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Book-56217.Pdf “What do militants of the old Russian terrorist group, People’s Will, and current-day al Qaeda have in common? Going beyond stereotypes of terrorists’ pathological per- sonalities, this book presents compelling evidence of a complex set of causal mecha- nisms working at the individual and group levels. In many and diverse contexts, this book shows the importance of identifi cation and politicization processes in trans- forming grievances into action in underground violent organizations.” —Donatella Della Porta, Professor of Sociology, European University Institute, and author of Social Movements, Political Violence, and the State: A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Germany “People commonly react to horrendous acts of violence such as the 9/11 attacks by searching for explanations that focus on the culprits. In strong contrast, McCauley and Moskalenko argue that terrorism is fueled by the friction between radical extremists and the individuals and ideas they oppose. This thoughtful, yet readable, book shows that horrendous or not, terrorists cannot escape basic principles of social psychology— but then, neither can the rest of us.” —Gary LaFree, Director, National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), and author of Losing Legitimacy: Street Crime and the Decline of Social Institutions in America “In this excellent book, the authors describe the personal experiences and psychology of individuals, as well as the dynamics of groups, which lead to radicalization. Mechanisms of radicalization—including personal and political grievances, ideals, inducement by friends, the attractions of risk-taking and status, and the interdepend- ence of people in groups—are highlighted through stories of terrorists in earlier times and today. This is a compelling, highly readable book that offers impressive under- standing of terrorist individuals and groups.” —Ervin Staub, Founding Director, Psychology of Peace and Violence Program, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, and author of Overcoming Evil: Genocide, Violent Confl ict, and Terrorism “So much has been written about radicalization that is generic or apocryphal that the fi eld needs desperately to fi nd a contribution that is systematic, research-based, clear, and persuasive. And that is the task that McCauley and Moskalenko have taken on, and triumphantly achieved. The book works analytically; it works because it tells the tales of the violent and radicalized comprehensively, and it works because it does not just focus on ‘them’, but on ‘us’, and on the inter-relationship. In short, it is the most important book written on this complex and politicized subject to date.” —Stuart Croft, Professor of International Security, Warwick University, UK, and author of Culture, Crisis and America’s War on Terror “This book introduces twelve mechanisms that underlie political radicalization and lead to violence and terrorism. In their highly systematic yet readable account, the authors identify mechanisms that can be found at work in every terrorist group, whatever its ideology. The authors provide new and effective tools for understanding political events, and for recognizing and controlling the extent to which radicalization affects all of us. Cases of modern and 19th century terrorists are interwoven to offer vividness and historical depth.” —Ifat Maoz, Director, Smart Communications Institute, Hebrew University of Israel “Weaving historical narrative and psychological theory effectively and, at times, dramatically, the authors provide a holistic approach to one of the most vexing challenges of our time. Written in a refreshingly accessible and readable style, the book will appeal to scholars, practitioners, and general readers alike.” —Paul J. Smith, Associate Professor, National Security Decision Making Department, U.S. Naval War College, and author of The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the 21st Century “This remarkably ingenious and enlightening book looks at how radical terrorists are formed. What is so novel is that it compares at great length the Russian revolution- aries, who tried to overthrow the Czarist regime in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, to the Islamist terrorists who now occupy our attention. The authors show how strongly terrorists believe in what they are doing, how committed they are, and how diffi cult it is to defeat them even when many of them are killed. This book will help us see more clearly what we are up against, and what we might need to do to limit the damage.” —Daniel Chirot, Tamaki Professor of International Studies, Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, and author of Why Not Kill Them All? The Logic and Prevention of Mass Political Murder “Both long-term students of political violence and a more general readership will fi nd this book fascinating. It will not only be used in the classroom, but (at least in my personal case) be kept on the shelf as a reference book on key social psychological mechanisms of political radicalization. In my opinion, no other work so smoothly integrates a sophisticated treatment of social psychology into the important, and poorly understood, subject of political violence and terrorism.” —Roger Petersen, Arthur and Ruth Sloan Chair of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and author of Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, Resentment in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe Friction How Radicalization Happens to Them and Us Clark McCauley, PhD Sophia Moskalenko, PhD 1 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McCauley, Clark R. Friction : how radicalization happens to them and us / Clark McCauley, Sophia Moskalenko. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-974743-6 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Radicalism—Psychological aspects. 2. Political violence—Psychological aspects. 3. Terrorism—Psychological aspects. I. Moskalenko, Sophia. II. Title. HN49.R33M43 2011 303.6’25—dc22 2010019934 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Table of Contents Acknowledgments vii 1 Introduction 1 Section 1 Individual Radicalization 2 Personal Grievance 13 3 Group Grievance 21 4 Slippery Slope 35 5 Love 49 6 Risk and Status 58 7 Unfreezing 75 Section 2 Group Radicalization 8 Group Polarization 95 9 Group Competition 109 10 Group Isolation 130 Section 3 Mass Radicalization 11 Jujitsu Politics 149 12 Hatred 161 13 Martyrdom 172 Section 4 Wrapping Up 14 Osama bin Laden 193 15 Them and Us 214 Index 227 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments We have piled up large debts in writing this book. We owe thanks to Bryn Mawr College for supporting the Solomon Asch Center for Study of Ethnopolitical Confl ict, which has been the occasion of our continued collabo- ration. We owe thanks to the Department of Homeland Security for support of our research through the National Consortium for Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), although of course our opinions should not be attributed to START or DHS. We owe special thanks to three scholars whose work has shaped our understanding of radicalization and terrorism — Martha Crenshaw, Donatella Della Porta, and Michael Scheuer — and to our editor Lori Handelman for her faith in the project. Clark owes thanks to the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation, and its program offi cer Karen Colvard, for opportunities to learn about terrorism in the 1980s, and to Petter Nesser for permission to quote from his case study of Muhammad Bouyeri. Sophia owes thanks to Roman Kamenetsky for permission to use documents from his web- site collection of materials relating to People’s Will (www.narovol.narod.ru ). And of course we owe thanks to our families for putting up with our focus on matters that are not always good dinner table conversation. This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER 1 Introduction In the fi lm Good Will Hunting psychiatrist Sean McGuire (played by Robin Williams) gets into an argument with his old college roommate, a renowned MIT professor Gerry Lambeau (Stellan Skarsgård). Sitting in an almost empty bar, the two men discuss the future of Will Hunting, a brilliant but troubled and unmotivated young man. Lambeau demands that McGuire push Will to apply himself and fulfi ll his promise. Lambeau compares Will to another math prodigy and says he is convinced that Will can be the future of mathematics. McGuire responds: MCGUIRE Hey, Gerry, in the 1960s there was a young man that graduated from the University of Michigan. Did some brilliant work in mathematics. Specifi cally bounded
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