DOCSLIB.ORG

Editorials 213 Fort Mcculloch W

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Editorials 213 Fort Mcculloch W Chronicles of Oklahoma Volume 4, No. 3 September, 1926 Editorials 213 Fort McCulloch W. B. Morrison 216 Hillside Mission Floyd E. Miller 223 Governor Cole V. M. Locke, Jr. 229 Letter from Mrs. Frank Korn 232 Some Notes of Interest Concerning Early-Day Operations in Indian Territory J. Y. Bryce 233 Letter Mrs. G. B. Hester 241 Some of the Pioneers of Pottawatomie County Mrs. J. W. Drake 242 The Keetoowah Society J. W. Duncan 251 The Indian Territory in 1878 Col. William Penn Adair 255 Historical Sketch of Col. Samuel Checote, Once Chief of the Creek Indians O. A. Lambert 275 Proposed Amendments to Constitution 281 Oklahoma’s Only Daughter of the American Revolution Mrs. A. J. Arnote 283 Biography of Captain William Graham Baird Mrs. Logan G. Hysmith 286 Judge Overton Love 288 Necrology 291 An Early-Day Baptist Missionary Baxter Taylor 296 Kiowa Chapter, No. 650 E. S. Mary M. Rogers 298 Book Reviews 302 EDITORIALS Page 213 Old things have passed away; behold, all things have become new. This is true in the fullest sense as it applies to our country, the State of Oklahoma, and to those of the present day no statement comes with more terrific force. We have seen the passing of a number of civilization’s essentials, things that were absolutely necessary to the conveniences of the days in which our fathers lived. Things without which happiness and prosperity would have been unknown; but now they are looked upon with curiosity, mingled with amazement. It was necessary then to have in every home, and on every farm some of the crudest implements of which we can conceive. Yet these crude instruments were the source of profit and pleasure. While we laugh at their crudeness to-day, those who lived before us, used them, to make possible the good things of to-day. These days make demands of us that were not made in the days in which our ancestors strove with the forces and elements of nature, and while we laugh at their accomplishments, in its crudeness, we must remember they gave to us all we have that is really worthwhile. Those coming after us, will in like manner, look with more or less amusement on our accomplishments and wonder how we managed to survive. The old spinning wheel, the loom, the cotton and wool cards, all of which were used with all the dexterity known to man; the bull tongue plow, the old frow, along with the ox cart, all of which were very important factors in making this country habitable in the days gone by. These things are only seen on exhibition among the curiosities of a past civilization; but they are the evidences of a civilization that combatted obstacles with which we will never have to contend. These things with the past civilizations of this country have gone into the rubbish heap, worthless, abandoned and all but for- Page 214 gotten, cherished only as they remind us of former days, whose generation blazed for us a pathway leading to heights to which they never attained. J. Y. BRYCE. In discussing "Publication Activities of a State Historical Society," Mr. Benj. F. Shambaugh declared that publication was the goal of State historical society work, since the dissemination of State and local history depends largely upon the printed page. The publications of such a society should be carefully planned and systematically issued in series. Among the standard series are: the monthly magazine, the quarterly, the archives series, the biographical series, the economic history series, the social history series, the political history series, and the bulletins of information. Since the purpose of all such publications is the preservation as well as the dissemination of history, attention should be given to the quality of the paper and the character of the binding, as well as the format. ETHYL E. MARTIN, Executive Secretary, The State Historical Society of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa. To one who has grown from infancy to mature life in this country, nothing is more significant than the mode of conveyance. When we remember that our only way of getting over the country years ago was the lumber wagon, sometimes drawn by horses, of an inferior grade, more often by oxen, over roads that were almost impassable, and absolutely so, during high water, which necessitated a week’s travel and an unusual supply of patience to make a journey of one hundred miles, all of which staggers our belief when we step into an automobile and make the distance in less than half a day. The writer’s first farm activities were with a yoke of oxen hooked to a sixteen inch plow with a span of Texas ponies hitched in front, with the writer on the lead horse; by this method we succeeded in turning the first twenty acres of land Page 215 on the farm opened up by father, near Kiowa, in what is now Pittsburg County. The year of statehood, the writer of this article had the pleasure of addressing the members of the Federated Commercial Clubs in Oklahoma City, when we made this statement, "It will soon be possible for one to take breakfast in Oklahoma City, lunch in Chicago and back home for the evening meal"; at that time this statement was taken as a huge joke, and much merriment was had, apparently at the speaker’s expense, but now it is possible, and we have not yet fully come into our own. Our present mode of conveyance has practically dispensed with time and distance, the road is shortened, and the time is lessened. What will be our possibilities when we have acquired the habit of using electricity as a means of our locomotion? There are hidden forces lying dormant in the earth and above, if by accident discovered, before we have become sufficiently skilled to properly apply it to our use, to blow the world into atoms. Among the startling inventions and discoveries of the future, none are to be more significant than our method of propelling. J. Y. B. FORT McCULLOCH. W. B. Morrison Page 216 One of the interesting bits of historic remains in Bryan County is still to be found near old Nail’s Crossing on Blue about ten miles north of Durant. On the south side of the river, and about two hundred yards from its banks, the visitor may find to-day the well- marked outline of the redoubts and bastions built there in the summer of 1862 by troops of Confederates from Texas, Arkansas and Indian Territory, under the direction of General Albert Pike, at that time in command of all the forces of the Confederacy in the Department of the Indian Territory. While now overgrown with trees, and with not a vestige of the headquarters, or temporary buildings remaining, the works still make an impressive showing to the visitor, and are well worth going to see. Some hundred yards or more to the right and left of the main fortifications may be found remains of the arsenal pits, where ammunition was stored. It is hard to realize after spending a day among the peaceful scenes along the river and near the fort and crossing, that this was once a place teeming with life and throbbing with activity. Nail’s Crossing was on the military road that ran from Fort Gibson via Perryville (near present site of McAlester), Boggy Depot, Fort Washita, into Texas and the Southwest. From 1850 on this was a much-traveled road, and thousands of adventurers, bound for homes in Texas, or for the gold fields of California crossed the Blue at Nail’s as they pushed on to the unknown West. Remains of a dam are still to be seen, and bits of the cable of the ferry-boat, used in times of high water, and by those who preferred not to risk the ford, or the crude wooden bridge which generally spanned the stream at this point. General Pike was placed in command of Confederate troops in the Territory in November, 1861. His first official act was to establish elaborate headquarters, and construct a fort just one mile north of Bacone College, on the banks of the Arkansas near Muskogee. This he named Cantonment Davis in honor of the president of the Confederacy. Pike was always something of a visionary, and while the preliminary esti- Page 217 mate of the cost of this plant was moderate, it is said that nearly a million dollars was expended on buildings and defences before they were completed. From the very first, Pike was at variance with his military superiors, charging them with an entire disregard of the treaties with the Indians, made by Pike the previous summer. According to these treaties, the Indian Territory was to be defended against invasion, his Indian allies furnished with weapons arid supplies by the Confederacy, and the Indian troops not to be taken out of the Territory for military service. However, either through lack of ability to furnish the supplies, or through a disregard for the claims of the Indians—or probably both—the Confederate authorities paid little attention to Pike’s complaints or to the terms of the treaties. With the advance of the Federals into Arkansas in the early spring of 1862, Pike was ordered to send all his forces into that state to the support of Van Dorn. He left Cantonment Davis, on which he had expended so much money and labor, never to return. His Indian troops fought well at the important battle of Pea Ridge in northwest Arkansas, but discouraged by the Confederate defeat and the lack of interest on the part of his superiors, General Pike at once returned to the Territory, placed Colonel D.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Butterfield Ja18
    P O S T HASTE STORY AND PHOTOGRAPHY BY SUSAN DRAGOO Now largely forgotten, the BUTTERFIELD OVERLAND MAIL ROUTE in SOUTHEASTERN Oklahoma is a historic tie to the nation’s westward expansion. For the intrepid traveler, following its trace through the state is a WILD WEST treasure hunt. The Brazil Creek Bridge in LeFlore County is a pony truss span over a scenic spot near what was a nineteenth- century mail station. 80 July/August 2018 OklahomaToday.com 81 HE LAND STILL bears the faded scars of the old route: a swale through a pasture, a cut-down creek bank, a path worn bare Tthrough the forest. In some forgotten places, walled springs still flow near the rubble of rock buildings or graveyards of broken stones. Tey testify to the At the time, long sea journeys were the easiest mode of TRAVEL long-ago passage of the Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoaches through from the EAST COAST to the newly populous west, and the nation what would become Oklahoma. It’s been 160 years since the first needed a more efficient way to DELIVER THE MAIL. two bags of mail on the route crossed the Poteau River into Indian Territory. Today, an excursion along Oklahoma’s 192 miles of the Butterfield trail is both time warp and treasure hunt. My husband Bill and I set out to retrace the Indian Territory section of the 1858- 1861 Butterfield route, traveling the back roads of southeastern Oklahoma to discover what remains. Three-cent stamp from 1861, uspcs.org HE ROAD BEGAN in Tipton, Mis- Tsouri, at a terminus of the Pacific Railroad.
    [Show full text]
  • Ally, the Okla- Homa Story, (University of Oklahoma Press 1978), and Oklahoma: a History of Five Centuries (University of Oklahoma Press 1989)
    Oklahoma History 750 The following information was excerpted from the work of Arrell Morgan Gibson, specifically, The Okla- homa Story, (University of Oklahoma Press 1978), and Oklahoma: A History of Five Centuries (University of Oklahoma Press 1989). Oklahoma: A History of the Sooner State (University of Oklahoma Press 1964) by Edwin C. McReynolds was also used, along with Muriel Wright’s A Guide to the Indian Tribes of Oklahoma (University of Oklahoma Press 1951), and Don G. Wyckoff’s Oklahoma Archeology: A 1981 Perspective (Uni- versity of Oklahoma, Archeological Survey 1981). • Additional information was provided by Jenk Jones Jr., Tulsa • David Hampton, Tulsa • Office of Archives and Records, Oklahoma Department of Librar- ies • Oklahoma Historical Society. Guide to Oklahoma Museums by David C. Hunt (University of Oklahoma Press, 1981) was used as a reference. 751 A Brief History of Oklahoma The Prehistoric Age Substantial evidence exists to demonstrate the first people were in Oklahoma approximately 11,000 years ago and more than 550 generations of Native Americans have lived here. More than 10,000 prehistoric sites are recorded for the state, and they are estimated to represent about 10 percent of the actual number, according to archaeologist Don G. Wyckoff. Some of these sites pertain to the lives of Oklahoma’s original settlers—the Wichita and Caddo, and perhaps such relative latecomers as the Kiowa Apache, Osage, Kiowa, and Comanche. All of these sites comprise an invaluable resource for learning about Oklahoma’s remarkable and diverse The Clovis people lived Native American heritage. in Oklahoma at the Given the distribution and ages of studies sites, Okla- homa was widely inhabited during prehistory.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections Works
    University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections Works Progress Administration Historic Sites and Federal Writers’ Projects Collection Compiled 1969 - Revised 2002 Works Progress Administration (WPA) Historic Sites and Federal Writers’ Project Collection. Records, 1937–1941. 23 feet. Federal project. Book-length manuscripts, research and project reports (1937–1941) and administrative records (1937–1941) generated by the WPA Historic Sites and Federal Writers’ projects for Oklahoma during the 1930s. Arranged by county and by subject, these project files reflect the WPA research and findings regarding birthplaces and homes of prominent Oklahomans, cemeteries and burial sites, churches, missions and schools, cities, towns, and post offices, ghost towns, roads and trails, stagecoaches and stage lines, and Indians of North America in Oklahoma, including agencies and reservations, treaties, tribal government centers, councils and meetings, chiefs and leaders, judicial centers, jails and prisons, stomp grounds, ceremonial rites and dances, and settlements and villages. Also included are reports regarding geographical features and regions of Oklahoma, arranged by name, including caverns, mountains, rivers, springs and prairies, ranches, ruins and antiquities, bridges, crossings and ferries, battlefields, soil and mineral conservation, state parks, and land runs. In addition, there are reports regarding biographies of prominent Oklahomans, business enterprises and industries, judicial centers, Masonic (freemason) orders, banks and banking, trading posts and stores, military posts and camps, and transcripts of interviews conducted with oil field workers regarding the petroleum industry in Oklahoma. ____________________ Oklahoma Box 1 County sites – copy of historical sites in the counties Adair through Cherokee Folder 1. Adair 2. Alfalfa 3. Atoka 4. Beaver 5. Beckham 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Texoma State Park Resource Management Plan Marshall County, Oklahoma
    Lake Texoma State Park Resource Management Plan Marshall County, Oklahoma Lowell Caneday, Ph.D. 6/30/2017 Fatemeh (Tannaz) Soltani, Ph.D. Chang-Heng (Hank) Yang This page intentionally left blank. i Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the assistance of numerous individuals in the preparation of this Resource Management Plan (RMP). On behalf of the Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department’s Division of State Parks, staff members were extremely helpful in providing access to information and in sharing of their time. The essential staff providing assistance for the development of the RMP included Julie Roach, manager of Lake Texoma State Park. Assistance was also provided by Kris Marek, Doug Hawthorne, Don Schafer and Ron McWhirter – all from the Oklahoma City office of the Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department. Merle Cox, Regional Manager of the Southeastern Region of Oklahoma State Parks also attended these meetings and assisted throughout the project. This RMP supplements and updates an earlier document from 2009. Due to the events of the time, the 2009 RMP focused on other possible properties that could be considered for expansion and development within the Oklahoma State Park system. Given the events and circumstances present in 2017, this RMP focuses on the future of the properties remaining within the boundaries of the extant Lake Texoma State Park. The October 2016 kick-off meeting followed critical discussions between the Commissioners of the Land Office (CLO), OTRD, Pointe Vista, and other parties regarding properties formerly included in the original Lake Texoma State Park. Attending this kick-off meeting on behalf of Pointe Vista and Catfish Bay Marina was Ryan Chapman.
    [Show full text]
  • The Irony of Emancipation in the Civil War South Clark Scott Nesbit
    The Irony of Emancipation in the Civil War South Clark Scott Nesbit, Jr. Richmond, Virginia B.A., Swarthmore College, 2001 M.A., University of Virginia, 2005 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Corcoran Department of History University of Virginia December, 2013 2 © Clark Scott Nesbit, Jr., 2013 3 ABSTRACT Nearly everyone in the Civil War South had opportunity to feel the irony of emancipation. This irony arose from the wartime difference between ending slavery as a regime and freeing slaves, as individuals. This dissertation explores the ways in which white southerners sacrificed, or refused to sacrifice, their interest in the enslavement of particular southern blacks for the sake of a regime that would safeguard slavery. It argues that African Americans at times sought their own freedom even if it meant aiding the Confederate regime, and at other times sought to avoid warzones even if it meant remaining legally enslaved. It argues that the Union’s war to defeat the Confederacy was also a war waged against the Confederates’ main source of labor. Such a war meant, for most who became free in the Civil War, emancipation through displacement and integration into a new system for managing former slaves, the refugee camp/plantation/recruitment complex. For those who remained in the wake of Sherman’s marches and other U.S. raids, it meant living in a land with little food. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my dissertation committee, Ed Ayers, Gary Gallagher, Peter Onuf, and Maurie McInnis for their patience and thoughtful critiques.
    [Show full text]
  • Dragoo-Butterfield Overland Mail Route
    THE CHRONICLES OF OKLAHOMA Marking the Butterfeld: Retracing the Indian Territory Segment of the 1858–61 Butterfeld Overland Mail Stagecoach Road By Susan Penn Dragoo* In May 2018 the United States National Park Ser- vice recommended that the Butterfeld Overland Mail Stagecoach Road be designated a National Historic Trail, becoming a part of a system of modern trails that follow as closely as possible to the original routes of travel. The Butterfeld Overland Mail Company operated on the south- ern route from 1858 to 1861 and ran approximately 2,800 miles from Saint Louis, Missouri, to San Francisco, California. It was the frst successful overland enterprise to effciently and consistently connect the eastern United States with the west coast for mail delivery and passenger service, a need prompted by the huge migration to the Pa- cifc coast after the discovery of gold in California in 1848. It was also the longest stage line of its time, created signifcant infrastructure, and was a major infuence in the opening of the West.1 One hundred ninety-two miles of the Butterfeld line traversed Indian Territory, entering the Choctaw Nation from Fort Smith, Ar- 44 BUTTERFIELD OVERLAND MAIL ROUTE kansas, and crossing the Red River into Texas at Colbert’s Ferry, south of present-day Durant. Oklahoma historian Muriel H. Wright wrote in The Chronicles of Oklahoma in 1933 that if a straight-edge were placed on a map of southeastern Oklahoma between Fort Smith and Old Boggy Depot (representing a signifcant portion of the Butterfeld trail through Oklahoma), the route of the trail would deviate little from that line.
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Mcculloch a Mostly Forgotten Choctaw Historical Site Part One in a Three-Part Series by James Briscoe
    Iti Fabussa Fort McCulloch A mostly forgotten Choctaw historical site Part one in a three-part series by James Briscoe Fort McCulloch was built shortly after the Battle of Elkhorn Tavern (as it was known by the Confederates or Pea Ridge as the Union called it) in the Spring of 1862. For a time, the post was the largest and most fortified Confederate position in Indian Territo- ry, and yet so little was written about it that a traveler in 1870 wrote in the diary of his trip down the Texas/Butterfield Road, “Today we passed an earthen fort with rifle pits. Whose it was and for what we did not learn.” The earthen fort Joseph Edmonds spoke of was undoubtedly one of two gun positions guarding the west side of the crossing of Blue River on his trip down the old road. The two gun positions were a small part of a military post that covered over two square miles and housed (for a time) over 3000 troops of Choctaw, Chickasaw, Arkansas and Texas military units. The earthen fort Edmonds found on the Texas/ The fort was built by General Albert Pike, who became the Butterfield Road. ranking Confederate officer in Indian Territory after the death of post, consisting of the Quartermaster’s compound, unit-sized General Benjamin McCulloch at the Battle of Elkhorn Tavern. bivouacs, mechanics shops and the headquarters area. Work Pike’s orders were to defend Indian Territory and he personally details spent the day excavating and building the defensive points. did not believe that there were sufficient forces or supplies to This work was difficult in the shallow rocky soil and half of the defend the entire Indian Territory.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SOUTHEA.STE OFFICIAL ~ROAN OUTREASTE~N' ST.ATB - COLLB~~ ' ·VOLUME THIRTY-THREE DURANT, ~KLAHOMA , WEPNESDAY, NOVEM,#Thr 18,1953 Numfjer EIGHT •
    ·". ., 1 .. THE SOUTHEA.STE OFFICIAL ~ROAN OUTREASTE~N' ST.ATB - COLLB~~ ' ·VOLUME THIRTY-THREE DURANT, ~KLAHOMA , WEPNESDAY, NOVEM,#tHR 18,1953 NUMfJER EIGHT • e omtn A.l traC.;. t• ~ ·~ .__ -Man -AiuDtni A _qcippella .Choir Float Wins First·. ·Place In Annual Parade Ideal weather brought out an n- 1ed ·education's progress in the state thusiastic crowd to watch he and Southeastern's role in the Southeastern homecoming parade training of superior teachers. Saturday when the processio~of Mur1 Price, Ardmore principal floats and bands opida da of and president of t he alumni associ­ celebration for colleg stud ts ation, was mast er or ceremonies. and visiting alumni. An tim ed Special music w~s provided by 2000 .old grads wer on e three college. freshmen , Ann R ich­ campus' fot: the Home mmg fe ti- ar d and FraDkie vocal so- vities. · loist, and Patsy PHenf.m, , . a ccomp anist Witli musical comedies provi for both . · the theme of the homecoming a- Respoitds To Welcome rade, the a cappella choir's r e re- Dr.· A . L !-P ool, chairman of the sentation of "Blossomtime" was college's homecoming cofll.Jilittee, the sweepstakes wmner in the col- spoke brfefly to the alumni. who lege division and was exhibit e at were a lso addressed b y Jimmy F ox the fooball game Saturday a f er- Indianola ,who respqnded to Price's noon·. welcome. · . The cho i ~s float was named fi st-Dr . A. E. Shearer, lsouthPastern P.lace winner -in the "beautiful" di- pn•sident ;welco'(lled the guests as vision ~ of college floats.
    [Show full text]
  • THE TWILIGHT of THE. CONFEDERACY in INDIAN TERRITORY, 1863-1865 by LARY CHARLES RAMPP Bachelor of Arts Northeastern State Colleg
    THE TWILIGHT OF THE. CONFEDERACY IN INDIAN TERRITORY, 1863-1865 By LARY CHARLES ,,RAMPP Bachelor of Arts Northeastern State College Tahlequah, Oklahoma 1965 Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May, 1968 Copyright 1967 By LARY CHARLES RAMPP All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, re­ cording, or by any informational storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author~ OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OCT 4·1 1961 THE TWILIGHT OF THE. CONFEDERACY IN ,,,·,·, .. ,,,-,••, -,v~.·.-:.. , INDIAN TERRITORY, 1863-1865 Thesis Approved: PREFACE This study bas a threefold purpose. First, it is the desire of the author to present a detailed, accurate, and interesting narrative of the military activities in Indian Territory during the latter. part of the Civil War, a pe];'iod of time from September, 1863, to June, 1865.· Due to the emphasis on military history, other materials are included only for reader.orientation and balance. A decided effort bas been made to present the red man as a soldier in Indian Territory •. Though not always appreciated, the Indian sol­ dier faithfully served the cause of his choice to the end" of the war. Second, the author hopes that this thesis will rectify the misconception that there were not important mil.­ itary activities in Indian Territory during the.latter part of the war. After the spectacular capture of a Federal wagon train at Cabin Creek in 1864, for example, the Confed .
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 35 No. 4 the Legal Sooners of 1889 by Berlin B. Chapman
    Vol. 35 No. 4 The Legal Sooners of 1889 by Berlin B. Chapman ------------------------------------- 382 The Kaw Indians and Their Indian Territory Agency by Frank F. Finney ----------- 416 Lieutenant General Theophilus Hunter Holmes and Fort Holmes By Carolyn Thomas Foreman ----------------------------------------------------- 425 Federal Indian Relation in the South, 1781-1789 --------------------------------------- 435 The “Y” Chapel of Song by Jessie Newby Ray ----------------------------------------- 459 Notes and Documents ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 473 Book Reviews -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 494 Minutes ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 500 THE LEGAL SOONERS OF 1889 IN OKLAHOMA By B. B. Chapman* RULESFOB "HARRISON'SHOSS RIPcE" The annual report of the General Land Office in 1889 stated that the opening of Oklahoma District was "the most important event for several years in the administration of the affairs" of the office. The district comprised nearly 3,00C square miles in present Oklahoma between Stillwater and Norman, including Oklahoma City and Guthrie. It was within the Creek and Seminole cessions of 1866. Prior to the open- ing of Oklahoma District the lands were available for almost unrestricted pasturage by ranchmen.' Oklahoma District was bounded on the south by the South Canadian River, on the east by the Indian Meridian and the Pawnee Reservation, on the north by the Cherokee Outlet, and on the west by the Cimarron River and the 98th Meridian. Between 1871 and 1874 the lands were surveyed and subdivided into sections and quarter sections. In 1886-87 the Southeru Kansas Railway Company and the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway Company constructed a railroad from Kansas via Guthrie and Oklahoma Station to Te~as.~ * This article is a revision by Dr. B.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Confederate Empire and the Indian Treaties: Pike, Mcculloch
    ABSTRACT Confederate Empire and the Indian Treaties: Pike, McCulloch, and the Five Civilized Tribes, 1861-1862 Paul Thomas Fisher, M.A. Thesis Chairperson: T. Michael Parrish, Ph.D. From its beginning, the Confederacy looked to expand in power and territory by courting the Five Civilized Tribes away from the United States. To accomplish this, the Confederacy sent an unlikely pair of ambassadors: lawyer-negotiator Albert Pike and former Indian fighter Benjamin McCulloch. While Pike signed treaties with the tribes, McCulloch began organizing the Indians as Confederate soldiers. Pike took over equipping and training the various Indian units and led them to join the main Confederate army in Arkansas. This army, including Pike’s Indians, suffered defeat in the 1862 Battle of Pea Ridge. McCulloch’s death in the battle, Pike’s forced resignation afterward, and the defeat itself doomed Confederate efforts to dominate the frontier. Despite their substantial help to the Confederates, the Five Tribes received little help from Richmond, and paid a massive price for trying to get out of United States protection in unequal and unjust treaties after the war. Confederate Empire and the Indian Treaties: Pike, McCulloch, and the Five Civilized Tribes, 1861-1862 by Paul Thomas Fisher, B.A. A Thesis Approved by the Department of History ___________________________________ Jeffrey S. Hamilton, Ph.D., Chairperson Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Baylor University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Approved by the Thesis Committee ___________________________________ T. Michael Parrish, Ph.D., Chairperson ___________________________________ Julie A. Sweet, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Julie L.
    [Show full text]
  • Lliiiliiiiiiiiiii H
    Form 10-300 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STATE: (July 1969) NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Oklahoma COUNTY: NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Tvluskogee INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM ENTRY NUMBER (Type all entries — complete applicable sections) COMMON: Fort Da vis AND/OR HISTORIC: STREET AND NUMBER: c. 1 m. N of Bacon* College CITY OR TOWN: Muskoeee ' (SE/4 Sec. 7, T 15 N, R 19 B) STATE CODE Oklahoma 40 Muskogee 101 lliiiliiiiiiiiiii OWNERSH.P STATUS District Q Building D Public Public Acquisition: g] Occupied YM: , , ,. , ffl Restricted Site Q Structure E Private Q In Process LJ Unoccupied "" dl Unrestricted D Object D Both [ 1 Being Considered ri ]in Preservation . work L~ ' h- in progress LJ "° u PRESENT USE (Check One or More as Appropriate) 33 Agricultural O Government a PO* Of Q Commercial CD Industrial 3E1 Private Residence H CD Educational CD Military I | Religious D Museum «/» [~~1 Entertainment | | Scientific OWNER'S NAME: William McKinle Hill UJ STREET AND NUMBER: ULI Harris Road CITY OR TOWN: STATE: ?|ujskjQgf e. Oklahoma 40 COURTHOUSE, REGISTRY OF DEEDS. ETC: Office of the County Clerk STREET AND NUMBER: Muskoeee Courthouse CITY OR TOWN: STATE Muskogea Oklahoma 40 TITL.E OF SURVEY: Civil War Sites in Oklahoma DATE OF SURVEY: 1967 D Federal State County Q Local DEPOSITORY FOR SURVEY RECORDS: Historical Society STREET AND NUMBER: Historical Building CITY OR TOWN: STATE: Oklahoma City Oklahoma 40 Vi l*x-:-XvXW-::.:Xv.v.x::-::x.:.:.::xfe^ D Excellent Q G°°<* Q Foir n Deteriorated g] Ruins Qj Unexposed CONDITION (Check One) CCftecfc One; O Altered [3] Unaltered 0 Moved QC) Original Site DESCRIBE THE PRESENT AND ORIGINAL.
    [Show full text]