Assessment of Drinking Water Quality “Natural Springs and Surface Water”
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Assessment of Drinking Water Quality “Natural Springs and Surface Water” in Gilgit-Baltistan - 2019 Gilgit-Baltistan Environmental Protection Agency (GB-EPA) Assessment of Drinking Water Quality “Natural Springs and Surface Water” in Gilgit-Baltistan Assessment of Drinking Water Quality “Natural Springs and Surface Water” in Gilgit-Baltistan, 2019. Copyright: Gilgit-Baltistan Environmental Protection Agency (GB-EPA), Government of Gilgit-Baltistan Citation is encouraged. Reproduction and/or translation of this publication for educational or other non- commercial purpose is authorized without prior written permission from Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Gilgit- Baltistan, provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Gilgit-Baltistan. Resource Persons: Shehzad Hasan Shigri (Director GB-EPA) Khadim Hussain (Assistant Director R&D/NEQS) Munawar Hussain Mosvi (Assistant Director EIA/L&E) Available From: Gilgit-Baltistan Environmental Protection Agency (GB-EPA) website: http://www.gbepa.gog.pk/ Government of Gilgit-Baltistan Gilgit-Baltistan Environmental Protection Agency Shahrah-e-Quaid-e-Azam, Khomer, Gilgit Phone No. 05811-920676, 920679 Fax No. 05811-922016 i Assessment of Drinking Water Quality “Natural Springs and Surface Water” in Gilgit-Baltistan Acronyms Al Aluminium As Arsenic B Boron Ba Barium Ca Calcium Cd Cadmium Cr Chromium Cu Copper DWSS Drinking Water Supply Systems Fe Iron GB Gilgit-Baltistan GB-EPA Gilgit-Baltistan Environmental Protection Agency GBPWD Gilgit-Baltistan Public Works Department GDA Gilgit Development Authority Hg Mercury HM Heavy Metals KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa LG&RD Local Government and Rural Development Department MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Mn Manganese ND Not Detected NDWP National Drinking Water Policy, 2009 NDWQS National Drinking Water Quality Standards Ni Nickel PHED Public Health Engineering Department PINSTEC Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technology Sb Antimony Se Selenium SO4 Sulphate WHO World Health Organization WSC Water Supply Complex Zn Zinc ii Assessment of Drinking Water Quality “Natural Springs and Surface Water” in Gilgit-Baltistan Table of Contents Acronyms ........................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents .............................................................................................. iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................ v Executive Summary .......................................................................................... vi Background ........................................................................................................ 1 Contextual Analysis ........................................................................................... 2 Objectives .......................................................................................................... 4 Methodology ..................................................................................................... 5 Results and Discussions ..................................................................................... 7 Detailed Chemical Analysis of Selected Drinking Water Sources in Skardu .................. 7 Detailed Chemical Analysis of Selected Drinking Water Sources in Hunza ................... 9 Detailed Chemical Analysis of Selected Drinking Water Sources in Nagar ................. 10 Detailed Chemical Analysis of Selected Drinking Water Sources in Astore ................ 12 Detailed Chemical Analysis of Selected Drinking Water Sources in Gilgit .................. 13 Detailed Chemical Analysis of Selected Drinking Water Sources in Ghizer ................ 14 Detailed Chemical Analysis of Selected Drinking Water Sources in Diamer ............... 15 Chemicals Not Listed in National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) and WHO Guidelines ............................................................................................................... 17 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 18 References ....................................................................................................... 19 Annexure 1: Source-wise Detailed Results ......................................................... a Annexure 2: Concentration of Heavy Metals ..................................................... e Annexure 3: Concentration of Chemicals not Listed by WHO and NDWQS ....... h iii Assessment of Drinking Water Quality “Natural Springs and Surface Water” in Gilgit-Baltistan List of Tables Table 1: Heavy metals, Health effects and Regulatory limits (Martin et al., 2009; Mohod et al., 2013; Jaishankar et. al., 2014 and Duruibe et al., 2007) ........................................ 2 Table 2: Equipment used for analysis ............................................................................. 5 Table 3: Cumulative (i.e. springs, rivers and streams/nullahs) district-wise summary of test results ........................................................................................................................... 7 Table 4: Concentration of Heavy Metals (mg/l) in drinking water sources of Skardu ....... 8 Table 5: Concentration of Heavy Metals (mg/l) in drinking water sources of Hunza ...... 10 Table 6: Concentration of Heavy Metals (mg/l) in drinking water sources of Nagar....... 11 Table 7: Concentration of Heavy Metals (mg/l) in drinking water sources of Astore...... 12 Table 8: Concentration of Heavy Metals (mg/l) in drinking water sources of Gilgit ........ 13 Table 9: Concentration of Heavy Metals (mg/l) in drinking water sources of Ghizer ...... 15 Table 10: Concentration of Heavy Metals (mg/l) in drinking water sources of Diamer... 16 Table 11: Summary of metals and sources exceeding permissible limits ....................... 16 Table 12: Legends .......................................................................................................... a Table 13: Detailed results of water sources in District Skardu ......................................... a Table 14: Detailed results of water sources in District Hunza .......................................... a Table 15: Detailed results of water sources in District Nagar .......................................... b Table 16: Detailed results of water sources in District Astore ......................................... b Table 17: Detailed results of water sources in District Gilgit ........................................... c Table 18: Detailed results of water sources in District Ghizer ......................................... c Table 19: Detailed results of water sources in District Diamer ........................................ d Table 20: Concentration of Chemicals non-NDWQS in District Skardu ............................ h Table 21: Concentration of Chemicals non-NDWQS in District Hunza ............................. h Table 22: Concentration of Chemicals non-NDWQS in District Nagar ............................... i Table 23: Concentration of Chemicals non-NDWQS in District Astore .............................. i Table 24: Concentration of Chemicals non-NDWQS in District Gilgit ................................ i Table 25: Concentration of Chemicals non-NDWQS in District Ghizer .............................. j Table 26: Concentration of Chemicals non-NDWQS in District Diamer ............................. j iv Assessment of Drinking Water Quality “Natural Springs and Surface Water” in Gilgit-Baltistan List of Figures Figure 1: Concentration of Chemicals in water sources of Skardu (not listed in NDWQS) 8 Figure 2: Concentration of Chemicals in water sources of Hunza (not listed in NDWQS) . 9 Figure 3: Concentration of Chemicals in water sources of Nagar (not listed in NDWQS) 11 Figure 4: Concentration of Chemicals in water sources of Astore (not listed in NDWQS)12 Figure 5: Concentration of Chemicals in water sources of Gilgit (not listed in NDWQS) . 13 Figure 6: Concentration of Chemicals in water sources of Ghizer (not listed in NDWQS) 15 Figure 7: Concentration of Chemicals in water sources of Diamer (not listed in NDWQS) ................................................................................................................................... 16 v Assessment of Drinking Water Quality “Natural Springs and Surface Water” in Gilgit-Baltistan Executive Summary In Gilgit-Baltistan, there are three main sources of drinking water (springs, rivers and streams); according to an estimate in 2004-05, 62% of households had access to tap water inside or within a reasonable distance from their homes via storage and partial treatment at Water Supply Complexes—the highest rate in Pakistan (GB-Economic Survey Report, 2010). According to Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2016-17 (MICS) of Gilgit-Baltistan, 79% of household members are using improved sources of drinking water. Public Health Engineering Department (PHED), Gilgit Development Authority (GDA) and Gilgit-Baltistan Public Works Department (GBPWD) are the custodian departments for construction and operation of Drinking Water Supply Systems (DWSS) in urban areas of Gilgit- Baltistan (GB). Majority