DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of the Floral Biology of Viciaria Amazonica (Poepp.) Sowerby (Nymphaeaceae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of the Floral Biology of Viciaria Amazonica (Poepp.) Sowerby (Nymphaeaceae) A study of the Floral Biology of Viciaria amazonica (Poepp.) Sowerby (Nymphaeaceae) Ghillean T. Prance (1) Jorge R. Arias (2) Abstract Victoria and the beetles which visit the flowers in large numbers, and to collect data A field study of the floral biology of Victoria on V. amazonica to compare with the data of amazonica (Poepp.) Sowerby (Nymphaeaceae) was Valia & Girino (1972) on V. cruziana. made for comparison with the many studies made in cultivated plants, of Victoria in the past. In thE: study areas in the vicinity of Manaus, four species HISTORY OF WORK ON THE FLORAL of Dynastid beetles were found in flowers of V. BIOLOGY OF VICTORIA. amazonica, three of the genus Cyclocephala and one o! Ligyrus . The commonest species of beetle The nomenclatura( and taxonomic history proved to be a new species of Cyclocephala and was found in over 90 percent of the flowers studied. of the genus has already been summarized in The flowers of V. amazonica attract beetles by Prance (1974). where it has been shown that their odour and their white colour on the first the correct name for the Amazonian species day that they open. The beetles are trapped in the of Victoria is V. amazonica, and not the more flower for twenty-four hours and feed on the starchy carpellary appendages. Observations were frequently used name, V. regia. The taxonomic made of flower temperature, which is elevated up history is not treated further here. to 11 aC above ambient temperature, when the flower Victoria amazonica has been a subject of emits the odour to attract the beetles. Observa­ tions on beetle frequency, the number of floral interest in Amazonia for many years, and parts, seed dispersai and the evolutionary develop­ there are severa( extant versions of the lndian ment of cantharophily are also presented. legend attached to the plant. One of these versions is given below. lt shows that the Tupi lndians regarded the flowers of Victoria as !NTRODUCTION objects of great beauty. The Tupi Legend of Victoria We, a botanist and an entomologist wor­ king together in Amazonia, decided to inves­ The elders of the tribe say that Nauê, the beautiful daughter of the chieftain, fell in love with tigate the floral biology of Victoria amazonica. the moon when she saw its reflection in the water Since the subject proved very interesting the one night. From then on Nauê went to look at the study became more detailed than we had ori­ reflection, which, the shaman said, was the prince ginally intended it to be. Although there is of the region of Iuaca . After several days the moon much literature about the floral biology of disappeared from the Iake, and Nauê became very sad and fell sick for a month. One night in her Victoria, most of the significant work has been love-sick delirium Nauê saw the moon reflected carried out in greenhouses in Europe, and not again in the Iake, and to embrace the body of her in the plant's native habitat. Accordingly, we lover she threw herself in the water and disappea­ have tried to study the plant in central Ama­ red. 'l'upã the god touched by the fate of Nauê transformed her into the most beautiful flower of zonia over a one-year period, in order to con­ the lakes, Victoria amazonica. firm observations made in greenhouses, to integrate the various other studies made in Many years after the lndian legend carne the field of some aspects of the subject, to into existence, Victoria amazonica was disco­ find out more about the inter-relation between vered by scientists of the western world, and ( 1 ) - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia e B. A. Krukoff Cu rato r of Amazonian Botany, The New York Botanical Garden. ( 2) - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus. ACTA AMAZONICA 5(2): 109-139. 1975 - 109 from the fírst they made observatíons and recorded was 1O. 2°C at 19: 15 hours (3). Knoch comments on aspects of the floral biology. observed the flowers opening in the early Schomburgk, (1837), was the first botanist to evening, and emmitting a strong odour at that note the presence of beetles in the flowers time, the flowers closing the following mor­ of V. amazonica. Schomburgk mentioned the ning, changing colour during the day and re­ genus Trichius as the possible identification opening on the second day between 17:00 and of the beetles, and this observation was re­ 18:00 hours, when the pollen was released. peated by Lindley (1838) in his description of He could not observe the pollinators in Ger­ the synonym Victoria regia based on Schom­ many, but assumed that they were trapped in burgk's material . the flower during the second day, and released Bridges, (in Hooker 1847), described the when the flowers opened to release the evening opening of the flowers and noted the pollen. He also noted that self-pollination was change of colou r in the petals. He also des­ possible, and that the fertilized flowers soon cribed the fruity smell of the flowers of Victo­ became submerged. Knoch also studied the ria which he had observed in Bolívia. physiology and chemistry of the carpellary Fitch and Hooker, (1851), made observa­ appendages, including the chemical changes tions on the first opening of the first green­ which took place during flowering and the house material to flower in England. co2 released by the respiration. Malme, (1907). in a detailed taxonomic Planchon, (1850-1851). was the first person discussion of V. cruziana treats the floral bio­ to comment on the temperatura difference logy little, but he refers to previous work, between the air and the interior of the flower. such as that of Knoch and Caspary, and cites H e recorded a 6°C. difference in the material Cyc/ocephala as a visitar to the flowers. grown in Ghent, Belgium . Otto (1952). also Archangeli, (1908). made a similar study ínvestigated the flower temperatura in mate­ of V. amazonica grown at Pisa, ltaly. He rial grown at Hamburg, and recorded a 5° tem­ concentrated on the fertílization aspects, and peratura difference. obtained reasonable seed-set from self-fertili­ Caspary (1855a,b) also made detailed zation. H e found that the stigma remained studies of the temperatura changes (see Fig. receptiva on the second night. Archangeli re­ 1) and commented that cross-pollination was fered to the literatura citing the scarab beetle necessary for seed-set; an observation which Cyc/ocepha/a castanea Oliv. as the pollinator, was later disproved by various workers, in­ and he commented that it was probable that cluding the present ones. more than one species of beetle was involved The most detailed European work on the in the pollination; a fact that we have now floral biology of V. amazonica is that of Knoch established. (1899), who studied the anatomy, the flower Decker, (1939), said that flowers studied opening, and the temperatura changes of in Amazonian Brazil showed a temperatura cultivated material . Knoch studied the tem­ difference of 11° - 14°C, between the envi­ peratura changes of individual parts of the ronment and the flower interior. He also said flower in considerable detail, and showed that that self-fertilization did not occur in V. ama­ most of the heat is generated from the car­ zonica. pellary appendages, but that the paracarpels Many other authors of the present cen­ also produce heat. (The terms used here for tury have commented on these observations, these parts follow those of Caspary, (1878). or have repeated in part the work of some of and of Knoch, as there has been much confu­ the previous workers, for example: Arbor sion in the nomenclatura of the floral parts). (1920). Knoll (1956). Werth (1956), Meeuse Knoch compa.red his results with those of (1961), Percival (1965), Sculthorpe (1967). Caspary . The maximum temperatura differen­ Kugler (1970), Gottsberger (1974). Weidlich ce between ambient and flower which he (pers. comm.). ( 3 l - Some of hls results are reproduced here for cornparison with ou r results. (Fig. 2). 110- Prance & AriM .. , .... , f ', / ' ' I \ / \ ' / " ' / ' / , -- -'"- I ' I ' I ', I ' I I ' \ I ' ' I ' I ' \ ' f ., , ' ' I \ / ... ..... __ ., --· ' ', I ',', f \ I ' I \ \ ........ __ _,. \ 4 ·· ... -···· ·.. B .············ .. ~ . Qj a. .... E ···· ·· .... Qj ~16~--~~--~~--"1 6 18 20 ~--22 ~24~-- ~--2 --r.-4 --~r---~----~8 10 --~=---~~--12 14 r.r16 --~~--11 8 ~20--- Ti me Fig. 1. Graph of Caspary's results (1855) of the temperature of V. amazonica flowers. A flower temperature B: air temperature. Gessnerl (19601 1962). studied the flower tions in V. amazonica, and they noted the opening and showed clearly that it was rela­ colour and smell changes in the flowers . They ted to light intensity. The flowers opened as studied the emission of odour using the neu­ darkness increased . H e showedl by masking tra! red technique described by Vogel (1962). f lowers, that they could close in darkness at and showed that the odour carne from the any time after 16:00 hours . He also cited the petals as well as from the interior of the presence of the scarab beetle Cyclocephala flower. They made temperature readings and castanea Oliv. recorded a maximum of 7. 5°C difference Valia and Girino (1972) made a detailed between the ai r and the flower interior. Un­ two-month study of the floral biology of Victo­ fortunately, their temperature readings w ere ria cruziana, in its native habitat, in the Pro­ made in cut flowers taken to the laboratory, vince of Corrientes, Argentina. Their interes­ so that we do not have an exact comparison ting work enabled us to compare some as­ with our results which were obtained in the pects of our work on V.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Victoria: the Irg L Who Would Become Queen Lindsay R
    Volume 18 Article 7 May 2019 Victoria: The irG l Who Would Become Queen Lindsay R. Richwine Gettysburg College Class of 2021 Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj Part of the History Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Richwine, Lindsay R. (2019) "Victoria: The irlG Who Would Become Queen," The Gettysburg Historical Journal: Vol. 18 , Article 7. Available at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol18/iss1/7 This open access article is brought to you by The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The uC pola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Victoria: The irG l Who Would Become Queen Abstract This research reviews the early life of Queen Victoria and through analysis of her sequestered childhood and lack of parental figures explains her reliance later in life on mentors and advisors. Additionally, the research reviews previous biographical portrayals of the Queen and refutes the claim that she was merely a receptacle for the ideas of the men around her while still acknowledging and explaining her dependence on these advisors. Keywords Queen Victoria, England, British History, Monarchy, Early Life, Women's History This article is available in The Gettysburg Historical Journal: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol18/iss1/7 Victoria: The Girl Who Would Become Queen By Lindsay Richwine “I am very young and perhaps in many, though not in all things, inexperienced, but I am sure that very few have more real good-will and more real desire to do what is fit and right than I have.”1 –Queen Victoria, 1837 Queen Victoria was arguably the most influential person of the 19th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Wetlands, Biodiversity and the Ramsar Convention
    Wetlands, Biodiversity and the Ramsar Convention Wetlands, Biodiversity and the Ramsar Convention: the role of the Convention on Wetlands in the Conservation and Wise Use of Biodiversity edited by A. J. Hails Ramsar Convention Bureau Ministry of Environment and Forest, India 1996 [1997] Published by the Ramsar Convention Bureau, Gland, Switzerland, with the support of: • the General Directorate of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry of the Walloon Region, Belgium • the Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark • the National Forest and Nature Agency, Ministry of the Environment and Energy, Denmark • the Ministry of Environment and Forests, India • the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Sweden Copyright © Ramsar Convention Bureau, 1997. Reproduction of this publication for educational and other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior perinission from the copyright holder, providing that full acknowledgement is given. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. The views of the authors expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect those of the Ramsar Convention Bureau or of the Ministry of the Environment of India. Note: the designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Ranasar Convention Bureau concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Citation: Halls, A.J. (ed.), 1997. Wetlands, Biodiversity and the Ramsar Convention: The Role of the Convention on Wetlands in the Conservation and Wise Use of Biodiversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Primitive Angiosperm Flower – a Discussion*
    Acta Bot. Neerl. 23(4), August 1974, p. 461-471. The structure and function of the primitive Angiosperm flower – a discussion* Gerhard Gottsberger Departamentode Botanica, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas e Biologicas de Botucatu, Estado de Sao Paulo, Brazil SUMMARY Morphological and functional features of primitive entomophilous Angiosperm flowers are discussed and confronted with modem conceptions onearly Angiosperm differentiation. Evidence is put forward to show that large, solitary and terminally-borne flowers are not most primitive in the Angiosperms, but rather middle-sized ones, groupedinto lateral flower aggregates or inflorescences. It is believed that most primitive, still unspecialized Angiosperm flowers were pollinated casuallyby beetles. Only in a later phase did they graduallybecome adaptedto the more effective but more devastating type of beetle pollination. Together with this specialization, flower enlargment, reduction of inflorescences, numerical increase of stamens and carpels, and their more dense aggregationand flatteningmight have occurred. In have maintained the archaic condi- regard to pollination,many primitive Angiosperms tion of because beetles still dominant insect whereas in cantharophily, are a group, dispersal they have been largely forced to switch over from the archaic saurochory to the more modern modes of dispersal by birds and mammals,since duringthe later Mesozoic the dominance of reptiles had come to an end. The prevailing ideas regarding the primitiveness of Angiosperm flower struc- be somewhat Is the
    [Show full text]
  • Visualising Victoria: Gender, Genre and History in the Young Victoria (2009)
    Visualising Victoria: Gender, Genre and History in The Young Victoria (2009) Julia Kinzler (Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany) Abstract This article explores the ambivalent re-imagination of Queen Victoria in Jean-Marc Vallée’s The Young Victoria (2009). Due to the almost obsessive current interest in Victorian sexuality and gender roles that still seem to frame contemporary debates, this article interrogates the ambiguous depiction of gender relations in this most recent portrayal of Victoria, especially as constructed through the visual imagery of actual artworks incorporated into the film. In its self-conscious (mis)representation of Victorian (royal) history, this essay argues, The Young Victoria addresses the problems and implications of discussing the film as a royal biopic within the generic conventions of heritage cinema. Keywords: biopic, film, gender, genre, iconography, neo-Victorianism, Queen Victoria, royalty, Jean-Marc Vallée. ***** In her influential monograph Victoriana, Cora Kaplan describes the huge popularity of neo-Victorian texts and the “fascination with things Victorian” as a “British postwar vogue which shows no signs of exhaustion” (Kaplan 2007: 2). Yet, from this “rich afterlife of Victorianism” cinematic representations of the eponymous monarch are strangely absent (Johnston and Waters 2008: 8). The recovery of Queen Victoria on film in John Madden’s visualisation of the delicate John-Brown-episode in the Queen’s later life in Mrs Brown (1997) coincided with the academic revival of interest in the monarch reflected by Margaret Homans and Adrienne Munich in Remaking Queen Victoria (1997). Academia and the film industry brought the Queen back to “the centre of Victorian cultures around the globe”, where Homans and Munich believe “she always was” (Homans and Munich 1997: 1).
    [Show full text]
  • JEWELS of the EDWARDIANS by Elise B
    JEWELS OF THE EDWARDIANS By Elise B. Misiorowski and Nancy K. Hays Although the reign of King Edward VII of ver the last decade, interest in antique and period jew- Great Britain was relatively short (1902- elry has grown dramatically. Not only have auction 1910), the age that bears his name produced 0 houses seen a tremendous surge in both volume of goods distinctive jewelry and ushered in several sold and prices paid, but antique dealers and jewelry retail- new designs and manufacturing techniques. ers alikereportthat sales inthis area of the industry are During this period, women from the upper- excellent and should continue to be strong (Harlaess et al., most echelons of society wore a profusion of 1992). As a result, it has become even more important for extravagant jewelry as a way of demon- strating their wealth and rank. The almost- jewelers and independent appraisers to understand-and exclusive use of platinum, the greater use of know how to differentiate between-the many styles of pearls, and the sleady supply of South period jewelry on the market. African diamonds created a combination Although a number of excellent books have been writ- that will forever characterize Edwardian ten recently on various aspects of period jewelry, there are jewels. The Edwardian age, truly the last so many that the search for information is daunting. The era of the ruling classes, ended dramatically purpose of this article is to provide an overview of one type with the onset of World War I. of period jewelry, that of the Edwardian era, an age of pros- perity for the power elite at the turn of the 19th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Victoria & Abdul
    Victoria & Abdul For those Anglophiles who want another immersion in the warm, luxurious stew of the British monarchy, look no further for your latest fix than “Victoria and Abdul,” an engaging if utterly predictable dip into late Victorianism by a whole passel of old British pros, plus an attractive newcomer. All you need to know is that Dame Judi Dench rules this film as Queen Victoria, way late in her reign, alienated from her son (the future Edward VII), sour as vinegar from her unending rule, and looking for some—any—breath of the novel and the fresh. As she herself admits when challenged in the film: ”I am cantankerous, greedy, fat; I am perhaps, disagreeably, attached to power.” Her relief comes in the form of one Abdul Karim, a young, literate Indian Muslim (Ali Fazal) who is selected to come to London from Agra in 1887 to deliver a special commemorative coin to Her Majesty on the occasion of her Golden Jubilee. Abdul is supposed to be invisible to the Queen, but instead he catches her eye, then her mood, and finally, her spirit to the point where he becomes her teacher, or “munshi,” in all things Muslim and Indian as well as serving as her clerk. Theirs is a relationship which appalls her family—including the Prince of Wales (a bombastic Eddie Izzard)— and the court—especially in the person of Sir Henry Ponsonby (the uptight Tim Pigott- Smith) but which lasted until the Queen’s death in 1901. Sound familiar? Of course, we are in the same realm as the earlier “Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • PR I Stl'/|Tilflr L{Rsl0l{Ht Lll
    E E ,noot tt||D ortaN iroroc] tt|9 ! wyt lLl.rFea. it.i!.n ti tr|llvttsrAs MUllAMMADll^l. MAtA116 ffi r PR I stl'/|tilflR l{Rsl0l{Ht lll 8l0t0Gl, PtilBnAJnRil 0l1l lltlGl(uxGlll lllltuP PtnsPIxllf lllrlR0lslPtltltfi va rFl - -, Ponruilh!,/0||nor ocltltillt: iluEomr[, S,?d., il.Pd. ttoGtlnrl0ll -tqt-, turb-lryr illiharlr, $]til. s.ld. saN 978 979 /96 2/4 { € 0iari lsmret, s.P!, tfd. -t- lHi sstyara||' s.Pd. ll.ld E' \.| ililltlilililltilililil r.oDr tti oror(^fa ar!(oar trrP ! t*r E .o{ouo! s{ | ferKl PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL III TAHUN 2017 “Biologi, Pembelajaran, dan Lingkungan Hidup Perspektif Interdisipliner” Diselenggarakan oleh Prodi Pendidikan Biologi-FKIP bekerjasama dengan Pusat Studi Lingkungan dan Kependudukan (PSLK) Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, tanggal 29 April 2017 KEANEKARAGAMAN SERANGGA PERMUKAAN TANAH DAN PERANANNYA DI EKOSISTEM HUTAN HUJAN TROPIS RANU PANI The Diversity of Surface Soil Insect in the Tropical Rainforest of Ranu Pani Yanika Bano Marheni1, Abdulkadir Rahardjanto2, Iin Hindun3 1,2,2Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi FKIP Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang Jl. Raya Tlogomas 246 Malang, HP. 08565297125 e-mail korespondensi: [email protected] ABSTRAK Serangga merupakan kelompok Arthropoda yang dominan di muka bumi dibanding dengan hewan lainnya. Serangga memiliki peranan dalam membentuk keseimbangan ekosistem. Serangga permukaan tanah sering dianggap sebagai parasit, padahal memiliki peranan yang penting dalam ekosistem, yaitu sebagai herbivor, karnivor, dekomposer, pollinator, parasitoid, dan predator. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui keanekaragaman serangga permukaan tanah dan peranannya di ekosistem hutan hujan tropis Ranu Pani, TNBTS. Penelitian dilakukan di Blok Puyer. Jenis penelitian adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Teknik penangkap serangga menggunakan perangkap jebak pitfall trap.
    [Show full text]
  • 2279 Knapp-Checklisttag.Indd
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 9: 15–179Checklist (2012) of vascular plants of the Department of Ñeembucú, Paraguay 15 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.9.2279 CHECKLIST www.phytokeys.com Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Checklist of vascular plants of the Department of Ñeembucú, Paraguay Juana De Egea1,2, Maria Peña-Chocarro1, Cristina Espada1, Sandra Knapp1 1 Department of Botany, Th e Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom 2 Wildlife Conservation Society Paraguay, Capitán Benitez Vera 610, Asunción, Paraguay Corresponding author: S. Knapp ([email protected]) Academic editor: Susanne Renner | Received 25 October 2011 | Accepted 6 January 2012 | Published 30 January 2012 Citation: De Egea J, Peña-Chocarro M, Espada C, Knapp S (2012) Checklist of vascular plants of the Department of Ñeembucú, Paraguay. PhytoKeys 9: 15–179. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.9.2279 Abstract Th e Department of Ñeembucú is one of the least well-documented areas of eastern Paraguay, and the fl ora is composed of a mixture of forest and Chaco elements. Regions like Ñeembucú are often considered of lower diversity and interest that more forested regions; this results from both actual species richness fi gures and from under-collecting due to perception as uninteresting. We present here a checklist of the vascular plants of Ñeembucú, which includes 676 taxa (including infraspecifi c taxa and collections identifi ed only to genus) in 100 families and 374 genera. Four hundred and thirty nine (439) of these are new records for Ñeembucú and of these, 4 are new published records for Paraguay.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies of the Floral Biology of Neotropical Nymphaeaceae. 3
    Studies of the floral biology of neotropical Nymphaeaceae. 3 Ghillean T. Prance (") Anthony B. Anderson (*") Abstract STUDY AREA A fíeld study of the floral bio1ogy of two In the vicinity of Manaus Nymphaea rud­ species of Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) w:>.s made. N. rudgeana G .F.W. Meyer, a night nowering geana was observed at the two localities cited species, was studied around Manaus and Belém. above, on the Manaus-ltacoatiara road. The It is visited by the scarab beotle Cyclocephala Rio Preto site is a natural area where the plant castanea Oliv. in the Manaus vicinity and by ·C. grows in sha llow water (20-100 em depth) at verticalis Burro. in the Belém vicinity. N. rudgeana the river margin. The km 39 site is an arti­ is protogynous and cross-pollination is quite fre. quent. N. ampla (Salisb.) DC. , a day flowering ficial lake caused by the road embankment in species, was studied near Salvador, Bahia. This an area that was formerly forest on h!gh species is visited by tbe bee species Trigona spini. grouna. pes. N. ampla is not protogynous and is largely Here N. rudgeana completely covers the sur­ self.fertilized, although a small amount of cross­ .fertilization may occur through the activity of the face of the lake, which has a small stream Trigona bees. running through it. lNTRODUCTION OBSERVATIONS Following the study of the biology of N. rudgeana is a night flowering species in Victoria amazonica (Poepp.) Sowerby made by which the flowers open for two consecutive the senior author (Prance & Arias, 1975; Pran­ nights and are visited by the scarab beetle ce et a/.
    [Show full text]
  • FACT SHEET Frogmore House Frogmore House
    FACT SHEET Frogmore House Frogmore House is a private, unoccupied residence set in the grounds of the Home Park of Windsor Castle. It is frequently used by the royal family for entertaining. It was recently used as the reception venue for the wedding of The Queen’s eldest grandson, Peter Phillips, to Autumn Kelly, in May 2008. How history shaped Frogmore The estate in which Frogmore House now lies first came into royal ownership in the 16th century. The original Frogmore House was built between 1680 and 1684 for tenants Anne Aldworth and her husband Thomas May, almost certainly to the designs of his uncle, Hugh May who was Charles II’s architect at Windsor. From 1709 to 1738 Frogmore House was leased by the Duke of NorthumberlandNorthumberland, son of Charles II by the Duchess of Cleveland. The House then had a succession of occupants, including Edward Walpole, second son of the Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole. In 1792 George III (r. 1760-1820) bought Frogmore House for his wife Queen CharlotteCharlotte, who used it for herself and her unmarried daughters as a country retreat. Although the house had been continuously occupied and was generally in good condition, a number of alterations were required to make it fit for the use of the royal family, and architect James Wyatt was appointed to the task. By May 1795, Wyatt had extended the second floor and added single- storey pavilions to the north and south of the garden front, linked by an open colonnade and in 1804 he enlarged the wings by adding a tall bow room and a low room beyond, to make a dining room and library at the south end and matching rooms at the north.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollen Ontogeny in Victoria (Nymphaeales)
    Int. J. Plant Sci. 174(9):1259–1276. 2013. ᭧ 2013 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 1058-5893/2013/17409-0006$15.00 DOI: 10.1086/673246 POLLEN ONTOGENY IN VICTORIA (NYMPHAEALES) Mackenzie L. Taylor,1,* Patrick J. Hudson,2,† Jolene M. Rigg,† Julie N. Strandquist,† Julie Schwartz Green,3,† Tara C. Thiemann,4,† and Jeffrey M. Osborn‡ *Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA; †Department of Biology, Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri 63501, USA; and ‡School of Science, College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628, USA Editor: William E. Friedman Premise of research. Water lilies (Nymphaeales) make up one of the oldest independent lineages of an- giosperms. The giant water lily, Victoria, exhibits pollination and floral traits that are derived within Nym- phaeales. Specialization in pollination and floral biology is often reflected in pollen traits, and in Victoria,this is evidenced by the production of permanent tetrads. Compound pollen has evolved many times across the angiosperm phylogeny, but compound pollen development has been investigated in only a few taxa, and the degree of developmental variation in microspore cohesion is unknown. This article comprehensively charac- terizes the pollen ontogenetic sequence in Victoria for the first time. Methodology. Floral buds of Victoria amazonica, Victoria cruziana, and Longwood hybrid were field collected. Anthers at the sporogenous, microspore mother cell, tetrad, “free” microspore, and mature pollen grain stages were studied using combined LM/SEM/TEM. Pivotal results. Microspore cohesion in Victoria differs from that exhibited by the few compound pollen- producing taxa that have been studied. In Victoria, the calymmate tetrads fuse via crosswall cohesion, but cytoplasmic connections are transient and do not serve as a template for wall bridge formation.
    [Show full text]
  • PART 2 AUTHOR INDEX of ARTICLES in the I.W.G.S. LIBRARY C = Copy Sheets
    5 PART 2 AUTHOR INDEX OF ARTICLES IN THE I.W.G.S. LIBRARY c = copy sheets Abbott, Charles C. 1888. NYMPHAEA TUBEROSA IN EASTERN WATERS. Garden & Forest (issue unknown) c1 Ames, Oakes. 1900. AN INTERESTING GROUP OF NEW HYBRID BLOOMING NYMPHAEAS. American Gardening 21:644 c1 Anderson, Edgar. 1965. VICTORIA WATER LILIES. Mo. Bot. Gard. Bull. 53(5): 1-18 c11 Anderson, Fred. WATER LILIES FOR COOL SUMMER BEAUTY. Horticulture. August 1960: c2 Anderson, Michael G. & S.W. Idso. 1987. SURFACE GEOMETRY AND STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE EFFECTS ON EVAPORATION FROM AQUATIC MACROPHYTES. Water Resources Research. 23(6):1037-1042 c6 Andre {Editor of Revue Horticole}.1896. NEW HARDY WATER LILIES .The Garden 50:325 c1 Anthony, John. AN ILLUSTRATED LIFE OF SIR JOSEPH PAXTON. Shire Lifelines Book No. 21 c25 Armstrong, Wayne P. 1983a. A MARRIAGE BETWEEN A FERN AND AN ALGA. Environmental Southwest. Winter 1983: 20-24 c5 -----1983b THE WORLD'S SMALLEST WILDFLOWER. Environment Southwest, Summer 1983: 17-21 c5 Aston, Helen I. 1973. NYMPHOIDES OF AUSTRALIA. c13 -----1982 . NEW AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF NYMPHOIDES. Muelleria 5:35-51 c17 -----1984. NYMPHOIDES TRIANGULARIS AND N. ELLIPTICA; TWO NEW AUSTRALIAN SPECIES. Muelleria 5265-270 c6 -----1985a. MONOCHORIA CYANEA AND M. AUSTRALASICA IN AUSTRALIA. Muelleria 651-57 c7. -----1985b. NYMPHOIDES OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Freshwater plants of PNG: 180-185 c6 -----1986. NYMPHOIDES DISPERMA. Muelleria 6(3):197-200 c4 -----1987a. LYMNOPHYTON AUSTRALIENSE A NEW GENERIC RECORD FOR AUSTRALIA. Muelleria 6(5):311-316 c6 -----1987b. NYMPHOIDES BELEGENSIS. Mulleria 6(5): 359-362 c4 -----1997. NYMPHOIDES SPINULOSPERMA: A NEW SPECIES FROM S.E.
    [Show full text]