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Older New chennai ➢ Chennai, formerly Madras, city, capital of state. Known as the “Gateway to South . ➢ Chennai is the 400 year old city is the 31st largest metropolitan area in the world. ➢ Chennai is the India’s fifth largest city. : ➢ Originally known as "Madras", was located in the province of , an area lying between of and the of .

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➢ The name Madras was Derived from Madrasan a fisherman head who lived in coastal area of Madras. ➢ The Original Name of Madras Is Puliyur kottam which is 2000 year old Tamil ancient name. ➢ Tondaimandalam was ruled in the 2nd century CE by Ilam Tiraiyan who was a representative of the Chola family at . ➢ Chennai was ruled by cholas, satavahanas,pallavas and Pandiyas. ➢ The Vijayanagar rulers appointed chieftain known as Nayaks who ruled over the different regions of the province almost independently. ➢ Damarla Venkatapathy Nayak, an influential chieftain under Venkata III, who was in-charge of the area of present Chennai city, gave the grant of a piece of land lying between the river Cooum almost at the point it enters the sea and another river known as river to the English in 1639. ➢ On this piece of waste land was founded the Fort St. George exactly for business considerations. ➢ In honour of Chennappa Nayak, father of Venkatapathy Nayak, who controlled the entire coastal country from in the north to the Portuguese settlement of , the settlement which had grown up around Fort St. George was named after Chennapatanam.

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➢ Sir Edward Elliot was the important of Chennai . He appointed a Judicial Commission with Munro as its President in 1814.

➢ He tried his best to improve literacy. Important improvement made to Chennai city during the first half of the 19th century was the progress made in the establishment of institutions for professional and technical education.

➢ After the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, Madras was the first province of British India to implement a system of dyarchy. The officially changed the name of the city to Chennai in 1996.

Geography: ➢ Chennai is located at 13.04°N 80.17°E on the southeast coast of India and in the northeast corner of Tamil Nadu. ➢ It is located on a flat coastal plain known as the Eastern Coastal Plains. The city has an average elevation of 6 metres (20 ft), its highest point being 60 m (200 ft).

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Climate: ➢ Chennai lies on the thermal equator and is also coastal, which prevents extreme variation in seasonal temperature. ➢ For most of the year, the weather is hot and humid. The hottest part of the year is late May and early June, known locally as "Agni Nakshatram" ("fire star") or as "Kathiri Veyyil", with maximum temperatures around 38–42 °C (100–107 °F). ➢ The coolest part of the year is January, with minimum temperatures around 19–20 °C (66–68 °F). The lowest temperature recorded is 4.8 °C (40.64 °F) and highest 45 °C (113 °F)(30 May 2003). ➢ The average annual rainfall is about 1,300 mm (51 inches). The city gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the north-east monsoon winds, from mid- September to mid-December. ➢ Cyclones in the sometimes hit the city. Highest annual rainfall recorded is 2,570 mm in 2005.

Administration of Chennai: ➢ Chennai city is governed by the Chennai (formerly ―Corporation of Madras), which was established in 1688. ➢ It is the oldest municipal corporation in India and the second oldest corporation in the world.

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➢ In 2011, the jurisdiction of the Chennai Corporation was expanded from174 kms (67 sq mi) to an area of 426 kms(164 sq mi), dividing into three regions: ❖ North, ❖ South and ❖ Central. ➢ The corporation is headed by an Indian Administrative Service officer. The and councilors of the city are elected through a popular vote by the residents.

The , commissioned in 1913, houses the Chennai Corporation.

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➢ Chennai, as the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu, houses the state executive and legislative headquarters primarily in the Secretariat Buildings in the Fort St George campus.

LAW AND ORDER OF CHENNAI: ➢ The Madras , is the highest judicial authority in the state, whose jurisdiction extends across Tamil Nadu and .

Madras high court ➢ The Greater Chennai is the main law enforcement agency in the city.

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➢ It consists of 170 Police stations out of which 35 and all women police stations and is headed by a commissioner of police. ➢ The Chennai police is a division of the , and the administrative control lays with the Tamil Nadu Home Ministry.

Demography:

Popultion as per 2020:

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Sex ratio and Literacy:

Sex Ratio (Per 989 1000)

Child Sex Ratio 950 (0-6 Age)

Average 90.18 Literacy

Male Literacy 93.70

Female 86.64 Literacy

Religion wise Chennai Population: As per the 2011 census, Chennai population religion wise: ➢ 80.7% are Hindu population, ➢ 9.4% are Muslim population, ➢ 7.7% are Christian and ➢ 1.1% are Jains.

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Languages spoken in Chennai: ➢ Tamil is widely spoken language in Chennai with 78%, followed by ➢ Telugu with 9.7%, ➢ Urdu with 4.1%, ➢ with 2.6%, ➢ with 2.4% and ➢ with 0.5%.

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Some of the Old Chennai images:

Masula Boats and Shipping – First Line Beach – 1915 Madras (Chennai) Harbour

Parry’s Corner –1890 Higginbotham’s – 1950

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Chepauk Palace – Madras (Chennai) – 1890

Important places in Chennai:

Royapuram: Railway Station is the oldest railway station in which was opened in 1856.

Spencer Plaza: ➢ The was established by Charles Durant and J.W.Spencer in , . ➢ It was built in the year 1863-1864.

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➢ It was built during the period of .

The original Spencer Plaza – Madras (Chennai) – 1863

➢ It is the oldest shopping mall in India. ➢ It is an example of Indo-Saracenic style of architecture.

Mayor: ➢ The corporation of Madras is the second oldest in the world and first in India. ➢ The Corporation of Madras was inaugurated on 29 September 1688 based on a charter issued by James II King of . ➢ The corporation of a city or town is headed by the mayor.

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➢ The mayor is the first citizen of the city.

Higginbotham: ➢ Higginbotham is the oldest existing bookshop in India. ➢ It was found by Abel Joshua Higginbotham. ➢ It was found in the year 1844 in Madras Presidency, British Raj. ➢ Higginbotham has a total of 22 branches in India.

Bharathiyar Illam: ➢ The Bharathiyar Illam is located at , Chennai, Tamil Nadu. ➢ Bharathiyar Illam is the house in Chennai where Subramanya Bharathi, the great Tamil poet spent his final years of his life.

It was open for public only since 2 October 1993.

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Bharatanatyam: ➢ The is a major or popular genre of Indian classical dance which originated in Tamil Nadu. ➢ It’s existence is marked in the ancient Tamil epic ‘Silappathikaram’ during the period of 2nd century CE. ➢ Bharatanatyam could possibly be the oldest classical dance in India.

Government Museum:

The Architectural Beauty of the Government Museum

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➢ Established in 1851, this is one the most important places of Chennai which highlight the significance of South India. ➢ Being the second most established gallery of India, this is the best historical place in Chennai.

Valluvar Kottam:

Chariot-shaped Monument at

➢ Valluvar Kottam was built in the year 1976 to honour the great classical Tamil poet and saint Tiruvalluvar who wrote the famous Thirukkural.

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➢ Three thousand stone blocks were used to create this memorial. ➢ All the 133 chapters of his work Thirukkural have been inscribed in the front hall corridor. ➢ A life-sized statue of the poet is mounted inside the monument which has been built in the shape of a chariot (39 meter high). ➢ The place also boasts of a huge auditorium which can accommodate around 4000 people and is believed to be the largest auditorium in .

Fort St George:

➢ Founded in 1644 and also known as the white town, Fort St George is the place from where Company used to work.

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➢ One of the top places to know the past of Old Madras, this is also a must-visit place for the history lovers in Chennai. ➢ Currently, the place houses the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly and different more official buildings.

Alamparai Fort:

➢ Erected in the 17th century when Mughals were ruling the country, the Alamparai Fort lies on a land that is overlooking the sea. ➢ Once this place was a spot from where zari cloth, ghee, and salt used to export from a stretched 100-meter dockyard.

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➢ The Fort has a long history which shows how French captured the fort from Mughals and then lost to Britishers who destroyed the construction in 1760 AD after catering it. ➢ The remaining structure gives an amazing sightseeing experience to the visitors.

SanThome Cathedral

➢ San Thome Cathedral is known as the most popular religious destination of Chennai.

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➢ The Architectural design of this is the most amazing attraction of this beautifully constructed structure which travelers notice. ➢ The place is constructed over the grave of Saint Thomas in 16th Century by the Portuguese.

➢ The current version of this holy place was again rebuilt by the Britishers in the year 1893.

➢ The fact that this church is one of the three churches which was constructed over the tomb of an important Christian teacher is the biggest fact.

Triplicane Big ➢ Triplicane Big Mosque (also called Wallajah Mosque) is a mosque located in Triplicane High Road, Triplicane in Chennai, the capital of the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ➢ Constructed in the Mughal architectural style, the mosque was built in 1795 by the family of Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah, the of Arcot during 1765. ➢ It has a large prayer hall, a tank and a large ground in front. The entire structure is constructed with granite without the use of iron or wood. ➢ There is no fixed architectural style, though the two minarets are characteristic of .

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Triplicane Big Mosque

Arignar Anna Zoological Park:

➢ Established in 1855, the most interesting fact about Arignar Anna Zoological Park is that it is the first ever zoo in India. ➢ This is a massive zoo which covers 510 hectares of land where 170 different species of wildlife can be seen. ➢ This is undoubtedly the most amazing spot for wild animal lovers or wildlife photographers. ➢ Some of the most famous animals such as tiger, lion, hyena elephants, fathers etc. can be spotted at this zoo.

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➢ There is a facility of battery operated vehicles for those who don’t want to walk around the park.

Connemara Public Library

➢ This is the place which is not less than a paradise for the readers. Established in 1896, at , you can find a wide variety of the rare books and many other books on different subjects and topics. ➢ The stunning architectural design of this library is a mixture of the Southern Hindu Decani, Rajput, Gothic, and Mughals.

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Connemara Public Library

Anna Centenary Library: ➢ The (ACL), a state-of the-art library was inaugurated on September 15, 2010 on the occasion of the 102nd birth anniversary of the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Dr. C N Annadurai popularly called ‘ANNA’. ➢ By reason of his great interest towards the books and library, this library is named as ‘Anna Centenary Library’. ➢ Built on 8 acres of land, the 9-floor library houses a total area of 333,140 sq. ft and has a capacity to accommodate 1.2 million books.

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Anna centenary library

➢ ACL has planned to adopt an integrated library management system that includes automated issue and return of books, user smartcards, access controls, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and self- check counters. ➢ The library is designed to accommodate a total of 1,250 persons. ➢ The library also boasts a high-tech section for the visually impaired, with talking books and Braille displays.

➢ In July 2010, the library building received the LEED NC Gold rating from IGBC becoming the first library building in Asia to reach this.

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➢ This project has achieved 43 LEED points, highest amongst any government buildings in Tamil Nadu thus far.

Adyar :

➢ Founded in 1875, the Theosophical Society at Adyar aims at promoting brotherhood, universally. ➢ The brainchild behind the formation of this society was Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Henry S Olcott. ➢ Its sprawling campus of approximately 108 acres, situated towards the south of the , comprises tree-lined paths and flower gardens.

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➢ However, the main attractions of this place are the shrines belonging to , Buddhists, Christians, Zoroastrians and Muslims. ➢ The complex also has a large library, where you will find a great collection of books on philosophy and religion. ➢ Another attraction at the site is the 450-year old Banyan Tree. For a little peace and calmness, a visit to this place in Adyar can be an ideal option.

Victoria Public Hall:

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➢ The Victoria Memorial Hall, which is also known as the Town Hall, was built in honor of Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee year in 1887. ➢ The architect of this building was Robert Chisholm, who is credited with some other important landmarks of Chennai. ➢ The building has a Romanesque style architecture; something definitely to admire! There is fountain in front of the hall, called the Trevelyan Fountain and is dedicated to the Governor of Madras from 1859 to 1860, Charle Trevelyan.

Kapaleeshwar Temple;

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➢ Built in the 7th century CE by the Pallavas, the original Kapaleshwar Temple was destroyed by the Portuguese and Santhome Church was built in its place. ➢ Tamil Nadu’s present and ever popular Kapaleeshwar Temple was then built by the Vijayanagar dynasty and this temple to Shiva still stands in all its spectacular beauty.

Madras War Cemetery:

➢ Built in memoriam of the men and women who lost their lives fighting in World War II, the is home to almost 900 commonwealth burials with people from Great Britain, , Australia, and India. ➢ This garden to history, though somber, is also beautiful and peaceful. The cemetery is a restricted area and will require permission to visit.

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Armenian Church:

➢ Built on the bones of the Armenian cemetery in 1772, the church, once an active parish is now a protected heritage site.

➢ While the architecture and history of the church is interesting, what really is spectacular is its magnificent belfry with its six humungous bells each weighing in at around 150 kilograms and at sizes ranging between 21 to 26 inches.

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Madras High Court:

One of the Asia’s most beautiful judicial complex

➢ A major landmark, this judicial complex is the second largest in the entire world. ➢ Founded in the year 1862, this 19th century Victorian High Court is designed in the Indo-Saracenic style by the famous architect Henry Irwin. ➢ The building is a testament to the man’s genius. The beautiful domes, corridors, ceilings and stained glass

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doors are a unlike any you will find in India’s courts and a must visit.

Anna Memorial:

Monument to two great Dravidians set in a lovely park

➢ , locally known as Anna Samadhi, is a memorial structure built on the in Chennai, India. ➢ It was built in memory of former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, C. N. Annadurai (1967–69), who was cremated here in 1969.

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➢ The memorial lies on the northern end of the Marina abutting the MGR and Jayalalithaa Memorial. ➢ The veteran leader of the Dravida Munetra Kazhagam (DMK) party and the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Karunanidhi was also buried at the same site on 8 August 2018.

Thousand Lights Mosque:

➢ Spread over three acres, this mosque is one of the largest in the whole of India and is a national treasure. ➢ Built in 1810, it is said that a thousand lights needed to be lit to light the assembly hall.

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➢ Built in medieval architectural style with domes and minarets that grow to heights of 64 meters.

➢ The is an important pilgrimage site for Muslims. ➢ For the rest of its visitors, it is simply a joy enough to soak in the marvelous history and beauty.

Vivekananda House: ➢ One of the notable historical places of Chennai, this heritage house located on the Marina Beach Road, Neelam Basha Dargapuram in Triplicane, is where had stayed for six weeks.

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➢ Swami Ji’s coming here had played an important role in the Ramakrishna Movement in South India, documentation and memorabilia of which are preserved to date inside the house. ➢ The meditative silence reverberating through the halls of the Vivekananda House is calming on the senses. ➢ One can surf through the articles from Swamiji’s stay in the house preserved in each room, to remember the virtuous life that he had led and thus set as an example for his followers.

Sri Ramakrishna Math:

➢ Located on the Ramakrishna Math Road in the locality of Chennai, this ‘math’ or monastery was started in 1897 by Swami Ramakrishananda- a disciple of the great mystic- Sri Ramakrishna.

➢ One of the most visited historical places of Chennai, this place is known for its charitable and welfare projects- publishes a great number of books and monthly journals on spiritual topics in Tamil and English, houses a girls’ higher secondary school, conducts moral and cultural forums, vocational training in nursing assistance, and Sanskrit learning courses. ➢ Visit this historical place in Chennai to take part in the grand celebrations on the birth anniversary of Ramakrishna, Sarada Devi, Vivekananda, and

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Ramakrishnananda, or to take a tour of the monastery steeped in a deeply meditative ambiance.

Ramakrishna math

Gandhi Mandapam:

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➢ Mandapam is a series of memorial structures built on Sardar Patel Road, in Adyar, Chennai. ➢ The first structure to be built on the premises was a memorial to , opened by then Chief Minister of Madras, C. Rajagopalachari on 27 January 1956. ➢ Later, four other memorials for independence activist and former chief ministers C. Rajagopalachari, K. Kamaraj and M. Bhakthavatsalam were added.

Central railway station:

➢ Chennai Central, officially known as the Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central railway station is the main railway terminus in the city of Chennai.

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➢ It is the busiest railway station in South India and one of the most important hubs in the country. ➢ The century-old building of the railway station, designed by architect George Harding, is one of the most prominent landmarks of Chennai. ➢ The station was renamed twice; first to reflect the name change of the city from Madras to Chennai in 1996 it was renamed from Madras Central to Chennai Central, and then to honor the founder of AIADMK and the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. G. Ramachandran it was renamed as Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central railway station on 5 April 2019.

Jawaharlal Nehru stadium:

The stadium was built on the area where the old Madras Zoo was located before it was shifted to its present location in at . It was known as the Corporation stadium until the 1980s

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M.A stadium: ➢ M. A. Chidambaram Stadium is a cricket stadium in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Established in 1916, it is the second oldest cricket stadium in the country after Eden Gardens in . ➢ Formerly known as Madras Cricket Club Ground, the stadium is now named after M. A. Chidambaram, former President of BCCI, and is also nicknamed the Stadium.

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Marina beach:

➢ Marina beach in Chennai along the Bay of Bengal is India’s longest and world’s second longest beach. ➢ This predominantly sandy of nearly 12 kilometers extends from Beasant Nagar in the south to Fort St.George in the north. ➢ Chennai Marina beach was renovated by Governor Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff in 1880s.

ELLIOTS BEACH: ➢ Elliot's Beach (popularly known as "Besant Nagar Beach" or "Bessie") is located in Besant Nagar, Chennai.

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➢ It forms the end-point of the Marina Beach shore, and is named after Edward Elliot, onetime chief magistrate and superintendent of police, Madras. ➢ Elliot's Beach is one of the cleanest and safest beaches in the city of Chennai. It is located towards the south of Marina Beach. ➢ The Ashtalakshmi Temple, located near the southern end of the beach, is around 20 years old and has modern style architecture. It is dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi and appears different from the rest of the in South India.

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IMPORTANT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN CHENNAI:

University of Madras: ➢ or Madras University is public in Chennai. ➢ Established in 1857, it is one of the oldest universities in India, incorporated by an Act of Legislative Council of India under the British government.

➢ It is a collegiate research university and has six campusesinthecity: Chepauk, Marina, , Taramani, and . ➢ It offers more than 230 courses under 87 academic departments of post-graduate teaching and research grouped under 18 schools, covering diverse areas such as sciences, social sciences, humanities, management and medicine along with 121 affiliated colleges and 53 approved research institutions.

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➢ The university houses the national centres for advanced research in nanotechnology, photonics and neurotoxicity.

A 1957 postal stamp dedicated to the centenary of Madras University ➢ Besides, having three Centres of Advanced Study (CAS) in biophysics, botany and mathematics. ➢ University of Madras is the alma mater of two Indian Physics Nobel Laureates, CV Raman and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, five Presidents of India, including A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, and several notable mathematicians including . Queen Mary's College: ➢ Queen Mary's College is a government-run college in Chennai, India. Started in 1914, it is the first women's college in the city and the third oldest women's college in India and second oldest in South India after Sarah Tucker College. ➢ The college is located on junction of Kamarajar Salai and Dr. Radhakrishnan Salai facing the Marina Beach.

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➢ The college plays a vital role in education and empowerment of girl children from poor economic sections. ➢ It was founded by Dorothy de la Hey with the support of the Governor of Madras Presidency Lord Pentland in 1914 as Madras College for Women.

➢ It was later renamed as Queen Mary's College in 1917. ➢ The first three child widows to graduate from South India, Ammukutty, Lakshmi and Parvathy graduated from this college. ➢ Originally the residence of Lt Col Francis Capper in the mid-19th century, the building later housed a hotel before becoming a college in 1914. ➢ Known as the Capper House, the building was preserved as a heritage building.

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ANNA UNIVERSITY: ➢ is a public state university located in Tamil Nadu, India. The main campus is in Chennai.

Anna University campus

➢ It was originally established on 4 September 1978 and was named after C.N. Annadurai, the first Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.

Indian Institute of Technology:

➢ The Indian Institute of Technology Madras is known both nationally and internationally for excellence in technical education, basic and applied research, innovation, entrepreneurship and industrial consultancy. ➢ The Institute is proud to bear the laureate of being No.1 engineering university in India.

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➢ More recently, IIT Madras has been given the title of Institute of Eminence. ➢ In 1956, the German Government offered technical assistance for establishing an institute of higher education in engineering in India.

➢ The first Indo-German agreement in Bonn, West Germany for the establishment of the Indian Institute of Technology at Madras was signed in 1959. ➢ The Institute was formally inaugurated in 1959 by Prof. Humayun Kabir, Union Minister for Scientific Research and Cultural Affairs.

PachaiyaPPa’s college: ➢ The college was established as Pachaiyappa's Central Institution at Popham's Broadway on 1 January 1842, from money given in Pachaiyappa Mudaliar's will.

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➢ It was the first educational institution in South India, which was not funded by the British.

➢ The architecture of the institution is vast monumental, consisting of Indo-Saracenic and the architecture of South India. ➢ It gained college status in 1889, and until 1947 only admitted Hindu students.

Presidency College: ➢ Presidency College is an arts, commerce and science college in the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu, India.

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➢ Established as the Madras Preparatory School on 16 October 1840 and later, upgraded to a high school and then, graduate college, the Presidency College is one of the oldest government arts colleges in India. ➢ It is one of the two Presidency colleges established by the British in India, the other being the Presidency College, Kolkata.

Madras Christian College (MCC): ➢ (MCC) is a liberal arts and sciences college in Chennai, India. Founded in 1837, MCC is one of Asia's oldest extant colleges. ➢ The college is affiliated to the University of Madras but functions as an autonomous institution from its main campus in , Chennai. ➢ Established originally as a school for boys in the place where Anderson Church is located, the institution evolved into one of the pioneering modern colleges for higher education in India by mid-nineteenth century. ➢ From its origins as a missionary endeavor of the Church of , MCC's alumni and professors include several civil servants, administrators, educators, business people and political leaders, around the world.

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Notable alumni ➢ Dr. , Second ➢ Shri M. M. Rajendran, Governor of 1999-2004 ➢ Sir T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty First Indian Chief of the Chief Court of , Offg. Dewan of Mysore. ➢ Sir R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, first Finance Minister of independent India. ➢ P. Subbarayan, 4th Chief Minister of erstwhile Madras Presidency. ➢ B. Munuswamy , 5th Chief Minister of erstwhile Madras Presidency. ➢ K. Kumar, former Officer in the (IPS), Chief of Special Task Force that nabbed Veerappan during Operation cocoon. ➢ Sir Alladi Krishnaswamy , Member of the Constituent Assembly of India, Member of the drafting

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committee of the Indian Constitution, Advocate General of erstwhile .

RAJIV GANDHI GOVERNMENT GENERAL HOSPITAL: ➢ Government General Hospital is a major state-owned hospital situated in Chennai. ➢ The hospital is funded and managed by the state government of Tamil Nadu. ➢ Founded in 1664 by the British , it is the first medical institution in India. ➢ In the 19th century, the joined it.

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MADRAS CENTRAL PRISON: ➢ Madras Central Prison was one of the oldest prisons in India. ➢ It was located in Chennai (formerly Madras) in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ➢ It began operational during the British rule in India in 1837. ➢ Prisoners from the prison were moved to the newly constructed Central Prison starting in 2006. ➢ The prison was 172 years old when it was demolished in June 2009. ➢ It is among the largest prison complexes in India.

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All India Radio: ➢ Broadcasting in the city of Chennai began in 1924 by the Madras Presidency Radio Club. ➢ The service was operational till the government-run started broadcasting in the city in 1938. ➢ All India Radio Madras began its operations on 16 June 1938. ➢ It became one of the six operational stations in the AIR network in the country when India gained independence in 1947, along with , Bombay, Calcutta, , and . ➢ The total number of radio sets at that time was about 275,000 in India. ➢ The Vividh Bharati Service was launched on 3 October 1957 to compete with Radio Ceylon.

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➢ AIR Madras became the first station in the country to begin FM broadcasting on 23 July 1977, which was later expanded during the 1990s

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Chennai is divided into four parts: ➢ North, Central, South, and West. is primarily an industrial area. ➢ is Chennai’s commercial hub and includes a prominent business locality, Parry’s Corner. ➢ South and West Chennai, previously residential, are fast becoming commercial and are now a growing home to several businesses.

Urban planning in Chennai: ➢ After Independence, Madras experienced a boom in modern infrastructure. ➢ The construction of the LIC Building in 1959, the tallest building in the country at that time, represents the transition from the traditional lime-brick construction methodology to concrete column structures. ➢ School of Industrial Art was started in 1850, Civil Engineering College in 1834 and Madras Medical College in 1835,etc. ➢ Lord Hobart who was the Governor from 1872 to 1875 initiated Chennai Harbour project.

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EVOLUTION OF CHENNAI: From textile to automobile to IT, Chennai became the hub of various business. 1600-1950: Textile Industry: ➢ In 1637, Francis Da, agent from British East India Company, negotiated with locals and set up the base for trade. ➢ Nearby villages began to specialize in handweaving, spinning,dyeing and textile printing on a large and steadily growing scale. ➢ Currently, Tamil Nadu is the largest hub of textiles & garments in India, contributing 20% of India’s total export of readymade garments worth US $ 6.7 billion as of 2016-17.

1950-1991: Automobile Industry: ➢ Domestic automobile and auto parts manufacturers such as , , Tractors and Farm Equipment Ltd. ➢ (TAFE), TVS Motor,MRF set up their base.

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➢ After liberalization, as India opened the gates for foreign players, Ford Motor setup their plant at Chennai in 1995. ➢ Ford was followed by Hyundai Motor,BMW, Daimler, Renault- Alliance,Mitsubishi Motors and Yamaha Motor. ➢ Along with them came an array of auto component makers who built a world-class ecosystem for automobile manufacturing. ➢ Currently, Chennai accounts for about 33% of India’s auto parts production and is popularly known as the ‘Detroit of India’. Post 1991: IT-ITeS Industry ➢ IT-ITeS industry has also grown steadily in the city, primarily due to the cost advantage and availability of a good talent pool. ➢ The city hosts IT majors such as HCL,Wipro, Infosys, IBM, Cognizant, L&T, TCS, Mphasis, WNS, Accenture. ➢ Tamil Nadu’s IT-ITeS exports stood at US $16.93 billion in 2017-18 which has grown at a CAGR of 9.17% since 2012-13. ➢ Chennai is the key contributor of IT-ITeS exports from the state. ➢ From Madras to Chennai, the city historically embraced diversified industries and business opportunities for trade and commerce.

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➢ Presence of an operational major port within the city has been a key growth driver of industrial development. ➢ In the process, it opened its doors to expatriates, technocrats, educationists, and entrepreneurs from across the globe. ➢ The city has made rapid strides in the quest for economic development. ➢ The city which is rapidly emerging as an Information Technology and services hub is also a broad-based manufacturing centre for the automobile sector and its ancillaries. ➢ Chennai’s transformation to a metropolis was aided by its healthy infrastructure, presence of nation’s 3rd oldest port and excellent connectivity to southern India as well as to the rest of the world.

THREE PILLARS Of cheNNai’s ecoNoMy: Chennai’s economy is majorly driven by Automobile, Electronic hardware, and IT-ITeS industry.

AUTOMOBILE:he total export

The total export of automobile and auto components touched US $6.8 billion in 2017-18 registering a growth of 19% over the previous year.

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ELECTRONICS: ➢ The electronic hardware industry in the state is primarily concentrated in Chennai. ➢ The state ranks second in the production of electronic hardware in the country and has been the third-largest exporter in the country during 2017-18 accounting for US $1.27 billion.

IT-ITES: ➢ The IT-ITeS sector has been a dominant economic driver of the city in the past decade. ➢ Industry estimates that till 2017-18 the revenues of the sector were around US $18.51 billion and created direct employment of over 400,000 people.

Existing Infrastructure: Roads; ➢ Chennai has a radial and ring pattern of road network. Radial roads (NH-16, NH-48, NH-716) run through the city whereas ring roads(Outer Ring Road, Inner Ring Road) circle the city. ➢ The total length of the city roads is approximately 2,847 km. ➢ The city is well connected with other metro cities of the country through the national highways network. • NH 16 - Connecting to Kolkata

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• NH 48 – Connecting to Bengaluru • NH 716 - Connecting to • NH 32 – Connecting to Puducherry Railway: ➢ The Southern Railways headquartered at Chennai has two main railway stations – Chennai Central and Chennai. ➢ These two main railway stations along with other small railway stations provide seamless connectivity to other major cities and other small towns across the country. Ports: ➢ India has approximately 7,517 km long coastline which holds 12 major and 200 non-major/intermediate ports. ➢ The major ports in India collectively handled 679.4 MMT of cargo during 2017-18 compared to 648.4 MMT a year ago; thereby registering a growth of 4.8%. ➢ Tamil Nadu is the only state which has 3 major ports – , Port, and V O Chidambaranar. ➢ A fourth major port is proposed at Enayam near . Out of three operational major ports two are in Chennai.

Major Ports of Chennai: ➢ Kamarajar Port/Ennore Port ➢ Chennai Port.

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Metro Rail: ➢ The first phase of the metro comprising two corridors became fully operational in February 2019. Corridor 1 of rail is 22.96 km long which starts from Chennai Airport and ends at washermenpet,connecting 17 stations in between. ➢ Corridor2 is 21.57 km long and starts from St. Thomas Mount to Central Chennai. ➢ This corridor has a total of 15 metro stations, some of themajor stations being Egmore Metro, NehruPark, and . ➢ These two corridors improved North and ’s connectivity significantly. ➢ The total cost of the project has been INR 14,750 cr.

Airport: ➢ Expansion of current Chennai airport terminals are under a redevelopment project which is expected to be concluded by 2021. ➢ After the expansion, the airport will be able to host 30 million passengers annually from the current capacity of 23 million passengers annually. ➢ The expansion plan has already received environment clearance and expected to cost INR 2,476 Cr. ➢ Second International Airport at Chennai the city might get its second airport as the current airport is expected to reach saturation even after the expansion.

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➢ The Tamil Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO) is currently searching for a consultant to do Techno- Economic Feasibility study for the project,identification of sites for the development of new Greenfield airport near the city and for preparing a Detailed Project Report (DPR).

➢ Chennai International Airport is the fourth busiest airport in India behind Newdelhi, and and third busiest in international traffic and cargo capacity in the country behind and Mumbai. ➢ It is also 49th busiest airport in Asia making it one of the four major airports in India under the top 50 list.

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➢ Chennai is the only international airport in India to have a secondary runway built across a river (Adyar river). ➢ Chennai Airport handles over 20 million passengers annually that makes for more than 500 movements per day. ➢ It is the only airport in India to have multimodal forms of transport for connectivity: metro rail, railway and road. ➢ It is the first Indian airport to have International and Domestic terminals located adjacent to each other. ➢ Both Domestic and International terminals house displays of local art and culture in abundance, showcasing the glorious heritage of the state of Tamil Nadu. South Chennai: ➢ A Hub for White-Collared Professionals Post liberalization in 1991, many IT-ITeS companies set up their base in South Chennai which is now the hub for white collared professionals. ➢ Development of OMR and ECR improved the connectivity of South region with Central Chennai and pushed the city to grow in that direction. ➢ Chennai airport’s strategic location has also worked as a catalyst for the development of IT-ITeS industry in South Chennai.

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Other important things bout Chennai: ➢ Chennai is the largest industrial and commercial center of South India. Recent estimates of the economy of the Chennai Metropolitan Area have ranged from US$79 to US$86 billion (PPP GDP), ranking it from fourth to sixth most productive metro area of India,and the third highest by GDP per capita. ➢ Chennai was recently rated as having the highest quality of life among Indian cities ahead of the other three metros and Bangalore, based on the "Location Ranking Survey" conducted by ECA International.

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES: ➢ The Special Economic Zones Act was enacted in 2005 and The SEZ Rules Came into effect in 2006. ➢ The Act provides for setting up of Special Economic Zones within the country by both the govt & also by the Private Sector (i.e. Privately developed SEZs). ➢ The Zonal Develoment Commissioner of MEPZ-SEZ, Chennai has jurisdiction over SEZs and EOUs located within the State of Tamil Nadu, UT of Puducherry and the Andaman&Nicobar Islands. Objectives of Special Economic Zones:

➢ Generation of additional economic activity. ➢ Promotion of exports of goods and services. ➢ Promotion of investment from domestic and foreign sources.

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➢ Creation of employment opportunities. ➢ Development of infrastructure facilities

➢ The SEZ Corridor is an emerging corridor implementing a number of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) along the Grand Southern Trunk Road (NH 45) in Chennai. ➢ Started with the establishment of the Madras Export Processing Zone in 1984 (converted to a SEZ in 2003), ➢ The GST Road is widely made use of for SEZ projects due to its connectivity with various means of transport by road, rail and air. ➢ This is evident by the presence of the Chennai International Airport, various railway stations parallel to the road, and also its connectivity to the complex road network of the National Highways Authority of India.

Petrochemicals and Textiles: ➢ There is also an oil refinery in Manali called as Manali Refinery which is controlled by the CPCL. ➢ Other major manufacturing facilities range from small scale manufacturing to large scale heavy industrial manufacturing, petrochemicals and auto ancillary plants.

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➢ Chennai is a textile industry hub with a large number of apparel industries located in the -Padi industrial zone in the northern suburbs of the city. ➢ The city also has a large leather apparel and accessory industry. SEZ's for apparel manufacture and footwear are under construction in the southern suburbs of the city. ➢ Chennai is the cradle for world-renowned Madras shirts.

Traditional Arts: ➢ Chennai, hosts the , during the months of December and January, annually. ➢ It is the capital of the and Bharatanatyam scene in India, and there are many venues in which artists perform throughout the city. ➢ There is also a large theatre scene and contemporary visual art scene in the city. Entertainment Industry: The city is home to the Tamil entertainment (motion pictures, television, and recorded music) industry which is one of the largest of top 3 film industries in India. Because the film industry is largely centered on a local area called , the Tamil film industry is popularly referred to as Kollywood. Aerospace Industry:

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➢ , a proposed Aerospace design, manufacturing and maintenance park is set to become the largest integrated aerospace ecosystem in the world. ➢ The project is a pioneering initiative to mark India's entry into the global aerospace industry. The aero park will enable global players to design, manufacture and maintain all types of aircraft for both civilian and defense needs. ➢ It is to be established as a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) entity. ➢ The city is home to Ashok Leyland Defence Systems, and 56 more aircraft component manufactures. It also has the largest Aerospace R&D facility in India which is controlled by Mahindra Aerospace. The industrial estate: ➢ The Ambattur Industrial Estate is the second industrial estate in the city. ➢ Spread over an area of 1,430 acres (4.9 km²), houses about 1,800 units and is the biggest small scale industrial estate in . ➢ It was commissioned in the year 1964 by the Government of Tamil Nadu. ➢ is a permanent exhibition complex in , Chennai, hosting several trade fairs and conventions round the year.

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➢ It is the first fair infrastructure that has been developed by India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO)—the trade promotion agency of the , Ministry of Commerce and Industry outside Delhi. :

➢ The Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF) is located at in Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ➢ HVF was set up in 1961 by the Ordinance Factory Board, Government of India to manufacture heavy battlefield equipment, including , Kartik BLT, M-46 Catapult and T-72 Ajeya tanks. ➢ Currently, HVF manufactures India's MBT, Arjun BLT, Arjun Catapult, Bridge Layer Tanks, Missile Launchers, Bhim self-propelled howitzers and the T-90 Bhishmas. ➢ The Engine Factory of HVF functions separately from HVF.

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Vijayanta Bridge layer tank

Bhisma Arjun mark II

Solar plant: ➢ The factory has a 16 mega watt (MW) solar power plant, spread over 80 acres of land, commissioned in 2018, which is the largest solar power plant in the city. ➢ It was installed by Limited (BEL) at a cost of ₹ 1,050 million. A 110 kilo volt (KV) substation had been constructed to distribute the power generated from the plant. ➢ The plant helps reduce carbon dioxide emissions to the extent of 26,000 tonnes per annum, saving ₹ 45 million annually to the HVF and Engine Factory (EFA).[

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Integral Coach Factory:

The is one of the earliest production units of independent India. It was initiated by Chief Minister K. Kamaraj and inaugurated by the first on 2 October 1955. Integral Coach Factory (ICF) is a manufacturer of rail coaches located in , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It was established in 1955, and is owned and operated by the . It is located in Perambur, in the suburbs of Chennai. The ICF is one of the three rake production units of the Indian Railways, the other two being the Modern Coach Factory at and the Rail Coach Factory at Kapurthala ICF has also turned out the first semi high speed train set of India, the Train 18, later christened as , which was flagged off by the Prime Minister of India on 15 February 2019. One more Vande Bharat Express train set manufactured by ICF is now running between New Delhi and Vaishno Devi Katra. A Regional Railway Museum is situated in the factory premises.

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It has a collection of nascent models of trains and models endemic to the Indian Railways. About 59.1 million units of electricity had been generated through the windmills installed by ICF in in 2011 which met 80 percent of the plant's electrical energy requirements. , formerly Ennore Port,is located on the about 18 km north of Chennai Port, Chennai, it is the 12th major port of India, and the first port in India which is a public company. The Kamarajar Port Limited is the only corporatised major port and is registered as a company. Chennai Port Trust acquired around 67% stake of Centre in the Kamarajar Port Limited on 27 March 2020. The remaining 23 percent was held by the Chennai Port Trust. The port has been able to attract an investment of ₹ 26,000 million by private entrepreneurs on various terminals and harbour craft. Kamarajar Port Limited, designed as Asia's energy port, is the first corporatised port in India and has only 86 employees.

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Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex:

➢ Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex (KWMC) is one of Asia's largest perishable goods market complex located at Koyambedu, Chennai. ➢ The market complex is spread over an area of 295 acres (1.19 km2). ➢ Inaugurated in 1996, the complex consists of about 3,100 shops,including more than 1,000 wholesale shops and 2,000 retail shops. Of these, 850 are fruit shops. ➢ The market has two blocks for vegetable shops and one each for fruit and flower shops. In Phase II, a textile market and in Phase III, a food grain market have been planned to be developed in the complex. ➢ The food grain market will be built on a seven to eight acres of land belonging to the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority, adjacent to the Koyambedu fire service station and opposite the vegetable market, and will have about 500 shops. ➢ The market operates round the clock, with the wholesale market operating between 10 p.m. and 10 a.m. and the retail market operating between 10 a.m. and 10 p.m. ➢ The market receives about 100,000 visitors and 500 to 600 vehicles every day.

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➢ In 2012, the market was declared a green complex. As part of this, about 1,000 trees were planted on the market premises. ➢ The complex will also feature a landscape with a compound wall at a cost of ₹ 25 million, rainwater harvesting structures and solar lighting.

Bio-methanation plant: ➢ A bio-methanation plant at the market complex set by Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) was inaugurated in 2006 at a cost of 55 million to generate power from vegetable and fruit waste collected from the wholesale market. ➢ The Biomethanation plant has a capacity to produce 2500 unit per day with 30 tons of Waste.

Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus or CMBT: ➢ Spread over an area of 37 acre in Koyambedu is the largest bus terminus in Asia[3] and is accredited with the ISO 9001:2000 quality certification. ➢ Mofussil stands for service throughout the Tamil Nadu state and also the neighboring states of , , and Pondicherry. ➢ This station is also abbreviated as 'CMBT' and now it is renamed as 'Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. MGR Bus Terminus'.

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➢ The terminal with aesthetically pleasing and functionally good buildings and spaceswas designed by a renowned Architect taking in to account of the future requirements also.

Medical tourism: ➢ Chennai leads in the health care sector and is considered the Health Capital of India. ➢ Home to some of India's best health care institutions such as , the largest health care provider in Asia, MIOT Hospitals, , Sri Ramachandra Medical Center, , Sir Ivan Stedeford Hospital, Dr.Mehtas Hospitals, Sundaram Medical Foundation, , Frontier Lifeline & K.M. Cherian Heart Foundation, Hindu Mission Hospital, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology and Government Ophthalmic Hospital, Chennai, and Adyar Cancer Institute, Chennai is a preferred destination for medical tourists from across the globe. ➢ Some of the treatments sought after by the tourists include heart surgery, neurological problems, cancer, plastic surgery and orthopaedic procedures. ➢ Chennai attracts about 45% of all health tourists arriving in India from abroad in addition to 30% to 40% of domestic tourists.

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Built in the 8th century, this temple is one of the oldest temples in Chennai and has been a staple in any list that details the temples of Chennai. As might be obvious to anyone who knows some lore about Lord , this temple is named after him. In mythological text Mahabharata, Lord Krishna acted as the charioteer for the Pandava prince Arjuna. And it is in this very role, that he recited the entirety of Bhagwada Gita, which is now one of the biggest literary exports of India.

The Growing Environmental Issues Of Chennai:

➢ From the severe water crisis to the rise in pollution levels, the capital city of Tamil Nadu has witnessed some major environmental calamities since the past few years. ➢ Apart from that, the which is the major water source for Chennai has been “more polluted than industrial effluents”. ➢ It all started with when Chennai saw unprecedented flooding as a result of heavy rainfall in December 2015. The storm brought life to a standstill and almost everyone experienced some kind of loss. ➢ An year later, there was also a giant oil spill reported outside Kamarajar Port at Ennore near Chennai in early 2017.

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Chennai’s water crisis: ➢ Four years after the 2015 floods, the reservoirs that overflowed during that period, dried out resulting in a severe water crisis in Chennai. ➢ Lack of rainfall and low groundwater levels gave a major blow to Chennai’s water needs. Local media also reported that the reservoirs’ water levels are some of the lowest in 70 years. ➢ Around this time, a NITI Aayog report which came out said that India is facing the worst water crisis in its history and twenty-one Indian cities, it has been predicted, will run out of groundwater by 2020, and 40% of the country’s population may not have access to clean drinking water by 2030.

Chennai surpassed Delhi in air pollution: ➢ Coming the present issues, Air Pollution tops the list. The air quality in Chennai has been ranging from unhealthy to hazardous since the past few months. Many of the city’s residents have been facing symptoms

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like runny nose and eyes, skin allergies and breathing difficulties. ➢ The modeled source contributions highlight transport (including on-road dust), industries (including the coal- fired power plants), and open waste burning as the key air pollution sources in the urban . Kosasthalaiyar river, more dangerous than industrial effluents: ➢ The Kosasthalaiyar river, which is 136 km long is the major water source for Chennai. But, rapid and unscientific industrialization has made the river more contaminated than effluents let out by industries! ➢ All samples from Kosasthalaiyar, the backwaters, and the secondary pond contained elevated levels of several toxic metals. ➢ Kosasthalaiyar was reported to be “more polluted than industrial effluents”. The 300 feet high, Dumpyard: ➢ Chennai’s largest dump yard in Kodungaiyur allegedly has 12 million cubic meters of waste, dumped over a period of 30 years! It is a dumping ground for nine out of 15 zones in Chennai. ➢ Not only does it carries with it severe health issues but also is responsible for soil, air and water contamination. CAG used the Human Rights Impact Assessment (HRIA)

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concept to assess the toll on health the dump yard has on the people. ➢ It found that 31.7 percent of the residents experienced symptoms that affect the skeletal and muscular system while over 32.8 percent faced common respiratory issues such as persistent cold and cough, sneezing, wheezing and breathing difficulties. ➢ Respondents said these symptoms were due to the burning of garbage at Kodungaiyur.

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