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Influence of Climatic Conditions on the Traditional Economy of Small

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Influence of Climatic Conditions on the Traditional Economy of Small Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 9 (2017 10) 1282-1293 ~ ~ ~ УДК 532.1:39(571.511) Influence of Climatic Conditions on the Traditional Economy of Small-Numbered Indigenous Peoples of Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets Municipal District (the Krasnoyarsk Territory) Yuliya N. Avdeeva, Kseniya A. Degtyarenko, Natalia N. Pimenova and Vladimir S. Luzan* Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia Received 14.07.2017, received in revised form 11.08.2017, accepted 22.08.2017 The article presents an attempt to study current methodological and practical approaches to the research of the influence of climatic conditions on the traditional economy of small-numbered indigenous peoples based on Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets Municipal District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krai), as well as present mechanisms of governmental support for the traditional economies of the said peoples. The authors remark that the analysis of classic and modern works by foreign and Russian researchers shows great interest to climatic changes and consequences of the changes for the indigenous population. At the same time, there is a lack of such researches based on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Krai, home for many small-numbered indigenous peoples. At the end of the article the authors draw general conclusions and outline the possible tendencies in the development of traditional economies of small-numbered indigenous peoples, typical for Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets Municipal District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krai) in the modern social and economic environment. Keywords: climate, small-numbered indigenous peoples, economy, traditional economic management, indigenous environment, culture, government, support. The reported study was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Government of Krasnoyarsk Territory, Krasnoyarsk Region Science and Technology Support Fund to the research project No. 17- 16-24601. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0136. Research area: сulturology. Introduction. Influence of climatic relevant problems in the globalizing world, where conditions on the traditional economy of small- the whole community is striving to preserve numbered indigenous peoples is one of the most traditional culture and living environment of © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved * Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] – 1282 – Yuliya N. Avdeeva, Kseniya A. Degtyarenko,.. Influence of Climatic Conditions on the Traditional Economy of… such peoples. To a great extent, it is the traditional introduction of changes and additions into the economies that determine the sophisticated List of the regions of the Far North and equated process of preserving traditional culture as an localities, approved by the Decree of the Council integrated part of the world cultural heritage. of Ministers of the USSR No. 1029 of November It is especially relevant for the small- 10, 1967” of 03.01.1983, Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets numbered indigenous peoples living in the Far Municipal District belongs to the regions of the Northern areas of the Russian Federation, for the Far North (Law assistance system “Consultant global warming and active industrial exploration Plus”), which suggests special conditions of makes a great impact on these territories, economy and allowances for the population, and imposing its changes into the traditional small-numbered indigenous peoples in particular. economy. Moreover, the raw material extraction- 3. Severe climatic conditions determining orientedness of Russian economy suggests that in the character of traditional economy. First of the short and the long run, industrial exploration all, it is associated with the large geographic of the indigenous environment of the small- extent of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krai) in numbered peoples will unwind even more. general and Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets Municipal For the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krai) the District in particular; the average temperature of research of influence of climatic conditions January varies from -36 degrees in the North to on traditional economy of small-numbered -18 in the South, and average temperature of July indigenous peoples, especially those resident in varies from +13 degrees in the North to +25 in Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets Municipal District, is of the South. Climate of Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets great strategic relevance for a number of reasons: Municipal District is especially severe, with the 1. The Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krai) is home long winter with strong winds and high humidity. for 8 small-numbered indigenous peoples: the The cool northern summer is very short. Chulyms, the Keto, the Dolgans, the Selkups, Generally speaking, the Taymyr Peninsula hardly the Nganasans, the Nenets, the Evenki, the experiences any warm periods: the temperature Enets. At the same time, representatives of 5 may fall to zero and below practically every day. indigenous peoples live in Taymyr Dolgano- The most northern, islandic part of the Nenets Municipal District, which makes the area Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets Municipal District is especially important in the light of the present occupied by ice and arctic deserts. The terrain is research. The quantity of the small-numbered hilly and ridgy plain. The tundra and forest tundra indigenous peoples resident in the territory of zones are 1000-1200 km wide and include the Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets Municipal District is Taymyr Peninsula and the Byrranga mountains. 10132 people, i.e. 29.5 % of the total population 3. Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets Municipal of the area (Official website of Taymyr Dolgano- District is one of the most northern areas of both Nenets Municipal District), where: the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krai) and the whole – Dolgans - 5393 people; country. The northernmost point of Eurasia, – Nenets – 3494 people; Cape Chelyuskin, belongs to its territory. The – Nganasans – 747 people; area includes: the islands of Severnaya Zemlya – Evenki - 266 people; archipelago, the Taymyr peninsula, the Eastern – Enets – 204 people. part of the Gydan Peninsula and the northern part 2. In according to the Decree of the of the Central Siberian Plateau (Official Website Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 12 “On of Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets Municipal District1). – 1283 – Yuliya N. Avdeeva, Kseniya A. Degtyarenko,.. Influence of Climatic Conditions on the Traditional Economy of… Consequently, the influence of climatic conditions Lodochnoe) and industrial exploration of the on traditional economy of small-numbered Priangarsky Centre (Kuyumbinskoe, Sobinsko- indigenous peoples, resident in the territory, is Payginskoe, Yurubcheno-Tokhomskoe deposits); very strong due to the geographic peculiarities − by the year 2025, the deposits of the and extremely low population density, which East Taymyr oil-and-gas bearing deposits by the suggests more individual forms of activity (wild Laptev Sea and Khatanga Gulf will have been reindeer, fur game and bird hunting, reindeer and included into the exploration plan. Exploration fish breeding, collection and processing of velvet of the deposits suggest development of an oil and antlers and endocrine material), and, therefore, gas transportation system including a network strong dependence on climatic stability. of pipelines and oil loading terminals, as well as 4. In accordance with the Basic principles development of Khatanga port; of cultural policy of the Russian Federation, − development of non-ferrous metallurgy approved by the Decree of the President of the in Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets Municipal District Russian Federation No. 808 of 24.12.2014, one of assumes implementation of the development the main tasks of the state is preservation of ethnic strategy of “Norilsk Nickel” mining and cultural tradition, support of folk art and crafts, metallurgic company, including exploration preservation of ethnocultural diversity as one of of Skalisty mine, modernization of Talnakh the important sources of professional culture and Enrichment Plant, exploration of Maslovskoe an essential component of ethnonational identity deposit as well as construction of the mining (Law assistance system Consultant Plus). This and metallurgic complex belonging to Russian objective cannot be achieved without relevant Platinum Group; measures on preservation of traditional economy − in the Western part of Taymyr Dolgano- of small-numbered indigenous peoples. Nenets Municipal District it is planned to explore 5. The territory of Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets Syradayskoe deposit of baking coal and create a Municipal District also includes the sites of major coke and by-product manufacturing facility; industrial corporations (“Norilsk Nickel” mining − to preserve the Northeast Passage, and metallurgic company and “RN-Vankor” which is a universal task, and to create adequate LLC), that make a significant impact on the local conditions for the continental arctic shelf survey, climate and changes in traditional economies. it is necessary to develop the ports of Dixon, 6. In accordance with the project of the Khatanga and Dudinka. Strategy for social and economic development Therefore, the factors listed above lead us of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krai) (Skhema to the conclusion that the natural and climatic territorial’nogo planirovaniia Krasnoiarskogo specificity caused by, inter alia, the global kraia; Proekt Strategii sotsial’no- warming, as well as the plans of further industrial ekonomicheskogo…), it is planned to implement exploration of the residence area of the small-
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