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Sistemática Y Morfología SISTEMÁTICA Y MORFOLOGÍA NUEVOS REGISTROS DE ESPECIES DEL GÉNERO Blacus NEES (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) EN DOS ÁREAS FORESTALES DEL ESTADO DE MICHOACÁN Aarón Mejía-Ramírez1, Ana-Mabel Martínez1, Samuel Pineda1, José Antonio Sánchez-García2, Víctor López- Martínez3 y José Isaac Figueroa1. 1Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, Tarímbaro, Michoacán, 58880, México. 2CIIDIR-IPN-Unidad Oaxaca, Área de Control biológico, Hornos #1003, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, C.P. 71230, México. 3Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62209, México. [email protected], [email protected]. RESUMEN. La inmensa mayoría de las avispas bracónidos son parasitoides primarios de otros insectos holometábolos, razón por lo cual son utilizados en programas de control biológico de insectos plaga. Dada la importancia económica que poseen estas avispas, en el estado de Michoacán, a partir del año 2007 se realizan monitoreos constantes para conocer la fauna de avispas bracónidos que habitan en sus áreas forestales. Derivado de estos muestreos se detectó la presencia de cuatro especies del género Blacus, Blacus aulacis Van Achterberg, Blacus collaris (Ashmead), Blacus compressiventris Van Achterberg y Blacus cracentis Van Achterberg, que no habían sido reportados en el estado de Michoacán. El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad registrar por primera ocasión las cuatro especies del género encontradas en las áreas forestales Cerro de Garnica y Los Azufres, Michoacán. Palabras clave: avispas, bracónidos, parasitoides, áreas forestales, trampas amarillas. ABSTRACT. Most of the braconid wasps are primary parasitoids of other holometabolous insects, reason to be used in biological control programs for insect pests. In order to know the braconid wasps that live in the forest areas in the Michoacán state, continuous collects has been carried out since 2007. Derived from these collects, it was detected the presence of four species of the genus Blacus, Blacus aulacis Van Achterberg, Blacus collaris (Ashmead), Blacus compressiventris Van Achterberg and Blacus cracentis Van Achterberg, which had not been reported in Michoacán. The purpose of this paper is to register for first time the four species of the genus in the forest areas Cerro de Garnica and Los Azufres, Michoacan. Key words: wasps, braconid, parasitoids, forest areas, yellow traps. Introducción Uno de los grupos más relevantes del orden Hymenoptera es la familia Braconidae. Las especies que pertenecen a esta grupo resaltan su importancia por su empleo en el combate de plagas agrícolas (La Salle, 1993) y como indicadores de la presencia de otros grupos de insectos (Delfín y Burgos, 2000). La mayoría de las avispas bracónidos son parasitoides primarios de larvas de lepidópteros, coleópteros y dípteros, aunque algunas especies pueden atacar a huevo, pupa e incluso adultos (Shaw y Huddleston, 1991; Wharton et al. 1997). Actualmente se conocen alrededor de 17000 especies en todo el mundo (Yu et al. 2005) pero se estima que sólo una tercera parte de ellas han sido descritas (Van Achterberg, 1984). En México, estudios preliminares indican que la fauna Braconidae es muy diversa pero se encuentra pobremente representada desde el punto de vista taxonómico, debido a que muy pocos entomólogos incursionan en el tema de la taxonomía de himenópteros bracónidos. Sin embargo existen registros de al menos 285 géneros y 600 especies (González, 2001; Delfín et al. 2002; Morales, 2007). Dentro de la familia Braconidae se encuentra la subfamilia Blacinae, en la cual se reconocen seis tribus, 12 géneros y más de 200 especies descritas en todo el mundo. Blacini es la tribu que posee la mayor cantidad de especies descritas y Blacus Nees el género más diverso (Van Achterberg, 1998). Las especies que pertenecen al género Blacus son muy comunes en regiones templadas y tropicales, los cuales se caracterizan por ser endoparasitoides de larvas de 1024 estafilínidos, anóbidos, criptofágidos, escolítidos, curculiónidos, nitidúlidos, melíridos y cerambícidos (Van Achterberg, 1988). De éste género existen registros de 189 especies en todo el mundo (Van Achterberg, 1976, 1988; Papp 1993; Belokobylskij 1995, 200; Ahmad y Shuja 2001; Sánchez et al. 2003; Ahmad y Ahmed, 2008), de las cuales 41 están presentes en el nuevo mundo (Van Achterberg, 1988; Papp, 1993; Sánchez, 2001) y precisamente 18 especies se registran en México (Sánchez et al. 2003; Figueroa et al. 2009; Sánchez et al. 2010). Estudios preliminares realizados en áreas forestales del estado de Michoacán indicaron la presencia de varias especies de Blacus (Esquivel et al., 2008; Figueroa et al., 2009), su reciente identificación condujo a conocer especies no reportadas. Por tal motivo, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo reportar por primera ocasión cuatro especies de Blacus del estado de Michoacán. Materiales y Método Sitio de trabajo. Se realizaron colectas mensuales, de marzo 2008 a febrero 2010, en el parque nacional “Cerro de Garnica” y el área forestal “Los Azufres”. El primer sitio de trabajo está ubicado en el municipio de Charo y se caracteriza por su abundante vegetación de pino- encino y amplia vegetación secundaria. El segundo sitio se ubica en el municipio de Ciudad Hidalgo y su vegetación se caracteriza por su abundancia de pinos y especies arbustivas. Ambos sitios presentan afectación por tala inmoderada, siendo “Cerro Garnica” el que presentó mayor grado de perturbación. El diseño de captura en ambos sitios consistió en un transecto lineal de 250 metros, donde se marcaron cinco parcelas de 25 metros cuadrados, con una distancia entre parcelas de 50 metros. Las coordenadas geográficas de las cinco parcelas estudiadas en “Cerro de Garnica” fueron: 19°40’028'N 100°49’682'O 2938 msnm, 19°39’996'N 100°49’672'O 2927 msnm, 19°39’969'N 100°49’655'O 2941 msnm, 19°39’946'N 100°49’640'O 2967 msnm y 19°39’919'N 100°49’628'O 2985 msnm; mientras que en “Los Azufres” fueron 19º45’439'N 100º41’296'O 2562 msnm, 19º45’449'N 100º41’305'O 2592 msnm, 19º45’471'N 100º41’339'O 2561 msnm, 19º45’496'N 100º41’354'O 2572 msnm, 19º45’519'N 100º41’378'O 2548 msnm. Colecta y preservación de ejemplares. En cada sitio de trabajo se instalaron entre la vegetación arbustiva y a nivel de la superficie del suelo 50 trampas amarillas (10 por parcela)las cuales consisten en colocar un plato amarillo con agua jabonosa y dos trampas malaise (una en cada extremo del transecto lineal). También se realizaron 50 redeos en las distancias recorridas entre parcelas. El tiempo de exposición de las trampas amarillas y malaise fue de 55 horas aproximadamente, mientras que las colectas con red de golpeo se realizaron dos veces, una el día de instalación de las trampas y otra cuando se retiraron. Los especímenes capturados fueron colocados en frascos con alcohol al 70% y etiquetados con su respectivo sitio de procedencia (coordenadas geográficas, método de colecta, fecha y colector). En laboratorio, los especímenes fueron procesados para su preservación, montaje e identificación a nivel de género con la clave de Wharton et al. (1997). Posteriormente se determinaron a nivel específico con los trabajos de Achterberg (1976, 1988), Sánchez (2001) y Sánchez et al (2010). Una vez que el material fue determinado y corroborado se registró toda la información respectiva de los ejemplares en una base de datos del programa PARADOX versión 4.5. Finalmente, todos los especímenes fueron depositados en la colección entomológica del Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales-UMSNH. 1025 Resultados Durante el periodo de estudio se capturaron un total de 60 ejemplares del género Blacus; 52 de ellos correspondieron a B. collaris Ashmead, cinco a B. cracentis Van Achterberg, dos a B. compressiventris Van Achterberg y uno a B. aulacis Van Achterberg. Los ejemplares de B. collaris se capturaron en casi todos los meses del año excepto en mayo, julio y diciembre. Caso contrario, B. compressiventris se encontró únicamente en julio y noviembre, B. cracentis en octubre y noviembre y B. aulacis solo en octubre. De los tres métodos empleados para capturar avispas Blacus, la trampa amarilla resultó ser el método de captura más efectivo ya que aportó el 93.3% (56 especímenes) del total de ejemplares obtenidos; además fue el único método que capturó las cuatro especies que se reportan en este trabajo. En términos de abundancia y diversidad de especies por sitio de estudio, el parque nacional “Cerro de Garnica” aportó la mayor abundancia y diversidad de especies, ya que se capturaron 57 ejemplares de las cuatro especies (Cuadro 1); en cambio, en el área forestal “Los Azufres” únicamente se encontró tres ejemplares de B. collaris. Cuadro 1. Número de especímenes de las especies del género Blacus capturados en dos áreas forestales de Michoacán. Área forestal Parque “Cerro Especie Total “Los Azufres” de Garnica” B. aulacis 0 1 1 B. collaris 3 49 52 B. compressiventris 0 2 2 B. cracentis 0 5 5 Total 60 Discusión y Conclusiones En áreas forestales de México poco se conoce acerca de la composición y diversidad de avispas parasíticas que lo habitan, lo que resalta la necesidad de realizar estudios faunísticos que permitan un mayor conocimiento de la biodiversidad existente. En el estado de Michoacán han sido pocos los estudios de esta índole, entre los que destaca los trabajos de Esquivel et al. (2008)y Flores (2009), quienes reportaron la existencia de 45 géneros de bracónidos para el “Parque Nacional osé María Morelos” y 59 géneros para el área forestal “Los Azufres”. En lo que se refiere a estudios faunísticos de bracónidos a nivel de especie, Figueroa et al. (2009) y Sánchez et al. (2010) registraron ochos especies de avispas del género Blacus en los parques nacionales “Cerro de Garnica”, “ osé María Morelos” y en el área forestal “Los Azufres”.
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