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The Role of M.C.Rajah for the Political and Social Mukt Shabd Journal ISSN NO : 2347-3150 THE ROLE OF M.C.RAJAH FOR THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ELEVATION OF ‘DALITS’ Dr.R.Sekar, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Thiruvalluvar Government Arts, Rasipuram. Abstract : Dalits or Scheduled Castes suffered politically, economically and socially. They should not elevated any rights during the past times. During 20th century, the differences of organizations, leaders and movements worked for elevation of Dalits. The leaders started their work for Dalits by movements, associations and as legislation member into bodies of Government, etc., M.C.Rajah was the most popular leader among various Dalits leaders during British rule. This paper M.C.Rajah analysed the contribution for Dalits. Keyword : M.C.Rajah, Scheduled Castes, Legislative Member, M.C.Rajah Moonjee Pact, Poona Pact, Separate Electorates, Temple Entry Bill. Introduction : Indian society divided as caste groups. According to Manu Script, there are four castes i.e., Brahmin, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Sudras in the Indian society. From time immemorial, Dalits group created by High Hindu Castes. Dalits treated as untouchables by caste Hindus. Dalits are suppressed their life in the Indian Society. They are considered as marginalized people. Their rights were denied by Hindu society. They are faced many issues by Hindu society. During the 19th century, after coming of Europeans, Dalits issue echoed in the society among the various issues. The Missionaries, Government movements and leaders took effort for elevate the Dalits. The initial stage of 20th centuries, several leaders worked hard for Dalits uprising from all castes. M.C.Rajah was one of the Dalits leaders in Tamil Nadu. This article find out the meaning of Dalits and also the role of M.C.Rajah for the elevation of Dalits. Scheduled Castes : In the Indian context, the ‘Dalits’ of today are the ‘Depressed Classes’ of the yester-years. Nowadays, the term ‘Dalits’ is a popular term used to denote the untouchables of India1. This term was first used by Babasaheb Dr.B.R.Ambedkar to denote the Scheduled Castes. This term became applicable only to the members of the Mahar Community in Maharashtra but later it included all the Scheduled castes, Scheduled Tribes, Neo-Buddhists, Landless labourers and those economically exploited. In Tamil Nadu, Adi dravidas who were called as Panchamas, Paraiyas, Depressed Classes, Scheduled Castes, Harijans, etc2., Changes which took place in the terminology of the Depressed Classes did not end with the change to “Adi-Dravidas”. An Order-in-Council issued under the Government of India Act of 1935 listed all the hereditary Untouchable Communities in the different Volume IX, Issue X, OCTOBER/2020 Page No : 429 Mukt Shabd Journal ISSN NO : 2347-3150 provinces in a special schedule. There after these castes came to be designated as ‘Scheduled Castes’3. In the list concerning Madras Presidency, eighty six communities came under the category of ‘Scheduled Castes’. The Scheduled Castes and Tribes were Christened as ‘Harijans’ by Mahatma Gandhi. The literal meaning of the term ‘Harijan’ is ‘Children of God’. Mahatma Gandhi used the term ‘Harijan’ to mean ‘Men of God’4. M.C.Rajah raised strong objection to Gandhi's calling the Depressed Classes as Harijans. Rajah’s contention was that the term ‘Harijan’ meaning ‘Children of God’ denoted all Hindus and hence inappropriate for the Depressed Classes. He regarded names like ‘Adi-Dravida’, ‘Adi-Andhra’ and ‘Adi-Karnataka’ appropriate. Rajah asserted that the castes concerned could very well adopt a name for themselves and that no one else had the right to give them a name5. Adi-Dravidas : The term Adi-Dravidas was not in use before 1921. The Untouchables of Tamil Nadu were called Panchamas, Paraiahs and similar names. M.C.Rajah moved a resolution 1922 in Madras Legislative Council stating that in the place in terms like Paraiah, Panchamas, etc., Adi-Dravida is to be used in Tamil section, Adi-Andhra in Telugu Region, Adi-Karnataka in Kannada region. And the resolution was that in Government records the terms Adi-Dravida, Adi-Andhra, Adi-Karnataka should be used6. Socio-Economic and Political Status of the Dalits : From the early stage of 1920 in Tamil Nadu, Dalits were affected socially, economically, educationally and politically. The Untouchables have been kept down by the Caste Hindus. The Untouchables who were one fifth of the total population of Madras Presidency were oppressed, suppressed depressed and defiled as dust. Social and religious traditions were in operation against the Depressed Classes for centuries. They were suffered by Hindu caste people. Their miserable condition and consequent struggles they raged to liberate themselves from the oppressors need a study. Their movement against external and internal exploitation formed an integral part of the national movement. These movements, although were in grand scale at the national level, in the local level certain great personalities like M.C.Rajah, the pioneer of the Depressed Classes movement in the South created a landmark in the pages of social history of India. Early Life of M.C.Rajah : Mylai Chinnathambi Rajah (M.C.Rajah) hailed from a family belonging to one of the Untouchable Communities in Tamil Nadu. He was born on Friday 17th June 1883, in his maternal grandfather's house at St.Thomas Mount, a suburb of Madras City7. St.Thomas Mount, South East of Madras City is a historical place which turned as a bed Volume IX, Issue X, OCTOBER/2020 Page No : 430 Mukt Shabd Journal ISSN NO : 2347-3150 rock of political supremacy between the alien groups, the French and the English in the 18th century. In his school days, he was a sports man, orator, and rank holder. He was a very brilliant student but always seemed to be in philosophical mood. In those days even, in the schools both students and teachers used to wear the ‘European model’ of dress, hats and shoes. After completion of school study, he joined Madras Christian College. In such meticulous circumstance, when M.C.Rajah was admitted in the Madras Christian College. Rev. Dr. Miller loved him and embraced him at the very first sight of Rajah’s admission into the college. Rajah as a youngster looked like a typical Dravidian type of physique with a broad round face and twinkling moustache. After completing his Teacher’s Training. He joined as a teacher in Wesley High school and was promoted as a Superintendent for his ability to do service. Then he joined Voorhees College, Vellore, North Arcot District and served there as a best teacher who was loved by students and staff alike. He has selected the noble profession and served the students particularly the downtrodden children to uplift them in all walks of life. He often used to quote Ravindranath Tagore who won the Nobel prize for his monumental work, Gitanjali8. He evinced a keen and practical interest in the spread of education. He is author, of many school books. He served on various educational committees. In 1917, H.E.Lord Pentland announced that he was nominated to Elementary Education Committee. In 1919, he served on the Select Committee of the Elementary Education Bill. He was also a member of the Secondary Education Re-organization Committee, Tamil University, the advisory committee on education and the Chingleput District Elementary Education Committee. In 1924, H.E.Lord Willingdon nominated him to the Senate of Madras University. Rajah with the co-operation of Mr.T.S.Ramswamy Iyer founded a free hostel for the benefit of the Depressed Class students, the management of which was afterwards taken over by the Government. In 1926, he was nominated to the Paddison Hostel Committee. In 1997, Lord Goshen recognizing his wide experience in the educational field nominated him for the second time to the Senate of the Madras University9. Law Member : The Madras Government had started the practice of nominating members to the Legislative Council to represent the particular castes even before the Act of 1919 and set apart ten seats for nominations of the members to represent the Depressed Classes. In 1919, M.C.Rajah was nominated to represent the Adi-Dravidas, move which was hailed by the spokesman of the Depressed Classes, and condemned by Nationalist. It simulated demands from certain other castes for the nomination of their members also. Under the Reforms of 1919 the Governor of Madras was instructed to nominate one each from the following castes generally considered ‘Depressed’ - Paraiyans, Pallans, Valluvans, Volume IX, Issue X, OCTOBER/2020 Page No : 431 Mukt Shabd Journal ISSN NO : 2347-3150 Malas, Matigas, Chakkiliyans, Tottiyans, Cherumas and Holeyas10. Simultaneously, there broke out a massive violence in B & C mill in 1921. Casteism ran riot in all region. Curfew was imposed. Dalits found it difficult to came out of their residence. Leaders like L.C.Gurusamy, M.C.Raja and Samy Desikanandha took efforts to maintain peace and protection for Dalits for which they sought the support of British government. 1921- MLC(MLA) 22 Years as honorary. M.C.Rajah was the first member of Depressed Classes to be thus nominated in the whole of the Birth India. In the central legislature there was no member of the Depressed Classes till M.C.Rajah was nominated, in 1927. The position in the Local Boards was no better. In many Local Boards the Depressed Classes had no representation at all11. M.C.Rajah - Moonjee Pact : M.C.Rajah demanded separate Electorate for Dalits in various conferences particularly all the depressed class leaders and associations from all parts of India at Tirunelveli, Chennai, Calicut (Kerala), Banaras, Nagpur, Kampte and Delgaum. M.C.Rajah made a pact with Dr. Moonjee. This pact introduced reserved seats in Joint Electorate.
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