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Studies of Alternative Journalism, 2003-2016 by Tony Harcup

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Studies of Alternative Journalism, 2003-2016 by Tony Harcup Extending our gaze beyond the mainstream: studies of alternative journalism, 2003-2016 By Tony Harcup A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Publication Department of Journalism Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Sheffield Submitted: October 2016 [Tony Harcup PhD by Publication: Extending our gaze beyond the mainstream] Extending our gaze beyond the mainstream: studies of alternative journalism, 2003-2016 SUMMARY The thesis comprises a series of nine studies that were all published in peer- reviewed journals or books between 2003 and 2016, accompanied and contextualised by a commentary setting out the coherence and significance of the research when viewed as a whole. This work is concerned with exploration of alternative media in general, and alternative journalism in particular. The submitted publications comprise separate studies that are linked thematically and point to the following conclusions: alternative journalism is not necessarily a failed project just because audiences tend to be small and the lifetime of any particular project tends to be short; there can be said to be a continuum of journalistic practice involving both mainstream and alternative media; and the reporting practices and ethical commitment found within alternative journalism can be seen as an expression of active citizenship. Taken together, the studies gathered in the submission make an original contribution to scholarship in the fields of alternative media and alternative journalism; in the process, they have much to say about journalism as a whole. As an original contribution to scholarship over a sustained period of enquiry, the thesis represents a substantial addition to our knowledge. 2 [Tony Harcup PhD by Publication: Extending our gaze beyond the mainstream] CONTENTS 1. Acknowledgements p 4 2. Introduction p 5 The field of study p 5 Why these studies? p 9 Methodologies p 11 Contribution to the field p 12 3. The studies p 15 Synopses p 17 Findings p 22 Originality p 26 4. Conclusion p 34 References p 39 Appendix: text of the submitted publications p 46 The unspoken – said p 47 I’m doing this to change the world p 72 The Ethical Journalist p 98 Reporting the voices of the voiceless during the miners’ strike p 270 Alternative journalism as active citizenship p 287 News with a kick p 310 Listening to the voiceless p 334 Alternative journalism as monitorial citizenship p 348 Asking the readers p 375 3 [Tony Harcup PhD by Publication: Extending our gaze beyond the mainstream] 1. Acknowledgements The publications included in this submission concern a form of journalism that is predicated on the validity of allowing many voices to speak, so there is something a little uncomfortable about the way the accompanying commentary has of necessity been concerned with emphasising my contribution to this field of study. Individual agency is important, of course, and individuals can certainly make a contribution and, indeed, a difference – for good or ill. But individual contributions cannot exist in isolation, and the publications brought together in this submission would not exist in their specific forms (if at all) were it not for the context created by other journalists, other scholars, and others with feet in both camps. The egalitarian and non-hierarchical ethos inherent in (much) alternative media might be at odds with the notion that researchers stand on the shoulders of giants, but those of us researching the field today ought to acknowledge that we are at the very least peering over the shoulders of our predecessors (and contemporaries). My own work owes a debt to the contributions made over the years by scholars and authors such as Chris Atton, Susan Forde, Stuart Hall, Clemencia Rodriguez, Sheila Rowbotham, EP Thompson, Brian Whitaker, and many others, as well as to the work of countless journalists, including some who might not even call what they do journalism. Any nuggets of information or insight that may be found within this submission should be seen and considered in that light. Particular thanks and acknowledgements are due to the editors and publishers of the journals in which most of the selected publications first appeared. Thanks too to those journals’ peer reviewers, who remain anonymous but whose contribution is not forgotten. Beyond the world of journals, thanks and acknowledgements are due to the publishers and editors of the books from which material is also included here. Finally, thanks to Professor Jackie Harrison for her unfailing encouragement and guidance during the preparation of this thesis. Any errors are, of course, entirely my own responsibility. 4 [Tony Harcup PhD by Publication: Extending our gaze beyond the mainstream] 2. Introduction The submission comprises a series of nine studies published in peer- reviewed journals and/or books, accompanied by this commentary that sets out the coherence and significance of the collected publications. This research is concerned with study of alternative media in general, and alternative journalism in particular; the nine submitted publications comprise separate studies that are linked thematically and which, taken together, make an original contribution to scholarship and a substantial addition to knowledge. The field of study As has been pointed out by a number of scholars, not least among them Raymond Williams ([1961] 1965: 209-210), conventional accounts of media history tend to focus on what Lord Ellenborough once characterised as “the respectable press” at the expense of the alternatives on offer, which the nineteenth century Tory peer infamously attacked as a mischief-making “pauper press”. Even today, according to journalism professor Richard Keeble (2015: 337), mainstream accounts “tend to marginalise or ignore altogether the non-corporate media”, which might be seen as contemporary equivalents of the irksome (to the powers-that-be) pauper press. Yet this marginalisation of alternative media belies the role played by such non- commercial projects and practices “in the formation of a counter or oppositional public sphere” (Keeble, 2015: 337). However, since the turn of the twenty-first century the trickle of scholarly literature concerned with a range of what might be termed non-corporate, non-commercial or alternative media has become, if not exactly a torrent, certainly a steady stream (see Atton, 2002, 2015; Atton and Couldry, 2003; Bailey et al, 2008; Downing, 2001, 2003, 2011; Coyer et al, 2007; Fenton, 2016; Fuchs, 2010; Hamilton and Atton, 2001; Howley, 2010; Kearney, 2006; Lievrouw, 2011; Milioni, 2009; Oumlil, 2016; Rauch, 2007, 2015, 2016; Rodriguez, 2001; Rodriguez et al, 2010; and Waltz, 2005; among others). The author of a recent (non-exhaustive) Oxford Bibliography on 5 [Tony Harcup PhD by Publication: Extending our gaze beyond the mainstream] alternative journalism documented more than 150 different works of relevant scholarship, commenting: Alternative journalism began to receive sustained scholarly attention only recently. Most of the literature remains devoted to case studies or to histories of particular media organisations, with little emphasis on broader processes and trends. However, a growing body of work seeks to develop a theoretical framework in which to understand alternative journalism. (Bekken, 2015.) Bekken (2015) added that, “while no academic journals are focused specifically on alternative journalism, many are open to articles”. That explains why much of the expanding literature concerned with alternative media and alternative journalism – be it empirical, theoretical or a combination of the two - has to date largely been located in a range of peer- reviewed journals covering fields such as media studies, journalism studies, cultural studies, feminist studies, communication, new technology, politics and history. However, 2016 saw the appearance of two new academic journals devoted specifically to alternative media, incorporating alternative forms of journalism, and this development suggests a maturation of alternative media as a field of study. One new arrival is Kaleidoscope: the Journal of Alternative Media and Social Movements, the founding editors of which are Bora Ataman and Baris Coban, who envisage the publication focusing on “alternative media practices that are structured around democratic participation, rights-based journalism, amateur-professional solidarity in content production, anti-capitalist structuring, and egalitarian and autonomous experiences” (Kaleidoscope, 2016). The other is the Journal of Alternative and Community Media, the founding editors of which are Chris Atton and Susan Forde, who describe the project as being, in part, one of helping to define the field itself: The journal aims to highlight and promote the study of alternative and community media and communication, which includes citizens’ media, participatory media, activist and radical media and the broader forms of communication that these groups might undertake. The journal locates this scholarship within the media and cultural research disciplines... The Journal of Alternative and Community Media will define the field, present exciting, new research and 6 [Tony Harcup PhD by Publication: Extending our gaze beyond the mainstream] advance the study of alternative and community media around the world. (Atton and Forde, 2015.) This commitment to scholarship that will help define the field has been an important element of relevant research to date, perhaps not surprisingly for
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