DOCSLIB.ORG

Canyonlands U.S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Canyonlands U.S National Park Service Canyonlands U.S. Department of the Interior Canyonlands National Park Cultural His to ry The cultural history of Canyonlands spans thousands of years. Over time, diff erent groups moved in and out of the area in con cert with the avail abil i ty of nat u ral resources. The Peekaboo rock art panel in the Needles District (shown above) in cludes the work of two cultures: archaic hunter-gatherers and ancestral Puebloans. Native Americans Hunter-Gatherers Over time, growing populations at Mesa Humans fi rst visited Canyonlands over Verde caused a search for suitable land all 10,000 years ago. Nomadic groups of hunt er- over southeast Utah’s canyon country. By gatherers roamed throughout the southwest A.D. 1200, large groups had moved into the from 8,000 B.C. to 500 B.C. Living off the Needles District, especially in Salt Creek land, these people depended on the avail- Canyon. However, granaries and dwell ings ability of wild plants and animals for their used by the an ces tral Puebloans are scat tered survival. They do not appear to have stayed through out the park. Examples of these in any one area for very long. They left struc tures can be seen at Roadside Ruin in little in the way of artifacts and didn’t build the Nee dles, Aztec Butte on the Island in the homes or other lasting struc tures. However, Sky and along many backcountry trails. the hunter-gatherers during this time cre- ated a great deal of intriguing rock art. Some For many years, changing weather pat terns of the best examples of their art, known as made growing crops more and more diffi cult. “Bar ri er Canyon Style,” remain on the cliff Around A.D. 1300, the ancestral Puebloans walls of Horseshoe Canyon. left the area and mi grat ed south. Their de- scendants include the people living in mod- Ancestral Puebloans and the Fremont ern pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona like Roughly two thousand years ago, the hunt er- Acoma, Zuni, and the Hopi Mesas. gatherers began to rely more on domesticat- Detail from the Great Gallery rock ed animals and plants for food. These early Utes, Navajos and Paiutes art panel in Horseshoe Canyon farmers are called the an cestral Puebloan Before the ancestral Puebloans left, other (formerly known as Anasazi) and Fre mont groups appeared in the area. The Ute and people. They grew maize, beans and squash, Paiute cultures may have arrived as early as and kept dogs and tur keys. In order to tend A.D. 800. The Navajo arrived from the north their crops, they lived year-round in villages some time after A.D. 1300. All three groups like those pre served at Mesa Verde National still live here today. These cultures initially Park. Though the two groups overlapped, lived more of a hunter-gath er er lifestyle than the Fremont lived mostly in central Utah, the ancestral Puebloans. Their use and ex- while the an ces tral Puebloans occupied the ploration of the Canyonlands area appears Four Cor ners re gion. These cultures can be to have been minimal. Granary built by the ancestral dis tin guished by their diff erent tools, pottery Puebloans and rock art. Europeans Exploration route that passed through Moab like the For early European explorers, Canyonlands highway does today. off ered more of an impediment to travel than a des ti na tion. In the 1770s, the Spanish The fi rst Europeans to explore Canyonlands priests Escalante and Dominguez circled the were probably American and French trap- area, looking for a route between New Mexi- pers search ing western rivers for beaver and co and California. Escalante and Dominguez otter. Pelts from these animals were in great failed, but trappers and traders from Taos demand in the east. One such trapper named and Santa Fe succeeded. In the early 1800s, Denis Julien carved his name, the date and the “Old Spanish Trail” became a well-worn a pic ture of a boat along the Green River in 1836. Julien also carved his name in Cataract Shafer families grazed cattle and sheep in Canyon and in Arches National Park. what is now the Island in the Sky. Don Coo- per, Mel Turner, D.L. Goudelock and Joe Offi cial exploration of the Colorado and Titus ranched the Indian Creek area. Their Green rivers did not occur until 1869, when holdings under the Indian Creek Cattle Major John Wesley Powell led a group from Company were bought by the Scorup and Green River, Wyoming all the way through Sommerville families in 1914. Head quar tered the Grand Canyon in Arizona. During the at the Dugout Ranch outside the Nee dles three month expedition, Powell mapped District, the Indian Creek Cattle Com pa ny the rivers and recorded information about operates today under ownership of the Na- the natural and cultural history of the area. ture Conservancy. One stop of his in what is now Canyonlands inspired the fol low ing passage in his journal: The Biddlecome, Ekker, Tidwell and Chaffi n families wintered animals in the Maze. The “…The landscape everywhere, away from Ekker Ranch grazed cows on lands adjacent the river, is of rock – cliff s of rock; plateaus to the Maze until 2000. In addition to cattle of rock; terraces of rock; crags of rock – ten and sheep, the rugged country around the thousand strangely carved forms.” Maze harbored out laws. Robbers Roost, a mesa top west of the Maze, provided refuge Powell repeated the trip a few years later. for Robert Leroy Parker (a.k.a. Butch Cas- sidy), Tom and Bill McCarty, Matt Warner Settlement and others. European settlements in southeast Utah de vel oped from the missionary eff orts of the Mining Mormon Church. In 1855, Mormons set up The growth of America’s nuclear arms pro- a mission in what is now Moab, but confl icts gram in the 1950s created a high demand for with the Utes caused them to abandon it. uranium. Geologists thought that Utah’s can- The Hole in the Rock expedition–a Mor- yon country contained a signifi cant amount mon mission charged with settling southeast of uranium, but the rugged terrain made ac- Utah–founded the town of Bluff in 1880. cess diffi cult. To encourage prospectors, the The towns of Blanding, Moab and Monti- Atomic Energy Commission off ered mon- cello were settled shortly thereafter. Most etary incentives and built almost 1,000 miles res i dents made their living as farmers, pros- of road in south east Utah. In Canyonlands, pec tors or ranchers. these roads include the popular White Rim Preparing dinner in a Needles Road at the Island in the Sky. District cowboy camp (circa 1938). Ranching From the 1880s to 1975, local ranches used Though the region produced substantial much of Canyonlands for winter pasture. amounts of uranium, miners discovered Cowboys searched the canyons for good very little in what is now Canyonlands. feed and water. They constructed trails to However, the newly created roads led to move their stock across the rugged terrain. other dis cov er ies. For the fi rst time, much of To guard their herds, cowboys lived in prim- Canyonlands could be seen from a car. Tour- i tive camps for weeks at a time. The Cave ism slowly increased as more people learned Spring Trail in the Needles District features about the area’s geologic wonders. By open- one such camp. ing canyon county to travel, the miners Working a uranium claim at the blazed the trail for the creation of a National Island in the Sky four months after Places throughout the park bear the names Park. the park was established in 1964. of early cowboys. The Taylor, Holeman and Creating a Park In the 1950s and early 1960s, Arches National View sites from a distance. Ancient walls Monument Superintendent Bates Wilson crumble easily. Never enter struc tures or ad vo cat ed the creation of a National Park in hu man-made en clo sures as your move ments what is now Canyonlands. Wilson led gov- may damage the foundation or other struc- ernment offi cials on jeep tours which fea- tur al elements. tured lengthy talks over campfi res and hearty Dutch oven dinners. Secretary of the Inte- Leave things where they lie. Resist the temp ta - rior Stewart Udall joined one of these tours tion to collect artifacts and allow future visi- in 1961, and began lobbying for the proposed tors the joy of dis cov ery. Also, ar che ol o gists park. On September 12, 1964, President Lyn- can determine a great deal from the pres ence don B. Johnson signed Public Law 88-590 and lo ca tion of artifacts. establishing Canyonlands Na tion al Park. Initially consisting of 257,640 acres, Con gress Enjoy rock art with your eyes only. Pic- expanded Canyonlands to its present size of to graphs and petroglyphs should not be 337,598 acres in 1971. touched as the oils in human skin will de- stroy them. Never spoil cultural sites or Preserve Your Heritage nat u ral features with modern graffi ti. Cultural sites and artifacts are irreplaceable. Please observe the following guidelines when vis it ing sites in Canyonlands and other Na tion al Parks. Printed by Canyonlands Natural History Association on recycled paper (100% post-consumer waste). 08/02 6m EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Exploring the Colonial History of New Mexico Through Artifacts
    Exploring the Colonial History of New Mexico Through Artifacts Ramón A. Gutiérrez What relationship does a painting of Saint Anthony of Padua on an elk-skin hide have to an iron spur? On the surface, probably little conjoins them other that they were both produced by artisans in the Kingdom of New Mexico during the eighteenth century. Archaeologists often refer to such material objects as “dumb traces,” not because they are stupid or irrelevant in any way, but because they are mute and silent and do not readily yield their meanings or their grander cultural significance without some prodding and pondering on our part. Such artifacts require interpretation.1 For that, one must first contextualize these objects within denser webs of history, within networks and assemblages of the things humans once made. The broader historical and cultural milieu that led to the creation of this hide painting of Saint Anthony and of the iron spur begins with the Spanish conquest of America, initiated by the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus, which ultimately led to the vanquishment of indigenous peoples throughout the New World. Spain’s overseas empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries extended north from what is now Chile as far as New Mexico and Arizona, and from Cuba westward to the Philippines. 45 The geographer Alfred B. Crosby called the cultural processes unleashed by this colonization the “Columbian exchange,” a set of reciprocal transfers of ideas, technologies and goods that created an infinite array of blendings and bor- rowings, of mixings and meldings, of inventions and wholesale appropriations that were often unique and specific to time and place.2 The New Mexican religious im- age of Saint Anthony of Padua holding the infant Christ was painted with local pigments on an elk-skin hide in 1725, possibly by an indigenous artisan (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Out of This World.Pdf
    ANCIENT NEW MEXICO Out of this World There’s more to Chaco Culture than the Canyon. Take an expedition to three “outlier” sites that have yet to divulge all their secrets. BY CHARLES C. POLING | PHOTOS BY KIRK GITTINGS The main building complex at Pueblo Pintado, 16 miles from Chaco Canyon. Very little archaeological study has taken place here. ith so much of its human past scattered in plain sight across the Less well known but equally captivating, the so-called In exchange for expending a little extra effort in getting there, Chaco outlier sites deliver an off-grid foray into the world of the Chaco outliers reward you with the sense of unmediated landscape, New Mexico offers the casual day-tripper and more the 11th-century Ancestral Puebloans, without such amenities adventure and discovery that drives archaeologists into the serious archaeology buff an amazing range of sites to visit. As the as the Visitors Center and paths that make Chaco Canyon field in the first place. A sample trio of sites that begins a W accessible to 40,000 visitors a year. Researchers believe that couple hours from Albuquerque—Guadalupe, Pueblo Pintado, poster child for ancient ruins here and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Chaco Chaco Canyon was intimately related to 75 other settlements and Kin Ya’a—opens a window on the fascinating architectural Canyon stands with sites like the Egyptian pyramids, Stonehenge, and the Great in a single cultural web flung across 30,000 square miles magnificence, the luminous high-desert environs, the social Wall of China for its uniqueness and its high levels of political, economic, and and reaching into Colorado and Utah, all tied together by a complexity, and the unresolved mysteries of the Ancestral cultural development.
    [Show full text]
  • An Environmental History of the Middle Rio Grande Basin
    CHAPTER 3 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PATTERNS, POPULATIONS, AND RESOURCE USE This chapter presents an overview, in three main sec- reasoning, judgment, and his ideas of enjoyment, tions, of the ways in which each of the three major eco- as well as his education and government (Hughes cultures of the area has adapted to the various ecosys- 1983: 9). tems of the Middle Rio Grande Basin. These groups consist of the American Indians, Hispanos, and Anglo-Americans. This philosophy permeated all aspects of traditional Within the American Indian grouping, four specific Pueblo life; ecology was not a separate attitude toward groups—the Pueblo, Navajo, Apache, and Ute—are dis- life but was interrelated with everything else in life. cussed in the context of their interactions with the environ- Another perspective on Native Americans was given by ment (Fig. 15). The Hispanic population is discussed as a Vecsey and Venables (1980: 23): single group, although the population was actually com- posed of several groups, notably the Hispanos from Spain To say that Indians existed in harmony with na- or Mexico, the genizaros (Hispanicized Indians from Plains ture is a half-truth. Indians were both a part of and other regional groups), mestizos (Hispano-Indio nature and apart from nature in their own “mix”), and mulatos (Hispano-Black “mix”). Their views world view. They utilized the environment ex- and uses of the land and water were all very similar. Anglo- tensively, realized the differences between hu- Americans could also be broken into groups, such as Mor- man and nonhuman persons, and felt guilt for mon, but no such distinction is made here.
    [Show full text]
  • Pueblo Agriculture
    Pueblo Agriculture MUSEUM LESSONS The Ancestral Puebloans Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico is one of the largest and best The Ancestral Puebloans were preserved ruins of an Ancestral Puebloan city, one of several cultures in the but others are spread throughout the Four American Southwest that lived Corners region. in large cities and practiced settled agriculture with water supplied by complex irrigation systems. Ancestral Puebloan Agriculture • Agriculture in the area that is now the American Southwest began with the Ancestral Puebloan people around sometime between 2000 and 1200 BCE. • By the first millennium CE the Hohokam people in present day Arizona were building complex irrigation systems to water their fields. Some of their canals were over a mile long and parts of this system still supply water to Phoenix, AZ with minimal modifications. • The Hohokam, the Mogollon, and the Chacons all practiced settled agriculture, built complex irrigation systems, and lived in large cities hundreds of years before Europeans came to the Southwest. Hohokam in Arizona Casa Grande is the largest Hohokam city This is one of many canals found to date. Like the Chacoans climate the Hohokam built to change forced them to abandon their irrigate their fields and cities. supply water to their cities. Part of their canal network is still used today to supply water to Phoenix. The Mogollon People in Southern New Mexico • The Mogollon were lived in what is now southwestern New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico. • This is a picture of the ruins of Gran Quivira. It was an important urban and trading hub for the Mogollon.
    [Show full text]
  • The Progression from Ancestral Pueblo to Pueblo of Today
    The Cultural Progression from Ancestral Pueblo to Pueblo of Today Cara Wallin Shawmont Elementary School Overview Rationale Objectives Background Standards Classroom Activities Bibliography Appendix Overview This curriculum unit will be created for the use of a sixth grade inclusive classroom, which focuses on the subjects of mathematics and social studies. With this curriculum unit, the activities will be able to be tweaked and enhanced, in order to be incorporated in both elementary and high school history classes. My students will be introduced to the Ancestral Pueblo and Pueblo tribes located in the southwestern part of the United States. This collection will have interactive and differentiated lesson plans that will focus on the culture of these two tribes from the past to the present. Activities are cross-curricular. The theme of culture plays a predominant role in this unit because it allows students to explore many different aspects of the Ancestral Puebloan and Pueblo tribes including art and architecture, beliefs and traditions, music and literature. Students will be able to read and research different documents to gain a better understanding of their history and migration patterns. Pictures of tribal artifacts will visually connect students with the arts that are incorporated in the tribes and the importance behind them. Websites will allow students to navigate through the living corridors, called cliff dwellings, and GoogleMaps will show the exact location and enormous size of these dwellings. These activities will help students take ownership of their learning and gain a respect and understanding of the culture of the Pueblo tribe of today. Rationale Native Americans are still very much present in our world today.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Pueblo Responses to Climate Variability: Farming Traditions, Land Tenure, and Social Power in the Eastern Mesa Verde Region
    EARLY PUEBLO RESPONSES TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY: FARMING TRADITIONS, LAND TENURE, AND SOCIAL POWER IN THE EASTERN MESA VERDE REGION Benjamin A. Bellorado and Kirk C. Anderson Abstract Maize agriculture is dependent on two primary environmental factors, precipi- tation and temperature. Throughout the Eastern Mesa Verde region, fluctuations of these factors dramatically influenced demographic shifts, land use patterns, and social and religious transformations of farming populations during several key points in prehistory. While many studies have looked at the influence climate played in the depopulation of the northern Southwest after A.D. 1000, the role that climate played in the late Basketmaker III through the Pueblo I period remains unclear. This article demonstrates how fluctuations in precipitation pat- terns interlaced with micro- and macro- regional temperature fluctuations may have pushed and pulled human settlement and subsistence patterns across the region. Specifically, we infer that preferences for certain types of farmlands dic- tated whether a community used alluvial fan verses dryland farming practices, with the variable success of each type determined by shifting climate patterns. We further investigate how dramatic responses to environmental stress, such as migration and massacres, may be the result of inherited social structures of land tenure and leadership, and that such responses persist in the Eastern Mesa Verde area throughout the Pueblo I period. Resumen La agricultura de maíz depende de dos factores ambientales primarios: precipitación y temperatura. A lo largo de la región oriental de Mesa Verde las fluctuaciones de estos fac- tores influyeron dramáticamente en cambios demográficos, patrones de uso de la tierra así como transformaciones sociales y religiosas en las poblaciones agrícolas durante varios momentos clave en la prehistoria.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancestral Puebloans Background Information
    © Watercolors by Michael Hampshire Ancestral Puebloans Background Information The name Ancestral Puebloans is a name used to identify many historic cultures that resided in the southwest, and to whom many modern American Indian tribes have descended from. Looking specifically at the people who lived around or near the Flagstaff Area National Monuments, archeologists will find small variations in tools used, and ways of life depending on the location and time period they were used. However, it is understood that the people who lived here migrated and traded with each other and many have cultural ties to each other. The earliest people to pass through these areas left few traces. Their only remains are hand-size figurines cached in a cave more than 3,000 years ago, surprisingly old for artifacts made from highly perishable willow branches. Some investigators think these split-twig figurines represent bighorn sheep and may have been part of an early hunting ritual. Similar figurines have been found in caves at the Grand Canyon farther north. By A.D. 600, early farmers had settled east of the San Francisco Peaks. They lived in small pithouse villages and farmed the open parks in the forest. Like many Pueblo communities of the American Southwest, the Ancestral Puebloans employed dry-farming techniques to harvest corn, squash, and beans in volcanic terrain. Otherwise known as the “three sisters,” these crops were drought-resistant and ideal for dry farming, since corn can tolerate the sun and shade its lower growing sister crops, squash and beans, which do not require direct sunlight in order to thrive.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Parks and Monuments of Central Arizona
    ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARKS AND MONUMENTS OF CENTRAL ARIZONA Tonto National Monument – Upper Cliff Dwelling NPS PHOTO INTRODUCTION The purpose of this website is to provide some information about the prehistory of the Southwest with a focus on two of this regions prehistoric cultures: the Hohokam and Salado and their historic homelands. Native Americans have occupied what is now Arizona for thousands of years. There is no other place in the United States that contains such monumental remnants of prehistoric cultures as the Southwest desert of North America. The largest Native American reservation (majority of the Navajo Nation) and the second largest, the Tohono O’odham Nation, are located in Arizona. The purpose of these pages are also to give visitors to the Apache Junction, Arizona area a glimpse of the well-preserved ancient dwellings and history of the indigenous people whose civilizations occupied this region. These people flourished here in the Southwest Sonoran Desert centuries ago, prior to the first Spanish explorers arriving here in Arizona around the mid-late 15th century. Expecting to find great riches, the Spaniards encountered communities of Native Americans. The Southwest is described as extending from Durango, Mexico, to Durango, Colorado, and from Las Vegas, New Mexico, to Las Vegas, Nevada. (Cordell 1984:2) Rock art in Canyon de Chelly, Arizona Southwest Cultures’ Geographical Area Illustration by John McDonald Archaeologists believe some of the first early inhabitants arrived here in the Southwest some 11,000 to 15,000 years ago (Paleo-Indian Tradition). Archaeological evidence of the earliest Paleo-Indians in the American Southwest comes from two mammoth kill sites in Southern Arizona.
    [Show full text]
  • Bison, Corn, and Power: Plains-New Mexico Exchange in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries
    20 BISON, CORN, AND POWER: PLAINS-NEW MEXICO EXCHANGE IN THE SIXTEENTH AND EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES by William Carter From the time of their arrival in the Southwest and the Sonthem Plains in the early 1 sixteenth century, Athahaskans (Navajos and Apaches) frequently visited New Mexico's Eastern Pueblo villages. We knaw that from abont 1525 10 1630, Apaehes occasionally raided Pueblos, and some historians have described Pueblo-Apache relations as fundamentally hostile. l Nevertheless. Apaches often loaded the~r bison products on travois tied to the hacks ofwolflike dogs and walked to New Mexican vdlages to barter for Pueblo goods? The Puehlo villages at Taos, Picuris, and Pecos, for example, maintained amicable ties and a bnstling trade with Plams Apache bands dunng this period. Scholar.; attempting to reconstruct the nature and intensity of this exchange provide differing interpretations of its significance, both tn the groups involved and broader regional developments. In assessing two of these mterpretations, I have come to believe that while each offers valuable insights, none appreciates either the Ideological dimensions ofthe exehange or the extent of this trade, Instead, I propose an alternative reconsrruetion of the contours and significance of this 16lh century exchange, and ils developments in theL 7th century. One prominent perspeetive ofPlains-New Mexico reLations emphasizes the role of ecology, particularly food products, as the eentral force drivmg the Apache-Pneblo trade. Areheologists Katherine Spielmann and John Speth, for example, claim that a nutritional interdependency bound Plains groups to Pueblnans. Aeeording to this view, the lack of reliable sources of carbohydrates on the Plains forced Plains people to trade for Pueblo com.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Parks and Prehistoric Native American Indian Ruins of Central Arizona
    ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARKS AND PREHISTORIC NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN RUINS OF CENTRAL ARIZONA TONTO NATIONAL MONUMENT * UPPER CLIFF DWELLING “NPS PHOTO” INTRODUCTION The purpose of this website is to provide some information about the prehistory of the Southwest with a focus on two of this regions prehistoric cultures; the Hohokam and Salado and their historic homelands. Native Americans have occupied what is now Arizona for thousands of years. There is no other place in the United States that contains such monumental remnants of prehistoric cultures as does the Southwest desert of North America. The largest Native American reservation (majority of the Navajo Nation ) and the second largest the Tohono O'odham Nation are located in Arizona. The purpose of these pages are also to give visitors to this area a glimpse of the well- preserved ancient dwellings and history of the indigenous people whose civilizations occupied this region. These people flourished here in the Southwest Sonoran Desert centuries ago, prior to the first Spanish explorers arriving here in Arizona around the mid- late 15th century. Instead of the great riches they expected, the Spaniards found self- sustaining communities of natives. Most of the natives were living in simple shelters along fertile river valleys, dependent on hunting and gathering and small scale farming for subsistence as was noted in the journals of the first Spanish explores. It seems that they had reverted back to their archaic ancestor’s way of life centuries before. The first to arrive in Arizona was Fray Marcos de Niza a Franciscan friar in 1539 and was followed a year later by Francisco Vasquez de Coronado.
    [Show full text]
  • The First People Mexico Shape Our Modern World?
    How did the prehistoric societies of early New The First People Mexico shape our modern world? This photograph of Navajo Indians passing through Canyon de Chelly was taken by Edward S. Curtis in 1904. It is one of more than 2,000 images included in his 20-volume The North American Indian. Curtis studied and photographed at least 80 tribes in his travels throughout the country. How do the Navajo riders compare to their surroundings? 9,500 B.C.–9,000 B.C. Clovis culture develops. Timeline of Events 11,000 b.c. 10,000 b.c. 9,000 b.c. 8,000 b.c. 9,000 B.C.–8,000 B.C. Folsom culture develops. 44 Chapter The First People 2Comprehension Strategy Preview for a Purpose In Chapter 1, you learned that good readers preview text before they read. In this chapter, you will learn to preview for different purposes. You will preview to check facts about prehistoric people. You will also preview to predict and answer questions about the first groups of people in New Mexico. 8,000 B.C.–200 B.C. Cochise culture develops. 100 B.C.–A.D. 1300 Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) people live in Southwest. 200 b.c. a.d. 1200 a.d. 1300 a.d. 1500 A.D. 1200 Athabascan people A.D. 1539 Spanish explorers (Navajo and Apache) 200 B.C.–A.D. 1200 arrive in New Mexico. Mogollon people live migrate to the Southwest. in the Southwest. 45 LESSON 1 Prehistoric People housands of years ago, small bands, or groups, of people Key Ideas roamed the land in what is now New Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementing Maize Agriculture in Basketmaker II Subsistence: Dietary Analysis of Human Paleofeces from Turkey Pen Ruin (42SA3714)
    Southern Methodist University SMU Scholar Anthropology Theses and Dissertations Anthropology Spring 5-20-2017 Supplementing Maize Agriculture in Basketmaker II Subsistence: Dietary Analysis of Human Paleofeces from Turkey Pen Ruin (42SA3714) Jenna M. Battillo Southern Methodist University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/hum_sci_anthropology_etds Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Battillo, Jenna M., "Supplementing Maize Agriculture in Basketmaker II Subsistence: Dietary Analysis of Human Paleofeces from Turkey Pen Ruin (42SA3714)" (2017). Anthropology Theses and Dissertations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25172/td/10164149 https://scholar.smu.edu/hum_sci_anthropology_etds/1 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. SUPPLEMENTING MAIZE AGRICULTURE IN BASKETMAKER II SUBSISTENCE: DIETARY ANALYSIS OF HUMAN PALEOFECES FROM TURKEY PEN RUIN (42SA3714) Approved by: _______________________________________ Prof. Karen Lupo Professor of Anthropology ____________________________________ Prof. Sunday Eiselt Associate Professor of Anthropology ____________________________________ Prof. Bonnie Jacobs Professor of Earth Sciences ____________________________________ Prof. William D. Lipe Professor Emeritus of Anthropology Washington
    [Show full text]