of "fly factor," 494 semiparasites, 364 flagellatosis of, 344 specific attachment sites of, 374-375 microbial control of, 505, 506 taxonomy of, 366-374 mycosis of, 205, 240, 452 transmission of, 430 susceptibility to B. thuringiensis, 533 types of association with insects, 364 Muscardine, 581 as vectors of insect diseases, 382-383, (see also Beauveria, Metarrhizium and 461 Sorosporella) (see also specific names) 678 SUBJECT INDEX

Nematus ribesii, 24, 133 Nomadacris septemfasciata, fungus in­ Nemobius fasciatus, 132 fections in, 211, 238, 455 Neoaplectana, 368, 376, 377, 378, 382, 385 Nomenclature, 11, 12, 16 Neoaplectana affinis, 368 of diseases, 558 (see also Taxonomy) Neoplectana bibionis, 368 Nonsporulating bacterial pathogens, 117- symbiosis with bacteria in, 382 143 Neoaplectana bothynoderi, 368, 383 general classifications of, 118 Neoaplectana carpocapsae, 368, 383 needs for future investigation of, 143 Neoaplectana chresima, 368, 383, 385 (see also specific names) Neoaplectana feltiae, 368 Nosema, 351 Neoaplectana glaseri, 368, 383 Nosema apis, 432, 458, 459, 460 axenic culture of, 385, 461 Nosema aporiae, 458 Neoaplectana janickii, 368 Nosema baetis, 327 Neoaplectana leucaniae, 368 Nosema bombycis, 292, 580 Neoaplectana melolonthae, 368 storage and viability of, 324 Neoaplectana menozii, 368 transmission of, 326 Neoaplectanidae, 368-369, 461 trans-ovum transmission of, 458 Neodiplogaster, 367 Nosema destructor, 326 Neodiprion spp., 524 Nosema locustae, 459 Neodiprion abietis, 24 Nosema lymantriae, hosts for, 456 Neodiprion banksianae, 24, 133 use in microbial control, 331 Neodiprion lecontei, 24, 133, 134 Nosema mesnili, 326, 328 dispersal of viruses by parasites of, 445 Nosema muscularis, use in microbial con­ Neodiprion sertifer, commercial virus trol, 331 preparation for, 524 Nosema otiorrhynchi, 326 nutrition in virus infection in, 450 Nosema polyvora, 457, 458 polyhedrosis as control for, 508 Nosema stegomyiae, 326 survival of viruses for, 428, 444, 445, Nosema whitei, 319 446 Nosography, 555-556 susceptible to Bacillus cereus strains, 24 Nosology, 555, 556-558 Neodiprion swainei, dispersal of virus by, Nosopsyllus fasciatus, amoebic disease in, 445 352 susceptibility to Serratia marcescens, 133 coccidian infection in, 310, 312 to strains of Bacillus cereus, 24 Trypanosoma lewisi, in gut epithelium Neogregarina, see Schizogregarina of, 347 Neoplasms, 557 (see also Vol. I) Notonecta sp., Coelomomyces infection of, Neotylenchidae, 370 153, 156, 157, 159, 161, 162, 171 Nepa cinerea, ciliate infection in, 357 Notonecta glauca, 340 coccidian infection in, 310, 312 Numerical taxonomy, as applied to schizogregarine infection in, 301, 303, bacteria, 11, 14-16 304, 306 Nutrition, effect on milky-disease orga­ Nerve tissue, effect of insect venom on, nisms, 85-89 395-397 as factor in epizootics, 435-436 parasitic cysts and lesions of, 397, 398- and latency infection, 424 399, 418 and virus epizootics, 450 Neuroctena, 343 Nyctotherus spp., 357 New Zealand milky disease, 102 Nygmia phaeorrhoea, fungus infection in, Nezara viridula, 342, 347 213, 214, 215,218 Nitrogen requirements, of milky disease microbial-chemical control of, 492, 494 organisms, 108-109 Nymphalis antiopa, 132 SUBJECT INDEX 679

Ο Pandemis, 404 Obligate bacterial pathogens, 8, 118-123 Panonychus citri, 512 of Apis mellifera, 120-123 Panonychus ulmi, 512 definition of, 118-119 Panorpa communis, 305 of Solenobia triquetrella, 119-120 Pantomorus spp., 133 Odontria zealandica, milky diseases in, Pantomorus (Graphognathus) sp., 97 98, 99, 102 Paracobactrum rhyncoli, 16, 128, 140 Okanagana rimosa, 220 Paralysis, from hymenopterous venom, Oncodes pallipes, 410 395-397 Oncopeltus fasciatus, 57, 136, 347 produced by crystalliferous bacilli, 41-43 Oospora destructor, 234 Parasit aphelenchus, 371 Oospora ovorum, 261 Parasit aphelenchus oldhami, 384, 462 Opercularia, 357 Parasites, insect, associated with host Operculariella, 357 tracheae, 409, 417 Operculariella parasitica, 357 defensive reactions of host to, 399-405 Operophtera brumata, 504 dispersal of insect viruses by, 445 Ophiocordyceps, 275 encystment of eggs and embryos of, Ophryocystis, 300, 304-305 401-404 Ophryocystis duboscqui, 305 external sexual characteristics changed Ophryocystis mesnili, 304 by, 413-414, 415, 416 Ophryoglena, 357 host castration by, 411-413 Ophryoglena collini, 357 host symptoms produced by, 409-411 Opius fletcheri, 400 Hymenoptera, venom effect on host, Opsebius, 408 394-398 Orasema, 408 injury caused by ovipositional puncture Orbopercularia, 357 of, 398 Orchopeas wickhami, 305 larvae, pathologies associated with, 407- Oryctes, 288 417 Oryctes nasicornis, commensal flagellate melanization caused by, 404-405 in, 348 pathologies caused by, 393-422 milky disease of, 98, 99, 101, 102 phagocytosis associated with, 400-401 Oryctes rhinoceros, fungus infection in, pupae, pathologies associated with, 417 257, 263 wounds produced by entry of, 407-408 milky disease in, 102 by exit of, 408-409 Ostrinia nubilalis, 133 (see also Pyrausta Parasitism, external, by nematodes, 374- nubilalis) 376 Otiorrhynchus, 315 internal, by nematodes, 376-379 Otiorrhynchus ligustici, 305 Parasitoid, 394 Oviposition, pathologies associated with Parasitorhabditis, 366, 386 puncture, 398-399 Parasitylenchus, 370 Oxya japonica, 380 Parasitylenchus dispar rugulosi, 462 Oxygen, effect on milky disease orga­ Pardileus, 369 nisms, 105-107 Parexorista caridei, 207 Oxysomatium, 368 Parus major, 457 Oxyuroidea, taxonomy, life cycles, and habits of, 371-372 Pathogenicity, as related to bacterial taxonomy, 7-9 Ρ Pathogens, biochemical techniques for, Paecilomyces, 236 617 Panagrolaimus, 368, 375 biophysical techniques for, 617 680 SUBJECT INDEX

commercial production of, 519-548 pH, determination of in insects, 617 concentration determination, 599-600 effect on fungus infections, 244, 456 culture techniques, 595-599 on gut gregarines, 294-295 density-dependent factors, 433 on milky disease organisms, 104-105 dispersal capacity, 428-430 as factor in infection, 442 electron microscope examination of, Phaenicia sericata, 344 614-616 Phagocytosis, associated with parasite histological sectioning of, 612-613, 615- eggs and embryos, 400-401 616 in fungus infections, 250, 259 immunological techniques, 616 in schizogregarine infections, 302 inoculation of, 606-609 Pheidole, 408 inoculation techniques, 606-608 Phlebotomus spp., 347 isolation of, 592-595 Phlegethontius quinquemaculatus, 134 microinjector for, 607, 608 Phlegethontius sextus, 126, 134 microscopic examination of, 609-614 Phoresis, 364 obligate, 8, 118-123 Phormia, 343 potential (see Potential bacterial path­ Phryganidia californica, 25, 448, 449 ogen) Phthorimaea operculella, 240, 241 purification, 593-599 Phyllopertha sp., 126 resistant stages of, 427 Phyllophaga spp., 347 staining techniques for, 610-613, 616 Phyllophaga anxia, milky disease in, 98, storage of, 600-601 99 survival capacity, 427-428 rickettsial infection in, 451 transmission, 430-431 Phyllophaga congrua, 98, 99 use as control agents, 477-513, 521, 524, Phyllophaga crassissima, 98 527 Phyllophaga crenulata, 98 virulence increase in lab, 427-428 Phyllophaga drakei, 98 Pathology, definition of, 561 Phyllophaga ephilida, milky disease in, types of, 561 98, 99 Pebrine, 562, 581 (see also Nosema rickettsial infection in, 451 bombycis) Phyllophaga forbesi, 98 Pelidnota punctata, 98 Phyllophaga forsten, 98 Penicillium, 261 Phyllophaga fraterna, 98, 99 Penicillium anisopliae, 234 Phyllophaga fusca, 98, 99 Penicillium brevi-compactum, 242 Phyllophaga futilis, 98, 99 Penicillium frequentans, 40 Phyllophaga glaberrima, 98 Penicillium granulatum, 246 Phyllophaga gracilis, 98 Penicillium notatum, 40 Phyllophaga hirticula, 98, 99, 102 Peraphelenchus, 371 Phyllophaga hornii, 98 Periacineta bucket, 357 Phyllophaga implicita, 98 Ρ er icy ma cruegeri, 132 Phyllophaga inversa, 98, 99 Peridroma margaritosa, 24, 132 Phyllophaga micans, 98 Perilampus, 408 Phyllophaga quercus, 98 Perilitus, 406 Phyllophaga rugosa, 98, 99 Perilitus bicolor, 411 Phylogeny, of crystalliferous and related Periplaneta spp., 348 bacilli, 14-15 Periplaneta americana, bacterial isolates Physical examination in diagnosis, 568- from, 23, 57, 132 571 coelomic eugregarine in, 296 Physical examination form, 570 SUBJECT INDEX 681

Physiology, of fungus infections, 261- Plusia gamma, fungus infection in, 207 263, 277-279 humidity in virus infections in, 449 of nematode infections, 385 Plutella maculipennis, fungus infections Phytalus georgianus, 98 in, 210, 212, 213, 214, 433, 454 Phytomonas, 338, 339, 342, 346, 347 as test insect, 494 Phytomonas elmassiani, 347 Poikilolaimus, 366 Phytomyza atricornis, 395 Poisonings, 582 Pieris spp., 29 Ρ ο list es spp., 133 Pieris brassicae, antagonism of two Polycentropus, 324, 325 viruses in, 450 Polychrosis botrana, fungus infection in, bacterial infections of, 25, 47, 133 244, 252, 253, 258 microbial control of, 502 parasite transmission of fungus to, 242, microsporidian transmitted to by para­ 453 site of, 326, 458 Polyhedrosis, nuclear, due to crowding, microsporidians in, 457 588 resistance to virus infection, 448 possible disease in diagnosis, 582 teratocytes in parasitized larvae of, 407 Polymastigida, entomophilic species of, trans-ovum transmission of micro­ 347-348 sporidian in, 328 Polymastix melolonthae, 347 Pieris napi, 448 Polymorphotylenchus, 370 Pieris rapae, histopathology in Bacillus- Popillia, milky diseases in, 80, 87, 94, 95, infected larvae, 43 96, 100, 103 microbial control of, 495, 500 Popillia japonica, density-dependent microsporidian infection in, 457, 458 mortality factors, 433, 434 resistance to virus infections, 448, 449 differential resistance in, 441 Pikonema alaskensis, 24 entomophilic flagellates of, 347, 348 Pityogenes chalcographus, 301, 305 epizootiology of, diseases of, 424, 425 Pityokteines confusus, 134 life cycle of, 77-78 Pityokteines curvidens, 134 long-term biological control of, 481, Platyptilia carduidactyla, microbial con­ 482 trol of, 502, 509, 511 milky disease, development in, 80-97, Platysamia cecropia, fungus penetration 442, 443 of integument in, 241, 245 dispersal, 440 melanic reactions to fungus infection epizootiology of, 424, 425 in, 251 field development in, 76-80 peretrophic membrane penetrated by survival in, 439 fungus in, 242 virulence variation in, 437, 438 symptoms of fungus infection in, 251, nematode infection in, 382, 461 252 pathogen survival in, 428 tissue invasion by fungus in, 250, 254 production of milky-disease spores in, Plistophora chaobori, 320 524-526, 533, 538, 539, 541 Plistophora hyphesobryconis, 321 rickettsial disease of, 451 Plistophora schubergi, 457 Population, density-dependent factors in, Plistophora simulii, 324 433 Plodia interpunctella, coccidian infection density and epizootics, 436, 449-450 of, 311 host, 424, 425, 431-434 crystalliferous bacillus infections in, 23, as biotic factor, 435-436 25, 32 immunity, 432 microbial control of, 505 infection, 432 schizogregarine infection in, 302, 304 insect types, 431 682 SUBJECT INDEX

nematode-host, interactions between, Protozoa, Ciliophora pathogenic to in­ 383-385 sects, 353-358 pathogen, 424, 425-430 as control agents, 510 Porthetria dispar, Bacillus thuringiensis entomophilic Amoebae, 348-353 as control agent for, 504 entomophilic Hypermastigida, 348 microsporidian infection in, 456 entomophilic Polymastigida, 347-348 Serratia infections in, 132 entomophilic Protomonadina, 337-347 Streptococcus infections in, 141 general characteristics of, 335-336 virus infections in, 449, 450 infections caused by, 291-332, 335-358 Postepizootic, 425 Mastigophora (Flagellata) pathogenic to Potential bacterial pathogen, 8, 123-130 insects, 337-348 definition of, 123 obligate entomophilic trypanosomatids, Enterobacteriaceae as, 127-130 338-346 general characteristics and require­ pathogenic to grasshoppers, 351-352 ments of, 128-130 to honey bees, 348-351 miscellaneous pseudomonads as, 126- to mosquitoes and chironomids, 353- 127 357 mode of entry of, 129, 130 Sarcodina pathogenic to insects, 348- Pseudomonas aeruginosa as, 123-126 353 Praon pallitans, 484 Sporozoa as insect pathogens, 291-332 Preepizootic, 425 vertebrate and plant trypanosomatids Pristiphora erichsonii, bacterial infections with insect vectors, 346-347 in, 23, 24, 26, 131, 133 (see also specific names) entomogenous parasite, egg encapsula­ Protozoan diseases, 291-332, 335-358, 456- tion in, 403 460 mycosis of, 205 Pseudaletia, 410 Prodenia eridania, 23 Pseudaletia unipuncta, bacterial infec­ Prodenia litura, microbial control of, 29, tions in, 132, 141 507 virus infections in, 443, 449 Prodenia praefica, 25 Pseudococcus calceolariae, 210 Production of pathogens, 482, 519-546 Pseudomonas, as potential pathogens, 126, (see also Commercial production) 127, 129 Proteus, 128, 129 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 117, 127, 129, Proteus spp., 128 137 Proteus bombycis, 128 action as a potential pathogen, 123-126 Proteus mirabilis, 128 competition in infection, 443 Proteus morganii, 139 dispersal of, 439 Proteus rettgeri, 128 infectivity of when fed with Serratia, Proteus vulgaris, 9, 128 438 Protobalantidium, 353 resistance of grasshoppers to, 124 Protomonadina, 337-347 stain differentiation, 130, 437 Protomyces, 219 susceptibility of grasshoppers to, 123- Protoparce quinquemaculata, age variance 124 susceptibility, 441 transfer of, 440 gut paralysis in, 42 Pseudomonas chlororaphis, 126 microbial control of, 503 as microbial control agent, 505 Protoparce sexta, age variance sus­ Pseudomonas fluorescens, 126, 127 ceptibility, 441 Pseudomonas noctuarum, 127 gut paralysis in, 42 Pseudomonas putida, 126 microbial control of, 503 Pseudomonas reptilivora, 126 SUBJECT INDEX 683

Pseudomonas septica, 17, 126 Rhizotrogus solstitialis, see Amphimallon Pseudomonas striata, 126 solstitialis Psorophora, 159 Rhyncolus porcatus, 128, 140 Psorophora ciliata, 153, 156, 159 Rickettsia, biochemical techniques for, Psorophora howardii, Coelomomyces in­ 617 fection in, 153, 159, 164, 174, 175, 177, serological diagnosis in, 616 178, 182 Rickettsia melolonthae, 451 Psylla mali, 200, 205, 214, 218 Rickettsiae, isolation of, 595 Pterostichus niger, 296 staining techniques for, 611, 613 Pulex spp., 343 tissue culture, 597 Purification of pathogens, 592-599 Rickettsial diseases, 450-451 (see also Pyrausta nubilalis, 25, 126 Vol. I) egg laying reduction in, 459 Rickettsiella melolonthae, 451 flagellate infection of, 342 Rickettsiella popilliae, 451 fungus infections in, 240, 241, 243, 244, Rithrogena semicolorata, 322 246, 248, 249, 250 RNA, from cytoplasmic polyhedra, 617 microbial control of, 29, 509 Ruguloscolytus rugulosus, 462 temperature and protozoan infection, Rynchophrya palpans, 358 460 trans-ovum transmission in, 458 s Pyrrhocoris apterus, 340, 341 Sabulodes caberata, 132 Pyxidium, 357 Sacbrood, 443 (see also p. 493, Vol. I) R Saissetia oleae (black scale), 398 Racemella, 274 Salmonella, 9, 34 Ranatra linearis, 358 Salmonella enteritidis, 139 Rearing disease-free insects, 603 Saperda carcharias, 134 characterization of, 604-606 Sarcodina, pathogenic to insects, 348-353 handling of, 604-606 Sarcophaga aldrichi, 195 Rearing techniques, insects, 604-605 Saturnia pyri, 126 Red muscardine, see Sorosporella uvella Sawfly, 424 Resistance, factors in insects, 432-433 egg transmission of pathogens, 429 to fungal invasion, 259-261 nuclear polyhedrosis of, 427, 433 host, and microbic virulence, 426 trans-ovum transmission of viruses in, of hosts to gregarines, 302 447 to insect parasitism, 397-405 Scatonema, 371 to insecticides, lowered by schizogre­ Scatonema wülkeri, 377 garine infection, 303-304 Scatophaga, 343 to microsporidian infections, 326, 327 Scatopse, 377 to nematode infections, 379-380 Schistocerca gregaria, 139, 239, 254, 258 Respiratory gas exchange, 427 color changes in fungus infection of, Reticulitermes santonnensis, 134 252 Retortamonas, 347 cuticle penetration of fungus in, 241 Retortamonas orthopterorum, 347 fungus emergence from, 250 Rhabditidae, 366 fungus infection through spiracles in, Rhabditis, 366, 375 242 Rhabditoidea, 366-369 Fusarium acridiorum infection in, 236, Rhabditophanes, 366, 375 237 Rhabdocnemis obscura, 256 mechanical damage by mycelia in, 253 Rhinocorus annulatus, 446 melanic reactions to fungus infection Rhizopertha dominica, 24 in, 251 684 SUBJECT INDEX

strains of Serratia marcescens in, 127, mortality from ingestion of, 135-136 132, 134, 135 from injection of, 135 Schistocerca paranensis, 237 persistence in insect gut, 136 Schizocystis, diagnostic review of, 306 possible synonyms of, 126, 127 Schizocystis gregarinoides, 306 as a potential pathogen, 131-137 Schizocystis legeri, 306 survival of, 439 Schizogregarines, detection of, 300 tabulation of insects susceptible to red development of pathogenicity in, 298 strain of, 132-133 epizootics, forecasting of, 304 transfer of, 440 genera and diagnostic reviews of, 304- virulence loss and gain, 438, 439 306 Serratia marcescens var. noctuarum, 439 host resistance of, 302 Serratia plymouthensis, 131 infection, epizootiology of, 302-303 Shigella, 9 infections, synergism with insecticides, Siderocapsa treubii, 143 303-304 Sigara scotti, 382 morphology and development of, 299- Sigma virus, 492 (Vol. I) 301 Sign, definition of, 560 specificity of, 302 Signs and symptoms, of American Foul­ transmission of, 301 brood, 54 Schizolachnus pini-radiatae, 195, 208 of Bacillus cereus infections, 23, 26 Schizonycha profuga, 246, 456 of brachyosis, a clostridial infection, Schizotrypanum cruzi, 305 58-59 Sciara, 373 of Entomophthorales infections, 214- Scolytus spp., 369 215, 222 Scolytus multistriatus, bacterial isolations of European foulbrood, 50-51 from, 134, 140, 440 of fungus infections, 163, 251, 252 mycosis of, 244 of insect parasitization, 409-411 nematode parasitism of, 384, 462 of nematode infections, 380-381 Scolytus scolytus, bacterial infections in, of protozoan infections, 308, 317, 318, 128, 140, 141 351-352, 355 Seinura, 371 (see also Symptoms) Semeiology, 561 Silkworm, see Bombyx mori Semiparasites, 364 Simulium, 317 Sericesthis sp., 310, 311 Simulium latipes, 326 Sericesthis pruinosa, milky diseases in, Simulium metallicum, Coelomomyces in­ 99, 100, 102 fection of, 154, 157, 159 Serological tests in diagnosis, 574-575 Sirex, 410 Serology, of crystalliferous bacteria, 34 Sitona lineata, 406 as strain differentiator, 437 Sitophilus granarius, 24, 133, 136 Serratia, 9, 131 Sitophilus oryzae, 24, 133, 136 Serratia indica, 131 Sitotroga cerealella, 136, 397 Serratia kielensis, 131 Smear preparations, 610-612 Serratia marcescens, 10, 117, 247 Solenobia triquetrella, 117, 119-120 additional records of insects susceptible Solenopsis, 408 to, 134 Solenotus begini, 395 characteristics of, 131 Sorosporella, 234 combined with fungus, 247 Sorosporella uvella, 220 competition in infection, 443 effect of humidity on infection with, determination of incubation of, 427 244, 455 epizootics of, 137 of soil pH on infection with, 244, 456 SUBJECT INDEX 685

free cells of in hemolymph, 249 Spicaria heliothis, 248 germ tube abstriction in, 248 Spicaria prasina, 260 histologic action of in host, 253 Spicaria rileyi, 263, 454, 509 infection dependent on spore dosage, Spiders, see Arachnida 258, 259 Spilonota, 404 resistance to infection with, 259 Spilonota ocellana, microbial control of, resting spore formation of, 250, 255 504 spore survival of, 257 Spiniger sp., 305 Sotto-disease bacillus, 29 Sporeine, 29, 499 (see also Bacillus thuringiensis var. Spores, resting, conditions stimulating sotto) production of in Entomophthora, Sparganothis pilleriana, 29 200-201 Specificity, of coccidians, 310 germination of in Entomophthora, of microbial insecticides, 47-48 201-202 of microsporidians, 326 taxonomic significance in Entomoph­ of schizogregarines, 302 thora, 202-203 Spectrophotometry, 10 Sporotrichium, 275, 288 Sphaerostilbe, 236, 582 Sporozoa, 456-460 Sphaerotilus dichotomus, 143 classification, higher categories of, 393- Sphaerotilus natans, 143 394 Sphaerularia, honey-bee parasite, 371 historical aspects of, 291-292 toxins produced by, 381 infections of, 291-332 Sphaerulariidae, 371 Spotted alfalfa aphid, see Therioaphis Sphaerulariopis, 370 maculata Sphex, 397 Spring disease, 349 Spicaria, 234, 236, 251, 257, 260, 275 Staining techniques, 610-613, 616 Spicaria farinosa, 235, 236 Standardization, of microbial insecticides, effect of artificial culture on, 262 47 humidity effects on infection with, 244 Staphylococcus aureus, 139 hypodermal padlike colonies of, 248 Statistics, in bacterial taxonomy, 11, 14, resistance to and specificity of, 260 17 tissues invaded by, 249 Stegomyia scuteliar is, 150 toxin production by, 247 Steinernema, 368 variations in cuticle penetration by, 241 Stenomalus, 411 Spicaria farinosa verticilloides, 236 Stephanoderes hampei, 260, 454 anatomical deformations produced by, Sterigmatocystis nigra, 244 252 Sterilization, cold, for Entomophthora factors influencing killing time with, culture, 203 253 physiological, with Entomophthora in­ humidity effects on infection with, fection, 213 244 Sterilization of pathogens, 601-604 hymenopterous parasite transmission Stethorus spp., 451 of, 242 Stilbum, 275 Sclerotium survival of, 258 Storage of pathogens, 600-601 spore survival in, 257 Streblomastix, 348 temperature effects on infection with, Streptococcus, 140 245 Streptococcus apis, 51, 120, 122 variations in virulence of, 262 Streptococcus bombycis, 16, 141 Spicaria farinosa var. verticilloides, 453 Spicaria fumoso-rosea, 236, 248, 261 Streptococcus disparts, 141 686 SUBJECT INDEX

Streptococcus jaecalis, in European foul­ physiological, associated with fungus in­ brood infected larvae, 51, 53, 120, fections, 252 123 produced by insect parasitization, 409- heat-killed cultures toxic to Galleria, 411 137 by mycoses, 251, 252 pathogenic to silkworms, 141 types of, 559, 561 Streptococcus faecium, 141 (see also Signs) Streptococcus liquefaciens, 51, 53 Syncystis, diagnostic review of, 306 Streptococcus pluton, 16 Syncystis mirabilis, epizootic of, 303, 304 associations with Bacillus alvei, 53-54, morphology, host, and tissues infected 121 by, 306 descriptive diagnosis of, 120-121, 122, transmission of, 301 123 Syndrome, definition of, 562 and European foulbrood, 51-54, 120- Synergistic association, 303-304, 330, 427 123, 439, 440 Systenus sp., 306 geographic distributions of, 53 isolation and culture of, 51, 52, 595 Τ Streptococcus pyogenes, 139 Tarichium, 191, 193 Streptomycin, 437 Taxonomy, of aphelenchoids, 370-371 Stress, 129, 130, 142, 436 of entomogenous bacteria, 1-17, 31-33, definition of, 263 127 role in incidence of mycoses, 263 of entomogenous fungi, 190-193, 234, Stressor, 436 236, 274-275 crowding as, 588 of mermithoids, 372-374 definition of, 436 of nematodes, 366-374 drought as, 263 new methods of, 10-13 effect in coccidian infections, 311 numerical, 11, 14-16 in microsporidian infections, 330 of oxyuroids, 371-372 in virus infections, 448-449 principles for description of new spe­ insecticide as, 263 cies, 12 Strigoderma arboricola, 99 of Protozoa (other than Sporozoa), 336, Strigodermella pygmaea, 99 337, 338, 345, 346, 348, 353 Sturmia sericariae, 261 of rhabditoids, 366-369 Stylopization, 414-417 of Sporozoa, 293-294, 304-306, 311-312, Suctoria, 353, 357, 358 322 Sychnotylenchus, 370 of tylenchoids, 369-370 Symbiosis, 17 Techniques in insect pathology, 571-576, of nematodes and bacteria, 382-383 591-636 types of in nematode-insect associations, Telomyxa, 322 364 Telomyxa glugeiformis, morphology of, (see also Volume I) 322 Symptomatology, 561 Temperature, bee resistance to nosema Symptoms, 558-562 disease, 459 of amoebic diseases in grasshoppers, effect on artificial culture growth of 351-352 Entomophthora, 204-205 associated with brachyosis, 58-59 on fungus infections, 245, 253 behavioral, associated with fungus in­ on fungus resting spore development, fections, 251 200 definition of, 558-559, 560 on milky-disease organisms, 80, 81-85, in diagnosis, 558-562 442 SUBJECT INDEX 687

on protozoan infection, 460 Tipula abdominalis, coccidian in Mal­ on virus infections, 449 pighian tubes and gut of, 312 and epizootics, 435 flagellates in, 347, 348 in fungus epizootics, 455 Tipula maxima, 344 regulation of entomogenous organisms, Tipula paludosa, flagellate infection in, 480 344 Tendipes spp., 133 haplosporidian infection of, 317 Tenebrio molitor, eugregarine in, 295 iridescent virus in, 447 (see also Vol. I) flagellate infections of, 340, 341 rearing of, 605 mycoses of, 246, 247 section study of virus in, 597 rickettsial disease of, 451 Tissue culture, 540, 597 sporozoan infections in, 305, 310, 311 Tomaspis saccharina, 235 and Serratia marcescens, 133, 247 Torrubia, 274 Teratocytes, 407, 418 Torrubiella, 236, 246, 274 Teratologies, 556 Torrubiella sp., 456 Terramycin, 437 Toxins, associated with Bacillus popilliae, Tetradonema plicans, 373 96, 97 Tetradonematidae, entomophilic species, from Bacillus cereus, 26 life cycles, and habits of, 373 from Bacillus larvae, 56, 57 Tetrahymena, 353, 354 from Bacillus thuringiensis varieties, 29, Tetrahymena sp., 355, 356 30, 31, 34-39 Tetrahymena chironorni, 353, 354, 355 from Streptococcus faecalis, 137 Tetrahymena pyrijormis, 353, 354, 355 produced by nematode, 381 Tetrahymena stegomyiae, 353, 354 production of by fungi, 243, 247, 251, Tetrameres, 378 254 Tetrastichus giffardianus, 399, 400 Tracheae, pathologies of, caused by in­ Tetrastichus xanthomelaenae, 398 sect parasites, 409, 417, 418-419 Thaumetopoea pityocampa, 25, 508 as route of fungus infection of, 242 Thaumetopoea processionea, 25, 44 Transmission, of coccidians, 309-310 Thelastomatidae, 372 of entomogenous pathogens by nema­ Thelia, 414 todes, 382-383 Thelia bimaculata, 413 in epizootics, 424 Thelohania, 324, 325 of microsporidia, 326, 328, 330 Thelohania asterias, 324, 325 of schizogregarines, 301 Thelohania californica, 460 Transovarian transmission, 430 Thelohania ephestiae, transmission of, 458 Trans-ovum transmission, of microspo­ Thelohania fibrata, 324, 325 ridia, 328 Thelohania hyphantriae, 328, 329, 331, 457 of nematodes, 461 Thelohania legeri, 318 of protozoa, 458 Thelohania similis, 330, 456 of viruses, 447 Thelostoma, 385 (see also Egg, transmission) Therioaphis maculata, fungus infections Triatoma dimidiata, 305 in, 207, 217, 434, 452, 484 Triboliocystis garnhami, 305 Thrixion, 409 Tribolium, 310 Thymelicus lineola, 64, 65, 425 Tribolium castaneum, coccidian infection Tibicen (Cicada) plebeja, 505 in, 307, 310, 311 Tibicen pruinosa, 397 schizogregarine infection in, 301, 302, Tilachlidium, 288 303, 304, 305 Tineola biselliella, 311 Tribolium confusum, coccidian infection Tiphia, 440 in, 310, 311 688 SUBJECT INDEX

isolation of Serratia marcescens from, Tylenchus, 370 133 Tyrophagus noxius, 457 refractory to per os infection with Ser­ ratia marcescens, 136 u schizogregarine infection in, 302, 305 Udea rubigalis, as test insect, 494 substance lethal to fungus spores in, Uranotaenia, 159 259 Uranotaenia sappharina, Coelomomyces virulence of Bacillus cereus to, 24 infection of, 154, 156, 159, 166-167 Tribolium destructor, 302, 304, 305 Trichacis remulus, 398 V Trichiocampus irregularis, 23 Vahlkampfia, 349 Trichiotinus sp., 99 Vanessa urticae, 126 Trichocerca annulata, 352 Venom, insect, collateral effects of, 397- Trichocerca hiemalis, 352 398 Trichoduboscquia epeori, 322 mode of action of, 397 Trichoplusia ni, dispersal of virus for, 446 paralysis of host from, 394, 395-397 fungus infection of, 454 of parasitic Hymenoptera, 394-398 microbial control of, 490, 495, 498, 500, Verticillium cinnamomeum, 257 501, 506, 509, 512-513 Vespa, 286 production of polyhedrosis virus in, 521- Vespula germanica, 133 524, 533, 534, 535, 536, 538 Victorian swift moth, 278 stress factors in virus infections, 448, Virulence, of bacteria, 24-25, 102-103, 437, 449 438, 439 as test insect, 494 of fungi, 262, 452 Trichopoda pennipes, 411, 412 and infectivity, 426-427 Trichostrongylus, juveniles, exsheathment in synergism, 427 of, 376 Virus diseases, adult immunity and, 447 Trichothecium roseum, 242 in epizootics, 443-450 Tricophaga, 404 latency in infections of, 436 Trifolium repens, 93 latent infections and host densities, 433- Tripius, 371 434 Trogoderma sp., 310 of mites, 512 (see also p. 493, Vol. I) Tropisternus californicus, 357 synergistic and, 450 Trypanosoma, 338, 339, 346 temperature effect on, 449 Trypanosoma gambiense, 292 transmission by egg, 446-447 Trypanosoma lew ist, 347 (see also Vol. I) Trypanosoma melophagium, 339 Viruses, biochemical techniques for, 617 Trypanosomatids, entomophilic, infections capsule staining, 613 as control agents, 506-508, 521, 524 by, 338-346 dissemination of, 429, 446 morphology of entomophilic genera, electron microscopic examination of, 338-339 614-615 of vertebrates and plants with insect inclusion body isolation, 593-594, 597- vectors, 346-347 598 Trypodendron lineatum, 126 iridescent of Tipula, 598 Tumors, 357, 557 (see also Vol. I) latent infection, 588 Turchiniella, 353 polyhedra staining, 611, 612-613, 615 Tylaphelenchus, 371 polyhedrosis, commercial production of, Tylenchidae, 369-370 521-524, 533, 534, 535, 536, 538, 541, Tylenchoidea, 369-370 543 SUBJECT INDEX 689

serological diagnosis for, 616 X smear preparation of, 610-611 tissue culture of, 597 Xenufens, 418 (see also Vol. I) Xylodrepa quadripunctata, 457 Xyloterus lineatum, 126 W "Wassersucht," 493 (Vol. I) Y Weather, as density-dependent mortality Yponomeuta malinella, 133 factor, 433 in protozoan epizootics, 459-460 Wounds, produced by entry and exit of Ζ parasite larvae, 407-409 Zoogloea ramigera, 143 as route of fungus infection, 242, 246 Zootermopsis angusticollis, 132 Wuchereria bancrofti, 185 Zygaena carniolica, 191, 453 Wyeomyia smithii, 354 Zygaenobia intestinalis, 191, 453