DOCSLIB.ORG

Report on Data Collection Survey on Water Sector in Southern Iraq

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Report on Data Collection Survey on Water Sector in Southern Iraq Ministry of Municipalities and Public Works, Iraq Southern Governorates, Iraq REPORT ON DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON WATER SECTOR IN SOUTHERN IRAQ March 2015 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY NJS CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. 7R JR 15-004 Survey Area showing Governorate Boundaries i DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON WATER SECTOR IN SOUTHERN IRAQ INCEPTION REPORT Table of Contents Chapter 1 Outline of Survey ....................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Background of Survey ........................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.3 Target Area ......................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.4 Survey Process ................................................................................................................................... 1-1 Chapter 2 Situation of Water and Sewerage Sector of Iraq ........................................................................ 2-1 2.1 General Conditions of Iraq ................................................................................................................. 2-1 2.1.1 Natural Conditions ...................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.2 Socio-economics of Iraq .............................................................................................................. 2-8 2.1.3 Laws and Regulations Related to Environmental Protection .................................................... 2-16 2.1.4 Water Quality and Environmental Standards............................................................................. 2-19 2.2 Current Status of Water Supply and Sewerage Sector ...................................................................... 2-23 2.2.1 Water and Sewerage Demand .................................................................................................... 2-23 2.2.2 Current Status of Water Supply and Sewerage Facilities .......................................................... 2-25 2.2.3 Current Status of Water Supply and Sewerage Facility Operation ............................................ 2-29 2.2.4 Development Policy .................................................................................................................. 2-33 2.3 Legislation and Organizations of Water Supply and Sewerage Sector ............................................. 2-34 2.3.1 Organization for Construction and O&M .................................................................................. 2-34 2.3.2 Water Tariff ................................................................................................................................ 2-37 2.3.3 Organizational structure and functions of Water Directorate .................................................... 2-37 2.4 Other Circumstances of the Water Sector ......................................................................................... 2-40 2.4.1 Preparation / Procedure of EIA ................................................................................................. 2-40 2.4.2 Electricity Supply Situation ....................................................................................................... 2-41 2.4.3 Entry Situation of the Private Sector ......................................................................................... 2-42 2.4.4 Other Donors ............................................................................................................................. 2-43 2.4.5 Environmental Impact ............................................................................................................... 2-46 Chapter 3 Current Status of Water Supply and Sewerage Sector in Southern Iraq .................................... 3-1 3.1 Governorate Outlines ......................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Geographical Features of the Southern Four Governorates ........................................................ 3-1 3.1.2 Basrah Governorate ..................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.3 Dhi-Qar Governorate ................................................................................................................... 3-2 3.1.4 Al-Muthanna Governorate ........................................................................................................... 3-3 3.1.5 Messan ......................................................................................................................................... 3-5 3.2 Current Status of Facility Development and Operational Conditions ................................................ 3-6 3.2.1 Basrah .......................................................................................................................................... 3-6 3.2.2 Dhi-Qar ....................................................................................................................................... 3-9 ii 3.2.3 Al-Muthanna .............................................................................................................................. 3-13 3.2.4 Messan ....................................................................................................................................... 3-16 3.2.5 Summary of Facility Development and O&M Conditions in the Governorates ....................... 3-19 3.3 Management and Organizations ....................................................................................................... 3-20 3.3.1 Organizations of Water Supply and Sewerage System .............................................................. 3-20 3.3.2 Budget Allocation and Execution .............................................................................................. 3-24 3.3.3 Tariff Collection ........................................................................................................................ 3-28 3.3.4 Observation of Issues and Problems on Management and Organization .................................. 3-28 3.4 Other Circumstances Surrounding the Water Sector ........................................................................ 3-29 3.4.1 Procedure of Environmental and Social Considerations ........................................................... 3-29 3.4.2 Power Supply Condition ........................................................................................................... 3-30 3.4.3 Private Sector Participation ....................................................................................................... 3-30 3.4.4 Environmental Impact ............................................................................................................... 3-30 3.4.5 Current Status in Rural Areas .................................................................................................... 3-30 3.4.6 Activity of Donors ..................................................................................................................... 3-31 3.4.7 Industrial Water & Wastewater .................................................................................................. 3-31 Chapter 4 Action Plan for Improvement of Water Supply and Sewerage Project in Southern Four Governorates .............................................................................................................................................. 4-1 4.1 Issue, Problem and Solution ............................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Water Supply ............................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.2 Sewerage ..................................................................................................................................... 4-7 4.1.3 Operation and Management ...................................................................................................... 4-12 4.2 Project Road Map ............................................................................................................................. 4-19 4.2.1 Water Supply ............................................................................................................................. 4-19 4.2.2 Sewerage ................................................................................................................................... 4-21 4.2.3 Operation and Management ...................................................................................................... 4-24 4.3 Outlines of Priority Projects ............................................................................................................. 4-24 4.3.1 First Priority Projects ................................................................................................................ 4-24 4.3.2 Second Priority Projects ............................................................................................................ 4-26 4.3.3 Operation and Management .....................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Foreign Policy Trends in the GCC States
    Autumn 2017 A Publication based at St Antony’s College Foreign Policy Trends in the GCC States Featuring H.E. Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al-Thani Minister of Foreign Affairs State of Qatar H.E. Sayyid Badr bin Hamad Albusaidi Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Sultanate of Oman H.E. Ambassador Michele Cervone d’Urso Head of Delegation to Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman & Qatar European Union Foreword by Kristian Coates Ulrichsen OxGAPS | Oxford Gulf & Arabian Peninsula Studies Forum OxGAPS is a University of Oxford platform based at St Antony’s College promoting interdisciplinary research and dialogue on the pressing issues facing the region. Senior Member: Dr. Eugene Rogan Committee: Chairman & Managing Editor: Suliman Al-Atiqi Vice Chairman & Co-Editor: Adel Hamaizia Editor: Adam Rasmi Associate Editor: Rana AlMutawa Research Associate: Lolwah Al-Khater Research Associate: Jalal Imran Head of Outreach: Mohammed Al-Dubayan Broadcasting & Archiving Officer: Oliver Ramsay Gray Copyright © 2017 OxGAPS Forum All rights reserved Autumn 2017 Gulf Affairs is an independent, non-partisan journal organized by OxGAPS, with the aim of bridging the voices of scholars, practitioners and policy-makers to further knowledge and dialogue on pressing issues, challenges and opportunities facing the six member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessar- ily represent those of OxGAPS, St Antony’s College or the University of Oxford. Contact Details: OxGAPS Forum 62 Woodstock Road Oxford, OX2 6JF, UK Fax: +44 (0)1865 595770 Email: [email protected] Web: www.oxgaps.org Design and Layout by B’s Graphic Communication.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Distr.: General 22 September 2000 English
    United Nations S/2000/895 Security Council Distr.: General 22 September 2000 English Original: Arabic Identical letters dated 21 September 2000 from the Permanent Representative of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and to the President of the Security Council On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a letter dated 20 September 2000 from Mr. Tariq Aziz, Deputy Prime Minister and Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iraq. The Minister calls attention to the ongoing wanton aggression against Iraq by United States and British aircraft in the unlawful no-flight zones and to the fact that in the period from 1 to 8 September 2000 they carried out 278 sorties, 174 of them from Saudi Arabia, 88 from Kuwait and 16 from Turkey. The Minister urges the Security Council to meet its responsibilities with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security by intervening with the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom and with the countries participating in this aggression, namely Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Turkey, with a view to inducing them to halt, end and desist from any resumption of their constant and unwarranted aggression against Iraq. I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the Security Council. (Signed) Saeed H. Hasan Ambassador Permanent Representative 00-65550 (E) 250900 250900 ````````` S/2000/895 Annex to the identical letters dated 21 September 2000 from the Permanent Representative of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and to the President of the Security Council I should like to inform you that United States and British warplanes based in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Turkey have continued to violate the airspace of the Republic of Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Distr.: General 28 March 2000 English
    United Nations S/2000/259 Security Council Distr.: General 28 March 2000 English Original: Arabic Identical letters dated 27 March 2000 from the Permanent Representative of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and to the President of the Security Council On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a letter dated 23 March 2000 addressed to you by Mr. Mohammed Said Al- Sahaf, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Iraq, concerning the continuing pursuit by the United States of America and the United Kingdom of a policy of hostility towards Iraq. During the period from 8 to 21 March 2000, United States and British military aircraft carried out a total of 382 hostile sorties over the cities and villages of Iraq, in flagrant violation of the Charter of the United Nations and of international law. I should be grateful if you would have this letter and its annex circulated as a document of the Security Council. (Signed) Saeed H. Hasan Ambassador Permanent Representative 00-36635 (E) 290300 300300 ````````` S/2000/259 Annex Identical letters dated 23 March 2000 from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iraq addressed to the Secretary-General and to the President of the Security Council I have the honour to inform you that, between 8 and 21 March 2000, United States and British military aircraft, taking off from their bases in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Turkey, continued to violate Iraqi airspace, carrying out a total of 382 aerial sorties, of which 238 were from Saudi Arabia, 68 from Kuwait and 76 from Turkey, killing one civilian and wounding 14 others.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 VNR Report [English]
    The Republic of Iraq Ministry of Planning National Committee for Sustainable Development The Second National Voluntary Review Report on the Achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals 2021 Iraq .. And the Path Back to the Development July 2021 Voluntary National Review Report Writing Team Dr. Mahar Hammad Johan, Deputy Minister of Planning, Head of the Report Preparation Team Writing Expert Team Prof. Dr. Hasan Latif Al-Zubaidi / Expert / University of Kufa / College of Administration and Economics Prof. Dr. Wafa Jaafar Al-Mihdawi / Expert / Mustansiriyah University / College of Administration and Economics Prof. Dr. Adnan Yasin Mustafa / Expert / University of Baghdad / College of Education for Girls Supporting International organizations United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) – Iraq United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) Technical Team Dr. Azhar Hussein Saleh / Administrative Deputy of Minister of Planning Dr. Dia Awwad Kazem / Head of the Central Statistics Organization Mr. Maher Abdul-Hussein Hadi / Director General of the National Center for Administrative Development and Information Technology Dr. Mohamed Mohsen El-Sayed / Director General of the Department of Regional and Local Development Dr. Alaa El-Din Jaafar Mohamed / Director General of the Department of Financial and Economic Policies Dr. Maha Abdul Karim Hammoud / Director General of the Department of Human Development Ms. Naglaa Ali Murad / Director of the Social Fund for Development Mr. Abdel-Zahra Mohamed Waheed / Director of the Department of Information and Government Communications Dr. Amera Muhammad Hussain / Umm Al-Yateem Foundation for Development Mrs. Ban Ali Abboud / Expert / Department of Regional and Local Development Ms. Mona Adel Mahdi / Senior Engineer / Department of Regional and Local Development Supporting Team Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq 2019 Human Rights Report
    IRAQ 2019 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Iraq is a constitutional parliamentary republic. The 2018 parliamentary elections, while imperfect, generally met international standards of free and fair elections and led to the peaceful transition of power from Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi to Adil Abd al-Mahdi. On December 1, in response to protesters’ demands for significant changes to the political system, Abd al-Mahdi submitted his resignation, which the Iraqi Council of Representatives (COR) accepted. As of December 17, Abd al-Mahdi continued to serve in a caretaker capacity while the COR worked to identify a replacement in accordance with the Iraqi constitution. Numerous domestic security forces operated throughout the country. The regular armed forces and domestic law enforcement bodies generally maintained order within the country, although some armed groups operated outside of government control. Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) consist of administratively organized forces within the Ministries of Interior and Defense, and the Counterterrorism Service. The Ministry of Interior is responsible for domestic law enforcement and maintenance of order; it oversees the Federal Police, Provincial Police, Facilities Protection Service, Civil Defense, and Department of Border Enforcement. Energy police, under the Ministry of Oil, are responsible for providing infrastructure protection. Conventional military forces under the Ministry of Defense are responsible for the defense of the country but also carry out counterterrorism and internal security operations in conjunction with the Ministry of Interior. The Counterterrorism Service reports directly to the prime minister and oversees the Counterterrorism Command, an organization that includes three brigades of special operations forces. The National Security Service (NSS) intelligence agency reports directly to the prime minister.
    [Show full text]
  • Possibilities of Restoring the Iraqi Marshes Known As the Garden of Eden
    Water and Climate Change in the MENA-Region Adaptation, Mitigation,and Best Practices International Conference April 28-29, 2011 in Berlin, Germany POSSIBILITIES OF RESTORING THE IRAQI MARSHES KNOWN AS THE GARDEN OF EDEN N. Al-Ansari and S. Knutsson Dept. Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, Lulea University, Sweden Abstract The Iraqi marsh lands, which are known as the Garden of Eden, cover an area about 15000- 20000 sq. km in the lower part of the Mesopotamian basin where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers flow. The marshes lie on a gently sloping plan which causes the two rivers to meander and split in branches forming the marshes and lakes. The marshes had developed after series of transgression and regression of the Gulf sea water. The marshes lie on the thick fluvial sediments carried by the rivers in the area. The area had played a prominent part in the history of man kind and was inhabited since the dawn of civilization by the Summarian more than 6000 BP. The area was considered among the largest wetlands in the world and the greatest in west Asia where it supports a diverse range of flora and fauna and human population of more than 500000 persons and is a major stopping point for migratory birds. The area was inhabited since the dawn of civilization by the Sumerians about 6000 years BP. It had been estimated that 60% of the fish consumed in Iraq comes from the marshes. In addition oil reserves had been discovered in and near the marshlands. The climate of the area is considered continental to subtropical.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapaction Powerpoint Maps - Iraq
    MapAction PowerPoint Maps - Iraq Introduction The aim of this PowerPoint pack to provide you with some simple maps so that you can add your own data and information to them and use in presentations or reports. The maps are saved to the background so that your write or draw over them without touching the map itself. The PowerPoint pack provides all the tools that you would need to produce including symbols, callout boxes, legends and labels. All you need to do is copy and paste. How to guide Select the map you want to use. Add your data In the Labels and Symbology section there are ready made symbols, labels and callout boxes that can be cut and pasted onto your map. With the callout boxes, double click on them and begin typing your information. Contents Introduction and How to guide Country Map Northern Iraq Admin 1 Maps – White Admin 1 Maps – Colour Admin 1 Maps - Editable Labels and Symbology Logos Weblinks Data Collection MapAction User Guide Country Map Showing Country boundary and Department boundaries There are two types of country map: • Simple Country Reference Map – Copy and paste labels to map • Advance Country Reference Map – Admin boundaries colours can be changed. Select admin area, Right Click>>Format Shape>>Fill Contents Reference map of Iraq Reference map of Iraq This map is editable TURKEY DAHUK Dahuk Mosul Erbil ERBIL NINEWA Sulaymaniyah Kirkuk KIRKUK SULAYMANIYAH SYRIA SALAH AL-DIN Samarra DIYALA IRAN Ba`aqubah Ramadi Baghdad BAGHDAD ANBAR JORDAN Kerbala WASSIT Kut KERBALA Hilla Najaf Diwaniya MISSAN QADISSIYA Amarah
    [Show full text]
  • BASRA : ITS HISTORY, CULTURE and HERITAGE Basra Its History, Culture and Heritage
    BASRA : ITS HISTORY, CULTURE AND HERITAGE CULTURE : ITS HISTORY, BASRA ITS HISTORY, CULTURE AND HERITAGE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE CELEBRATING THE OPENING OF THE BASRAH MUSEUM, SEPTEMBER 28–29, 2016 Edited by Paul Collins Edited by Paul Collins BASRA ITS HISTORY, CULTURE AND HERITAGE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE CELEBRATING THE OPENING OF THE BASRAH MUSEUM, SEPTEMBER 28–29, 2016 Edited by Paul Collins © BRITISH INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF IRAQ 2019 ISBN 978-0-903472-36-4 Typeset and printed in the United Kingdom by Henry Ling Limited, at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, DT1 1HD CONTENTS Figures...................................................................................................................................v Contributors ........................................................................................................................vii Introduction ELEANOR ROBSON .......................................................................................................1 The Mesopotamian Marshlands (Al-Ahwār) in the Past and Today FRANCO D’AGOSTINO AND LICIA ROMANO ...................................................................7 From Basra to Cambridge and Back NAWRAST SABAH AND KELCY DAVENPORT ..................................................................13 A Reserve of Freedom: Remarks on the Time Visualisation for the Historical Maps ALEXEI JANKOWSKI ...................................................................................................19 The Pallakottas Canal, the Sealand, and Alexander STEPHANIE
    [Show full text]
  • The Extent and Geographic Distribution of Chronic Poverty in Iraq's Center
    The extent and geographic distribution of chronic poverty in Iraq’s Center/South Region By : Tarek El-Guindi Hazem Al Mahdy John McHarris United Nations World Food Programme May 2003 Table of Contents Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................1 Background:.........................................................................................................................................3 What was being evaluated? .............................................................................................................3 Who were the key informants?........................................................................................................3 How were the interviews conducted?..............................................................................................3 Main Findings......................................................................................................................................4 The extent of chronic poverty..........................................................................................................4 The regional and geographic distribution of chronic poverty .........................................................5 How might baseline chronic poverty data support current Assessment and planning activities?...8 Baseline chronic poverty data and targeting assistance during the post-war period .......................9 Strengths and weaknesses of the analysis, and possible next steps:..............................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Abu Tbeirah, Nasiriyah (Southern Iraq)
    ABU TBEIRAH, NASIRIYAH (SOUTHERN IRAQ). PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE 2013 EXCAVATION CAMPAIGN Franco D’Agostino – Licia Romano – Ali Kadhem Ghanim1 (Sapienza Università di Roma- Soprintendenza di Ur-Iraq) ABSTRACT In this paper the results of the third excavation campaign in Fall 2013 at Abu Tbeirah, Nasiriyah (Southern Iraq), a site whose remains can be chronologically ascribed so far to the second half of 3rd Millennium BC, are presented. The archeological activities in the South-Eastern and North-Eastern sectors of the tell are shown, with the aim of shedding a new light on the life of a big Sumerian city located only 16 km East from the great ancient site of Ur. RIASSUNTO In questo lavoro sono presentati i risultati della terza campagna di scavo dell’autunno 2013 ad Abu Tbeirah, Nasiriyah (Iraq meridionale), un sito i cui ritrovamenti possono essere attribuiti cronologicamente alla seconda metà del 3 ° millennio a.C. Sono presentate le attività archeologiche nel settore sud-orientale e nord- orientale del tell, che possono gettare una nuova luce sulla vita di una grande città sumera situata a soli 16 km a est del grande sito di Ur (Tell al-Muqayyar). KEYWORDS Southern Iraq, Southern Mesopotamia, Abu Tbeirah, Early Dynastic, Akkad. PAROLE CHIAVE Iraq meridionale, Mesopotamia meridionale, Abu Tbeirah, Proto-dinastico, Accadico. 0. Foreword Since five years now we are active, with our archaeological mission at Abu Tbeirah, in southern Iraq, in an area that has not seen for many decades archaeological and scientific activities; we proudly recall here that we were the first to come back and resume these activities in the south after the fall of the former regime.
    [Show full text]
  • DATA COLLECTION SURVEY on WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT and AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION in the REPUBLIC of IRAQ FINAL REPORT April 2016 the REPUBLIC of IRAQ
    DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQ FINAL REPORT April 2016 REPORT IRAQ FINAL THE REPUBLIC OF IN IRRIGATION AGRICULTURE AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT WATER ON COLLECTION SURVEY DATA THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQ DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQ FINAL REPORT April 2016 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) NTC International Co., Ltd. 7R JR 16-008 英文 118331.402802.28.4.14 作業；藤川 Directorate Map Dohuk N Albil Nineveh Kiekuk As-Sulaymaniyyah Salah ad-Din Tigris river Euphrates river Bagdad Diyala Al-Anbar Babil Wasit Karbala Misan Al-Qadisiyan Al-Najaf Dhi Qar Al-Basrah Al-Muthanna Legend Irrigation Area International boundary Governorate boundary River Location Map of Irrigation Areas ( ii ) Photographs Kick-off meeting with MoWR officials at the conference Explanation to D.G. Directorate of Legal and Contracts of room of MoWR MoWR on the project formulation (Conference room at Both parties exchange observations of Inception report. MoWR) Kick-off meeting with MoA officials at the office of MoA Meeting with MoP at office of D.G. Planning Both parties exchange observations of Inception report. Both parties discussed about project formulation Courtesy call to the Minister of MoA Meeting with representatives of WUA assisted by the JICA JICA side explained the progress of the irrigation sector loan technical cooperation project Phase 1. and further project formulation process. (Conference room of MoWR) ( iii ) Office of AL-Zaidiya WUA AL-Zaidiya WUA office Site field work to investigate WUA activities during the JICA team conducted hearing investigation on water second field survey (Dhi-Qar District） management, farming practice of WUA (Dhi-Qar District) Piet Ghzayel WUA Piet Ghzayel WUA Photo shows the eastern portion of the farmland.
    [Show full text]
  • Poverty Rates
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Mapping Poverty inIraq Mapping Poverty Where are Iraq’s Poor: Poor: Iraq’s are Where Acknowledgements This work was led by Tara Vishwanath (Lead Economist, GPVDR) with a core team comprising Dhiraj Sharma (ETC, GPVDR), Nandini Krishnan (Senior Economist, GPVDR), and Brian Blankespoor (Environment Specialist, DECCT). We are grateful to Dr. Mehdi Al-Alak (Chair of the Poverty Reduction Strategy High Committee and Deputy Minister of Planning), Ms. Najla Ali Murad (Executive General Manager of the Poverty Reduction Strategy), Mr. Serwan Mohamed (Director, KRSO), and Mr. Qusay Raoof Abdulfatah (Liv- ing Conditions Statistics Director, CSO) for their commitment and dedication to the project. We also acknowledge the contribution on the draft report of the members of Poverty Technical High Committee of the Government of Iraq, representatives from academic institutions, the Ministry of Planning, Education and Social Affairs, and colleagues from the Central Statistics Office and the Kurdistan Region Statistics during the Beirut workshop in October 2014. We are thankful to our peer reviewers - Kenneth Simler (Senior Economist, GPVDR) and Nobuo Yoshida (Senior Economist, GPVDR) – for their valuable comments. Finally, we acknowledge the support of TACBF Trust Fund for financing a significant part of the work and the support and encouragement of Ferid Belhaj (Country Director, MNC02), Robert Bou Jaoude (Country Manager, MNCIQ), and Pilar
    [Show full text]