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New Species of Solanum (Solanaceae)

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New Species of Solanum (Solanaceae) A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 1: 33–51 (2010)New species of Solanum (Solanaceae) from Peru and Ecuador 33 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.1.659 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.phytokeys.com Launched to accelerate biodiversity research New species of Solanum (Solanaceae) from Peru and Ecuador Sandra Knapp Department of Botany, Th e Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom Corresponding author: Sandra Knapp ([email protected]) Academic editor: W. John Kress | Received 26 August 2010 | Accepted 13 October 2010 | Published 1 November 2010 Citation: Knapp S (2010) New species of Solanum (Solanaceae) from Peru and Ecuador. PhytoKeys 1: 33–51. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.1.659 Abstract Th ree new species of “non-spiny" Solanum are described from Peru and Ecuador, and a revised description for Solanum verecundum M.Nee is presented. Solanum kulliwaita S.Knapp, sp. nov. (Dulcamaroid clade) is endemic to the Department of Cuzco in southern Peru, and is most similar to the recently described So- lanum sanchez-vegae S.Knapp of northern Peru. Solanum dillonii S.Knapp, sp. nov. (Brevantherum clade) is found in southern Ecuador and northern Peru in the Amotape-Huancabamba phytogeographic zone, and is morphologically similar to the widespread Solanum riparium Ruiz & Pav. Solanum oxapampense S.Knapp, sp. nov., (also of the Brevantherum clade) is endemic to the Oxapampa region (Department of Pasco) of central Peru, and is similar to and segregated from Solanum verecundum M.Nee of Peru and Ecuador. Complete descriptions, distributions and preliminary conservation assessments of all new spe- cies are given. Keywords Amotape-Huancabamba zone, Andes, Ecuador, endemism, conservation, nightshades, Peru, Solanum Introduction Solanum L., with ca. 1500 species, is the largest genus in the Solanaceae and one of the ten most species-rich genera of fl owering plants (Frodin 2004). Th e highest spe- cies diversity in the genus occurs in South America, and is concentrated in the Andes (Knapp 2002). As part of the collaborative project PBI Solanum: a world--wide treat- ment (see Knapp et al. 2004, http://www.solanaceaesource.org), descriptions of all Copyright Sandra Knapp. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 34 Sandra Knapp / PhytoKeys 1: 33–51 (2010) species of Solanum are being provided on-line. Th is intensity of work in the genus by a large number of collaborators, along with the massive increase in specimens available from the Andean regions of South America and intensive work in the undetermined collections of herbaria worldwide has meant that species limits are being re-evaluated using modern methods (e.g., Spooner et al. 2008, Ames and Spooner 2010) and many new taxa are being discovered, both in the fi eld and in herbaria (see Chiarini 2004, Knapp 2005, Peralta et al. 2005, Anderson et al. 2006, Granados-Tochoy and Orozco 2006, Nee et al. 2006, Granados-Tochoy et al. 2007, Knapp 2007, 2008, Knapp and Nee 2009, Stern and Bohs 2009, Tepe and Bohs 2009, Knapp 2010). In addition, the intensive global monographic project, in conjunction with a commitment by the bo- tanical community to achieving Targets 1 (a global plant species checklist) and 2 (pre- liminary conservation assessments for all known plant species) of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC; Secretariat of the CBD 2002), means that recognition and description of endemic or near endemic taxa or those facing a signifi cant conservation threat is particularly timely. Recent intensive collecting in Peru, coupled with targeted collecting by members of the PBI project team and work in many herbaria has uncovered several new species from Peru and adjacent Ecuador and necessitated the revision of the circumscription of Solanum verecundum M.Nee from which one of these new taxa is segregated. Two of these are endemic to Peru and one to the recently defi ned highly diverse Amotape- Huancabamba phytogeographic zone (Weigend 2002, Stern et al. 2009) straddling the border of Peru and Ecuador. All of these taxa have been assessed for conservation status using the ArcGIS software described in Moat (2007) which uses a combination of extent of occurrence (EOO), a measure of geographic spread as a polygon, and AOO (area of occurrence), a measure of distribution based on number of occurrences. For calculation of the AOO I have used both a cell size of 0.04 km2 as recommended by Moat (2007) and of 2 km2 as recommended by IUCN (2001). Coordinates are pre- sented in square brackets if calculated from maps; otherwise they are given as written on specimen labels. Taxonomic treatments Dulcamaroid clade Members of the Dulcamaroid clade (sensu Bohs 2005, Weese and Bohs 2007) have terminal and usually highly branched infl orescences, pedicels arising from small pegs on the infl orescence rachis and a vine-like habit. Th e clade is sister to the black night- shades (Morelloids, including members of Solanum section Solanum), and contains 50 species of woody and semi-woody vines and lax shrubs. Four of these species are from Eurasia (including the widespread weed Solanum dulcamara L.), four are from North America (including Mexico) and the rest are from Central and South America, with centers of diversity in the Andes and southeastern Brazil. New species of Solanum (Solanaceae) from Peru and Ecuador 35 Solanum kulliwaita S.Knapp, sp. nov. urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77107687-1 Fig. 1 Species nova Solano sanchez-vegae mihi similis, sed foliis ad apicem acuminatis, infl ores- centibus et fl oribus glandularibus, trichomatibus uniseriatis simplicibus diff ert. Type. Peru: Cusco: Prov. La Convención, Dist. Ocobamba, Mesa Pelada, 12°54'13"S, 72°37'06", 2613 m, 23 March 2004, L. Valenzuela, E. Suclli & G. Calatayud 3163 (holotype: USM!; isotypes: AMAZ, CUZ, MO!, MOL, NY! [NY00824906]). Description. Woody vine or scandent shrub, height unknown, the branches arching. Stems sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate multicellular trichomes 0.5–1 mm long, glabrescent, slightly winged from the decurrent leaf bases; new growth pubescent with simple or occasionally branched uniseriate trichomes 0.5–1 mm. Bark of older stems dark reddish brown, shiny. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple, (2-)3.5–8.5 cm long, 1–3 cm wide, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, slightly fl eshy, the upper surfaces sparsely pubescent with simple or occasionally furcate or branched trichomes on the lamina, more densely pubescent on the mid- vein, the lower surfaces glabrous or with a few scattered simple uniseriate trichomes along the midvein; primary veins 7–9 pairs, often drying blackish brown; base acute to attenuate; margins entire, sometimes revolute, densely pubescent in the basal quarter to third with simple trichomes extending from the petiole; apex acute; peti- oles 0.7–2 cm long, densely pubescent along the adaxial groove with golden simple or occasionally furcate uniseriate trichomes, not apparently twining. Infl orescences terminal or appearing lateral, 9–11 cm long, 3–5 times branched, with 10–20 fl ow- ers, densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes mostly 0.3–0.5 mm long, some longer and to 1 mm, purple in live plants and retaining pigmentation in dried material, the cells of the trichomes small and weak-walled, usually collapsing and tangled, the lateral cell walls dark-pigmented, the terminal cells spheroidal and ap- parently glandular; peduncle 1.5–3.5 cm long; pedicels 1–1.2 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the apex, slender, erect to nodding, densely pubescent like the infl orescence axes, articulated at the base and inserted into a short sleeve or above the base and leaving a peg ca. 2 mm long; pedicel scars irregularly spaced 0.5–5 mm apart, usually grouped. Buds ellipsoid, the corolla strongly exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers all perfect, 5-mer- ous. Calyx tube 2–2.5 mm long, cup-shaped, narrowing gradually to the pedicel, the lobes 2.5–3.5 mm long, the lower portion broadly deltate, the distal part an apiculate tip to 2 mm long, densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the infl orescence axes abaxially, these apparently glandular, the adaxial surface glabrous. Corolla 2.3–2.5 cm in diameter, purple, stellate, lobed 2/3 to ¾ of the way to the base, the lobes 9–12 mm long, 4–5 mm wide, spreading, the tips and margins densely pubescent on the abaxial surface with weak, collapsing simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the infl orescence, but smaller and not apparently glandular. Filament tube minute, the free portion of the fi laments 1–2 mm long, 36 Sandra Knapp / PhytoKeys 1: 33–51 (2010) Figure 1. Isotype specimen of Solanum kulliwaita S.Knapp. (Valenzuela et al. 3163, NY [NY00824906]). Specimen image reproduced with the permission of Th e C. V. Starr Virtual Herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden (http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/VirtualHerbarium.asp). New species of Solanum (Solanaceae) from Peru and Ecuador 37 glabrous; anthers 3.5–4.5 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, ellipsoidal, loosely connivent, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 7–8 mm long, glabrous; stigma capitate, the surface minutely papillose. Fruit a globose berry, ca. 1 cm in diameter (immature?), black when ripe, the pericarp thin, not shiny, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 1.5–1.7 cm long, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter at the base, woody, more or less nodding. Seeds not known. Distribution. Endemic to the valley of the Río Urubamba in the Department of Cusco in southern Peru (Fig.
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