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Recovering the past for resilient communities: territorial identity, cultural landscape and symbolic places in Năsăud town, Romania Ilovan, Oana-Ramona; Voicu, Cristina-Georgiana; Colcer, Alexandra-Maria

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Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Ilovan, O.-R., Voicu, C.-G., & Colcer, A.-M. (2019). Recovering the past for resilient communities: territorial identity, cultural landscape and symbolic places in Năsăud town, Romania. Europa Regional, 26.2018(2), 14-28. https://nbn- resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-66830-6

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Recovering the past for resilient communities. Territorial identity, cultural landscape and symbolic places in Năsăud town, ­Romania

Oana-Ramona Ilovan, Cristina-Georgiana Voicu, Alexandra-Maria Colcer

Abstract Zusammenfassung By exploring inhabitants’ perceptions of territorial identity in Das Wiederherstellen der Vergangenheit zum Aufbau resilienter Gemeinschaften. Territoriale Identität, - Kulturlandschaft und symbolische Orte in der Stadt the Land of Năsăud (partly overlapping the former Military Năsăud (Rumänien) Frontier District of Năsăud), Romania, and the present prac tices building symbolic places, cultural landscapes, community spirit and togetherness in Năsăud town, its polarising centre, Bei der Untersuchung der Wahrnehmungen der Bewohner zur we discuss the relevance of recovering the past for building territorialen Identität im Land Năsăud (Rumänien) (teilweise - a resilient community. For collecting research data on locals’ überlappend mit dem ehemaligen Militärgrenzbezirk Năsăud), - perceptions, we administered a questionnaire survey and em und der gegenwärtigen Praxis des Aufbaus symbolischer Orte, ployed a qualitative analysis of the information, while on place von Kulturlandschaften, Gemeinschaftsgeist und Zusammenge symbols, and events organised related to the Military Frontier hörigkeit in der Stadt Năsăud, seinem polarisierenden Zentrum, - District history and heritage, we collected data from the local sprechen wir über die Bedeutung des Wiedergewinnens der mass media and through field trips investigating the cultural Vergangenheit zum Aufbau einer anpassungsfähigen, belastba landscape. Our findings include facts and locals’ perceptions ren Gemeinschaft. Zur Erhebung von Forschungsdaten über die about their history, features of their community (discourse and Wahrnehmungen der Einheimischen haben wir eine Umfrage - - symbolic places), the most recent local initiatives and events re- durchgeführt und eine qualitative Analyse der Informationen creating a landscape of feeling. Despite running the risk of ro vorgenommen, während wir bei Ortssymbolen und Veranstal Recovering the past for resilient communities - manticising a place and a period, one cannot ignore the impact tungen, die sich auf die Geschichte und die Vergangenheit des - of shaping a certain cultural landscape and discourse on com militärischen Grenzbezirks beziehen, Daten aus den lokalen munity’s self-defining process and future prospects. The roles Massenmedien erhoben und bei Exkursionen die Kulturland of culture and community spirit are very strong in empowering schaft untersucht haben. Unsere Befunde umfassen Fakten and building the confidence of the communities in the present und Wahrnehmungen der Einheimischen über ihre Geschichte, - Land of Năsăud, as proved by the perceptions, initiatives, and Merkmale ihrer Gemeinschaft (Diskurs und symbolische Orte), - events in the town of Năsăud. die jüngsten lokalen Initiativen und Veranstaltungen zur Wie Năsăud town; symbolic landscape; Military Frontier District; - derherstellung einer Gefühlslandschaft. Obwohl die Gefahr be community; locals’ perceptions; memory steht, Orte und alte Zeiten zu romantisieren, kann man die Aus wirkungen der Gestaltung einer bestimmten Kulturlandschaft und der Diskussion auf den Selbstbestimmungsprozess und die - Zukunftsperspektiven der Gemeinschaft nicht ignorieren. Die - Rolle, die die Kultur und der Gemeinschaftsgeist für die Stär kung der Identität und den Aufbau von Vertrauen der Gemein schaften im heutigen Land Năsăud spielen, ist sehr bedeutend. Dies zeigen die Eindrücke, Initiativen und Veranstaltungen in der Stadt Năsăud. Năsăud Stadt; symbolische Landschaft; militärischer Grenzbe- zirk; Gemeinde; Wahrnehmungen der Einheimischen; Erinnerung

14 Oana-Ramona Ilovan, Cristina-Georgiana Voicu, Alexandra-Maria Colcer: Recovering the past for resilient communities

Introduction social recognition and depiction of a ‘col- “landscapes as spaces rendered distinct environmental change by considering perceptions of territorial identity in the - The aim of our paper is to explore (a) the lective self’ conveys the social expression - through an accumulation and concretisa of territorial identity. As a reaction to calls Land of Năsăud, Romania, which is partly tion of memory, in situ” (Kinsley 2015, for a non-representational method of in overlapping the former Military Frontier p. 167) as the landscape continues to vestigating this territorial identity, the District of Năsăud (1762-1851), part of change in the future. distinction between ‘internal’ self and - - the Austrian Military Frontier, and (b) There is a living connection between ‘external’ landscape in a way that exceeds the present practices building symbolic the territory and the community, a sym the (re)formation vision-oriented attrib places, cultural landscapes, community biosis, as an elasticised sense of time is utes of landscape must be drawn. - - - spirit and togetherness in Năsăud town, embedded in the territory. The concept of In this respect, Storey found this type of - the polarising centre. The most signifi ‘cultural memory’ as a source of this in identity as a “complex, fluid, multi-dimen cant period for the social and economic terpretative framework enables certain sional, multilayered, and processual con development of this region: the Military processes and types of rationality when cept” (Storey 2012, p. 11). In his study, he - - Frontier District of Năsăud traces back planning space, according to a certain underscored the regional symbolic value the present features of the community community-owned knowledge along his of identity as having physical and cul - - culture and landscape. In doing so, we tory. The fact that working with memory tural properties. Firstly, the geographical discuss the relevance of territorial iden means also to recognise what is happen identity behaves as a cognitive product: tity, of recovering the past through the ing now in the territory – new ways of the outcome of an analytical method and - - cultural landscape and symbolic places taking care of the territory, uses of space representation that enables us to gain a of Năsăud, to build a resilient community. – the quality of places, where differenc symbolic control on a given space. Sec - Situated in the northern part of Bistriţa- es are visible, enhanced, and underline ondly, the territorial identity stems from Năsăud County, Romania, the Land of identity through certain ‘identity mark a self-referential process performed by - - Năsăud has over 100,000 inhabitants, out ers’ (Melnychuck et al. 2014, p. 159) in a community that culturally owns a pre- - of which 80 % live in the rural area (Ilo the landscape, argues for its relevance. established symbolic landscape. Conse - - van 2009). Năsăud, the main economic Researchers discuss the role of these quently, the territorial identity repre and cultural centre, is a small town, hav markers, seen as essential symbolic ele sents the local community by collective of regarding identity as a territorial re- ing just over 9,000 inhabitants. ments interlinked to the community’s identification. In other words, this way Theoretical background past, by employing and re-engaging with - - this past to construct territorial identity source that is instantly able to determine ritorial identity and assigning it a role in The topic of community spirit and territo in a still in progress future (Simon et al. local development allows reinforcing ter - rial cohesion in today’s literature review 2010, p. 411). et is rooted in the critical debate about the All these show that the basic mecha local development strategies. - core idea of territorial identity (Ilovan nism of employing history in collective Equally, as argued above through this to-date and original research increasingly - al. 2016a). As such, the ongoing most up- and territorial identity development leads interpretative path, the territorial identi - - to self-organised and self-governed collec ty carries two key attributes: it coincides - focuses on the representation of territo tive intervention of the territorial identity with the effect of an interactive mecha rial identity seen as a “collective memory” theory, highly relevant to territorial col nism in which identity plays the role of - - of the common territory, as a progressive laborative governance, which renders the cause and effect of territorial dynamics. change in symbolic boundaries between capacity to unveil the regional self-con As a result, identity can run an interac territory according to its self-referential local and regional communities, with a sciousness in terms of cultural reflexivity. tive, collective shifting and change the - special reference to social identity. Thus, Therefore, the go-off of a self-governance - the territory itself aims at creating par process of territorial development takes mechanisms, thus establishing a synergic - ticular symbolic spaces (historic “home into consideration the acknowledgment connection with other territorial entities. lands”) which emerge from the communi of a solid trans-territorial identity. Besides this, as more in-depth analyses ty interconnectedness with the territory Some theorists and identity scholars and case studies on territorial identity - as a polyphonic choir, a collective dance, have examined territorial identity as a showed, historical narratives (Verhaege while being engaged in mutual learning to factor of aggregation of territorial com 2014) and collective memory constantly - - modify the cultural landscape(s) into so- munity, thus enabling contextual insights employ the development of the emotional called ‘memoryscapes’ (Bickford 2005, on the significance of strategic govern connection to territorial identity and com p. 96) as a matter of cultural heritage. ance which might serve to reinforce local munity resilience as a precondition of its - displaced heritage of a local or regional Beyond all these, Kinsley designed to and regional identities and restore a new spread in the culturally institutionalized shift and unsettle the understanding of ‘sense of place’ and belongingness. With this symbolic landscape adaptation and in this framework, a sense of belonging, community (Terlouw 2017, p. 33). 15 Europa Regional 26, 2018 (2019) I 2

- - Further, in her study, Ting-Toomey rein to people whom they only know from regional community as perceived by its - forced the sense of identity (re)negotia second-hand experiences. To make these inhabitants. We used discourse analysis tion, as an expression of a highly variable ‘imagined communities’ meaningful spac to analyse and interpret those data. More - constantly engaged in a process of region- socio-cultural product based on constant es for collective action, regional elites are than half of those we contacted answered - territorial interaction. Her strong argu our invitation to participate in the survey: - - ment was that in a fast multicultural iden building that defines the character of that 54 respondents (32 men and 22 women). tity formation society, this sense of inter region and prescribes the norms of in- We also aimed to ensure a representa - cultural identity satisfaction “means the group/out-group relations” (Brigevich tiveness of the sample by underlining ness of self-identity and other-identity is- heightened awareness and responsive 2016, p. 484). respondents’ certain common view we and - Moreover, in a compelling argument, identified while doing our research. The - sues in a cultural situation” (Ting-Toomey Paasi Metzger (re)conceptualised criteria of sample representativeness re - 2015, p. 8). region as a social construct of the re lated to respondents’ community from By outlining the “emergence of Eu gionalisation processes with a significant a social and cultural perspective: most - - ropean membership norms”, Thomas focus on the link between history and respondents were teachers and priests,

“interprets the social construction of re the region, in terms of a ‘fixed entity or people who knew the traditions and tra gions in terms of identity” and develops neutral background’ (Paasi & Metzger ditional way of life, values, and mentality. an “alternative approach focused on the 2017, p. 22), under the label of ‘relational Most of them had university education - role of membership norms in discursive region’ (p. 25) endowed with a ‘regional (the high difficulty of half the questions processes of regional community build identity’ (p. 27). that required an elaborated answer also - ing” (Thomas 2017, p. 218). Furthermore, Lastly, the territorial identity closely conditioned the features of the sample). - - in the same survey, he grasps regional connects to culture, a very polysemic Another criterion for selecting respond - identity as a factual basic process of ex concept. From economic, social, and en ents was their origin: we selected people tending or limiting a regional community vironmental perspectives, the contribu who lived in the region and a few who in terms of exclusive/inclusive identities. tion of culture to development in rural came in frequent and close contact to As a result, the inclusive/exclusive aspect and urban areas is taking into account the people of the region. Respondents - - of identity must be adapted to empirical the sustainability and long-term sectoral remained anonymous and agreed that - analyses on frontiers as “important spac policies (Bayliss 2004; Skrede 2016). In we used their answers as research mate - - es, where questions of identity, belonging, this context, culture is “continually evolv rial. Despite the fact that fieldwork dates - political conflict, and societal transforma ing, as well as something rooted, fixed back about a decade, its results are rel - tion are discussed and acted out” (Casa and place-bound” (Huggins & Thompson evant also for the present and therefore and also glia & Laine 2017b, p. 94). For a better 2015, p. 134, apud Syssner 2009). There valuable because people’s mentality and interpretation, Casaglia Laine fore, the concept of culture outlines that perceptions change over longer periods. - suggested a “critical understanding of of community, in an attempt of defining For the part on the present discourse - frontiers as resources and as potential el community culture, which “refers to the on territorial identity, on place symbols, ements of political innovation” (Casaglia overaching or dominant mindsets that and events organised related to the Mili - - & Laine 2017a, p. 3). underlie the way in which places function tary Frontier District history and heritage, - Dealing with regional identity, Ridan in a broader societal sense” (Huggins & we collected data from the local mass me pää examined how the questions of spati Thompson 2015, p. 135). dia (newspapers and cultural journals – ality, social memories, local identities and Considering all these approaches, we the inhabitants’ main information source) - otherness are embedded into one’s own discussed the regional identity building and we took photos of landscapes and of - - self-identity, by which “regional identi during and since the Military Frontier symbolic places in the town of Năsăud. ties are socially constructed and medi District of Năsăud and the present per This part of data collection lasted for four ated into people’s regional consciousness ceptions of community identity, as well as months (September-December 2017). - Their history: facts and percep- by diverting the ways regions are socially the practices in the town of Năsăud, the tions remembered, shared and narrated” (Ri polarising centre. - Material and method danpää 2014, p. 713). - Additionally, the issue approach of Bri The Austrian Military Frontier stretched - gevich proposes “this focus on the re We collected data during a three years for 1,800 km. It followed the eastern and - gion as a level of governance, defined by (2005, 2006, and 2007) questionnaire south-eastern frontier between the Aus th- administrative functions and delineated survey and employed a qualitative anal trian and the Ottoman Empires (Fig. 1). Its - th territorially, has cast regional identity ysis of the information. The aim of the establishment took place during the 16 in a political light. Regions as imagined survey was to identify the main iden 18 centuries, when the Austrian Empire communities require citizens to relate tity features of Năsăud region and of its underwent a process of reinforcing and 16 Oana-Ramona Ilovan, Cristina-Georgiana Voicu, Alexandra-Maria Colcer: Recovering the past for resilient communities

The Austrian Military Frontier in 1780

Cartography: Roxana Maria BUŞ Source: Ilovan et al. 2016b, p. 221

0 100 200 km

Fig. 1: The Austrian Military Frontier in 1780

- - protecting its frontiers (Ember 1989). Austrian rule was interested in educating Austrian Empire: the war against Prus Siebenbürgische Grenze - Within the Transylvanian Military Fron them and in increasing their trust in the sia, and the wars against the Ottomans tier ( ) (1764- monarchy. Therefore, the Romanian pop (1788-1791), the ones against the French - 1851), the administration relied on the ulation had some advantages and gained (1793-1801, 1805, 1809, 1812, and 1813- local people, thus creating a population privileges from being members of the Mil 1814), etc. (Ilovan 2009, p. 85). Archive th - of farmers and soldiers (Göllner 1974; itary Frontier such as land, education, and documents (Klein 2006, p. 57) include - Vaníček 1875; Zachar 2004).st The 11 religious rights, all these having both a so assertions such as: “The inhabitants of the Romanian Frontier Regiment, part of this cial and psychological impact. As such, the Romanian Military Frontier Districts dis - defensive belt, set up on the 1 of April Austrian administration answered to the tinguished themselves in all wars through - 1762, with the name of the Second Wal instability in the area of Năsăud, caused courage, boldness, endurance, cold blood lachian/Romanian Regiment. It included by the ongoing fights between the locals and bravery, beautiful qualities acknowl th the present area of the Land of Năsăud and the magistrate of Bistriţa, who was edged by the great army leaders of the (Fig. 2). the local administration ruler (Vlașin 19 century: Emperor Napoleon I and the - The reasons for setting up the military 2011, p. 86). Archduke Carol”. - frontier in the northeast of Transylvania, The Military Frontier District mentality The family was one of the main com - and in the area of Năsăud respectively, is characterised by certain features such munity values in Năsăud Military Fron - were to protect and strengthen the fron as the worship of heroes, of the Good tier District. This led to the setting up of tiers, and to strengthen the economic, Emperor, a strong sense of property over new Regulations in 1766 on the organi military, and religious positions of the land, and observing the rights due to the sation, concession and the inheritance of Austrian Monarchy in the eastern part of free men statute. Worshiping heroes in property in the Military Frontier District their Empire. This was possible with the this region occurred after the inhabitants families, and, in 1808, an Order on the local population’s support, and thus the participated at wars as soldiers of the property right in the region of Năsăud 17 Europa Regional 26, 2018 (2019) I 2

Năsăud Military Frontier and the Land of Năsăud

0 100 km

Source: Ilovan et al. 2016b, p. 224 Cartography: Roxana Maria BUŞ 010 km

0 20 km

Fig. 2: Năsăud Military Frontier and the Land of Năsăud

Our land, our education, and our faith wasth issued (Vlaşinth 2012, p. 11-12). The by the inhabitants of Năsăud town or by first land systems organised during the The well functioning of the frontier was those knowing the town and its region. - 19 and 20 centuries are still taken based on the care for and achievement They rendered in the cultural landscapes into account for present real estate is of a frontier guard identity, which meant and in the symbolic places (most of them - sues. a new and more disciplined life style, in Năsăud town, the polarising centre) Their community: discourse and - - shared values, while undergoing a series and the settlement to which all inhabit symbolic places tary Frontier District related or relate to of very impactful military, economic, so ants of the Land of Năsăud and of the Mili

cial, educational, confessional territorial - Respondents’ perceptions highlighted planning initiatives (Ilovan 2008; Jordan (this is still true for the settlements on the several topics in the discourse on ter 2015; Sabău 2015). Someşul Mare Valley and its tributaries). ritorial identity. Their regional identity The Romanian population in Northern - - - mainly relates to their land, education, Transylvania perceived that period as “The consciousness of belonging to and faith going back to the Military Fron a glorious one because they gained cer the ‘Năsăud frontier’ is one of peo - only rights tier District period; their Năsăud – “the tain political rights, economic welfare ple’s fundamental features from - Academicians’ town”; their traditions and had positive social mobility. There which, unfortunately, - and traditional costume (with the origi fore, the identity of the present Land of come first! They emphasize the nal element: the hat with peacock feath Năsăud derives from both “land” features past as a period with high social, - - ers); their regional pride; their mentality, (long ethnographical tradition, Romanian economic, and especially cultural behaviour, and shortcomings. Then, we language and Orthodox religion, herit achievements.” (43 years old ar listed and discussed the most significant age region) and military frontier under chiver – from outside the region) and recent local initiatives and events new and advantageous political, social, creating symbolic places and re-creating and economic conditions (Ilovan 2009). Respondents identified the property a landscape of feeling. These characteristics are also perceived right over the land and inhabitants’ 18 Oana-Ramona Ilovan, Cristina-Georgiana Voicu, Alexandra-Maria Colcer: Recovering the past for resilient communities

- emancipation through School and Church through which the military frontier to be proud of: the progress enabled by - as the main achievements of the Military families renounced to their finan the military frontier period (reflected - Frontier District period. The School and cial rights in favour of creating the in a good organisation of their com - - Church had marked their becoming both School Central Fund and the Bur munity and life – mainly of economy - - as a community and individually. Wor sary Fund. Up to 1948, over 4,000 and social issues, among which educa - shiping the land governed human and so pupils, university, and PhD students tion was always a priority) and a secu - cial relations in the traditional rural com benefited from these. These also lar competition among the component - munities of the Military Frontier District, funded entirely the Military Fron settlements of the region or among the schools and all the other schools in as well as in the small town of Năsăud. tier High School, the communal inhabitants themselves. Still, irrespec tive of their age and education, most of “Worshiping the land, property in the region until 1923. the respondents identified the Military th - general, the attachment towards 2. The educational policy and that Frontier District as a source of assuming - the Church and school.” (50 years of teachers in the 19 century (im their superiority (Ilovan et al., 2016b, old university professor) posed especially by the Vicar Grig p. 231-235). Our Năsăud – “the Academicians’ town” ore Moisil) on: - - – selecting the best pupils from all “‘The Năsăud pride’ is the feeling of Emancipation through education marked military frontier villages and fund these people from the former Sec the development of both the town and the ing their high school (in Blaj and ond Military Frontier Regiment (the region. Năsăud), university (in Vienna, 22 communes on the Someşul Mare - Graz, Rome, Lvov, Berlin, Prague, Valley and on the valleys that flow “The imprint left by the militarisa and Budapest), and PhD studies; into the Someş) of having the past - tion of the region, a place of culture – signing contracts with the bursary of free men, open to culture and that and intellectuality ….” (34 years old PhD students to return as special gave 20 academicians.” (65 years teacher) ists to the Năsăud Military Frontier old retired teacher) or and region; in the schools of the region and this – stimulating the teachers to remain - -

“Military, administrative and cul led to the occurrence of highly com “The inhabitants of the town, most tural capital of the Someş Valley, petitive teaching teams (those with of them farmers, with individual a breeding place for great cultural PhD: Paul Tanco, Artemius Publiu households (although they kept - values: over 100 PhD owners, over Alexi, Constantin Moisil senior, Ion the pace with modernity) are very - - 50 university professors, 18 mem Mălai and others between 1865 fond of their assets (animals, pieces bers of the Romanian Academy who and 1900), including the 15 acad of land, and even money). Their fa went to school in Năsăud.” (59 years emicians from the current 18.” (59 vourite posture: their hand on belt old teacher) years old teacher) in order to show everyone that they Our hat with peacock feathers are in control. The intellectual boast - After 1851, education was supported with the academicians.” (58 years through the funds that had initially a mili Some respondents considered that the old retired teacher) tary destination. These were transformed characteristic features of the traditional - into civil ones (the agreement of 1861- costumes in the Land of Năsăud related They did not defend only the Imperial fended their identity that they had cre- 1862) that supported the schools in the to the military frontier period. frontiers and interests, but they also de - regions and provided bursaries to pupils - - and university students descending from “The hat with peacock feathers, a ated before the establishment of the mili military frontier people until 1918 (Ure unique element, although not rep tary frontier. The military frontier people - - che 2001, p. 13). resentative to the entire military (known for their loyalty to authorities - frontier area, has become emblem and their heroic deeds) added new ele - “I underline two determining fac atic.” (38 years old priest, journalist, ments on an old identity, characterised by tors for what Năsăud has become: and speleologist – from outside the identity markers such as “language, reli - - 1. The power of sacrifice for the region, but living there at present) gion, costumes, traditional occupations Our regional pride community – Tănase Tudoran, mar and traditions connected to the most sig - tyr for social justice and Orthodoxy. nificant moments in the people’s life and And accepting the Agreement and Respondents considered that the peo in that of the community” (Ilovan et al. voting the Foundational Instrument ple in the region had two main reasons 2016b, p. 233). 19 Europa Regional 26, 2018 (2019) I 2

- - - “I explain ‘the Năsăud pride’ through problems and people have still re researched the way in which the commu - their great love for tradition, for their mained united around this institu nity’s involvement constructed today’s ancestors, pride of being the mili tion.” (48 years old entrepreneur) Năsăud territorial identity. - a. ASTRA Association tary frontier people’s descendants, - - keepers and defenders of the Roma The respondents themselves identified nian language, of the traditional cos ways of promoting their community iden A very important association – ASTRA tumes, of traditions and handicrafts tity through their cultural heritage. (Asociația Transilvană pentru Literatura - left from immemorial times.” (34 Română și Cultura Poporului Român [The - years old primary school teacher) “I think that, for the past genera Transylvanian Association for Romanian or tions, preserving and retaining all Literature and the Culture of the Roma that was valuable was a high moral nian People]) – with a branch located in “Being an inhabitant of the Land of duty, passed from father to son, but Năsăud town, keeps alive the traditions, - - which, unfortunately, has obviously customs and the cultural values of this - Năsăud is a pride and a privilege be been diminishing to the present settlement and of the ones within its cul - cause this region is well positioned day. It is the duty of the Church, of tural influence area. It cooperates to a se geographically and it is in a wonder the School and of other institutions ries of projects (e.g. book presentations, - ful spiritual and folkloric heritage (i.e. cultural house, museum, etc.) to art exhibitions, homages to the Năsăud place.” (48 years old entrepreneur) perpetuate and preserve this herit military frontier people, etc.) with “Liviu or - - age through exhibitions, symposia, Rebreanu” Cultural House in Năsăud. festivals, school festivities and ac In addition, ASTRA is the most active - tivities, etc.” (59 years old priest) ly involved into promoting the identity or “Assuming the regional pride.” (53 of Năsăud as a cultural town (also an years old priest) nouncing inhabitants through a billboard Our mentality, behaviour, and short- comings in the town centre, nearby the biggest “The Land of Năsăud has specific church – Fig. 3). Other active actors are traditions and customs that we wish the Năsăud Military Frontier Museum and - Having freedom as their supreme value to preserve.” (54 years old teacher) the schools, especially “George Coșbuc” - Memory places, local initiatives and - that significantly influenced their exist events creating symbolic places and National College. The events initiated ence and self-defining, respondents con through the cooperation of these insti re-creating a landscape of feeling enhance people’s sense of belonging to a sidered their history and cultural heritage tutions, associations, organisations, etc. - as the factors that modelled the locals’ - behaviour. In small towns, the different competing community that is part of something big or conflicting interests for using space ger (i.e. the Romanian nation, the Roma - “Their mentality generates a type of are not as visible as in big cities. Still, nian culture, and the Romanian history). - behaviour originating in the years space cannot be inclusive for all, there is People feel the need to be part of some of Austrian leadership, and the fact always a natural exclusion, but small com thing bigger, thus resulting in a symbolic - that they were free could explain munities create inclusiveness and social territory appropriation. The production - their ‘boastfulness’.” (57 years old cohesion to a higher degree (Huggins & of the territory has a creative dimen teacher) Thompson 2015, p. 142-150). In addi sion and expression, not only normative - - tion, the institutional support for cultural forms, and this process is well captured in The inhabitants of Năsăud and of its re activities leads to community cohesion the following quotation, from a newspa gion are faithful people. and resilience, as “[c]ulture helps us to per article, where two representatives of - adapt to change by anchoring our sense ASTRA cultural association make several - “They are proud people, who be of being; it shows that we come from proposals for building and establishing - lieve in God and in His power, with somewhere and have a story to tell; it can certain monuments in the town. Remind - a mentality open to everything new provide us with confidence and security ing the inhabitants of their roots, this as and beautiful.” (29 years old prima to face the future” (Skrede 2016, p. 414, sociation wants to contribute to creating a - ry school teacher) apud Landry 2008, p. 39). place identity by means of using memory or In Năsăud town, cultural local and re as a core identity. Memory triggers are - gional initiatives have support from the very important for the present and future - - - public administration, which is inter of this community, as both present and “The Church has also an impor ested thus in strengthening people’s cul future generations will inherit the terri tant role in solving the community tural identity and community pride. We tory embedded with time. Cooperation 20 Oana-Ramona Ilovan, Cristina-Georgiana Voicu, Alexandra-Maria Colcer: Recovering the past for resilient communities

Fig. 3: Billboard used by ASTRA to promote its cultural initiatives (Alexandra-Maria Colcer 2017)

- - between the public authorities and the in of Năsăud; C. The Memorial Monu Academicians’ Gallery made by habitants decided the place of monuments ment to the academicians of Năsăud “George Coşbuc” National College - in the public space. Below is the phase of should be established in the Central will include only the graduates of this consultation (Pleş & Seni 2013): Park of the town, thus aesthetically this institution, while the Academi - no longer exists, our note - integrating the metal tower [ cians’ Gallery made by the locals will - “On behalf of the elected represent ]. • A de include them all, that is, even those atives and local councillors’ invita signer can also use the metal tower who graduated from other Năsăud Răsunetul - tion sent on 13-14 July, the current around which a rotunda to be built Schools (The Normal School...) or year, by Newspaper, re to host these Academicians’ Gallery who originate from Năsăud or the - garding the Town Monuments, as (the economic and cheaper model). Land of Năsăud [...]; • The idea of - well as on behalf of ASTRA mem • The tower has a quality: it keeps an alley in the town park consisting bers, we also make known their the height of the surrounding build of the academicians’ busts statues - opinion upon it: A. The Memorial ings, so a metal spiral can be made is auspicious, which can be made Monument to the Frontier Guards around it up to the Academicians’ during a whole summer by carry of Năsăud should be established Gallery while the tourists can go ing out a sculpture camp where as in its previous headquarters, in down by using other stairs (which many sculptors from the county, - the yard of the Military Frontier would surely turn into a place to country or the Romanian Diaspora - Museum respectively; B. The Me visit). Even if it is being demolished, could work there [...]”. morial Monument to the martyrs another building must be estab of Năsăud can be established in lished in its place to preserve the In 2015, “Liviu Rebreanu” Cultural House the surroundings belonging to any scale of the surrounding edifices, in Năsăud inaugurated the Academicians’ The Cultural Café in the Orthodox Church in the town, even leaving academicians on TOP, at the Gallery (with their 21 drawn portraits). if they originate from different upper level of the edifice, as THEY Another project is spots, but still belong to the Land brought Năsăud to the fore; • The foyer of the Cultural House.

21 Europa Regional 26, 2018 (2019) I 2

Fig. 4: The Military Frontier Museum (Alexandra-Maria Colcer 2017) Fig. 5: The Roman Catholic Church, 1762 (Alexandra-Maria Colcer 2017)

Fig. 6: “George Coșbuc” National College (Alexandra-Maria Colcer 2017) Fig. 7: Captain Alexandru Bohăţel, educa- tion supporter (Alexandra-Maria Colcer, 2017)

- - - Thus, the locals perceive and present the Frontier as a glorious historical pe Academicians’ Gallery, “George Coşbuc” - territory as an open book with signs that riod or having impact on the develop National College (Fig. 6), Captain Al - recalled the belonging. They use a collec ment of the town as a cultural centre exandru Bohăţel’s bust statue – ruler tive language when creating the symbolic and an education provider, thus shap of the Autonomous Romanian District places in the town and in this manner ing particular markers significant for of Năsăud, after the Military Frontier - building their landscapes of memory and the inhabitants’ collective memory. District was abolished, and supporter - feeling. This defines a community produc Such memory places are the Military of funding the Romanian schools in - tion of space. Frontier Museum (Fig. 4), the Roman Năsăud (Fig. 7), and the Heroes’ Monu memory places The urban area of Năsăud hosts many Catholic Church (Fig. 5), “Liviu Re ment (Fig. 8) in the Central Park (within related to the Military breanu” House of Culture hosting the the Union Square). 22 Oana-Ramona Ilovan, Cristina-Georgiana Voicu, Alexandra-Maria Colcer: Recovering the past for resilient communities

Fig. 8: The Heroes’ Monument in the Central Park (within the Union Square) (Alexandra-Maria­ Colcer 2017)

b. Năsăud Military Frontier Museum - not been listed as a historical monument education system in the town and in the th The Năsăud Military Frontier Museum so far (Lucuţa 2015). settlements of the former Military Fron d. “George Coşbuc” National College (Muzeul Grăniceresc Năsăudean) (18 tier District). This College is a symbol - - century Austrian Barracks maintained in of the community’s high investment in an impeccable state) hosts numerous ex Starting with 1837, Năsăud hosted cours education during the Military Frontier - hibitions and conferences (Fig. 4). es for training primary school teachers. District and afterwards (until 1948) c. The Roman Catholic Church These courses lasted, with some inter (Pleş 2017, p. 2-3) (Fig. 7). e. The Academicians’ Town ruptions, until 1859, when the School for - Academi- The Roman Catholic Church (Fig. 5) has Training Primary School Teachers was cians’ Town a symbolic value as it reminds of Joseph set up, which later on became the pres Because Năsăud is called the - II’s visit (he visited it in June 1773, after tigious “George Coşbuc” National College , the Days of the Romanian - being mentioned in documents starting in Năsăud nowadays (Fig. 6). Academy were marked in Năsăud by cel with 1762, when the Military Frontier This College bore the name of Franz ebrating the publication of the retired his - was established) and of his naming of four Joseph Military Frontier Gymnasium tory teacher Ioan Seni’s book (member of - - villages from the region. This occured af between 1863 and 1920, being the ASTRA Năsăud) “The Romanian Academy ter he said “Salve Romuli parva nepos!”, fourth Romanian College in Transylva at 150 years (1866-2016) – The Acad - meaning “I greet you small nephew of nia, where anyone could learn there, emicians of Năsăud”. Before the event, Romulus!”, due to the similarity of the irrespective of their ethnic or religious the participants visited the Academi name of a neighbouring village (Salva) belonging (Pleş 2016, p. 282-288). The cians’ Gallery at “Liviu Rebreanu” Culture - to the Latin word and the Emperor’s education system was funded by the House. One of the participants suggested - conviction of the Latin origin that its na Military Frontier District Funds (these that as at the entrance to Bistriţa it was tive name could have had. This Baroque funds, initially having a military desti written “Town of the National Anthem”, monument is a private property and has nation, were oriented to supporting the also at the entrance in Năsăud it should 23 Europa Regional 26, 2018 (2019) I 2

Năsăud - - be written “The Academicians’ Town” (in December 2016), in coopera - (Lazăr 2016). tion with the Faculty of Geography, the de Another action was that of February partment of Bistriţa (Bistritz) 2016; par - 2017, when the “Liviu Rebreanu” House ticipating with the students at the book - of Culture in Năsăud hosted the founda presentation ‘“And from military frontier - tion of the first literary cenacle in the guards they made us peasants …’. Collec - town, the reporter mentioning the rela tive Mentalities in the Former Military - th tion between this activity and the heritage Frontier Villages of Năsăud Region, dur th of of the “Academicians’ Town” in the head ing the Second Half of the 19 Century” line (Oltean 2017). by Claudia Septimia Sabău (on the 30 Memory is the source of normative May 2016); participating at the scientific - framework, enabling certain processes event “The Historiographyth of the Năsăud and a type of rationality when planning Military Frontier – Past, Present, Perspec - space, according to a certain community- tives” (on the 27 of October 2017). owned knowledge. Defining their own Moreover, being listed in the Guin town as a cultural one, under the name of ness World Records, the aim of Năsăud the “Academicians’ Town”, the inhabitants town succeeded in establishing two - of Năsăud use symbols from their history world records and thus supporting the Fig. 9: The new coat of arms of Năsăud during the Military Frontier period, along well-known “Năsăud pride”: one for the - town (Guvernul României 2012) side others, from the local and national highest number of people dressed up in culture (e.g. bust statues of poets), but not traditional costume and one for the high the purpose of our present analysis. est number of participants involved in a f. The Heroes’ Monument th traditional dance. These events took place of their folkloric traditions and wearing on the 14 of May 2017, both local and that hat with peacock feathers (related to - The Central Park is a symbolic place central public authorities being involved the military frontier period). - situated in the historical centre of the in their setting up. Their achievement by There are also other great cultural pro people participated at establishing the - town and very often used for celebrat the people in the region (almost 10,000 jects taking place in Năsăud each year and - ing or commemorating local and national aiming to get everyone in the region in - events, while hosting the Heroes’ Monu world record, while the population of volved (people and institutions) such as - - ment (Fig. 8). Among the most recent Năsăud town is just over 9,000) was per The Days of Năsăud town and The Contest - 1 ones, the following event is the most il ceived and reported by the local mass me Festival “For Ispas in Năsăud” (“De Ispas - lustrative: the public military ceremony dia as a historical event, a proof of peo la Năsăud”), etc. to commemorate the heroes of the World ple’s strong connection with traditional Moreover, a festival promoting the re - War I who fought for the regaining of culture and values. 5,000 persons dressed gional values and traditional costumes, some Romanian territories. On this oc up in traditional costumes participated in such as the national festival “Pană de casion, the officials read the list with the 2016, while during the second year event, Păun” [Peacock Feather], organised names of the heroes (300 in total) from the Land of Năsăud was perceived and by the Cultural Association “Pană de the Land of Năsăud (Oltean 2016). promoted as “the land of the traditional Păun” Bistrița, continues its activities g. Place-making through cultural activities costume” (Lăzăroi 2017) by one of the (Bradea 2017), although being moved popular artists, like Virginia Linul. from Năsăud, where it used to take place - - Rites and feasts have a symbolic nature, during the Days of the Town, to Bistriţa. Activities of “George Coşbuc” National as they reinforce the concept of socializa For more than 145 years (the oldest cul

College whereth the town community and tion, by sharing collective references and tural celebration in the Land of Năsăud), other institutionsst are involved take place mutual belongings.th Such an opportunity the May Celebration of the Students in on the 4 of October as The College Day reactivated the memory during the event Năsăud continues to be another event th - - and the 1 of December (Great Union on the 14 of May 2017, when the entire taking place annually.

Day), 24 of January (Romanian Unifica community participated at their own pro To sum up, this kind of actions that tion Day also known as ‘Little Union Day’), duction of self-identity. This event was promote the cultural image (Mititean - The Heroes Day, etc. significant from the perspective of how 2015) of the Academicians’ town or of - Activities organised by Năsăud Military the community members were represent Tracing 1 This is the popular name of an Orthodox Feast which Frontier Museum and “George Coșbuc” ing themselves, of how they were recog celebrates Christ’s Resurrection and marks 40 days the Military Frontier People in the Land of after the Easter. National College are as follows: nising themselves. They used a collective language of representativeness, speaking 24 Oana-Ramona Ilovan, Cristina-Georgiana Voicu, Alexandra-Maria Colcer: Recovering the past for resilient communities

- References the Austrian Military Frontier are highly Academicians’ Town; The Heroes’ Monu - frequent in Năsăud. For instance, in 2015, ment; and, very important, place-making Bayliss, D. (2004): Ireland’s Creative - new road signs with the new coat of arms through cultural activities. Development: Local Authority Strate for the town (Fig. 9) (Maximinian 2015), Social cohesion is fundamental in mak gies for Culture-led Development. In: as approved in 2012 (Lucuţa 2012), were ing the urban area and in maintaining Regional Studies 38, issue 7, p. 817-831. - - put up at the three entries, respectively its identity and the community spirit. Bickford, L. (2005): Memoryscapes. In: - exists from Năsăud town. There is a men Through such cultural events and vari Bilbija, K., J.E. Fair, C. Milton & L.A. Payne - - tion according to which “the book is the ous activities that revive the military (eds.) The Art of Truth-telling about Au evidence of the large number of acad frontier spirit as well as the old tradi thoritarian Rule. Madison: Wisconsin emicians who studied in Năsăud; the tions in the region, public institutions, UP, p. 96-102. - military frontier soldier symbolizes the associations and inhabitants work to Bradea, I. (2017): 5 interpreți repre­ th old Romanian military frontier soldiers enable and strengthen the link between zintă județul la concursul Festivalu from the Land of Năsăud, during the 18 past and present, promoting community lui național „Pană de Păun”. Talent century; the winding belt represents the shared values, regional belonging, and din belșug și folclor autentic. In: Someş River; the mural crown with three pride. Bistriţeanul.ro, 22.11.2017. Available - castellated towers marks the fact that this Due to their specific features, public online at http://www.bistriteanul.ro/ - - settlement is a town” in the newspaper’s spaces testify the connection between foto-video-5-interpreti-reprezinta-ju - article onth Năsăud town, seen as the “for the territory and the community, where detul-la-concursul-festivalului-nation mer seat of the Năsăud Military Frontier time is part of the territory through cre al-pana-de-paun-talent-din-belsug-si- in the 18 century” (Lucuţa 2012) ating places of remembrance, of memory. folclor-autentic-1511377082130.html Conclusions - Therefore, in Năsăud, as part of the urban [downloaded 17. 12. 2017]. cultural landscape, the public spaces in Brigevich, A. (2016): Regional Identity the polarising centre of the Land of - Drawing on the example of Năsăud town, troduce a layered history of the territory. and Support for Europe: Distinguishing - Despite running the risk of romanti Between Cultural and Political Social Năsăud – a small region in north-eastern cising a place and a period, one cannot Identity in France. In: Regional & Fed - - Transylvania (Romania) –, we explore the ignore the impact of building a specific eral Studies 26, issue 4, p. 475-507. ways in which the local population shapes cultural landscape and discourse on com Casaglia, A. & J.P. Laine (2017a): Chal - places of memory and specific activities munity’s self-defining process and future lenging Frontiers: A Critical Perspective - - and traditions during a long process of prospects. The role of culture is valuable on the Relationship between State, Ter . appropriating its cultural landscape. The in empowering and building the confi ritory, Citizenship and Identity: Intro - - main features of this population are its dence of the communities in the present duction In: Europa Regional 24, issue - vivid awareness of its history and its con Land of Năsăud, as testified by the percep 1, p. 3-8. - sciously preserving the memory of the tions, initiatives, and events in the town Casaglia, A. & J.P. Laine (2017b): To - Habsburg Monarchy military frontier. of Năsăud, the polarising centre of the wards a Re-Articulation of the Relation - The essential results of field research region. ship between State, Territory, and Iden - first underlined how the local commu Our research did not explore or discuss tity through a Situated Understanding nity perceived their region and town by whether the ways in which cultural tra of Frontiers: Conclusion. In: Europa - being able to identify the main features dition was maintained could be the basis Regional 24, Issue 1, p. 93-96. - of this community as reflected in their for a cultural tourism offer, but the im Ember, G. (1989). A magyar katonai - discourse and symbolic places: land, ed plementation of which could support the határőrvidék és az osztrák államtanács - ucation, and faith; Năsăud – “the Acad local and regional economy. Therefore, 1761-1768 [The Hungarian Military - - emicians’ town”; the hat with peacock we consider that another survey and re Frontier Guard and the Austrian State - feathers; the regional pride; their men search could show whether the popula Council 1761-1768]. In: Hadtörténelmi tality, behaviour, and shortcomings. Sec tion would like to make such an offer at Közlemények [Announcements from - ondly, our research focused on memory all or whether this interest is limited to Military History] 102, issue 4, p. 475- places, local initiatives and events cre its local elite. 494. - Acknowledgements ating symbolic places and re-creating a Göllner, C. (1974). Die Siebenbürgische landscape of feeling. The most impor Militärgrenze: Ein Beitrag zur Sozial- - tant of these were the following: ASTRA The authors gratefully acknowledge the und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 1762-1851. Association; Năsăud Military Frontier comments made by the anonymous re München, Oldenbourg. Museum; The Roman Catholic Church; viewers and the contribution of those Guvernul României [Government of “George Coşbuc” National College; The who participated at our survey. Romania] (2012). HOTĂRÂRE nr. 388

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Peзюме Résumé - Reconstituer le passé de communautés solides, d’identités territoriales, de paysages culturels et de ВосстановлениеОана-Рамона Илован, событий Кристина-Джорджиана прошлого для сооб Во- lieux symboliques à Năsăud, en Roumanie ществ,йку, Александра-Мария подтвердивших Колчер свою жизнеспособность. Территориальная идентичность, культурный - En étudiant la façon dont les habitants perçoivent l’identité ландшафт и символические места в городе Нэсэ- territoriale dans la région de Năsăud (qui chevauche partielle уд, Румыния ment l’ancienne frontière militaire de la région de Năsăud), en - Roumanie, et les pratiques de construction actuelles de lieux - Изучая представления жителей о территориальной иден symboliques, les paysages culturels, l’esprit communautaire et тичности в Земле Нэсэуд (территория которой частично l’unité dans la ville de Năsăud, son centre polarisant, nous vou совпадает с территорией бывшего Нэсэудского военного lons aborder le sujet de la pertinence de la reconstitution du - пограничного округа), Румыния, а также существующие passé dans le but de créer une communauté solide. Pour obtenir - практики создания символических мест, культурных ланд des données de recherche sur la perception des habitants de шафтов, чувства общности и единения в городе Нэсэуд, его la région, nous avons mené une enquête et procédé à une ana - поляризационном центре, мы обсуждаем актуальность lyse qualitative des informations obtenues. Par ailleurs, dans восстановления событий прошлого для построения жиз les lieux symboliques et lors des évènements organisés sur le - неспособного сообщества. Для сбора исследовательских thème de l’histoire et de l’héritage de la frontière militaire de данных о представлениях местных жителей мы провели la région, nous avons recueilli des données provenant des mé - анкетный опрос и качественный анализ информации, а на dias locaux et des excursions sur le thème du paysage culturel. - символичных местах и мероприятиях, связанных с исто Nous avons basé nos recherches sur des faits, la façon dont les - рией и наследием военного пограничного округа, собра habitants de la région perçoivent leur histoire, les particularités ли данные из местных средств массовой информации и в de leur communauté (discours et lieux symboliques), les der ходе экскурсий по культурному ландшафту. Наши выводы nières initiatives locales et les évènements récréant un paysage - - включают факты и представления местных жителей об их de sentiments. Même s’il existe un risque d’idéaliser un lieu et - истории, особенностях их сообщества (дискурс и символи une période, on ne peut pas ignorer l’influence de certains dis ческие места), самые последние местные инициативы и со cours et paysages culturels sur la façon dont une communauté - бытия, воссоздающие все разнообразие чувств. Несмотря se définit et sur ses perspectives d’avenir. L’esprit culturel et на риск романтизации места и периода, нельзя игнориро communautaire joue un rôle majeur dans l’émancipation et le - - вать влияние формирования определенного культурного renforcement de la confiance des communautés de la région - ландшафта и дискурса на процесс самоопределения сооб actuelle de Năsăud, comme le prouvent les perceptions, les ini щества и будущие перспективы. Культура и чувство общ tiatives et les évènements de la ville de Năsăud. Năsăud; paysage symbolique; frontière militaire de la région; ности играют важную роль в расширении возможностей - communauté; perceptions des habitants; mémoire и укреплении доверия в сообществах современной Земли Нэсэуд, что подтверждается представлениями, инициати вами и событиями в городе Нэсэуд. Город Нэсэуд; символический пейзаж; военный пограничный округ; сообщество; восприятие местных жителей; память

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