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Universidade Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Centro De Educação E Humanidades Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Centro de Educação e Humanidades Instituto de Letras Raphael dos Santos Miguelez Perez O etos de Akihito: uma análise discursiva de alocuções do Imperador do Japão Rio de Janeiro 2013 Raphael dos Santos Miguelez Perez O etos de Akihito: uma análise discursiva de alocuções do Imperador do Japão Dissertação apresentada, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre, ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Letras da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Área de concentração: Linguística. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Décio Orlando Soares da Rocha Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Bruno Rego Deusdará Rodrigues Rio de Janeiro 2013 CATALOGAÇÃO NA FONTE UERJ/REDE SIRIUS/CEHB P438 Perez, Raphael dos Santos Miguelez. O etos de Akihito: uma análise discursiva de alocuções do imperador do Japão / Raphael dos Santos Miguelez Perez. – 2013. 131 f. Orientador: Décio Orlando Soares da Rocha. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Letras. 1. Akihito, Imperador do Japão, 1933- - Teses. 2. Discursos, alocuções, etc. – Teses. 3. Língua japonesa – Análise do discurso – Teses. 4. Ethos – Teses. 5. Japão – História – Teses. 6. Agência da Casa Imperial (Japão) – Teses. I. Rocha, Décio Orlando Soares da. II. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Letras. III. Título. CDU 82.085 Autorizo, apenas para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta dissertação desde que citada a fonte __________________________ __________________ Assinatura Data Raphael dos Santos Miguelez Perez O etos de Akihito: uma análise discursiva de alocuções do Imperador do Japão Dissertação apresentada, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre, ao Programa de Pós- Graduação Letras, da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Área de concentração: Linguística. Aprovada em 25 de junho de 2013. Banca Examinadora: _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Décio Orlando Soares da Rocha (Orientador) Instituto de Letras – UERJ _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Bruno Rego Deusdará Rodrigues Instituto de Letras – UERJ _____________________________________________ Prof.ª Dra. Sonia Regina Longhi Ninomiya Faculdade de Letras - UFRJ Rio de Janeiro 2013 DEDICATÓRIA Dedico esta dissertação de mestrado aos meus pais, que me deram todo o suporte moral e financeiro para que eu pudesse fazer o que gosto e continuar meus estudos de forma tranquila. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador, Décio Orlando Soares da Rocha, por acreditar em mim e na minha pesquisa e por me fazer apreciar cada vez mais a Linguística. Ao professor e coorientador Bruno Rego Deusdará Rodrigues, por seus conselhos valiosos para melhorar a dissertação. À professora Satomi Takano Kitahara, pelo apoio e ajuda com materiais para leitura. À professora Rika Hagino, pela dedicação nos anos em que me ensinou a língua japonesa e me fez querer continuar estudando-a a fundo. À Fundação Japão, por financiar esta pesquisa e me fornecer uma estada inesquecível de dois meses no Japão. Aos meus amigos, pela paciência, pelo incentivo e pelos conselhos durante o mestrado. Enquanto eles não nos incomodarem e não custarem muito aos nossos bolsos, tudo bem. Quando começarem a incomodar, nós os tiramos de onde estão. Uma guia turística local em Londres, sobre a família real britânica RESUMO PEREZ, Raphael dos Santos Miguelez. O etos de Akihito: uma análise discursiva de alocuções do Imperador do Japão. 2013. 131f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguística) – Instituto de Letras, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2013. Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o Imperador do Japão perdeu sua soberania e passou a ser símbolo da nação e da união do povo japonês, de acordo com a Constituição promulgada em 1947, sendo suas funções basicamente cerimoniais e diplomáticas. Pensando nesse Imperador enquanto símbolo e no futuro da instituição imperial no Japão, a presente dissertação objetivou principalmente analisar que imagem o Imperador Akihito cria de si por meio de suas alocuções. Tais alocuções se encontram disponíveis no sítio eletrônico da Agência da Casa Imperial, tanto no original em japonês quanto em inglês. Dessa forma, considerando que a disponibilidade dos textos em japonês pressupõe coenunciadores nipônicos e a dos textos em inglês pressupõe a comunidade internacional como coenunciadores, analisaram-se as imagens criadas nos dois casos, buscando indícios de possíveis diferenças na criação do etos de Akihito em cada uma das versões de suas alocuções. Além disso, buscou-se também pensar as relações de poder, segundo Foucault (1995, 2010), no córpus de pesquisa. Como arcabouço teórico, utilizaram-se conceitos da Análise do Discurso de base enunciativa, mais precisamente o conceito de etos na leitura de Maingueneau (1997, 2001b). O material de análise coletado abrange conferências de imprensa realizadas por ocasião da comemoração de dez e vinte anos de reinado de Akihito, nos anos de 1999 e 2009, respectivamente. A metodologia de pesquisa, por sua vez, consistiu em se analisar de forma comparativa os textos em japonês com aqueles em inglês, tendo como foco as ocorrências do verbo japonês omou, que expressa sentimento e julgamento, recorrente nas alocuções do Imperador. Analisaram-se também as ocorrências de modalidades deônticas em ambas as versões do texto, acreditando- se que a pouca ocorrência dessas também contribui para se pensar a imagem do Imperador. Como resultado, verificaram-se diferenças significativas entre as duas versões das alocuções. O etos de Akihito nas alocuções em japonês sugere um Imperador amigo e próximo do povo, de tom moderado e amenizado, criando identificação entre ele e o povo. O etos apreendido na versão em inglês, por sua vez, sugere um Imperador mais firme em suas convicções, ora enfatizando mais seus sentimentos e opiniões, ora menos, conferindo-se certa ocidentalização de sua imagem. Pensando-se em termos de relação de poder, que caracteriza controle e divulgação, também se concluiu que, sendo o Japão o maior aliado capitalista no Oriente e seu Imperador, representante simbólico desse país, parece pertinente que suas alocuções estejam disponíveis de forma tal que possibilite um controle constante por parte da comunidade internacional, garantindo a ordem capitalista. Palavras-chave: Discurso. Poder. Etos. Imperador do Japão. Akihito. ABSTRACT After the Second World War, the Emperor of Japan lost his sovereignty and became symbol of the nation and of the unity of the Japanese people, according to the Constitution promulgated in 1947, being his functions basically ceremonials and diplomatics. Thinking of this Emperor as symbol and of the future of the imperial institution in Japan, the present dissertation tried to analyze what image Emperor Akihito creates of himself through his allocutions. Such allocutions are available on Imperial Household Agency’s website in both Japanese and English. Therefore, considering that the availability of the texts in Japanese predicates Japanese coenunciators and that of the texts in English predicates the international community as coenunciators, the images created in both cases were analyzed, searching for signs of possible differences in the creation of the ethos of Akihito in both versions of his allocutions. Furthermore, one also tried to think the power relations, according to Foucault (1995, 2010), in the research corpus. For theoretical basis, concepts of the enunciative Discourse Analysis were used, more specifically the concept of ethos in Maingueneau’s view (1997, 2011b). The collected material of analysis comprehends press conferences occurred in the occasion of celebrations for ten and twenty years of the enthronement of Akihito, in the years of 1999 and 2009, respectively. The methodology of research consisted in analyzing in a comparative way the texts in Japanese with the ones in English, focusing the occurrences of the Japanese verb omou, which expresses sentiment and judgment, recurrent in the Emperor’s allocutions. One has also analyzed the occurrences of deontic modalities in both versions of the text, considering that their few occurrences also contribute to think the Emperor’s image. As a result, significative differences between the two versions of the allocutions were observed. The ethos of Akihito in the allocutions in Japanese suggests an emperor that is friend and closer to the people, with a soft and moderate tone, in a way that creates identification between people and him. The ethos apprehended in the English version, on the other hand, suggests an Emperor who is stronger in his convictions, sometimes emphasizing more his feelings and opinions, sometimes less, leading to some westernization of his image. Thinking in terms of power relation, which characterize control and disclosure, one has also concluded that, being Japan the biggest capitalist ally in the East and its Emperor, symbolic representative of this country, it seems relevant that his allocutions are available in such a way that it becomes possible for the international community to exercise continuous control, ensuring the capitalist order. Keywords: Discourse. Power. Ethos. Emperor of Japan. Akihito. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO.......................................................................................... 10 1 REVISÃO DA LITERATURA.................................................................... 13 1.1 A figura do Imperador do Japão ao longo da história do país........... 13 1.2 A Casa Imperial hoje.............................................................................
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