HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies

Volume 20 Number 1 Himalayan Research Bulletin no. 1 & Article 16 2

2000

Conference Digest and Abstracts

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Martijn van Beek Department of Ethnography and Social Anthropology Aarhus University Moesgaard DK-8270 Hojbjerg DENMARK

CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS

THE 29TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON SOUTH ASIA MADISON, WISCONSIN OCTOBER 12-15, 2000

On Location in Ladakh: Love, War, and Mani Contemporary Newat· Buddhists have experienced a Ratnam's "Dil Se" growing multiplicity of choices in the Buddhist traditions represented in the Kathmandu Valley. While their long-es­ Ravina Aggarwal, Smith College tablished vajradirya samgha continues to pelform rituals E-Mail: [email protected] for the majority of households, Theravadin institutions draw growing numbers to merit-making rituals and vipassana As media representations of the Kargil war reveal, land­ meditation programs. Japanese sects have also gained a scape and tenitory have dominated the portrayals of Ladakh following. Vat·ious Tibetan lamas, whose institutions have while the people who inhabit this region are rarely brought mushroomed in the Valley since 1990, still attract Newar into mainstream debates around definitions of the nation disciples, usually for healing rituals. Most recently added and its borders. Such foregrounding of land over people to this pluralistic urban scene are two reformist/modern­ can also be seen in popular films like Dil Se, a movie about ization initiatives that have arisen from within the high Bud­ chasing love in the shadows of political conflict. A sub­ dhist castes, both with the support of international Bud­ stantial portion of this film was shot in Ladakh but the lo­ dhist organizations. After surveying this religious field, the cation remains unacknowledged. This paper sets Mani paper will examine how these latter two groups reflect the Ratnam's film against the realities of the border war in democratic political environment of contemporat"y Nepal; Kargil and compares it to earlier films to offer a comn1en­ it will also explore how they must balance their initiatives tary on political, gendered, and racial aspects of border con­ amidst the forces of "Newar nationalism" on the one hand, structions. and a rising awat·eness of Buddhist universalism, on the Keywords: India, Ladakh, nationalism, gender, landscape, other. anthropology of film Keywords: Newars, Buddhism, Nepal

PANEL: BUDDHISM AND IDENTITY IN THE Un-monkly business? The Role of Buddhist Monks in HIMALAYAS Modern Ladakhi Politics Mattijn van Beek Newar Buddhists in the Vortex of Countervailing Cul­ Aarhus University tural Forces E-Mail: [email protected] m Todd Lewis Holy Cross College At the time of the granting of regional autonomy to the district ofLeh in 1995, considerable debate took place over E-Mail: [email protected] the future role of religious figures in local government and decision making. While monks historically did not play

70 HIMALAYAN RESEARCH BULLETIN XX(l-2) 2000 formally as significant a role in secular affairs in Ladakh Keywords: anthropology, Tharu, identity, Nepal Tarai, as in Tibet before its occupation, they have played a promi­ Theravada Buddhism nent role in different political agitations, have contested elections, and have held ministerial and other political and administrative posts at the regional, state, and central level. RELIGIOUS HISTORIOGRAPHY IN SRI LANKA AND The continued prominence of the clergy both expresses and NEPAL reinforces Buddhism as a central feature of identification and politics in the region. Part of ongoing research build­ Iconology of Vasundhara in Nepal: Deciphering Cat­ ing on field research conducted since 1985, the paper draws egories of Tantric Buddhist Methodology on archival and other written sources, as well as interviews with religious figures, secular politicians, and common Dina Bangdel people. In addition to describing religious leaders' involve­ Western Michigan University ment in a ' modernizing' political and socio-economic en­ E-Mail: dina.bangdel @wmich.edu vironment, the paper contributes to the historiography of Ladakhi politics, and represents and analyzes local views Tantric methodology often categorizes deities, ritual, and perceptions regarding the proper role of religious lead­ and meditation as bahya "outer", guhya "secret" and ers in secular political affairs. The accounts also illustrates abhyantara "inner." These generally reflect the movement the dilemmas and contradictions caused by the encounter from exoteric, openly accessible Tantric practices to se­ of religious authority and ideals of monkhood and cret, more esoteric spheres that are restricted to the initi­ 'Realpolitik', and the different ways in which people man­ ated. Iconology and symbolism of Buddhist images may age them. also be interpreted to signify such core categories ofTantric practice. The paper will discuss the iconology of Keywords: anthropology, identity politics, religion, Ladakh, Vasundhara in this context and place it within the larger Tibetan Buddhism cult ofTantric goddesses (yoginis) of the Newar Buddhist community in Nepal. As the patron deity of Buddhist women and as the goddess of wealth, Vasundhara is cen­ "We are the Buddha's descendants": Buddhism in the tral to the lay practices. Yet, her iconology also hints at shaping of a Tharu identity in Nepal practices that are confined to the highly esoteric method­ Arjun Guneratne ologies of the Highest Yoga Tantras. Using the ritual prac­ Maca/ester College tices and material evidence, the paper aims to decipher E-Mail: [email protected] Vasundhara's multivalent symbolism within the categories ofTantric practices; further, Vasundhara's role among the The term Tharu is an ethnonym shared by a number of Tantric Buddhist yoginis will also be considered. ethnic group inhabiting the lowland region of Nepal known Keywords: art history, cultural studies, Tantric Buddhism, as the Tarai. Since the end ofRana rule, the Tharu elite has Buddhist goddess Geographic Subdivision: Nepal, been molding these various communities into a single eth­ Kathmandu Valley nic category. While these Tharu communities vary a great deal in terms of their religious systems, Tharu elites in the Eastern Tarai have embraced Theravada Buddhism as a cen­ Jalashayana Vishnu Imagery in Nepal: The NewarTra­ tral aspect of their identity and claim to be descendants of dition and Valley History the original Sakyas. They use Buddhism to define all Tharus as a community distinct from and superior to Nepal's Hindu Natalie R. Marsh majority and reject the myth of Raj put descent put forward Ohio State University by Tharu leaders in other parts of the Tarai to account for E-Mail: [email protected] Tharu origins. From their perspective, Tharus are the vic­ tims of both Hindu and Muslim civilization. This discourse The image of Vishnu Anantashayana ("Vishnu-reclin­ is widely known and accepted in the leading Tharu ethnic ing-on-the-serpent-Shesha") is widely known throughout association, the Tharu Kalyankarini Sabha. This pl;lper dis­ India. Jalashayana, sometimes also called Sheshashayi cusses the views of two of the first and most articulate pro­ Narayana and Anantanarayana, is found in a unique set­ ponents of thi s thesis, Ramanand Prasad Singh of Saptari ting and context in the Kathmandu Valley. Of the four large and Tej Narayan Panjiar of Udayapur. Other Tharus, while reclining Jalashayana images known from Nepal, two are not claiming to be Buddhists, are nevertheless sympathetic currently situated within large water tanks at sites that are to these ideas because of the prestige that attaches to the actively visited and widely venerated-Balanilakhantha notion of being descendants of the Buddha. and Budhanilakhantha. Mary Slusser and Gautamavajra

CONFERENCE DIGEST 71 Vajracharya have worked ex tensively on the dating, com­ Ti betans themselves have la rgely turned a blind eye to the mi ssioning, iconographic, and political implications of these ways that Indi a and Indians are integral to any understand­ works . In concert with these sign ifi cant contributi ons, I ing of contemporary Tibetan culture or identity in exi le. propose that an ethno-reli gious and culturall y specific ex­ The anti-assimilationist rhetoric of Tibetan refugees in planation for the commission of these unique and rare forms South Asia is, however, compli cated by their widespread rests in th e creation myth of the va ll ey, whi ch was once a enthusiasm for Hindi fi lms, cu ltu ra l objects whose power lake. as agents of escapist fantasy, role-modelin g and social ca­ tharsis has been well studi ed. Some Tibetans perceive the "Hindi film craze" in the refugee community as a signifi ­ PANEL: LOCATING TillET cant threat to the paradigm of cultural preservation that is so central to their community's political work in exile. Ti ­ betan fa ns of Hindi films, in turn, are we ll aware of this The Founding of a Nation-in-Exile: Tibetan National­ potential conflict and have developed ways of exploiting ism in the Post-war Era the slippery slope between non -ironic and parodic stances Melinda Pilling as they consume and, more recently, produce the film mu­ University of Chicago sic that they enjoy so much. I suggest that, in this way, film E-Mail: mfpillin @midway.uchicago.edu songs are used by Tibetans both as an excuse or opportu­ nity to participate in Indian life and to draw attention to the This paper is concerned with the founding of the Ti­ cultural differences that potentially deeply qualify the ex­ betan nation-in-exile. I begin by examining Tibet's status tent of or desire for that participation. My disc ussion of before 1959 from the perspective of recent theories of na­ th ese issues is grounded in ethnographi c analyses of par­ tionalism. Most contemporary theorists of nationalism fo­ ti cular film sc reenings and musical petformances in refu­ cus on nations that arose out of the post-war struggles for gee communities in India. independence from imperial rule in Africa, Asia, and the Keywords: Tibet; India; ethnomusicology; refugees; Hindi Pacific. Tibet, which lost its de facto independence from film China at this time of largely successful nationalist inde­ pendence strugg les, provides a radically different perspec­ tive on thi s era. In rethinking theories of nationali sm from Within and Against Hegemony: Counter Constructions the perspective of Tibet, I explore the ways in which glo­ of Tibetan Identity in Chicago bal politics helped to create two Tibets: a territoriall y bounded but colonized Tibet and a deterritorialized but in ­ Jennifer Chertow dependent Tibetan nation-in-ex il e. I pay particular atten ­ Stanford University tion to th e founding moments of the Tibetan nation-in-ex­ E-Ma il : jchertow @stanford ile in Indi a. I ask: What discourses were at play in India's offer of refuge to Tibetans? How did the Dalai Lama present This paper concems itself with discourses that produce the Tibetan case to an Indian audience? Examinin g the writ­ moments of what I call "existenti al dissonance," when in gs and speeches of th e Dalai Lama, I trace how hi s for­ dominan t ideologies about refugees generall y and Tibet­ mulation of Tibetan identity and hi s imaginings of a fre e or ans in particular produce language, institutions, practices truly autonomous Tibet have changed over the years. I con­ and beliefs that are fundamentally antithetical to self un ­ sider the Da lai Lama's appeals for support to an interna­ derstandings and the orders of sign ification that loca te tional audience, focusing especially on the influence of members of these groups in th e world. It is this un expected Indi an nationali smon his imaginin gs of Tibet. meeting of a se lf with an already scripted and often domi ­ nat in g depiction of that self which motivates my discus­ Keywords: Tibet; India; nationalism; exi le; the Dalai Lama; sion . I will anal yze an ethnographi c moment when a Ti ­ hi story betan interpreter refuses to translate a question posed by a well-meaning American because it interpell ates Tibetans as part of a lost or dying cu lture. The discussion will center Exile Takes Place Somewhere: How the Indian Cultural arou nd the question of whether the interpreter's decision Landscape (and Hindi Film Songs in Particular). Com- not to translate constitutes agency and if so what kind of plicates Tibetan Refugee Ideals · age ncy that would be, given the limitation a Foucauldi an Ke ila Diehl ana lys is places on the actions of a radical ly constructed Stanford University subject. By weaving in other accounts of Tibetans in Chi­ E-Mail : [email protected] cago, I will attempt to address the ways in which Tibetans For man y reasons , sc holars, Western supporters and mobili ze and counteract the rhetori c of nationalism as well.

72 HIMALAYAN RESEARCH BULLETIN XX(I-2) 2000 Keywords: Tibet; Chicago; anthropology; refugees; nation­ fluence which kinds of management issues and conflicts alism; discourse emerge within specific user-groups and between user­ groups and the State. The case study in Mugu presents com­ pelling evidence that scholars and practitioners must de­ Electric Brains Go to School: Lhasa and Computer velop. the conceptual and methodological tools to analyze Education these fluctuating social and ecological processes and the multiple ways they interact to produce forest change. Christopher Walker University of Chicago Keywords: geography, political ecology, environmental E-Mail: [email protected] history, Nepal, Community Forestry

The capital city of the Tibetan Autonomous Region has undergone a rapid shift toward computer-mediated com­ Community Forestry Policy in Nepal: Progress and Po­ munication, education, and game recreation. This comput­ tentials erization process follows more than just market and gov­ Oliver Springate-Baginski ernmental directives-the localization of new technology University of Leeds Environment Centre follows regional understandings of the relationship of tech­ E-Mail: [email protected] nology to Tibetan culture. This paper examines the con­ struction of an educational multimedia section of Tibet Since the HMGN 1993 Forest Act provided the legal University's new computer department and the establish­ basis for Community Forestry (or CF), there has been rapid ment of a computer cuniculum. Local understanding of implementation of CF throughout the mid-hills of Nepal. this change is situated in the drive to modernize minority This has occUlTed through the formation and support (by areas in terms of information technology and the drive to the Department of Forestry) of legally-independent Forest curtail forces undermining national sovereignty. User Groups (or FUGs), who are given responsibility for Keywords: Tibet; Tibetan Autonomous Region; China; management of forests handed to them. This work has been anthropology; computers; education supp011ed in many areas from bilateral donor programmes. Since the inception period however there have been few extensive or rigorous studies considering the actual impacts PANEL: CHANGING AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN of the policy on the ground. Research recently completed THE NEPAL HIMALAYA at the Leeds University Environment Centre, in collabora­ tion with the Nepal UK Community Forestry Project, as­ sessed the impacts of Community Forestry, in terms of the Ban Devi at work? An investigation of social and envi­ forest resources, the local FUG institution, and the liveli­ ronmental change in Community Forestry hoods of the different forest users. The 3-year project em­ Andrea Nightingale ployed an intensive and iterative Participatory Action Re­ The University of Minnesota search method in conjunction with traditional household E-Mail: [email protected] and resource survey, across a spectrum of FUGs. Findings of the research will be presented. One of the conclusive outcomes of the 1980s debate KEYWORDS: community forestry Nepal livelihood par­ on the "environmental crisis" in Nepal is that Himalayan ticipation institution ecosystems are constantly changing on both short and long time scales. In addition, it is clear that forest degradation is a locally specific phenomenon and one that is not easily Factors Influencing the Transformation of Agriculture generalized over large areas of the hills. Given the locally in the Mid-hills of Nepal specific and stochastic nature of forest change, the prob­ lem then becomes how to understand that change in rela­ Ganesh P. Shivakoti and Surendra B. Thapa tion to Community Forestry projects, which are also dy­ Asian Institute of Technology namic institutions. This paper investigates historical forest E-Mail: [email protected] management practices, current Community Forestry user­ groups, and forest vegetation change in Mugu District of In the mid-hills of Nepal, as in many developing coun­ western Nepal. I argue that the way in which Community tries, increased demand for agricultural produce due to Forestry is locally implemented is influenced by anteced­ population growth and to earlier development activities ent ecological conditions and by the history of forest man­ have induced farmers to re-orient their traditional subsis­ agement practices. Furthermore, ecological conditions in- tence farming to systems growing crops to be sold on mar-

CONFERENCE DIGEST 73 kets. Based on household surveys and group discussions economic change underlies change in pe1formance con­ with key informants, we found that in areas where rapid text and genre boundary. change in farmin g systems is occurring, farmers are ex­ Keywords: Folklore; Orality; Literacy; Genre; Northern panding their private landholdings and increasing their Paki stan market participation irrespective of caste, which is often considered a social barrier to development. Off-farm wage labor has al so increased to the point where it contributes up to one-half of total household income. Traditional farm­ Inside the Menstrual House: The Kalasha Bashali as a ing systems of local rice varieties and maize have been Center fo r Women's Community and Culture replaced by a system growing vegetables and improved Wynne Maggi varieties of rice. Income from selling dairy products and University of Colorado vegetables have become the largest source of household E-Mail: wmaggi @worldnet.att.net income. We also found that the participation of commu­ nity based organizations facilitated this transformation, Although menstrual houses were once a common fea­ while the efforts of external agency-induced organizations ture of many different cultures, today very few menstrual had little success. Multiple regression identified income houses thrive as living institutions. This study of the Kalasha from different farm enterprises, land under cash crops, and bashali is perhaps the only detailed ethnographic account the ratio of improved to local crop species as important of women's lived experience in a particular menstrual variables in determining the level of commercialization. house. Two years of living and working with Kalasha Keywords: Agricultural economics, agricultural transfor­ women convinced me that speculation about menstrual mation, farming systems, Mid-hills of Nepal. houses as oppressive institutions designed by men to se­ clude women due to the "horror felt for their state" (as Graziozi [ 1961] describes the Kalasha menstrual house) could not be further from the truth (at least in this case). The importance of the bashali in women's lives goes be­ PANEL: RECENT ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH FROM yond its ritual significance in Kalasha cosmology. The NORTHERN PAKISTAN Kalasha bashali is an important center for female culture and community. Far from being a prison in which women Orality, Literacy and Scholarship: Shifts in Gender, are separated from the community and rendered powerless Genre and Performance of Wakhi Oral Expression to act, the structure of the institution itself contributes to women's agency, both personally and collectively. Specifi­ John Mock cally, the bashali provides women with space from which University of California, Berkeley to act- to be creative and religious; to be part of the larger E-Mail: [email protected] community of women; and to make personal decisions about marriage and reproduction away from the intense The Wakhi, an ethnic minority group of less than social pressure of village life. 40,000, reside in contiguous mountain valleys where Paki­ stan, China, Afghanistan and Tajikistan meet, an area diffi­ Keywords: Cultural Anthropology; Menstrual House; cult of access. Researchers have largely focused on the Kalasha; Women's Community; Northern Pakistan unwritten Wakhi language, one of the Pamir languages in the East Iranian group of the Iranian language family. So­ viet-era scholars working in the Tajik SSR described Wakhi grammar and published texts ofWakhi stories and songs in Constructing a Photography Exhibition for Hunza, Pa­ phonemic (modified IPA) transcription. These have stimu­ kistan, 1930s and 1990s lated Wakhi poets to use this transcription system to write Julie Flowerday poetry, a fascinating situation in which the transmission University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and production of a culture's oral expressive forms are be­ E-Mail: [email protected] ing altered by the work of the scholars who study the cul­ ture. This paper, based on my 1995-7 field research in .Pa­ Hunza in Treble Vision: 1930s and 1990s is a photog­ kistan, looks at a specific traditional genre, bulbulik, that raphy exhibition constructed about a small community of has been adapted and incorporated into a separate, modern villages in the high Karakoram valley of Hunza in north­ genre, bayd. The paper discusses the introduction of a mode east Pakistan. Three photographic scenarios of this com­ of literacy in an oral culture, the implications for models munity are juxtaposed with one another: one made in Brit­ of transmission and performance, and suggests that socio- ish Colonial India principally between 1934-35 by the late

74 HIMALAYAN RESEARCH BULLETIN XX(l-2) 2000 Colonel David Lorimer, a retired British Colonial officer, bal" at the level of ideas, ideals, or institutions. This paper and two others made in Pakistan during 1999 by me. compares the conceptions and characterizations of "wom­ anhood," "gender empowerment," and appropriate femi ­ SINGLE VISION comprises a core selection of 1930s nine roles held and promoted by prominent international photographs that describes the restricted road to the com­ aid organizations working in Nepal in the nineteen-nine­ munity, the local rulership, and economy. DOUBLE VI­ ties with the attitudes held by the Nepali women who were SION is a paired version of each of the selected photo­ targeted for these "development" interventions. Research graphs from the 1930s photographed again in the 1990s. can·ied out in central Nepal over a five year period sug­ The paired photograph typically contributes ambiguity­ gests that rather than merely reproducing or resisting "for­ double vision-to its predecessor because sunounding con­ eign" models and their messages, both the women who took ditions have changed. TREBLE VISION is based on part in empowerment programs and others who didn't but Lorimer's thematic construction, but I focus on the lived in the same communities where programs had been postcolonial landscape and explore the difference of peoples held tended to be deeply affected by national and lives in what is now Pakistan. transnational discourses touting independence, autonomy, In discussing the construction of the exhibition, I con­ and empowerment, and they came to see these as signs of sider how differences between Lorimer and myself con­ personal and gender development. At the same time, these tributes to the meaning of the photographs. Meaning is a women did not accept the proffered definitions, and their self-reflexive process that is contextually based. Never co­ accompanying ideologies, uncritically. Instead, their re­ equal, it reverberates with power and intention. ported experiences suggest that development creates new self-conceptions and desires at the local level, which in­ corporate multiple, and potentially contradictory, expecta­ PANEL: GLOBALIZATION AND DISCOURSES OF THE tions and ideals. Contemporary notions of women and femi­ FEMININE IN SOUTH ASIA nine development in Nepal are produced in the space where the global is local: in the interstices between nationalism, Panel Abstract: Globalization and Discourses of the globalization, and previously more localized values, and Feminine in South Asia in relation to the critical realities of material constraints. Ernestine McHugh Keywords: Gender, Development, Nepal, Anthropology University of Rochester E-Mail: emhh @rnail.rochester.edu Sumitra's Room: Representation and Experience in the Global communication and consumerism promote a Global Realm variety of ideas about value, identity and relationship that Ernestine McHugh may complement, contradict, or encourage reinterpretation University of Rochester of ideas about gender in South Asian communities. This E-Mail: emhh@ mail.rochester.edu panel will explore the impact of constructions of gender in the media and the marketplace on the beliefs of people in Space and image can be conceived as a kind of dis­ South Asia whose points of reference have been more het­ course, one that conditions experience in interesting ways erogeneous and localized in the past. Papers will explore and that in its construction demonstrates identity and de­ the ways in which newer and more global constructions of sire. Over the past three decades, the social and physical gender influence desire, self-concept, and perceived life­ spaces inhabited by women in Nepal have altered greatly possibilities for women, and the ways in which they are in response to patterns of globalization. Sumitra is a young juxtaposed, contrasted and reconciled with more histori­ college-educated woman whose family has moved from cally embedded representations of the feminine. the Gurung village in which her parents grew up to the town of Pokhara. There, consumer goods, like televisions, motorcycles or automobiles have become important mark­ Women, Development, and Desire in Nepal ers of status; access to neighborhoods is determined by Lauren Leve wealth rather than kinship; and ideas deriving from devel­ Wellesley College opment ideology figure into evaluations of worth. In this E-Mail: [email protected] paper I will locate her room in a larger social context and explore the ways in which it expresses her orientation to New anthropological theories of globalization com­ life and reflects contemporary urban views of femininity. plicate simple models that oppose the "local" to the "glo- Keywords: Gender, Representation, Nepal, Anthropology

CONFERENCE DIGEST 75 PANEL: THE HIMALAYAS IN COMPARATIVE PER­ Twenty years after Thomas Munro described Indian SPECTIVE villages as "little republics," Alexis de Tocqueville was in the United States of Ameri ca studyin g democracy in America. One of the first objects of his study was local Language Poli tics in Nepal and South Africa govern ance, the towns of New England especially. In De­ Selma K. Sonntag mocra cy in Ameri ca, he wrote that " [i]n no country of the Humboldt State Univerity world do th e citi zens make such exertions for the common E-Mail: sks1 @humboldt.edu weal. I know of not people who have established schools so numerous and efficacious, places of public worship bet­ This paper is a comparative study of recent language ter suited to the wants of the inhabitants, or roads kept in politics in Nepal and South Africa. In the past, both states better repair." The similarity between the perceptions of had attempted to contain subnational forces, albeit in very Munro in 1806 and de Tocqueville in the 1820s is striking. different ways. The apartheid regime in South Africa en­ Was there a common cultural origin to the two concepts of couraged local linguistic fragmentation as a divide-and­ local government? rule policy. The monarchy in Nepal suppressed all lan­ This paper explores the development of the idea of town guages other than Nepali. Both of these archaic regimes government in the United States and village govemment were swept away in the global tide of political change in in Nepal. Examples are taken from towns in Wisconsin, the early 1990s. Both adopted new and more democratic the origin of whose local government law is New York. language policies, in response to demands of mobilized The development of the concept of the village is traced subnational groups. What was the interface in these two also for Nepal. Finally, a brief analysis is given for the cur­ cases between subnationallinguistic demands and the glo­ rent condition of towns in Wisconsin and villages in Nepal. bal rhetoric, predominantly in English, of democratiza­ Keywords: local governance, gaon bikash samitti in Nepal, tion? Although the global-local interaction and timing of Wisconsin towns these two cases may be similar, the role of English in the two countries differs. English competed with Afrikaans in South Africa, with tragic consequences such as the High Promise: Tourism Development in the Tajik Soweto riots of the mid-70s. By contrast, in Nepal, En­ Pamirs and Wrangell-St. Elias Mountains, Alaska glish remained a foreign language, never competing with Nepali as a viable lingua franca. This variation in the role Stephen F. Cunha of (global) English, but relative similarity in terms of the Humboldt Stale University state adopting a multilingual language policy because of E-Mail: [email protected] local linguistic demands, provides for a provocative com­ parative analysis. The Tajik Pamirs rise where the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Tian Shan, Alayskiy and Kunlun Shan ranges Keywords: language policy, Nepal, South Africa, English, converge. Similarly, the Wrangell, St. Elias, and Chugach democratization Mountains converge in the Gulf of Alaska where the Pa­ cific and North American plates collide. Both regions of­ Origin, Development, Current Condition of Gaon fer extensive mountain wildemess, free flowing rivers, rare Bikash Samittis in Nepal and Towns in Wisconsin, wildlife, and unusual flora. They also present unparalleled opportunities for "sustainable ecotourism" such as moun­ U.S.A. taineering, backpacking, paddling fishing, and sport hunt­ Paul F. Benjamin ing. This illustrated paper 1) presents the relevant biophysi­ Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Con­ cal and human characteristics of both regions, 2) compares swner Protection government and private sector efforts to develop tourism, E-Mail: Paui.Benjamin @datcp.state. wi.us and 3) postulates on the future of sustainable tourism in both regions. Ecotourism in the Wrangell-St. Elias region In 1806, a British administrator, Thomas Munro, established a new model for park development in the United wrote that the Indian village was "a kind of little repub­ States, while public-private "dual professionalism" has met lic." This idea was picked up by a variety of Indian na-. mixed success in Tajikistan. Federal legislation effectively tionalist authors and later Mahatma Gandhi claimed that protects the Alaskan resource, while land degradation as­ a village " is a complete republic, independent of its neigh­ sociated with independence and civil war is thwarting tour­ bors for its vital wants . . . "The idea of the village that ism development in the Pamirs. began to emerge in Nepal in the 1950s, the gaon panchayat, was largely an incorporation of these ideas. Keywords: ecotourism, Wrangell-St. Elias, Pamir Moun­ tains

76 HIMALAYAN RESEARCH BULLETIN XX(l-2) 2000 PANEL: ROUNDABLE: ARE THERE "TRIBES" IN Panelists will consist of Sumit Guha, a hi storian whose SOUTH ASIA? recent work has focused on tribes in Indian hi story, Subir Sinha whose work in development studies looks at citi zen­ Chair: Sumit Guha ship and social movements, Rashmi Varma whose cuiTent Brown University work is on Indian literature and its representations of eco­ E-Mail: [email protected] nomic development, Chad Haines, an anthropologist who Chad Haines is undertaken research on forestry and tribal formations in Duke University Pakistan and Yasmin Saikia, a hi storian who is writing a [email protected] book on the resurgence of tribal identities in Assam. Subir Sinha University of London [email protected] PANEL: EMERGING CULTURES OF ECONOMY lN THE KATHMANDU VALLEY Yasmin Saikia University of North Carolina saikia @email.unc.edu Cashing in on Culture: Or From Dharma To Capital In Three Easy Steps Emerging Cultures of Economy in Rasmi Varma the Kathmandu Valley University of North Carolina [email protected] Gregory Grieve University of Chicago This Roundtable Session takes an interdisciplinary approach to examining the construction of "tribes" within This paper is an initial exploration into the economics South Asian studies. We will show how historically and of cultural tourism in the Nepalese City of Bhaktapur. It spatially, the label "tribe" has been an unstable category concentrates on the Bhakta pur Festival 1997, which was that has been deployed within multiple networks of power held on October 22-26, 1997. This cultural gala attracted relations, such as state-society, local-national and national­ 400,000 Nepalis and 20,000 Western tourists, and hinged global spheres. We will question the contending meaning on Bhaktapur's role as Nepal's "Cultural Capital." Since of tribes, variously defined as indigenous, aboriginal, primi­ the reconstruction of over 189 of Bhaktapur's temples by tive, underdeveloped, disempowered and marginalized. the German-funded Bhaktapur Development Project, and Conversely, we will draw attention to the ways in which the appropriation of heritage conservation by the local mu­ "tribe" has also been used to empower and resist the nation nicipality, tourism plays an ever-increasing role in state and the global economy. Bhaktapur's economy. From Bhaktapur's five-dollar ad­ mission fee to the small boys who hawk their services as The specific expertise of the panelists will allow us to guides, as one American expatriate living in Kathmandu draw upon such issues as how British colonial rule imag- said to me, "in Bhaktapur, when I hear the word 'culture' I . ined and institutionalized tribes in the no1thern and nmth­ reach for my wallet." Yet, the economy of tourism is more west frontier, tribe-based demands for statehood in areas complicated than the strip mining of the city's heritage. such as Jharkhand and Bodoland, the creation of tribe as And while some residents worry about "cultural pollution," an economic and political category in the nmth-eastern fron­ most people in Bhaktapur are proud of there city's new­ tier, the politics of tribal identities in Assam today and the found fame as a UNESCO World Heritage City. Moreover, resurgence of the figure of the tribal in contemporary liter­ they appreciate how tourist funds have been used for the ary and cultural discourses of globalization. Through the city's upkeep and the renovation of temples. In the paper I exploration of these issues, this Roundtable session will will outline the strategies for turning dharma into culture, generate a more broad-based discussion of the problem­ and culture into capital, and show some of the ways that atic of "are there 'tribes' in South Asia?" The topic of the Bhaktapurians have put their "culture" to work. Roundtable discussion is especially relevant for a contem­ porary understanding of citizenship in South Asia as it ex­ periences unprecedented contestations of identities as evi­ denced in the recent and ongoing controversies surrou.nd­ ing tribal conversions to Christianity.

CONFERENCE DIGEST 77 Carnal Economies: Notes on the History of Restaurants gitimate vi sions of urban ri verscape re habilitation. By ex­ and Prostitution in Kathmandu. amining the creation and allocation of particul ar forms of cultural and ecol ogical va lue in resto ration discourses, I Mark Liec hty hi ghlight th e complexity of the joumey fro m globall y-con­ University of Illinois, Chicago ceived concepts li ke "green cities" and "sustain able habi­ E-Ma il: liechty@uic .edu tats" to local experience and engagement with restorati on ini tiatives. The case dem onstrates ho w ecological projects Since food and sex are so often linked in cultural imagi­ reclassify both eco- and social systems, and in doin g so nations, it is perhaps not surprising that the two follow simi­ expose relations of power that enabl e creation of value in lar, and often intertwined traj ectories in cultural/economic th e circulation of environmentally-affiliated form s of cul ­ process. This paper considers the cultural dynamics of tural capital. commodification in the parallel emergence of restaurants and prostitution in Kathmandu. Both of these new "ser­ Keywords: environment, development, Bagmati River, vice" markets represent the public commercial availability Bishnumati River, Ka thmandu of acts/relations/services traditionally associated with do­ mestic space, and domestic gender roles. The commodification of food and sex services constitutes a Local-Global Articulations: Neoliberalism and Newar recontextualization of intimate social acts into new public Economics of Practice economies of social meaning in a marketplace of commer­ Katharine N. Rankin ci ally mediated pleasure, desire, and distinction. Restau­ University of Toronto rants and prostitution are both "public" to the extent that E-Mail: rankin@ geog.utoronto.ca they are "freely ava ilable" to anyone with money, yet both offer the consumer the intimate privacy of anonymous plea­ This paper considers the articulation of global politi­ sures. In a cultural context where the potential stigmas as­ cal-economic processes with local contexts of power soci ated with meat and alcohol consumption are not unre­ through a study of the "economics of practice" (a Ia Pierre lated to those tied to illicit sexual relations, the Bourdieu) in the merchant community of Sankhu in the commodification of food and sex offers particularly im­ Kathmandu Valley. It first illustrates the dialectical rela­ portant insi ghts into the shifting cultural logics of a new tionships among gender and caste ideologies, prestige sys­ middle-c lass consumer society. tems, and pattems of social inequality. At the scale of indi­ Keywords: historical sites, social memory, tourism, migra­ vidual consciousness, following the work of Steven Par­ tion, Rajasthan ish, the paper then explores the ways in wh ich such ideo­ logical constructions occupy the minds and lives of women and low castes as common sense-as well as the extent to 'Culturing' Urban Ecology: Competing Constructions which women and low castes recognize the established of Degradation and Restoration on the Bagmati and order as an arbitrary human construction. This discussion Bishnumati Rivers, Kathmandu highlights the critical resources available within culture should planners learn how to recognize them. Finally, the Anne Rademacher paper considers how neoliberalism and the associated "open Yale University market" policies articulate with the Newar economics of E-Mail: [email protected] practice. In particular it evaluates the progressive and re­ gressive tendencies generated for women and low castes The Bagmati and Bishnumati Rivers, which converge in the articulation of local cultural economies with emerg­ at Teku in Kathmandu, are widely characterized as severely ing service-sector labor markets in Kathmandu and pat­ degraded and are active foci for intemationally-funded eco­ terns of commodification. logical restoration projects. Drawing on enthnographic work among development planners, cultural restoration ad­ Keywords: Nepal, Sankhu; Newars; gender; caste; vocates, and residents of sukumbaasi (landless migrant) neoliberalism communities living proximate to the rivers, I explore com­ peting constructions of river degradation and restoration, focusin g on the conceptual pairing of ecological and cul ­ tural logics in forming definitions of degradation and le-

78 HIMALAYAN RESEARCH BULLETIN :XX(l-2) 2000 PANEL: A DECADE OF "DEMOCRACY": ASSESSING motto signifies a governmental anxiety, and its wi ll to both ACTIVISM AFTER THE 1990 PEOPLE'S MOVEMENT IN contain and exploit the power of the youths for th e project NEPAL of nation-building. The category 'youths' has ga ined addi ­ tiona l salience since 1990. "Democracy ', it is said , si gni ­ fied discrediting of traditional authoritative fi gures . In de­ Debating Democracy at the Margins: The MNO in East ve lopment talks, the three alleged chall enges to Nepal's Nepal growth, "poverty, lack of education, and un employment" Susan I Hangen intersect at the category 'youths' . In the meantime, more University of Iowa and more youths are recruited into the fro nt-line of devel ­ E-Mail: sihangen@ students.wisc.edu opment works. The bodies of youths are also deployed in the often violent politi cs of multi -party democracy. 'The Some Nepalis perceive the Mongol National Orga ni ­ youths' in contemporary Nepal constitute a critical node zation (MNO) as posing a threat to the country's fledgling where complex battles between governmental wi ll and vazi ­ democracy. In this paper, I show how the MNO in fact ous movements for social transformation are being fought, strengthens democracy by instigating a process of ques­ and the aspirations and actions of the youths in this con ­ tioning the post-1990 political system. The MNO is a small , juncture provide glances into th e limits and possibilities of marginal political party with support in rura l east Nepal the political present. that seeks greater power for "Mongols," the numerous eth­ nic minority groups in Nepal, and calls for rad ical changes Keywords: anthropology, democratization, development, such as eliminating the monarchy and creating federa l youth, Nepal states. The MNO argues that the current politica l system is not a "true" democracy, pointing, for example, to the Elec­ Insurgency, Counter-insurgency and Destruction of tion Commission's refusal to register their party as an il ­ Democratic Possibilities in Nepal lustration of the limited nature of democracy in the new system. The MNO's critiques of the present system offer Stephen Mikesel l insi ghts into people's expectations for the changes tha t Independent would emerge after 1990, and their ideas about the mean ­ E-Mail: slmikesell @hotmail.com ings of democracy. Even while the MNO questions th e existence of democracy in Nepal, the party's abil ity to op­ The Maoist 'People's War' group in Nepal initiated an erate publicly and to openly debate democracy demonstrates armed insurgenc y aimed at overthrowing the parliamen­ the relat ive openness of the new system. Although the MNO tary monarchical state and establishing a People's Democ­ and its opponents disagree on what constitutes democracy, racy in 1996. The state has justified authoritarian po licies these actors all voice their political claims through forward­ in the name of suppressing the insurgency, but without ad­ ing the idea of democracy. dress in g the basic inequaliti es, aggravated by the 1990 tran ­ sition to 'democracy'. This paper will outline the ways that Keywords: anthropology, ethnic politics, democracy, so­ constitutional democracy, People's war, and state reaction cial movements, Nepal - eastern to it are feeding into the hands of international corpora­ tions by further undermining community structures and the democratic possibilities that they once held out. "Development, Discipline, Dynamism": 'Active Youths' and the Practice of Liberty in Post-Jana Andholan Nepal Keywords: people's war, insurgency, democracy, Nepal, counter-in surgency Tatsuro Fujikura University of Chicago E-Mail: [email protected] Say Love Not Politics: FM radio voices, the economy of affect, and the effects of democratic "free speech" The paper explo res tensions and possibilities of con­ temporary politics in Nepal through an inquiry into th e Laura Kunreuther socio-political location of th e 'youths'. In particular, th e Un iversity of Michigan paper focuses on the aspirations and strategies of th e youths E-Mail : [email protected] u engaged in politics and grassroots development activities in rural western Nepal. "Development, Discipline, Dyna­ The People's Movement of 1990 in Nepal might aptly mism" is the motto of the Sports Council of Nepal. The be called a revolution of th e voice. In thi s paper, I look at a popular new avenue for speech, the interactive FM radio, to explo re a more general phenomenon in this decade of

CONFERENCE DIGEST 79 multi-party democracy: namely, a discourse against poli­ tics that has ironically and powerfully taken shape in "We Were Kings Once": The Gendered Construction Kathmandu. For many in Kathmandu, democracy has meant of Magar Identity in a Speech by Gore Bahadur the emergence of a new economy of affect based on the Khapangi "free" expression of love. Love, FM radio producers in­ sist, is not politics. However, like new political parties and Laura M. Ahearn development agencies, the makers of FM radio also see University of South Carolina themselves as agents of social chan ge. Here I ex plore how E-Mail: ahearnl @gwm.sc.edu the FM radio producers and their listeners voice anti -po­ litical sentiments by drawing specifically on the language On January 2, 1993, Gore Bahadur Khapangi , a well ­ of democracy, politics and social change that surrounds known Magar activi st and leading figure in the Rastriya them. The discourse of progress (bikas), "free speech", and Janamukti Party, gave a speech in Junigau, a small Magar the "betterment of society" have thus become a vital as­ village in western Palpa District, Nepal. This paper offers pects of the sentiments and sentimentality expressed in let­ a close lin gui stic analysis of Khapangi 's speech and of its ters sent to the FM radio. In conclusion, I open up to broader reception by the villagers. I examine how Khapangi pre­ questions about the effects of this new economy of affect sented a skillful readin g of hi story and politics in order to on the way FM radio listeners imagine politics, "love" and construct a Magar identity that builds on existin g gendered the possibilities of critique ostensibly enabled by democ­ stereotypes of Magars as brave and honest soldiers in op­ racy. position to Brahmans as wily and lazy landowners. Weav­ ing multiple voices and languages into his speech, Khapangi Key words: cultural anthropology; FM radio; democracy; urged his audience members not to allow Brahmans into economy of affect; Kathmandu, Nepal their homes, and told them to "order" their Magar-speak­ ing daughters-in-law from other villages to teach their chil­ dren the Magar language, which is not currently spoken in Debates on Trafficking in Women and Prostitution: The Junigau. "As long as we lack soc ial emancipation, our po­ Question of Family Values in Democratic Nepal litical emancipation will be completely impossible," Yasuko Fujikura Khapangi declared. In th e years followin g Khapangi 's New School for Social Research speech, the Rastriya Janamukti Party has acquired few ad­ E-Mail: [email protected] herents in Junigau, but the ideas Khapangi ex pressed have been taken up by many villagers. For this reason, The paper analyzes the politics of female sex uality in Khapangi 's speech provides important insights into the pro­ contemporary Nepal by focusing on public debates on traf­ cesses of social change occurring in Junigau and through­ ficking in women and prostitution generated by NGOs, out Nepal. women activists, lawyers and journalists. In particular, I Keywords: anthropology, Nepal, ethnic identity, gender focus on the notion of "innocence" in the discourses on trafficking in women to identify such dividing practices as polarization of childhood and adulthood, health and dis­ Searching for Democracy and Cultural Diversity: ease, the criminal and the innocent, and forced and volun­ Janajati Movements and Decentralization Rhetoric tary decision making. I will explore how this notion, cen­ tral to the international human rights discourses, has been Mukta Tamang remade in the public debates in Nepal, incorporating domi ­ Come// University nant idea of unmarried female child in terms of family E-Mail: mstl [email protected] u honor, as well as images of simple, uneducated, poor vil­ lage girls, as viewed through middle class sensitivity. The In the aftermath of the people's movement, what con­ examination of these debates will illuminate aspects of the stitutes democracy has remained a central site of contesta­ configurations of, and the challenges faced by the aspira­ tion . In order to participate in thi s contest over the mean ­ tions towards equality, justice, and human rights in con­ ing of democracy and as a way of envi sioning the future of temporary Nepal. democracy, the Janajati movement has reworked collec­ tive identities so that they converge around ethnic and class Keywords: anthropology, gender, prostitution, Nepal categories. While Janajati movements in Nepal started with issues of lan guage and culture, they have more recently embraced self-determination and autonomy of governance to secure cultural diversity and social justice. Janajati ac­ tivi sts and organizations have proposed various new terms

80 HIMALAYAN RESEARCH BULLETIN XX(l -2) 2000 of democratic rule and participation in public spheres in Ram Bhul anza Nepa l through th eir activism and social construction of re­ M&l Mortgage ali ty. The government has also reform ul ated its rhetoric of Bul an za @execpc.com people's participation in nation bui ldin g during the last Shiri sh Ranjit decade, for example through legal provisions for decen­ Marquette University trali zed local governance. Thi s paper argues that the Janajati ka lya ni r@ uwm .edu movement's di scourse on the ri ght to self-determination and the govern ment's rhetoric of decentralization and lo­ Ka lyani Rai cal auto nomy have shaped each other in vary ing degrees. University of Wisconsin - Mi/wa11kee The Janajati movement has grad uall y become a major force ka lyan ir @uwm.edu in Nepa li socio-polity in search of democracy and cu ltural diversity. Thi s roundtable discussion is about Education and De­ mocracy in Nepal: Where are we goi ng? Nepal has ex­ Keywords: anthropology, democracy, social movements, pressed co mmitment to ed ucation as a cornerstone for de­ Nepal mocracy and pre-condition for development. This commit­ ment has been implemented in difficult socio-economi c ROUNDTABLE: EDUCATION AND DEMOCRACY IN situation and a changing political context. This panel will NEPAL: WHERE ARE WE GOING? A BRIEF DISCUS­ initiate a criti cal discussion on hi storical and contempo­ SION OF HISTORICAL AND CONTElVlPORARY rary trends of education in Nepal. An assessment of limits TRENDS and possibi Iiti es of ed uca ti onal planning for democracy and deve lopmen t will be di scussed. Chair: Ka lyani Rai, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Keyword s: educa tion planning, Nepal, democracy, hi story E-Ma il : kalyanir@uwm. ed u Participants: Nanda Shrestha Florida A&M University pokhara@ yahoo.com

Anc ient Moraines in Ya ngma Valley (From Himalayan Journals, J.D. Hooker)

CONFERENCE DiGEST 81 YAK PRODUCTION IN CENTRAL ASIAN HIGHLANDS: PROCEEDINGS OFTHE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON YAK

LHASA, TIBETAN AUTONOMOUS REGION PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA SEPTEMBER 4-9, 2000

SESSION: PASTORAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN YAK-REARING AREAS

CLIMATIC AND GRAZING CONTROLS ON VEGETATIVE we present 1999 growing-season data on habitat, grazing history AIIOVEGROUND B IO MASS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE R ANGELANDS ON and treatment effects on vegetative aboveground (AG) biomass. THE NORTHEASTERN TIIIETAN PLATEAU Combining all si tes, the growing-season averaged air tem­

1 2 1 peratures in the OTC plots and OTCxG plots were 1.2s·c and Julia Klein , Zhao Xinquan , John Harte 1University of California, Department of Environmen tal 1.33·c, respectively, warmer than the controls. Moreover, the Science, Policy & Management, Division of Ecosystem combined chambered plots (OTC and OTCxG) caused a 27% Science, !51 Hilgard Hall #3 110, Berkeley, CA 94720-3110 decline in total AG biomass. However, different trends emerge USA. E-mail: jklei n @nat ure.berkeley.edu; when the sites are grouped by grazi ng hi story. The defoliated plots juliaklein @hotmai l. com in the lo w grazing history sites had sign ificantly more total biom­ 2Northwest Plateau Institute of Biol ogy, Chinese Academy of ass compared to the non-defoliated plots. Conversely, the cham­ Sc iences, Xin in g, 810001 P.R. China bered plots in the high grazing history sites had signific antly less biomass as compared to the non-chambered plots. Furthermore, This paper presents data from a study that is investigating the shrub sites were more responsive to the treatments as com­ how two cited causes of rangeland degradation- grazin g and cli ­ pared to the meadow sites. In order to relate these biomass changes mate change - affect key ecological characteristics of the range­ to rangeland quality, we evaluate the compositional changes of lands on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. In August 1997, we different vegetative functional groups in response to our experi­ establi shed experimental plots in two habitats: I) a summer-grazed mental manipulations. shrubland; and 2) a winter-grazed meadow. Within each habitat, Key words: Cl imate warming, pastoralism, Tibetan Plateau, we identified sites with low and high grazing intensity histot:ies, vegetative biomass, rangelands within wh ich we establ ished a complete factorial experim ental design. The treatments are: I) simul ated warming using open top chambers (OTC); 2) simulated grazi ng through clippin g (G); and 3) combin ed warming and defoliation (OTCxG). In this paper,

82 HIMALAYAN RESEARCH BULLETIN XX(l-2) 2000 SUSTA INABLE DEVELOPMENT OF RANGELAND RESOURCES IN recommendations on the future direc ti on of mobile livestock QINGHAI· TIBETAN PLATEAU rearin g in thi s specific area. Key words: Natural pastures, Remote Sensin g, Geographical 1 1 Zhou Qingpiug , Liu Yingchun Information System, mobile pastoralism, rangelands I Qinghai Academy of Animal Science & Veterin ary Medicin e. Xining 810003, P.R. Chin a. E- mail:nutri @p ubli c.x n.qh.cn 2Project Management Un it, Bureau of Animal Husbandry, CARRYING CAPACITY OF Y AK IN SURROUNDING QINGHAI LAKE Department of Foreign Trade & Econom ic Co-operation, 4 A REA EcosYSTEM Jiaotong Road, Xining 810008, Qinghai , P.R. Chin a. E­ XueBai maii:INK "mailto:pmu_qldp @p ublic.xn.q h. cn" Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sc iences, Xining pmu qld [email protected] n.q h. cn 810003, P.R. China E- mail:nutri @p ublic.x n.qh.cn Current situation of rangeland in Qin ghai Province, Due to long term of over-grazin g, th e deteriorat ion of productivity of yak and Tibetan sheep and main problems in rangelands have been a seri o us probl em to sustain able resource development have been studied with aid of the theory of development of yak production. This is clue to the lack of sc ientific rangleland industry. It is shown th at proper development and direction of carryin g capacit y of yak in rangelands. This study efficient utilization are critical for sustainable development of obtained th e accurate and justifiable values of carrying capacity pastoral production. Suggestions on sustainable resource of yak in surrounding Qinghai Lake area ecosystem by using th e development in the Province have been recOirunanded. method of protein balance of the production system. Key words: Rangeland resource, sustain able development, Key words: Carrying capacity, yak, protein balance, Qinghai Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, yak, Tibetan sheep Lake

APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENS ING ( RS) AND GEOGRAPHICAL ECONOMICS OF YAK FARMING WITH REL ATION TO TOURISM IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS ( GIS) FOR MAPPING N ATURAL PASTURES: NEPAL THE CASES OF N ORTHERN F INLAND AND T HE T IBETEAN PLATEA U Braja K.P. Shaha Timo Kumpula, Angela Manderscheid, Alfred Colpaert Animal Production Division, Department of Livestock Department of Geography, University ofOulu, Pl 3000, 90014 Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Nepal, Karihar Bhawan, Oulu, Finl and E-mail:timo.kunum/a @o ulu.fi; E­ Pulcho wk, Lalitpur, Nepal. E-mail: shahabkp @yahoo.com mail :a n ~e /a . mande rsc h e id @o uluJi ; E- mai I:a/ fi ·ed. colpaert @m t!tt. 0 Traditional Yak fanning in Nepal is declining at an alarming rate denoting measure shift in use of yak hu sbandry from Knowledge about quality and quantity of pastures and about traditional butter and hard cheese (Chhurpi) to modern Swedi sh of the amount of natural forage resources promotes sustainable style hard cheese and as pack animals for tourist. Also there has use of pastures. Remote Sensing and GIS methods combined with been a positive shift in number of animals in one herd due to traditional pasture mapping create the opportunity to study large economic reasons such as economi c return per herd and per areas reasonably fast and accurate. animal. It has been noticed th at small herds (15 Heads) show In Northern Finland reindeer pas tures have been mapped by negative gross margin s as compared to that of economically viable Oulu Geography Department in corporation with Finnish Game size (55 Heads). The economic return of a Hotel business in Yak and Fisheries Research Institute (FGFRl) during 1995-98. Finnish rai sin g area is five times hi gher than that of average Herds of 55 reindeer herding area lies mainly in the Northern boreal forest animals. However, th e association of Yak as a pack animal in zone. Snow cover from middle October to May causes enormous tourism sector is a vital element to carry the loads of the tourist in stress to the survival of the reindeer. Therefore main fo cus was in Himalayan region of Nepal. Without Yak and their crosses, it is the winter pastures. not possible to strength en the growing tourism in remote and The Remote Sensing data used in th e stud y was Landsat-5 ru gged terrain of Nepa l. In addition to thi s, meat value of yak TM images (22 images). Image classification was done with ERM steak in th ese areas is another major reason closely associated apper im age processing softw are. GIS-processing, final map with tourism development in th e Kingdom of Nepal. To deveiop producin g and acc uracy assessment was done in ARC/INFO GIS tourism in Nepal, there is an urgent need to readdress the Yak program. husbandry policy for mutual benefit of farmers as well as for rural Based on thi s earli er research an investi ga tion on natural pastures urban mi gration and employment. A slow transition policy has on th e eastern part of the Tibetan pl ateau will be carri ed out in been prescribed in thi s paper to resolve th e cuiTent issues related 2000-2001. The livestock consists of yak, sheep and horses, of with Yak Husbandry and need for touri sm. which th e amount in the herd compositi on varies regionall y. Key words: Yak farm ing, touri sm, economy, Nepal Tibetan pastoralists carry out mobile an imal hu sbandry.· One objective is to adjust th e research meth od to' th e environmental conditi ons of the new research area, Zo ige, in the THE EcoNOMIC Co~ IPARI SON ON Y AK P RODUCTION IN Two north-western Sichuan province. Steppe and swamp meadows TYPES OF COLD-SEASON GRASSLAND IN T IANZHU COUNTY, with an alpine vegetation se rve as pasttlres . Semi-random test plots will cover the main vegetati on types in question. The findin gs on the quality of the natural pastures should enable us to make

CONFERENCE DIGEST 83 GANSU OF P.R. CHINA GRAZING RESOURCES I'OR YAK PRODUCTION SYSTE~IS IN BHUTAN Pu Xiaopen, Zhang Degang, Xu Chang/in W. Roder Department of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural RNR-RC Jakar, Helvetas, P.O . Box 157, Thimphu, Bhutan. E­ University, Lanzhou 730070, P.R. China. E-mail: s.cn" mail: [email protected] lrj @p ub! ic. lz.gs.cn Bhutan has extensive grasslands, covering app roximately In co ld seasonal (winter and spring) grass lands, overgrazing 10% of the total land area. This resource is the base for the is very popular. Dasifora fmticosa shrub+ Carex grassland was transhumance yak production system prevalent throughout the mainly used for yak grazing and Po/ygoll/1111 + Carex grassland northern regions of the country. Although the Bhutan has a for Tibetan sheep. In this case, both systems had very similar relatively young research programme, with limited resources hu sbandry income in total but the net income from the former allocated to yak production systems, a remarkable amount of system was higher due to less labour and input were requested. information has been generated. The presentation rev iews the Key words: Cold season grassland, yak production, economic information relating to grazing resources, especially description benefit of plant species and communities, production potential, reso urce management, and resource quality monitoring. Key words: Grazing resource, yak, production system, Bhutan RECENT RESULTS OF YAK RESEARCH IN WESTERN HIGH ASIA

Hermann Kreutzmann NATIONAL RESEAitCH CENTRE ON YAK: RETnOSPECTIVE AND In stitute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University PERSPECTIVE Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kochstr. 4/4, D-9 1054 Erlangen, Germany. E-mail: hkreutzm@geographi e. uni -e rlan gen .de Blzattachwya M., Monda/ D.B. National Research Center on Yak, Dirang-790 I OJ, West In this contribution four cases in point are introduced from Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh, India. E-mail: Western High Asia, i.e. from the Western KunLun Shan and Pamir yak .director@ mai lei ty.com mountains. Yak -keeping has been an important survival strategy for nomads and combined mountain agricu lturists. During the Yak, the multipurpose bovid, is well known for its adaptation twentieth century significant transformations of production to high altitude and extreme environment. The highlanders of the strategies took place which have affected the animal husbandry Himalayan States of India, specifically of Arunachal Pradesh, in general and yak-keeping in particular. Recent results of field Sikk.im, Janunu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh depend solely work in different mountain communities in High Asia show the on yak rearing. The progressive decline in the yak population in influence of political transformations and economic reforms the last two decades is a cause of concern which led to the exemplified in the case studies. The main emphasis is to put on development of a research centre solely devoted upon yak. the role of yak breeding within th e specific production system. Accordingly, National Research Centre on Yak was established Key words: Nomadism, combined mountain agriculture, yak­ in the fag end of the VII Plan ( 1989) with its full-fledged research keeping, Pamir, High Asia establishment. A rational, pragmatic and futuri stic Plan, research programmes and budgetary requirements have been proposed for smooth running of this institute. Seven Basic Research Programs EFFECTS OF STOCKING RATES ON ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS AND on Physiology, Nutrition, Reproduction, Animal Genetics and YAK GROWTH IN ALPINE MEADOW Breeding, Disease and Extension have been identified with aims Ma Yuslwu, Dong Quanming, Li Qinyun, Shi ]ianjun and objectives to achieve the mandate of this centre. Major Qinhai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, achievements of this centre till the period are survey work on yak Xining 810003, P.R. China E-mail:[email protected] population dynamics-its problems and prospects, successful adaptation of yak in lower altitude, generation of base line data in The trial reported the effects of stocking rates on yak growth some of the parameters of haemato-physiology, biochemistry and and aboveground biomass in alpine meadow for summer pasture. reproductive physiology, nutritional evaluation of some yak feed s, The results showed that stocking rate had notable effects on yak health coverage along with preventive measures, extension growth and ratio of all kinds of herbages in the vegetation . On activities towards yaks and yak rearers, existing marketing patterns the one hand, grass and sedge would be improved with the of yak products. Some new initiatives and future thrust have been reducing the stocking rate, the compositions of palatable plants taken. Proposal for establishment of Yak farms - one each in were raised and the vegetation may have been restored. On the Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh for improvement of yak other hand, treatment A and B have no notable divergences in hu sbandry in yak inhabited states of India, adaptation of yak yak growth, aboveground biomass and ratio of all kinds of inhabited villages in Arunachal Pradesh and development of post herbages but th ey have notable divergence with treat.ment C. harvest technology on yak products are the major future thrust Therefore, treatment B has a better stocking rate than oth ers: areas. Developmental activities are also going on si multaneously Key words: Stocking rate, yak growth, aboveground biomass, for the smooth running of the centre. alpine meadow Key words: Yak, husbandry, research, development, achievement, thrust

84 HIMALAYAN RESEARCH BULLETIN XX(l-2) 2000 Dtsscuss oN YAK SusTAINAilLE DEVELOP~IENT IN S ouTHERN the harsh winter months, particularly during the annual winter QINGHAI P ROVINCE migration to the pastures at lower e levation (Economic of Raising 1988). T he total population of yaks and hybrids is about 60,000 Li Quan . . heads. However, the population is declining due to the fo llowin g Qinghai Academy of An.imal Science and Veterinary Med1 ctn e, reasons: Xining 8 10003, P.R. Ch1na. E-mali:nutn @publtc.xn.q h.cn Annapurna Conservation Area and Shey P hoksundo Dolpo Nationa l Park. Peopl e used to drive their yak to these areas for This paper di scussed the present situation and problems for grazing but this is no longer permitted. Due to the resultant lack yak in south area of Qin~hai Province. The measure a nd of feed resources, many farmers are givin g yak farming up. countermeasure of acceleratmg yak mdustry 111 southern Qmghat A herd of yaks is normally composed of animals belonging (YSQ) were recommended and it will offer some very useful to one or more owners and maintained unde r a common references for sustainable yak development of th e YSQ. management style. Most of the owners are poor and they do not Key words: Yak, sustainable deve lopment, countermeasure derive enough money from this type farming to survive. Some try to find alternative employment, but because most of them are IMI'ACT OF N ATIONAL PARKS AND ToURISM ON YAK FARMING illiterate it is almost impossible to find jobs in town or with the SYSTEM IN THE ALPINE HIMALAYAN REGION OF NEPAL, local government. Many yak farmers have joined the tourism industry to serve as sherpas during trekking trips. Durga Daft Joshi (D.D. Joshi) Marketing and price of yak products is another major problem, National Zoonoses and Food Hyg iene Research Centre, as there is no organized and secure marketing system in th e Tahachal, Kathmandu. country. Yak cheese has got a hi gh market and nutritional value, Email: ddjoshi @healtllllet.orr:. ll!i but th ere are few marketing channels. There are 10 government and private yak cheese factories in the region. A specific plan to Nepal has a large variation in altitude, which ranges [rom preserve yak farming systems has not been developed thus far. 8442 meters at the northern border to 60 mat the Southern border. There is an urgent need in Nepal to understand the scope and As a result, it has many diverse agro-climatic conditions and effectiveness of range and management, which has implication farming systems. Nepal can be divided broadly into three for the livestock dependent people living in the alpine Himalayan physiographic regions, which run, more or less, parallel to each region. It is, th erefore, necessary to map areas of yak and other other from the Northwest to the Southeast of th e country. Each of li vestock use, herd movement patterns, and ranges where livestock these regions has a distinct agriculture and forestry land utili zation and wild ungulates overlap. In addition, grazin g practice and user pattern. ri ghts within the National Parks, especially in key wildlife habitats, Livestock are an integral part of the agricultural systems and should be examined. their value is accounted in manure, draught and pack power and Key words: Nak, chauri , alpine, leasehold cash value, besides their food production through milk, meat and eggs. At present livestock contribute 31% to the total Agricultural Gross Domestic Product (AGDP) of the country. 53 % of thi s DEVELOP~IENT DYNAMICS OF FRAGILE PASTORAL SYSTEMS ON amount is derived from the hills, 38% from the Terai lowlands SO UTHEASTERN TlllETAN P LATEAU and 9% from the hi gh alpine Himalayan region. In th e Ninth Five Bao Weikai, Wu Ning, Liu Zhaoguang Year and Agricultural Perspecti ve Plan, the future contribution of Chengdu Institute of Biology, C hinese Academy of Sciences, the livestock sector is expected to reach 45% of total AGDP. C hengdu, 610041 , P R China E- Livestock has also been id entified as a sector of the economy mail :chy juan @ mai l.sc.cni nfo.net with a large potential for growth. The remote alpine region of Nepal is a unique and resilient This study was conducted in Deqin County of northwestern ecosystem which has some of the hi ghest permanent settlement Yunnan, an important yak-raisin g area in China, and focused on on earth. The people of thi s region have survived in thi s difficult th e recent developme nt of pastoral production syste m. While ecosystem for more than I 000 years, and developed a unique agro­ rangeland resources, forage productivity and yaks' grazing pattern pastoral culture. The region is chang in g, however, due to the having been investi g ated, c hanges of manageme nt system, in crease in human population, the infix o f modern id eas and livestock structure and pastoral output in recent years were also products, and tourism. These changes may degrade its eco-system, examined. In order to promote th e sustainable development of transform its cultures and threate n its yak fa rming and wildlife. pastoral production syste m, the socio-economic and ecological People of this region re ly on livestock-yaks, chauri (yaks­ features on development dynamics of the pastoral production cow hybrids), sheep, goats, horse and poultry (indigenous breed) syste m were id e ntified, and further some suggestions were - to transform the e nergy locked in th e wild grasses into food , provided in the paper. clothing and shelter (Economic Survey Report 1993). Yak resides Key words : Pastoral producti on system, Tibetan Plateau, in these highlands of Nepal and they are usuall y found at elevations rangeland ecosystem, yak production above I 0,000 feet. · Yaks are primary food source for people living in thi s region of Nepal. Every part o f the animal is utili zed. Wool is used to weave blankets, ru gs and clothing. Milk provides ghee (cooked butter), chhurpe (dried cheese), yogurt and buttermilk. Skins are used for leather, bedding, or seats. Meat is dried and eaten during

CONFERENCE DIGEST 85 y AK CROSSBRED P RODUCTION IN THE CENTRAL UPPER SLOPE Kathmandu, Nepal E-mail:camille @icimocl.org.np REGION OF N EPAL: A C OHIIIUNITY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT S T RATEGY Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in Yunnan Province. Due to the Satrughan Lal Pradhan, Daniel Mille1; David K. Hitchcock impleme ntation of the loggin g ban in the upper reaches of th e Livestock and Pasture Management Adviser, Nepal Australia Yangtze River, the industry structure ofDiqing has changed from Community Resource Management Project, P.O. Box 208, timber to tourism, animal husbandry, biolog ical re sources and Kathmandu, Nepal. E-mail: hydro-electricity. Animal husbandry has a long hi story locally, mai lto:david @nacrmp. wlink.com.np" therefore, the logging ban provides a good opportunity for animal david@ nncrmp. wlink.com.np husbandry development. Animal husbandry is the major industry in Diqing Tibetan Sustainable socio-economic development of the upper slope Autonomous Prefecture. At present there are problems in regions of Nepal is reliant on the efficient management of developing animal husbandry. One of the most serious problems community or common property resources (e.g. forest and non­ is the degradation of rangelands due to over-grazing, at the same timber forest products (NTFP), pasture, animals and people). The time, Diqing prefecture is located in the southern part of the Yak crossbred production system is an integral component of this Tibetan Plateau and its average altitude averages 3380 meters ecosystem and a major economic activity, heavily reliant on above sea level. Thus the natural climatic condition is very severe pastureland and Oak Forest resources. However, over the two and the lack of fodder in winter is problematic. In order to solve decades these resources have been increasingly exploited and the these two issues Australian grass species have been introduced to avai lable natural resources are now estimated to be beyond the local people by Zhongdian Animal Bureau in 1990. Therefore, limit of regeneration. As a result, the oak forests are showing the style of ancient nomadic grazing and farmland utilization has signs of deterioration with poor regeneration and the alpine been changed. Tibetan people of Zhongdian have accumulated pastures are heavily infested with undesirable and unpalatable knowledge regarding utilization and management of artificial weeds. Available medicinal and aromatic plants and other forest grasslands, the farmers are aware that the introduced Australian products have also seen a dramatic decline in many areas. species are not suitable for the local physical conditions. Over the last two years, Nepal Australia Community Based on one year of intensive field surveys on the Resource Management Project (NACRMP) has been currently management of artificial grasslands, the present utilization working towards a management strategy for the upper slope situation and associated issues regarding utilization are discussed. resources of Central Region of Nepal. NACRMP's approach Some useful suggestions on local animal husbandry are presented. involves the use of Participatory Action Research methodologies Key words: Artificial rangeland, Timber ban, Management, as a framework to empower communities and encourage Zhong Dian, Tibetan people collaborative decision-making. The major principles of the NACRMP strategy in clude: - The use of indigenous knowledge and local organizations. YAK REARING SYSTEM IN NAR AND P HU VILLAGES, A R ESTRICTED -A participatory approach involving all stakeholders. ZONE OF NEPAL AND ITs ROLES IN LOCAL ECONOMY, -A system approach that considers environmental, socio- ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURE economic, and production demands. Gehendra Gurung -Identification of appropriate interventions directed towards Programme Coordinator, Annpurna Conservation Area Project, resolving li vestock grazing related issues. King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation, Nepal. E-mail: - An evolutionary approach to the management and protection [email protected] or [email protected] of upper slope through existing forest policy and legislation. The main efforts of NACRMP so far have been focused on: Yaks are raised along the mountain ranges in Nepal, mainly -Improved Oak Forest and pastureland management practices. between the altitude from 3,000 to 4,500m as!. Almost all the yak -Formation of Forest User Groups (FUGs) responsible for the raising systems in Nepal are traditional. It is migratory and the management of the community forests (Oak Forest) closest to migration is both vertical as well as horizontal according to the their villages. season, and grass and drinking water availabilities. Yaks are -Development of grazing and NTFP user right systems for those integral parts of the livelihood of the mountain people in Nepal community forests that support the household for food, fibre, fuel and cash. Their Key words: Community, common property, forest, role is equally important in maintaining local ecosystem and management, strategy, yak production environment. However despite the significant importance of yaks CURRENT R ANGELAND MANAGEMENT IN ZHONGDIAN COUNTY, in the Nepalese mountain economy and ecosystem, there have 0 IQING TIBETAN A UTONOMIC P REFECTURE, NORTH- WEST YUNNAN, been insignificant efforts towards the improvement of yak herding CHINA in Nepal. Information is still lacking about the productivity of

1 2 yaks, management strategies of the local communities under Xie Hongyan , Camille Richard , Xu ]ianchu', Wang different environmental settings and socio-economic backgrounds, ]ianlwa' problems and prospects in yak rearing in Nepal. There is a lack of 'Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, specific programmes to improve the yak productivity through the Kunming 650204, P.R. China E-mail:[email protected] or improvement of breeds, nutrition, health, management and hyxie@ 1fi3.net; 2lnternational Centre for Integrated Mountain optimum use of avai lable natural resources. Attentions have also Development, GPO Box 3226, Jawalakhel, Laltput,

86 HIMALAYAN RESEARCH BULLETIN XX(l-2) 2000 not been adequately g iven towards the marketing aspects of yak with economy, environment and culture. The paper tries to explain products. So, th ere is a treme ndous scope in improving yak the positi ve and negati ve aspects of the practi ces and their linkages productivity to address th e poverty of the mountain people in amidst th e context of c hanged socio-economic e nvironment, Nepal and at th e same lime to improve the mountain environment. available resources base and va lu es. Conclusions are drawn with Nar and Phu are two villages located in the central north of the th e recommendations to continue with certain practices and country, bordered by Tibetan autonomous region of the People improve some p1:actices with incorporation of appropriate Republi c of China in the North. Nar and Phu are located at an technolog ies. altitude of 4,200m asl and 3,800m asl respectively. The lowest Key words: Yak, rearin g, economy, environment, culture, PRA altitude of the land resources used by these two vill ages is al 3,000m asl. Livestock, agriculture, herbs and trade make the basic N oMADISM: A SociO-EcoLoGICAL MoDE o F CuLTURE li fe supporting activiti es of the people. Yak is a key li vestock species for these villages. S ince both the villages are above the Rita Merkle tree line, yak dung makes the bulk source of fuel. Animal's wool, Centre for Development Studies, Institute of Geographi cal including that of yak, supplies the raw materials for blankets and Sciences, Free University of Berlin, Germany. E-mail: clothes used by the local community. Yak's meal and miLk fulfil rita.merk/e@ geu.tit-berlin.tle the essenti al nutrient ingredients. Trading of yak and its products with neighbouring villages brings cash in for the people which The paper presents the concept of nomadi sm as a socio­ supports to purchase basic suppli es. T hese villages are known for eco/ogica/mode of culture developed by Scho lz. It was a "region­ their yak products. specific, temporarily and spatially ubiquitous survival strategy Nar and Phu are physically right into the heart of the main th at was based on subsistence and coexisted as an alternative to Himalayan zone and are normall y inaccessible. Legall y, His the sedentary cultures of agri cultural and urban societies". Majesty's Government of Nepal has designated this area as a T he disruptive changes which have taken place in th e li fe world "restricted zone". So no foreigner can go there beside exceptional. of nomads will be described and perspectives for a sustainabl e It is be li eved th at the modern techno logy has either not impacted development of their world, the dry land s of the Old World, will on or has been absorbed by the traditional way of life of the local be given. inhabitants, which is still a subj ect of assessment. However th e Key words: Nomad ism, Old World dry be lt yak rearing systems and the related activities are predominantly traditional which help balance between the needs of the people and that of the nature. T he traditional values predominate in the CHANGING PATTERNS OF YAK MANAGEMENT IN EASTERN LADAKH community. (NORTH INDIA) The traditional yak herding system of Nar and Phu villages Monislla Ahmed was studied through field visits, PRA and key informant contacts. Director (Joint), T he Ladakh Arts and Multicultural Outreach T he qualitative informati on were ranked and prioritised based on Trust (Social Anthropolog ist) , E-mail : the perception of the local people and their views were coll ected Monisha@bom4. vs nl .net. in and assessed. The rotational g razing of yak herds from pl ace to place is At o ne time the nomadic pastoralists of eastern Ladakh cautiously done. It is determined by grass avai lability, temperature, grazed large herds of yaks on th e Changth ang, and their ubiquitous agricultural operations, herbs availability and seasonal trading presence is vividly described in accounts of early explorers, British plan. Similarly th e movement of yak herds affects other activities. officials, and scho lars who vi si ted the region. However, in the The communities are, knowingly or unknowingly, practising last few decades their number has declined, a point several elderly different indicators of natural factors to determine the time of nomads confirm. There are a number of reasons for this decline, animal movements. Livestock behaviours are also interpreted as bu t the degenerati on of pasture is the prime one. In addition, the indicators of environment. Associated with yak, th ere are a nomads are now more in clined to rear goats as their value has number of rituals and traditional norms that keep th e use of th e increased as a result of the in creasin g demand and ri se in the resources within optimum limits. The herdsme n have their own price of cashmere. knowledge, practices and beliefs to save th e animals from the A decrease in the number of yaks has had an effect on the nomads' predators. They are equally ri ch in traditional knowledge and lives, and they are now less dependance on the animal. Modern practi ces in yak breeding and on processin g and trading of yak conveniences, such as vehi cular transport, packaged butter, and products. tents made out of white canvas, are gradually becoming desired However as the time advances, the modern techno logy alternatives to the services and products yaks once provided the intrudes. Although the government does not permit fo reigners to nomads. enter the area, th e local people go out and learn various outsid e This paper looks at traditional yak management systems techno logies and copy them to th eir environment. It is also .not among the nomadic pastoralists of Eastern Ladakh, and examines justifi able to keep the area closed to the outsiders for th e protecti on how these have changed. It al so discussed how these changes of nature and culture whi ch has a heavy cost for th e welfare of have transformed th e nomads' li ves, wi th respect to both their the local communities. Both cultural as well as natural resources social systems and economy. Shi fts in li vestock composition, as rather should be harnessed with optimal use fo r th e benefit of a result of th e decreasing number of yaks and increasin g number both people and e nvironment. It may need appropri ate modern of goats in a herd , have led to changes in attitudes towards the techno logies. This paper documents th e traditional yak herding animals and these are examined he re. Finally thi s paper looks at system in Nar and Phu villages and the interlinkages of yak herding

CONFERENCE DIGEST 87 the possibility of increasing the yak population, and if thi s is at low winter forage availability lead ing to frequent mortality among all desired by the nomads. yaks and other domestic livestock in Spiti and Leh Di stricts. The Key words: Changing patern, yak, management, nomads state Governments ha ve initiated yak breeding programs for these districts with limited success. We present the loca l people's perception about th e quality of pastures for rearing yak and recent PRODUCTION AND USE OF AN ILLUSTRATED HANDBOOK FOR SHEEP socio-economic cha11 ges associated with livestock rearing in the AND YAK HERDERS IN QtNGHAI region. N.M. van Wageningen, Sa Wenj1111 Key words: Range land, yak rearing, intensity, competition, Qinghai Livestock Development Project, Bureau of Animal wild animal Husbandry, Qinghai Province, Xining 810008, Qinghai, P.R. MAINTA INING L IVESTOCK l\10niLITY IN PASTORAL DEVELOPMENT China. E-mail: nico @rdp. net or c.xn.qh.cn" ON THE T mETAN PLATEAU pmu [email protected] Daniel Miller Sheep and yak herders in pilot areas at the Qinghai-Tibetan 5235 Western Ave. NW, Washington, DC 2001 5, USA. E-mail: Plateau are targeted by extension activities of the Bureau of Animal wi ldyakmnn @hotmai l.com Husbandry. The abundance of detailed, technical information discussed on field days requires a reminder. For this purpose a Is the settling down ofTibetan nomads the best development hand-out was made in the form of a booklet of 190 pages. The approach or should nomads be encouraged to remain mobile? booklet has an illustration on each page, and a minimum of Should Tibetan rangelands be privatized or would common explaining text in Tibetan and Chinese language. This paper property regimes be more suitable tenure arrangements? These di scusses features of the booklet and experiences with it s. testing. are important questions that everyone interested in yaks and The most important feature of the booklet is in its illustrations. sustainable development of Tibetan Plateau rangelands should Without these, th e booklet would be less attractive and less be considering. Current livesto ck development policies and understandable to many herders. programs for the Tibetan Plateau region of China encourage Key words: Yak, sheep, parasite, handbook sedentarization of nomads and th e division and fencing of ran gelands into individual family holdings. There is growing evidence from other pastoral areas of the world, however, that RANGELAND CONDITIONS IN THE INDIAN GREATER AND TRANS­ indicate livestock mobility is a key factor for sustainable HIMALAYA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO YAK-REARING AREAS development of rangeland areas. G.S. Rawat, Y. V. Bhatnagar First, the paper reviews trad itional risk management and Wildlife Institute of India, P.B. 18, Chandrabani, Debra Dun- livestock mobility amon g Tibetan nomads on the Tibetan Plateau 248 001 U.P., India E-mail:[email protected] and makes th e case that mobility was a well-adapted tool for livestock protection. Second, changes that have taken place in Yak (Bas gn11111iens) is reared in several pockets of the Indian recent decades among Tibetan pastoral societies are discussed Greater and Trans- Himalaya adjacent to the Tibetan plateau. These and it is revealed that many development policies and programs areas support the vegetation similar to Tibetan plateau were based on misconceptions and faulty assumptions paradigm characterized by steppe formations, scattered herbaceous in pastoral development is introduced and its relevance to th e communities and sedge-grass meadows. The agro-pastoral Tibetan nomad ic pastoral system is argued for. communities inhabiting these hi ghlands usually keep mixed herd s The mobility paradigm does not advocate returning to the of livestock including goats, sheep, yak, yak-cow hybrids, horses traditional pastoral system or no development in Tibetan pastoral and donkeys. Despite a tremendous economic potential and areas. Rather, it stresses that livestock mobility is a sound adaptability to hi gh altitudes, the population of domestic yak has ecological and economic adaptation upon which to base pastoral remained relatively low in most of th ese ranges. This could be development. The mobility paradigm also tries to ensure that largely due to limited pasture availability, low primary productivity appropriate policies, legal mechanisms and support sys tems are of the land and greater rearing cost needed for yak. II is seen that put into place in order to enable nomadic pastoralism to evolve the alpine pastures of central and eastern Himalaya have higher towards an economically, soc iall y and environmentally sustainable densiti es of domestic yak compared to the Greater and Trans­ way of making a li vin g on the Tibetan Plateau. Himalayan ranges of th e North-western India, which could be a Key words: Livestock mobility, nomads, pastoral development reflection of the rangeland productivity and socio-economi c condition of the agro-pastoral COITUllunities. INTEGRATING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING FOR THE STUDY OF YAK In this paper we describe the general rangeland conditions HAniTAT in the yak-rearing areas across the Greater and Trans-Himalayan pastures of North-western India. We compare th e pasture Karl Ryavec availability, vegetation characteri stic s, and potential productivity E- mail: [email protected] of rangelands in th e region. Densities of yak and other livestock have been compared for various sub-region s. In th e absence of This research project focuses on employin g Geographic detailed ecological studies it is difficult to ascertain the Information System (GIS) to integrate socioeconomic data on yaks sustainability of present practices and level of competition among with remote sensing imagery of grassland ecological dynamics. I the domestic and wild un gulates. However." there are reports of compare six key phenological grassland eve nt s (lime of onset of

88 HIMALAYAN RESEARCH BULLETIN XX( I-2) 2000 greenn ess, biomass value at onset of greenn ess, minjmum biomass INADEQUATE FOREST POLICY FOR HI GHLAND RA NCE ~IANACEMENT: va lue, maximum biomass va lue, time of max imum biomass, and ISSUES FOR SUSTAINABLE YAK PRODU CTION ran ge of biomass va lues) with socioeconomic data on yaks, and Krishna Hari Gaulam li vestock in general, from thirteen admini strative village divisions School of Forestry, University of Ca nterbury, Christchurch, of Gyama townshi p in Meldro Gungkar Count y in Central Tibet. New Zealand E- maiI :k hg 13 @s tudent. cant erbury.ac.nz The phenological grassland events are calcul ated fro m Normali zed Difference Vegetation Ind ex (NDVI) va lu es in one sq uare Hi ghl and ranges, whi ch are vital grazin g resources, mostly kil ometer resolution obtained from Advanced Very Hi gh co me under th e forest legislation . Fo res t poli cy 's direct Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) im agery. A hi gh resolution intervention in this zone has been th e creation of national parks, digital land cover map of th e township is analyzed in order to and indirectly (to a little ex tent) through expansion of conununity overlay th e AVHRR im agery with grassland areas only. In forestry based on the experience of middle hill s. Although fores try particular, NDVI values are based on mean values ca lculated from sector masterplan emphasised th e need of inter-sectoral co­ monthly AVHRR image composites for 1993 and 1995. Local operation between livestock and fores try for developing fodder socioeconomic data are from 1990 and 1996. The findings from resources, programmes implementation statu ses were not this research project contribute toward a detailed understanding encourag ing. Eventually ran geland resources are degraded, and of how livestock types and population densiti es are, in part, li ves tock development is mostly affected. conditioned by ecological variables. Hi ghland ran ge management involves balancing dichotomy Key words: GIS, Remote Sensing, land use/cover, yak, habitat of gra zin g and biodiversity co nservation for sustainable development of livesto ck resources, in cluding yak. The paper INTEG RATIVE Ae RO -ECOLOGICAL IN VESTIGATIONS OF THE analyses the policies on highland ran ge management in Nepal, PASTURES TH E T.A.R., CHINA and proposes for balanced dichotomy of livestock development and nature conservation. Wolfgang HOLZNER Key words: Forestry policy, hi ghl and ranges, sustainable Ce nt er of Environmental Studi es and Nature Conservation, development University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienn a Beatrix GRAND Sekretariat Zentrum fur Umwelt-und Naturschutz der Universitat fur Bodenkultur Gregor Mendel Str.33 A- 1180 THE YAK POPULATION IN MONGOLIA AND ITs RELATION WITH WIEN. E-mail: f-1? 30P2@edv l.bok u.ac.at SNOW LEOPARDS AS A PREY SPECIES B. Llwgvasuren, B. Munkhtsog In 1988 the conditions of hi gh altitude pastureland in Central Wildlife Biologists, Institute of Biological Sciences Mongolian and Southern Xizang was investi gated by a joint expedition of Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar-51, Mongolia. E-mail: wes tern and Tibetan experts. The paper presents the methodology [email protected] & res ults of thi s multidisciplinary survey (in the fi eld s of applied vegetation ecology, agronomy and human sc iences) concerning The number of leopards in Mongolia is 1000 existing with the degree, extent and age (ancient or recent) of degradation of an overall density of 1.10 cats per 100 km 2 found in the Altai pastures as well as a discuss ion of its possible causes, Mountains, the Khangai Mountains, the Hanhoohy Uul and recommendable countermeasures and strategies for the future. Harkhyra ranges and in isolated mountains sections of the Trans­ Key words: Agro-ecololgy, pasture, investigation 2 Altai Gobi with a total area probably less th an 90,000 km • The yaks, with a total number of 813,300, are mainly located alone in INDIAN Y AK HusBANDRY: Is IT A REAL CRux?! the hi gh Altai mountain range, Kh angai mountain range and Kharkhiraa, Khovsgul mountains. In the Gobi Altai mountain s /(. V.H. Sast1y, R.N. Pal, B.P. Singh there is also limited numbers of yaks in the higher pasture as a National Research Centre on Yak, Indian Council of Guransaikhan mountain. The yaks are grazing in the same habitat Agricultural Research, Dirang-790 I 0 I Arunachal Pradesh, as a snow leopard without guarding and often killed by snow India. E-mail: sastry @nrc ya k.ren.ni c. in or leopard together with horses and other large livestock. k vh sastry@ mailcit y.co m Key words: Yak population, snow leopard, prey species, Mongolia Yak (Poeplwgous gmnniens L.), a multipurpose large bovid is an indispensable li ves tock component for the hi ghlanders living in the Central Asian countries situated in between 70° and 115° YAK GRAZING AND FOREST DYNAMICS IN SACARMATHA NATIONAL East and between 27° and 55° North. Fourteen million of yaks PARK, NEPAL from the Himalayan countries, Tibetan Plateau, China, Mongolia, Barbara Brower', A nn Dennis1 Southern Ru ssia, Tajikistan, Kirgies provide milk and milk 1Departm ent of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, products, meat, hair, wool, pack and dung to the hi ghlanders. It USA may not be an exaggeration to say that, without yak, man could E-mail:browerb @geog.pd x.ed u not have sustained the tou gh and hostil e hab itats of th e hi gh hill s 2Calflora, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, of Himalayan and Tibetan Plateau. USA Key words: Yak, husbandry, di stribution, Central Asia Livestock grazing in forest sets off alarm bells in resource

CONFERENCE DIGEST 89 managers who understand grazing to be in compatible with trees. Ag ri cultural Research Counci l, Juglot, Gil git, Pakistan. E-mai l: Particularly in protected areas, livestock are targeted for restriction eq uin ox @paknet2.pts.pk; 3Dire<'tor, National AJ·idl and and remova l because of th e popu lar perception that forest grazing Development and Research Institute, Ministry of Food, damages trees and inhibi ts regenerat ion, leading to degradation. Agriculture and Livestock, Isl amabad, Pakistan . E-mail : But a small -scale study of forest dynami cs in Sagarmatha (Mt. cardn @ isb.co mpol.com Everest) National Park, Nepal, document s active regeneration in yak-grazed plots of Abies specrabilis woodland near Sherpa This paper provides informat ion on th e status of vil lages, and supports an interpretation ofwann-slope vegetation domesticated, free rangin g and wild yak in Northern Areas and as a diverse and enduring shrubland, not deg1;aded fo rest. These Chi tra l of Pakistan. Yak has a great economic potential in this find in gs chall enge much of th e received wisdom about the part of Pakistan and fo r this reaso n, it s crossing with domestic dynamics of Himalayan forests in general and those of the Mt. cows and ox has evolved many different hybrids. Yak breeding Everest region in particul ar, and suggest that yak and yak-cattle is common in some parts of northern hi ghl ands of Pakistan (i .e. hyb rids here have been unfairl y targeted as agent s of forest Astore in Diamer di st rict & Skardu and Ganche di stri cts in destruction. Sherpa have man aged livestock to in crease their Balti stan). When male yak is crossed with cows, th e mal e spati al and temporal distribution, redu cing their impacts; touri sm offspring is sterile and is lo call y ca ll ed Zo th at is used for draft has accelerated the erosion of traditional management , but thi s is purpose and is more suitable for lower altitudes. Fertil e fema le not yet manifest in damage to forests. is called Zomo th at produces more milk th an female yak. The Key words: Yaks, forest grazin g, Mt Everest National Park/ role of ya k in the hi ghl and s of Northern Areas of Pakistan is Khumbu, resource managemen t more or less the same as that of a camel in deserts. The British traveler who first saw Yak in Pameer, being widely reared by the no madi c tribes remarked that "Yak seems to do every thing YAK P ASTORALISM IN PAKISTAN except lay eggs". 1 1 Ghulam Rasool', Bashir A. Kha11 , Abdul Wa hid ]asra Key words: Yak, Zo, Zomo, hybridi za tion, feral. 1 Secretary General, BASDO, Gilgit, Pakistan; 2Director, Karakoram Agricultural Research Institute, Pakistan

SESSION: GENETIC DIVERSITY OF WILD AND DOMESTIC YAK: CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

GENETIC VARIATION OF M ITOCHONDRIAL DNA \VITHIN DOMESTIC YAK POPULAT IONS OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE IMPROV EMENT OF YAK P RODUCTION

1 WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO GENETIC OPTIONS Jilliall F. Bailey', Bany Healy', Ha 11 ]ialllill , Laxma11 1 4 5 Sherchanffl, S.L. Pradha11 , T. Tse11dsuren , ]. Ma rc Fogg i11 , Gerald Wiener, Stephen C. Bishop 6 7 8 Claude Gaillard , Da vid Stea11e , Ilia Zakharov , Da11iel G. Bradley' GENETIC VARIAT IONS OF YAKS IN GANSu£f iNFERRED FRmt THEIR M tLK PROTEIN POLYMORPHISMS LOW LEVEL OF CATI'LE INT RO GRESSION IN YAK POPULATIONS FROM Qi Xuebi11, Ha n Jia11lin BHUTAN AND CHINA: EV IDENCES FROM Y-SPECIFIC MICROSATELLITES AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ~IARKERS

1 2 1 1 1 CONSERVI NG THE W ILD YAK ON THE T IB ETAN PLATEAU H. Jia11lin • , 0. Ochie11g , ].E.O. Rege , 0. Ha 11otte Daniel Miller

GENETIC D IVERSITY IN BHUTANESE YAK (P OEPHAGUS GRUNNEINS )

POPULATIONS USING M tCROSATELLITE MARK ERS C RI SIS LEADING TO DECLINE OF W ILD YAKS AND ISSUES FOil

1 1 1 1 1 3 THEIR PROTECTIO N AND UTILIZATION T. Dorji • , M. Goddard • , ]. Perki11 s , N. RobiiiSOII , W. Roder' Lu Zlw11glin

C OMPARISON OF MICROSATELLITE VARIATIONS OF DATONG YAK WITH GANNAN YAK

1 1 2 Wa11g Mi11gqiang , S. Weige11d , A. Barre-Dirie , ]. 2 1 · Camwath , Lu Zho 11 gli11 , H. Niema11 11 2

90 HIMALAYAN RESEARCH BULLETIN XX(l-2) 2000 MILK PROTEIN GENETIC POLYMORPHISM: A COMPARISON IMMUNOGENETIC INTERitELATION OF HYBRIDS 0 BETWEEN MAIWA YAK AND JIULONG YAK (YAK jKALMYK CATTLE) WITH OTHER REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FAMILY B OVI NDAE

1 1 1 2 Zheng Yucai , Zhong Guanghui , Mao Yongjiang , Peng Mashurov A.M.I, Davydov V.N. , Orlov V.N.I, 1 1 1 2 3 Xianwen , Jiang Mingfeng , Wang Yong , Zou Sixiang , Chen Lozovaya G.S. Jie2

STUDY ON G6PD OF H YBRID BETWEEN Y AK AND H OLSTEIN GENETIC VARIANTS OF H SUBUNIT OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE Wei Yaping, Zhang Zhouping, Wu Kexuan IN THE MILK OF MAIWA YAK AND JIULONG Y AK

Mao Yongjiang, Zheng Yucai, Zhong Guanglwi, Peng Xianwen, Jiang Mingfeng POI'ULt\TION GENETIC VARIATIO NS OF HE~IOGLOlliN (HB) IN YAKS, CATTLE AND THEIR HYBRIDS IMMUNOGENETIC INTERRELATION OF MONGOLIAN YAKS WITH Tao Shixin, Han Jianlin OTHER REPRESENTATIVES OF THE BOVINDAE SUBFAMILY

1 2 1 3 MashurovA.M. , Davydov V.N. , Orlov V.N. , Sukhova N.0. GENETIC DIVERSITY OF BLOOD ISOZYMES AND IT'S APPLICATION TO GENETICS AND BREEDING IN Y AKS

1 2 Li Qifa , Xie Zhuang CLONIN G AND SEQUENCING OF THE S'·FLANKING REGION OF KAPPA CASEIN GENE IN YAK

1 2 3 3 Fan Baoliang , Li Ning , Zhao Xingbo , Wu Changxin

SESSION: NUTRITION AND FORAGE MANAGEMENT

REcENT ADVANCES IN YAK NuTRITION RESEARCH RUMEN CILIATE PROTOZOAL FAUNA OF Y AK (Bos GRUNNIENS) IN CHINA WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF ENTODINIUM MONUO N.SP. Hu Linghao 1 1 1 2 3 Gui Rong , Na Risu , Zhao Qingyu , Zhai Xiaohua , Se Zlw , Soichi lmai4

GRASS & LEGUME V ARIET\' TIUALS IN EASTERN TmET

1 2 3 PEPTIDE AND AMINO AciD METABOLISM IN THE GASTROINTESTI· W. Eric Limbach , Liu Yingchtm , Ma Yushou NAL TRACT OF YAKS

1 1 2 3 Han Xingtai , Xue Bai , Du Jizeng , Hu Linghao

A VA I LABILITY AND UTILIZATION OF SHRUBS AS THE PROTEIN SOURCES FOR THEY AKS GRAZING ON ALPINE GRASS MEADOW OF TmETAN PLATEAU, CHINA CHANGES OF SEVERAL KiNDS OF NUTRITION FACTORS IN YAK'S L IVI NG ENVIONMENT AND THE MINERAL CONCENTRATION IN ITS Dong Shikui, Long Ruijun, Pu Xiaopeng, Hu Zizhi CIRCULATION

1 1 1 2 Yan Ping , Zhi Dejuan , Xiao Xishan , Pan Heping , Cheng Shenglil POTENTIAL OF ALPINE SHRUIJS IN QILIAN MOUNTAIN REGIONS

Guo Yanjun, Long Ruijun, Zhang Degang S OME P RODLE~IS FROM STUDY ON P LA NTS ED IDLE BY YAKS D. Doyoddorj

UREA ENRICHED F INGERMILLET (E LENS INE CORACANA) STRAW: EFFECT OF FEEDING ON YAK

R.N. Pal, S. Patnaik, T.K. Mohanty

CONFERENCE DIGEST 91 SESSION: REPRODUCTION AND BREEDING

M ONlTOIUNG OF TRAITS FOR YAK AND YAK CATTLE CROSSES PRESENT S ITUATIO N AND RESOU RCE OF Y AK P RODU CTIO N AND REASO!IIS FOR DEGENERATION OF T mETAN YAK P RODU CTIVE Michael R. Goe, Gerald Stranzinger PE RFOR~IA NCES Ji Qiumei, Bhu Chong, Dawa Ya ng/a, Tsering Degyi, Da wa ANALYSIS OF MAIN CO~ IPO NENT ABOUT SEVERAL BREEDING Chyegi, Zhang Yongqing, Lob Sang TRAITS OF MAIWA Y AKS Zhong ]incheng, Chen Zhilwa, Zi Xiangdong, Wen Yongli

EXPERIMENTTAL RESULTS OF OESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION IN YAK Cow s

EFFICIENT PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC BOVI NE/CAT BY MICROIN­ 1 M. Davaa , D. Badamdor/, B. Erdenebaatar, A. Magm-1!1, Yo. JECTION AND CLONING TECHNOLOGY OF EARLY EMBRYOS 1 1 Zagdsuren , N. Altankllllag Suzuki T.

EXI'ERIM ENTS ON ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATIO N AND ARTIFICIAL EFFECTS OF SELECTION AND BREEDING ON YAKS WITHIN B REEDS INSEMINATION WITH FROZEN SEMEN IN YAKS IN L INZHOU YAK BREEDING FAR~I Zhang Y1111 Yun Den Dangxun Yak Research Center, Tibetan Autonomous Region, Bureau of Science and Technology, Linzhou County, Lhasa 850000, P.R. China Tibetan Autonomous Region, Linzhou, P.R. China

THE PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENT TO INDUCE SUI'EROVULATION IN EFFICIENT WAYS FOR THE INCREASES OF YAK NUMBERS AND FEMALE YAKS

THEIR PRODUCTIVITIES 1 1 2 M. Davaa , N. Altanklwag , Yo. Zagdsuren , D. Badamdor/, 1 1 1 B. Chertkov , M. Kasmaliev A. Magash , B. Erdenebaatar

PRELI~IINARY REPORT Of SELECTIVE BREEDING OF YAKS IN SANGIU LIGHT MICROSOCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS ON FROZEN-THAWED YAK CouNTY, T.A.R., P.R. CHINA SEMEN - A PILOT STUDY

1 2 1 Hu Binling Szabolcs Nagy , Qi Xuebin , Han ]ianlin , Andras KovacsJ

A STUDY ON THE biPROVEMENT OF YAK REPRODUCTIVE PERFOR­ SOME GENETIC PARAMETERS OF BODY MASS IN THE YAK OF THE MANCE BY INTRODUCING 'rVILD YAK BLOOD BURYAT ECOTYPE Yan Shoudong Emma Katzina Qinghai General Station of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry, Xining 8 10001, P.R. China

YAK BREEDING AND ITS ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY IN HIGH ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION TRIAL IN YAK IN BHUTAN MOUNTAIN REGIONS OF KYRGYZSTAN Tshering Lham 1 1 ]. Tynaev , M. Asylbekov

FERTILITY OF MONGOLIAN FEMALE YAKS INSEMINATED WITH FROZEN SEMEN OF WILD YAK BuLL

REVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BAYINGOLIN YAK 2 1 D. Badamdorjl, M. Davaa , B. Erdenebaatar , B. 1 1 Turshen Abudula , Liang Hongyun , Zhao ChangruiJ; Chen DagviikhoroP, 2 1 Jingbo' L. Batsuuri , ]. GombojawJ, B. Amarsanaa 1Research Institute of Animal Husbandry (RIAH), Zaisan,

92 HIMALAYAN RESEARCH BULLETIN XX(l-2) 2000 CHANGES OF PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD AND REPORT ON THE BREEDING BY MILKiNG AlliLITY OF MAI\VA YAK SKIM MILK DURING ESTROUS CYCLE IN FEMALE YAKS 1 1 3 Lang ]ie , Zou Daorong , Wu Xianzhi 1 1 B. Erdenebaatar , D. Badamdorjl, M. Davaa

EXPEIUMENTS ON SEXING YAK SPERMATOZOA IJY FLUORES CENT IN PARTURITION OF YAK Cow SITU HYIJIUDIZAT IO N USING BOVINE Y- CHRO~IOSOME SPECIFIC S. Ganbat, A. Magash DNA PROIJE

1 1 3 Revay Tanuis , Qi Xuebin , P. Tardy Erika , Nagy Szabolcs', 1 5 3 1 Han ]ianlin , Kovacs Andrfts , T6th Andrfts , Sa/go Andrcis

UsE OF HERBAL MEDICINE FOR ANOESTRUS MANAGEMENT IN YAK (POEI'HAGUS GRUNNIENS L.) T.K. Molwnly, R.N. Pal, K. V.H. Sastry, B.P. Singh

SESSION: ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY

ADAPTATION, SURVIVAL STRATEGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF YAK IN ADAPTATION OF YAK TO NON-TYPICAL ENVIRON~IENTS: A PRELIM!· THE INDIAN HIMALAYAN REGION NARY SURVEY OF YAK IN NORTH AMERICA Nehal A. Farooquee, L.M.S. Palni Gerald Wiener

ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF PLACENTA AND ITS RELATION· SHIP WITH CALF BIRTH WEIGHT IN YAK (POEI'HAGUS GRUNNIENS PRODUCTIVITY OF YAKS IN SOUTHERN QINGHAI PROVINCE L.)

Luo Xiaolin, Yang Rongzhen, Xu Jiingtao, Li Quan, Wei 1 1 T.K. Mohanty , M.R. Ansaril, R.N. Pa/ Yaping

RESEARCH ON RELATION OF BODY SIZE OF CHINESE YAKS WITH PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF YAKS UNDER DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL FACTORS OF H AlllTATION ENVIRONMENTS Chen Zhihua, Zhong ]incheng, Zi Xiangdong, Wen Yongli Sarkar M., Das B.C., Monda/ D.B., Chatterjee A.

DENTITION IN YAK ECOLOGICAL AND PHYSIO·IliOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF YAK ORGANISMS IN HIGHLAND CONDITIONS OF KYRGYZSTAN R.N. Pal, S. Patnaik, T.K. Mohanty

1 1 1 M. Asylbekov , S. Abdukaimo1> 1 ]. Tynaev BODYWEIGHT GROWTH MODEL OF DATONG YAKS IN QINGHAI

1 1 1 Wang Minqiang , Zhang Huiling , Li Pingli , Tian INSULIN, PROLACTIN, AND GROWTH HOR~IONE CONCENTRATIONS Yongqiang', Li ]iye', Lu Zhonglin 1 IN YAK CoLOSTRUM AND MILK

1 1 1 Zheng Yucai , Zou Sixiang , Zhong Gtwnghui , Chen 1 1 1 1 Weil111a , Liu Wenjing , Peng Xianwen , Mao Yongjiang , SOME SPECIFIC CHARACTERS OF ABDOMINAL WALL INNERVATION 1 Wang Yong AND CAESAREAN SECTION IN YAK S. Ganbat, A. Magash National Yak Research Center, Mongolian State University of A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE EARLY GROWTH AND DEVELdP­ ANALYSIS OF YAK PRODUCTION FUNCTION IN SURROUNDING MENT OF YAKS AROUND THE QINGHAI LAKE IJY DIFFERENT QINGHAI LAKE A REA MILKING METHODS TO THE Cows 1 1 1 , , 1 1 1 Xue Bai Wang ]ingzhong Chang Qi Xu Jingtao , Yang Rongzhen , Shang Shengzhong

CONFERENCE DIGEST 93 PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF YAK'S THERMOREGULATION REINDEER (RANGIFER TARANDUS) ANDY AK (BOS (POEPHAGUS) GRUNNIENS): DISPARATE ANIMAL SPECIES ­ T. Cholponkulov SIMILAR ENVIRONMENT, SIMILAR MANAGEMENT, SIMILAR PARASITE PROBLEMS? GROWTH PATTERNS OF NEW BORN 1/2 WILD YAK CALVES Peter J. Waller 1 3 B. Amarsanaa , B. Erdenebaatar, V. Dagviikhoro/ , D. Badamdojil DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST OF E. COLI ISOLATES FROM HEALTHY YAKS OF QINGHAI

MORPHOLOGY OF YAK HEART 1 1 2 Tian Yun , Lu Chengping , Xiao Luzlwng S. Hamitov

SEASONAL CHANGES OF BLOOD METABOLITES AND ITS RELATION­ SEROLOGICAL SURVEY ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF A SHIP WITH BODYWEIGHT IN THE GROWING YAK WHITEY AK HERD IN THE GANSU PROVINCE

1 1 Tian Yongqiang , Zhao Xingxu , Wang Minqangl, Lu Horst E. Geilhausen 2 1 ZhongLin , Zhang Rongchang

SESSION: DISEASES AND HEALTH SERVICES

TREATMENT OF BOVINE MASTITIS WITH MEDICINAL HERBS AND AcuPUNCTURE TEST OF ENTEROTOXICITY OF E. COLI FROM YAKS

2 Hu Songlma Zeng Qionghui', Cheng MingYong , Zhang Bingl, Song 2 Qinye , Wu Jiemei2

MASTITIS CONTROL IN RUMINANTS Karin Persson Waller DEVELOPMENT OF INACTIVATED VACCINE FOR ENTEROTOXIGENIC E. COLI (ETEC) AND ITS IMMUNITY A DIAGNOSIS STUDY OF BRUCELLOSIS AND CHLAMYDIA IN YAKS 2 2 Zeng Qionglmi', Zhang Bing , Cheng Ming Yong , Cui Ma Lizhong Wentao 2

EFFECT OF JAPANESE KAr.lPO MEDICINES (JKMs) ON IN VITRO PRESERVATION OF BOVINE SPERMATOZOA AND IN VITRO FERTILIZA­ DIAGNOSIS OF ENTEROTOXIGENIC E. COLI IN YAKS TION Zeng Qionghui, Cha Guo, Denba Tsering, So Zhen, Pan Duo 2 3 Nakaya Yumiko', Zhang Rong , Xi Yongmei , Fujihara Noboru 1 THE coNTRIBUTION oF CoMMUNITY ANIMAL HEALTH WoRKER's (CAHW's) TO AN EFFICIENT ANIMAL HEALTH MANAGEMENT DISEASE PROFILE IN YAK SYSTEM Monda[ D. B., Sarkar M., Das, B.C., Bhattacharya M. Harber Peter

94 HIMALAYAN RESEARCH BULLETIN XX(l-2) 2000 SESSION: YAK PRODUCTS AND THEIR PROCESSING AND MARKETING

YAK PRODUCES NEEDS COMMERCIALIZATION IN INDIA THROUGH A lNG AND MARKETING PRICING P OLICY AND MARKETING STRATEGY: A PRA K. Kachkynbaeva B.P. Singh, K. V.H. Sastry, T.K. Mohanty

STUDY ON TECHNOLOGY IN PRODUCING YAK SOUR MILK

1 1 Huang Youying , Tao Yin DEVELOPMENT OF YAK VEAL AND ITS RELATED TECHNOLOGY

Ma Zhengchao, Li Jiye, Han Kai, Zhao Longquan

STUDY ON TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCTION OF YAK MILK BEVERAGE WITH GINSENG AND CALADIUM

PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION OF BY-PRODUCTS FROM SLAUGH· 1 1 Huang Youying , Tao Yilz TERED YAKS Hu Jiang STUDY ON PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF YAKS CHEESE

1 1 1 1 Huang Youying , Wu Hong , Cheng Lianglzong , Ai Ming , BEEF PRODUCTION OF KYRGYZSTAN YAKS AND ISSUES FOR ITS 1 Tao Yin , Chen Limz!f IMPROVEMENT

1 1 B. Sarbagishev , R. Usubamatov

STUDY ON PRODUCTION PERFORMANCES IN PALl YAKS Ji Qiumei, Blm Chong, Dawa Yang/a, Tsering Degyi, Dawa BEEF PRODUCTION AND QUALITY ANALYSIS IN JALI YAKS Clzyegi, Zhang Yongqing, Lob Sang ]i Qiumei, B/111 Chong, Dawa Yang/a, Tsering Degyi, Zhang Yongqing, Lob Sang THE CHARACTERISTICS AND PROBLEMS OF LEATHER-MAKING WITH YAK HIDE BEEF PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF THREE FINE YAK RREEDS IN Shao Shuangxi TIBET Ji Qiumei, Bhu Chong, Dawa Yang/a, Tsering Degyi, Dawa Chyegi, Zhang Yongqing, Lob Sang WOOL AND UNDERCOAT PRODUCTION AND THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THREE FINE YAK BREEDS IN TIBET DIVERSIFICATION IN PROCESSING AND MARKETING OF YAK MILK ]i Qiumei, Bhu Chong, Dawa Yang/a, Tsering Degyii, Dawa BASED PRODUCTS Chyegi, Zhang Yongqing, Lob Sang Tek B. Thapa

UNDERCOAT PRODUCTION AND QUALITY ANALYSIS IN SIBU YAKS Ji Qiumei, Blzu Chong, Dawa Yang/a, Tsering Degyi, Dawa COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF THE YAK'S MILK AND CONSUMP­ Chyegi, Zhang Yongqing, Lob Sang TION OF THEY AK MILK IN MONGOLIA R. Indra, A. Magash PRODUCTIVE PROTOCOL AND QUALITY EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL BONE MARROW POWDER MILK PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF THREE FINE YAK BREEDS IN Han Ling TmET Ji Qiumei, B/111 Chong, Dawa Yang/a, Tsering Degyi, Dawa Chyegi

ISSUES OF DEVELOPMENT OF YAK PRODUCTS AND THEIR PROCESS·

CONFERENCE DIGEST 95 OTHER CONFERENCES

FRANCO-NEPALESE CONFERENCE ON PEOPLE, ENVIRONMENT AND LANDSCAPE OF THE HIMALAYAS KATHMANDU, NEPAL APRIL 19-20, 2000

Organized by: Landscape Units and Place-names in Ladakh Environment, Society and Culture in the Himalayas Pascal Dollfus Centre National de Ia Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies The People and Place-names of Lo/Mustang: (CNAS),Tribhuvan University Historical and Etymological Perspective Tribhuvan Memorial Hall, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur Ramesh K. Dhungel

Chief Guest: Honorable State Minister for Education, The Territory and Landscape of the Tamang from Mr Dilendra Prasad Badu Sal me Chairman: Prof.Dr. Krishna Manandhar, Dean of Joelle Smadja Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University Theme: Environmental Changes Welcome Address: Prof. Dr. Tirtha Prasad Mishra, Session II: Historical Features Executive Director,Centre for Nepal and Asian Chair: Prof.Dr. Tri Ratna Manandhar Studies Inauguration: Chief Guest When Under-population was a Nightmare: Gorkhali Remarks: H.E. Michel Lummaux, Ambassador of State and the Transformation of Nepalese Landscapes France Philippe Ramirez. Signing of MOU: Prof. Mishra and Prof. Meyer Keynote Address: Prof. Dr. Fernand Meyer, Director History of Rice, Maize and Potato in the Himalayas Environment, Society and Culture in the Pascale Dol !fits and Marie Lecomte-Tilouine Himalayas, CNRS Inaugural Address: Chief Guest A Step towards understanding the Historical Seismicity A Vote of Thanks: Mr. Nirmal Man Tuladhar of Nepal (To be read out by Marie Lecomte-Tilouine) Chairman's Remarks: Prof.Dr. Krishna Manandhar Mahes Raj Pant Session I: Geographical and Cultural Features Chair: Dr. Hm·ka Gurung Theme: Environmental Changes Session III: Case Studies Presentation of the Programme: Explanations of the Chair: Dr. Pravakar Bikram Shah Diversity and the Evolution of Some Landscapes in the Himalayas: Examples from Nepal and Ladakh Parcelling, Privatisation and Collective Management of Joelle Smadja Space and Natural Resources on the Salme Watershed Blandine Riper! The Role of Invariant, Physical Factors in the Shaping of Landscapes of Central Nepal Adaptation of People from a Jumla Village to the Setting Monique Fort Up of the Rara National Park Satya Shrestha Mental Representation of the Landscape as an Exegesis of the Country Tradition and Change among the Balamis of Central Marie Lecomte-Tilouine Nepal Gerard Toffin in collaboration with Krishna Prasad Cultivating Bhanubhakta: Local Landscapes Rima! of Nepali National Culture Pratyoush Onta Population and Landscape Dynamics in theNepal Himalayas: A Case of the Madi Watershed, Western Nepal

96 HIMALAYAN RESEARCH BULLETIN XX(l-2) 2000 Narendra Raj Khanal A Short Presentation of the CNRS Documentation A Bocage Landscape, Masyam Gabisa in Palpa District Centre: Centre de Etudes Himalayennes (Central Tristan EniSle, Monique Fort and Joelle Smadja Himalayan Studies) Pierrette Massonnet Madhese, Regionalism and National Integration: A Case of the Nepal Tarai Dilli Ram Dahal

Dolpo Dancers (photograph by Daniel J. Miller, 1992)

CONFERENCE DIGEST 97