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Illsiliiltiilllil^ 5V TITLE of SURVEY: ENTR Form 10-300 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STATE: (July 1969) NAT IONAL PARK SERV'ICE Oklahoma COUNTY: NATIONAL REG ISTER OF HIS TORIC PLACES Bryan INVENTOR Y - NOMINAT ION FORM FOR NPS USE ONLY ENTRY NUMBER DATE (Type all entries complete app licable sections) 1/i foiL/&Tfy£?& b \ot£//Jt ^^iKmi^iiiiiiiiimi COMMON: A"'- tfrrp%.~ -^'/\ Fort McCulloch AND/OR HISTORIC: " ;~ /v^>. ''t C] m^^^mm^m^M^j^pmmmm^mmrnmmtfSBSS^*^ STREET AND NUMBER: ^-\ w/vV/v.-'? ..>/ c. 2 m. SW of CITY OR TOWN: 6Ar£fid>:T; -^ Kenefictf (SW/4 Sec. 7, T 5 S, R . 9E) ^ STATE CODE COUNTY: CODE • Oklahoma 40 Brvan 013 CATEGORY , TATIK ACCESSIBLE OWNERSHIP (Check One) STATUS TO THE PUBLIC z CD District Q Building D Public Public Acquisition: CD Occupied Yes: r-, .. K] Restricted o CD Site [jjjj Structure [3 Private CD In Process gfl Unoccupied c-^ , , ., . PI Unrestricted CD Object CD Both |23 Being Considerec | _| ^reservation work 1- in progress ' ' ^° 0 PRESENT USE (Check One or More as Appropriate) 13 (Xl Agricultural | | Government [ | Park CD Transportation CD Comments CD Commercial CD Industrial Q Private Residence PI Other (Soerifyl CD Educational CD Military Q Religious CD Entertainment CD Museum CD Scientific «/> _ ... z ||||||;ii;:ii;i|;i|^^ OWNER'S NAME: 0 o Prank Apel ILI STREET AND NUMBER: 3*9 UJ 116 N. 4th Street O STA- Cl TY OR TOWN: HE: CODE Durant Ok].ahoma 40 COURTHOUSE, REGISTRY OF DEEDS. ETC: COUNTY: County Clerk STREET AND NUMBER: P 0 Bryan County Courthouse Cl TY OR TOWN: STAlI"E CODE Dursnt Okl ah oma 4 0 ' k Illsiliiltiilllil^ 5v TITLE OF SURVEY: ENTR Civil War Sites in Oklahoma ^ Tl O DATE OF SURVEY: 1967 NUMBERY CD Federal |~jfr State | | County | | Local ^ TO DEPOSITORY FOR SURVEY RECORDS: •oZ en Oklahoma Historical Society C en STREET AND NUMBER: m Historical Society 0 r-Z CITY OR TOWN: STAT Oklahoma City O Oklahoma 40 ^ H PI (Check One) D Excel ent 13 Good D Fair 1 I Deteriorated D Ruins O Ur•exposed CONDITION (Check One) (Check One) D Altered BE Unaltered D Moved m Or ginol Site DESCRIBE THE PRESENT AND ORIGINAL (if known) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE General Pike turned over Fort Davis to Colonel Cooper soon after the d"efeat of the Confederates in the Battle of Pea Ridge (March 6-8, 1862J and marched his troops down the Texas Trail to where it crossed "Blue River some 25 miles north of the Red. Here about two hundred yards from its southwest bank he set almost his entire brigade to digging ajT_imjpressive__breastworks and building a headquarters set-up. Named for General"Benjamin McCulloch, killed at Pea Ridge, the new post did not look much like the traditional army post. Headquarters tent stood on an eminence in the center amid clustered log buildings and walled-in tents, mess shacks,..and other crude structures. Sur­ rounding knolls were occupied by the tents, huts and dugouts of the soldiers. To the north and to the southeast were heavy dirt breastworks in the sha^pe"dF a Greek cross. To the north was another larger one in "tn^'tr additional five-pointed star shape. On either side of the fort were large arsenal pits. Fjpxt_ McCulloch waif the major Confederate stronghold erected in Indian Territory. Located in the southwestern corner of the Choct&w Nation, it boasted a strong strategic position, overlooking the Texas Road crossing of Blue River and commanding roads leading to Fort Gibson on the north, Fort Gibson on the esst, Fort Washita on the west, and Texas to the south. There was no FederaJ. invasion of this corner of Indian Territory^ however, and the post was temporarily abandoned July 21, 1862, when General Pike took his troops to Texas. Various Confederate units occupied the fort from time to time and General Stand Watie used it briefly in 1865 for an office. After Apporaattox it was abandoned for good. Today nothing remains on the site but earthen trenches and an extensive system of trenches and high breastworks, overgrown with thick trees in spots, worn down by erosion and the plow in others. It is enough, however, to give the visitor a feel for its size and elaborateness. Although no reconstruction is contemplated, development plans (after acquisition from private owners) call for clearing of the breastworks and installation of sufficient pathways and informational markers to recreate the Civil War setting and outline its significance. Only a few years ago it was still possible to see remains of an old dam and bits of the cable of the ferryboat used in flood time by those unable or unwilling to ford the stream or cross on the crude wooden - bridge that was usually in service at this Form 10-300a UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (July 1969) NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM (Continuation Sheet) (Number all No. 8. Significance Fort MoCullooh content." Yet he__set up his headquarters so far to the virtually all of Indian Territory lay between him and fe'/rcefe n Arkansas, Missouri and northeastern Oklahoma. Here he had a complement of at least 1500 white troops, in addition to considerable Indian forces. And the niagnif^icent system of earthen redoubts tnd bastions he threw up a^sp boosted two companies of artillery. It tells much about Fort McCulloch to note that the 14 field pieces, including twelve powerful Parrott guns, were never fired but twice: once at dawn, presumably to give the soldiers and horses an idea of how much racket an actual firing could make (considerable excitement and confusion ensued), and on another occasion, to impress visiting (and friendly) Plains Indians. But Fort McCulloch, irrelevant as it may seem in retrospect, was conceived and constructed as the major Confederate stronghold in south.ern Indian Territory. As such it is an important part of the over-all war picture. That it played no decisive roll in the final outcome is beside the point. For it had nothing to do with creating the peculiarly tragic conditions under which the war was fought in what is now Oklahoma and little to do with shaping them significantly. Yet it does reflect dramatically the discord,* dissension, and insubordination that hampered much of the Confederate (and to some extent even the Federal) effort in the West throughout much of the war. *In all fairness to General Pike, it should be pointed out that he and his military superiors had been at odds for some time before Fort McCulloch was conceived. In the summer of 1661 he had negotiated several treaties with the largely South-sympathizing tribes of eastern Oklahoma. According to these treaties, says Historian W. B. Morriaon, "the Indian Territory was to be defended against invasion, his Indian allies furnished with weapons and supplies by the Confederacy, and the Indian troops not to be taken out of the Territory for military service. However, either through lack of ability to furnish the supplies, or through a disregard for the claims of the Indians - or probably both - the Confederate authorities paid little attention to Pike's complaints or to the terms of the treaties." When Federal troops marched into Arkansas, Pike was ordered to send his forces to that state to assist the defense effort. And though they went reluctantly, they fought well in that disastrous defeat. Yet they received no commendation. Rightly or wrongly, both Pike arid his Indian troops were hurt and resentful.. These feelings played no little part in subsequent events that brought Fort }.IcCullooh into existence. .PERIOD (Check One or More aa Appropriate) d Pre-Columbian | Q 16th Century Q 18th Century 20th Century D 15th Century n 17th Century IS 19th Century SPECIFIC DATEts) (If Applicable and Known) 1861-1865 AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE (Check One or Afore aa Appropriate) Abor iginal Q Education Q Political | | Prehistoric O Engineering Q Religion/Phi. Other f~1 Historic Q Industry losophy I | Agriculture n Invention Q Science | | Architecture L~3 Landscape Q Sculpture D Art Architecture Q Social/Human- | | Commerce D Literature |tarian | | Communications [33 Military Q Theater vy7 | | Conservation [~~1 Music [~1 Transportation STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Fort McCulloch was an impressive physical memorial to Confederate General, Albert Pike» Both were more than a bit controversial. In a letter' dated June 2, 1362, a member of Pike's Brigade put it this w*ny: There is some sickness here though not more than could be expected considering the number of men and the water thoy have to drink - Gen'1. Pike's fortifications (or entrenchments U more properly/a re getting along slowly - He has commenced here ID as though he intended to spend the remainder of his days here - o; The Gen'1, is not very highly esteemed by his soldiers. r- Some of his fellow officers esteemed him no more highly. Colonel (later General) Douglas H. Cooper considered him deranged in August of 1862. Later that year General T. C. Hindraan ordered him arrested with all "the force necessary for the purpose." (Charges LU were later dropped.) This sad state of affairs had evolved largely because General Pike, then in command of all the forces of the LU Confederacy in the Department of the Indian Territory was, in the words of one historian, "a very unusual old man with unorthodox ideas about fighting a war." Having constructed and then (for complicated reasons) virtually abandoned a strong military post on the Arkansas River (Fort Davis, for which National Register status is also being sought), he pulled the bulk of his troops south almost to Texas and set about building a new defense post.
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