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Optimum Location for Landfills Sites Based on Gis Modeling for Al- Diwaniyah City, Iraq

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Optimum Location for Landfills Sites Based on Gis Modeling for Al- Diwaniyah City, Iraq International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 8, August 2018, pp. 941-951, Article ID: IJCIET_09_08_095 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=8 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed OPTIMUM LOCATION FOR LANDFILLS SITES BASED ON GIS MODELING FOR AL- DIWANIYAH CITY, IRAQ Marwah M. Alkhuzaie Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Hussein Janna Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq ABSTRACT Nowadays, solid waste is one of the major problems that affecting the environment. The selection of a landfill is a complex task related to many factors and regulations. Currently, there is no landfill site in Al-Diwaniyah city which the capital of Al- Qadisiyah province that meets scientific and environmental standards. Geographic Information System and analysis hierarchical process method were used to provide the optimum location for the landfill for Al-Diwaniyah city. In this study, fourteen appropriate criteria are selected which are: depth of groundwater, city centers, rivers, clans, soil types, elevation, wind, roads, slope, land use, archaeological sites, power grid, gas pipeline, and railways. These criteria were employed in the Geographic Information System, which is highly capable of managing and analyzing various data. Moreover, the analysis hierarchical process method is used to derive the weighting of the criteria by using a pair comparison matrix. The weighted overlay tool is then used to obtain a map of the relevance index for selected landfill sites. Seven suitable sites for landfills are selected for each region. All these sites met the scientific and environmental criteria adopted in this study. The areas for the selected sites are adequate to accommodate solid waste from 2020 to 2040. Key words: Municipal Solid Waste, GIS, AHP, Al-Diwaniyah, Landfill site. Cite this Article: Marwah M. Alkhuzaie and Hussein Janna, Optimum Location For Landfills Sites Based on GIS Modeling For Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(8), 2018, pp. 941-951. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=8 http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 941 [email protected] Optimum Location For Landfills Sites Based on GIS Modeling For Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq 1. INTRODUCTION Population growth, development and socio-economic growth, industrialization, lead to a significant increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) that generated around the worldwide. In addition, the urban population increased rapidly due to the migration from the villages to the cities and that increase the amount of MSW which is in terms of kg/Capita/day [1].Solid wastes are one of the most common pollutants in the environment [2], and some of these wastes could take very long time to be degraded such as plastics, wood, metals and glasses [3]. Although in some countries that recycle or incinerate much of the waste, however disposal of solid waste to landfill is still unavoidable because sanitary landfilling is necessary for the storage of ashes produced from burning and the residue of recycling processes [4].Although ddifferent methods have been used for the solid waste management, such as landfill, incineration and manure[5], however, the landfilling is one of the most common methods for disposal [6].This is because it is a simple and low-cost method, especially for developing countries [7].The landfill naturally affected by several criteria in determining its location and makes the decision very difficult for decision-makers[8].In order to solve the problems with landfill site selection, in recent years, Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing has been implemented as an effective and successful tool, with analysis hierarchical process (AHP) for decision-making for the most appropriate location for solid waste disposal[9]. The use of this combination reduces time and the cost of site selection and also provides a digital data bank for long-term site monitoring [10]. AHP is a structural chain technique designed to help people deal with complex decisions rather than calling the "right" decision, with the help of analysis hierarchical process of the "right" decision-making [11]. This process, based on human psychology and computational science, was invented and developed by Thomas Saati in 1970s. It is also offer logical framework for an integrated process by collecting and evaluating these criteria, then orienting them towards the general objectives to deal with them and providing alternatives or relevant other solution [12]. This article presents an illustrative case study application of a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methodology – the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) – to provide suitable solid waste disposal sites in order to minimize risk of ecological and human health and maintenance costs and to predict the quantities of the waste, taking into consideration the population increase and the estimation of storage warehouses during the study period from 2020-2040. Moreover, it provides a set of appropriate selection criteria for the identification of proposed solid waste landfills sites depending on scientific methods. 2. SITE DESCRIPTION The study area is Al-Diwaniyah which is the main city of Al-Qadisiyah province which is located in the south central of Iraq between the coordinates (31o50'00"- 32o20'00") N, and (44o30'00"- 45o20'00") E as shown in the Figure 1. It is bordered by Samawa province to the south, Wasit and Babil provinces to the north, Najaf province to the west, and Wasit and Nasiriyah to the east. Al-Diwaniyah district includes the following town (Al-Diwaniyah, Al- Saniah, Al-Daghrah, Sumer Al-Mahnawiah, Al-Salahiah and Al-Shafeiah), and population density is estimated in Al-Diwaniyah district 717723 with area 2378.370 km2[16].The Euphrates and one of its major tributaries, Al-Shamiya River, both pass through the governorate, hot and dry summers and cold winters is the predominant weather for Al- Diwaniyah climate. Limited rainfall season winter is an average of 144 mm per year [15]. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 942 [email protected] Marwah M. Alkhuzaie and Hussein Janna Figure (1) Map of Al-Diwaniyah district. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multiple criteria with ArcGIS software techniques and remote sensing were used in this study of in evaluating environment to assess the suitability of potential landfill waste study area sites [11]. To determine the most suitable landfill site, the AHP is used to scan14 criteria [12] as shown in Table (1). It can be simplified procedures for model study in the following Figure (2). The data were collected from Landsat 8 OLI operational land imager for year 2017 from the USGS via using remote sensing and satellite land classification [13]. A digital elevation model (DEM) ALOS satellite with 12 m resolution is used to determine the slope and elevation of the sea level [14,17,18]. The data related to the wind direction and velocity were collected from weather stations Iraqi Agro met Network [15]. Ground water information and data were collected from ministry of municipalities and public works / Al-Diwaniyah sewerage directorate [16]. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 943 [email protected] Optimum Location For Landfills Sites Based on GIS Modeling For Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq Figure (2) Methodology of data analyses and processing. The first step is collecting data and determines the criteria specified in the study. Provide a buffer between landfills with buffer limits for each of the following criteria (city centers, clans, roads, electricity grid, railways, rivers, and gas pipelines) in addition to processing and classification of (slopes, elevation, wind, soil types, land use and depth of groundwater). The second step is specifying new values from 1 to 9 and assigns new values to them. When value = 0, which means it is impossible to construct a landfill at this area , all these values are shown in Table (1) and Figure (3)which illustrate these criteria (from A to N). http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 944 [email protected] Marwah M. Alkhuzaie and Hussein Janna Table (1) levels of selected criteria. Criteria Sub-Criteria Sub-Criteria levels Buffer 0 – 5 km 0 Buffer>15 km 3 City Centre Buffer 10 – 15 km 6 Buffer 5 –10 km 9 Buffer 0 – 1 km 0 Clans Buffer>1 km 9 Buffer 0 – 1 km 0 River Buffer>1 km 9 4 – 22 m 3 Elevation over sea level 22 – 25 m 7 >25m 9 0-5 m 9 Slope >5 m 5 Marsh 0 Irrigated cropland 1 Date palm and orchard 4 Soils types Mixed range land 5 Herbaceous 7 Abandoned and perennial fallow land 9 Buffer 0 – 1 km 0 Buffer> 3 km 3 Road Buffer 2 – 3 km 5 Buffer 1 – 2 km 9 Industrial areas, The cities centers, Clans, Rivers, Archaeological sites, Agricultural 0 lands, University, Treatment plant, Land Use Agricultural airport, Orchards Unused wetlands 2 Unused lands 9 buffer 0 -1 km 0 Archaeological sites 1-3km 5 >3 km 9 buffer 0 -250 m 0 Gas pipeline >250 m 9 buffer 0 -250 m 0 Power grid 250 m < 9 buffer 0 -500 m 0 Railway > 500 m 9 1-2.5m 1 2.5-5m 2 Groundwater Depth 5-7.5m 3 7.5-9m 5 > 9m 9 1.70-1.88 m/s 9 Wind speed 1.88-1.99 m/s 6 1.99-2.33 m/s 3 http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 945 [email protected] Optimum Location For Landfills Sites Based on GIS Modeling For Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq Figure (3): Individual Map of 14 selected criteria. The third step, the importance or preference of each criterion relative to rest of the other criteria on landfill selection was expressed by assigning weights as show in Table (2)and(3).
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