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Eboletin 39.Pdf 1 INDICE Directorio Alianzas Aéreas Globales ............................................................6 Instituto Politécnico Nacional Enrique Fernández Fassnacht Director General Julio Gregorio Mendoza Álvarez Secretario General Miguel Ángel Álvarez Gómez Secretarío Académico José Guadalupe Trujillo Ferrera Secretario de Investigación y Posgrado Francisco José Plata Olvera Secretario de Extensión e Integración Social Mónica Torres León Secretaria de Servicios Educativos Gerardo Quiroz Vieyra Secretario de Gestión Estratégica Francisco Javier Anaya Torres Secretario de Administración Cuauhtémoc Acosta Díaz Secretario Ejecutivo de la Comisión de Operación y Fomento de Actividades Académicas Salvador Silva Ruvalcaba Secretario Ejecutivo del Patronato de Obras e Instalaciones David Cuevas García Abogado General Jesús Ávila Galinzoga Secretario de Gestión Estratégica Jorge Edgar Puga Álvarez Coordinardor de Comunicación Social Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Arquitectura Unidad Zacatenco Luis Ignacio Espino Márquez Director Rafael Lopéz Ramos Subdirección Académica Fernando Paulín Rubio Subdirección de Servicios Educativos e Integración Social Victor Manuel Satín Vargas Subdirección Administrativa Dagoberto Rodríguez Torres Unidad de Tecnología Educativa 2 y Campus Virtual 2 Enero - febrero 2017 EXPO - ESIA - UZ I.14 ..................................... 20 3 3 4 4 Enero - febrero 2017 5 5 Alianzas Aéreas Globales M. en C. Demetrio Galíndez López , [email protected] Ing. Raúl Manjarrez Angeles , [email protected] M. en C. Balfre Nava Figueroa Introducción Ante la cada vez más expandida globalización del mundo, mediante convenios, tratados y acuerdos internacionales entre países, y teniendo presente que de los distintos medios de transporte el que se considera eminentemente internacional es el transporte aéreo, se hace necesario que los diversos actores que intervienen en él como las líneas aéreas, también se globalicen, formando alianzas comerciales y operativas estratégicas. Una alianza aérea es un acuerdo de cooperación entre dos o más aerolíneas que proveen conectividad y conveniencia para pasajeros o cargas internacionales. Al cumplir con los requerimientos básicos de incorporación, las aerolíneas fortalecen su eficiencia, sin perder sus políticas e identidad propias. La primera alianza de líneas aéreas se inició en la década de 1930 cuando Pan American Grace Airways y su aerolínea vinculada Pan American World Airways acordaron intercambiar rutas a América Latina. Respecto de las grandes alianzas aún existentes, la primera comenzó en 1989 mediante un acuerdo de código compartido a gran escala entre la estadounidense ‘Northwest y la neerlandesa KLM. Otro gran paso se dio en 1992 cuando los Países Bajos firmaron el primer acuerdo de cielos abiertos con los Estados Unidos (a pesar de las objeciones de las autoridades de la Unión Europea. Esto otorgaba a ambos países derechos de aterrizaje sin restricciones en los aeropuertos del otro. Entre los obstáculos que enfrenta una línea aérea para integrarse a una alianza aérea están: las disposiciones de las leyes y reglamentos o sujeta a la aprobación por parte de las autoridades antimonopolio de sus respectivos países. 6 6 Enero - febrero 2017 XXVII Reunión Nacional de Ingeniería Geotécnica y XIV Reunión Naacional de Profesores de Ingeniería Geotécnica Boeing 787 de la Aerolínea KLM Los derechos de aterrizaje (slots) pueden no ser propiedad de las aerolíneas sino de la nación en la que tiene su sede central. Si una línea aérea pierde su identidad nacional a partir de acuerdos con aerolíneas de otro país, los acuerdos existentes pueden ser declarados nulos con la pérdida de esos derechos de aterrizaje. Sobre todo, la formación de las alianzas aéreas debe de estar apegado a los lineamientos internacionales establecidos en el Convenio Sobre Aviación Civil Internacional que dio origen a la creación de la Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional (OACI) en lo relativo a las libertades del aire, que establecen: Primera Libertad. Derecho a sobrevolar sin escalas el territorio de los Estados signatarios; Segunda libertad. Derecho a aterrizar en el territorio de los Estados signatarios por razones no comerciales. Tercera libertad. Derecho a desembarcar pasajeros, correo y carga en el territorio del Estado en que esté matriculada la aeronave. Cuarta libertad. Derecho a embarcar pasajeros, correo y carga destinados al territorio del Estado en que esté matriculada la aeronave. 7 7 Alianzas Aéreas Globales Quinta libertad. Derecho a embarcar pasajeros, correo y carga destinados al territorio de cualquier otro Estado contratante y derecho a desembarcar pasajeros, correo y carga provenientes del territorio de cualquier otro Estado contratante. Sexta libertad. Derecho a efectuar transportes entre dos Estados distintos de aquél en que esté matriculada la aeronave, sobrevolando el territorio de este país. Séptima libertad. Derecho a operar completamente fuera del Estado de matriculación y a embarcar y desembarcar pasajeros, correo o carga provenientes de o con destino a un Estado tercero, que no es el de matriculación. Octava libertad. Derecho a transportar pasajeros, correo o carga de un punto a otro del mismo Estado, distinto a aquél en que está matriculada la aeronave. Los beneficios de la operación de las alianzas consisten en que al operar una red de aerolíneas ampliada y optimizada, a través mismo código, reduce costes al compartir: oficinas de ventas, in- stalaciones de mantenimiento y operacionales, sistemas informáticos, personal, mostradores de facturación y de embarque, y compras con descuentos por volumen extra.Beneficios a los viaje- ros como: Precios más bajos por reducción de gastos de funcionamiento para una determinada ruta; la posibilidad de poder elegir más horarios en una determinada ruta; más destinos pueden ser combinados fácilmente; menores tiempos de viaje como consecuencia de la optimización de las conexiones entre vuelos; y la posibilidad de obtener recompensas por millaje más rápido con una única cuenta para todas las compañías de la alianza, y menos frecuencias de vuelos. 8 8 Río San Miguel, Cuenca del Río Copalita, Oaxaca Singapore Airlines Enero - febrero 2017 Alianzas Aéreas Globales Las 3 mayores alianzas aéreas mundiales son: Star Alliance, fundada el 14 de mayo de 1997 por 5 aerolíneas: United Airlines, Lufthansa, Air Canadá, Thai Airways Internationaly, y Scandinavian Airlines System. Actualmente está formada por 57 aerolíneas que operan 4,244 aviones que realizan 21,050 vuelos diarios a 1,167 aeropuertos, con 980 salas VIP, en 186 países en todo el mundo; número de empleados: 483.337, Pasajeros transportados anualmente: 636,97 millones. Star Alliance ServicesGmbH está basada en Frankfurt (Alemania) y cuenta con un equipo muy internacional, con unos 75 empleados de aproximadamente 25 países diferentes. Las aerolíneas que integran Star Alliance son: Adria Airways, Aegean Airlines, Aegean Airlines, Olympic Air, Air Canada, Air Canada Express, Air Canada Rouge, Air China, Dalian Airlines, Air India, Air India Regional, Air New Zealand, Air New Zealand Link, All Nippon Airways, Asiana Airlines, Austrian Airlines, Avianca, Avianca Costa Rica, Avianca Ecuador, Avianca El Salvador, Avianca Guatemala, Avianca Honduras, Avianca Nicaragua, Avianca Peru, Brussels Airlines, Copa Airlines, Copa Airlines Colombia, Croatia Airlines, EgyptAir, EgyptAir Express, Air Sinai, Ethiopian Airlines, EVA Air, Uni Air, LOT Polish Airlines, Air Dolomiti, Lufthansa, Lufthansa CityLine, Lufthansa Regional, Scandinavian Airlines, Blue 1, Shenzhen Airlines, Singapore Airlines, South African Airways, Airlink, Mango, South African Express, SWISS International Air Lines, Edelweiss Air, Swiss Global Air Lines, TAP Portugal, PGA Express, Portugalia, Thai Airways International, Turkish Airlines, Anadolu Jet, Turkey Sun Express, United Airlines, United Express. Oneworld fundada el primero de febrero de1999 por: American Airlines,BritishAirway,Catay Pacific y Qantas. Actualmente realiza 8.500 vuelos diarios a 750 destinos en 150 países, con 2,000 aviones de 40 aerolíneas y cinco más que están entre los posibles miembros; realizan 8.500 vuelos diarios. En Oneworld todos los vuelos están diseñados para no fumadores; existe una política de libre endoso sujeta a restricciones tarifarias y no hay necesidad de reconfirmar los vuelos en ninguna de las compañías que conforman la alianza. 9 9 Alianzas Aéreas Globales En cualquier otro ámbito, es el modus operandi del operador de la aeronave el que se impone. Sin embargo, existen grupos de trabajo dedicados a lograr que las diferentes políticas sean lo más parecidas posibles entre las aerolíneas porque así la transferencia de pasajeros de una línea aérea a otra se hace más fácilmente. Oneworld está integrada por las siguientes aerolineas: Air Berlin, Niki, American Airlines, American Eagle, US Airways, US Airways Express, US Airways Shuttle, British Airways, BA CityFlyer, British Airways Limited, Comair, OpenSkies, Sun-Air, Cathay Pacific, Dragonair, Finnair, Nordic Regional Airlines, Air Nostrum, Iberia, Iberia Express, Iberia Regional, Japan Airlines, J-Air, Japan Transocean Air, LAN Airlines, LAN Argentina, LAN Ecuador, LAN Express, LAN Peru, LAN Colombia, Malaysia Airlines. Qantas, Jetconnect, QantasLink, Qatar Airways, Royal Jordanian, S7 Airlines, Globus Airlines, SriLankan Airlines, TAM Airlines. Posibles nuevos miembros: Aer Lingus, Air Tahiti Nui, Interjet, Royal Air Maroc, TAM Paragual. SkyTeam fundada el 22 de junio de 2000 por 4 compañías:
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