Die Rol Van Neëntiende-Eeuse Fotografie in Eietydse Bewaring: William Roe En Graaff-Reinet

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Die Rol Van Neëntiende-Eeuse Fotografie in Eietydse Bewaring: William Roe En Graaff-Reinet i Die rol van neëntiende-eeuse fotografie in eietydse bewaring: William Roe en Graaff-Reinet Johanna Francina Malherbe Proefskrif ingelewer vir die graad Doktor in Wysbegeerte in die Fakulteit Lettere en Sosiale Wetenskappe aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch Promotor: Prof M Burden Desember 2014 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za ii VERKLARING Deur hierdie proefskrif elektronies in te lewer, verklaar ek dat die geheel van die werk hierin vervat, my eie, oorspronklike werk is, dat ek die alleenouteur daarvan is (behalwe in die mate uitdruklik anders aangedui), dat reproduksie en publikasie daarvan deur die Universiteit van Stellenbosch nie derdepartyregte sal skend nie en dat ek dit nie vantevore, in die geheel of gedeeltelik, ter verkryging van enige kwalifikasie aangebied het nie. JOHANNA FRANCINA MALHERBE (néé DE KLERK) Handtekening: ………………………………………… Datum: …………………………………………………. Kopiereg © 2014 Universiteit van Stellenbosch Alle regte voorbehou Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za iii OPSOMMING Hierdie studie het ten doel om die rol wat 19de-eeuse fotografie kan vervul in die rekonstruksie van ’n era en in die bewaring van kultuurgoedere vir die 21ste eeu, aan te spreek. Die fotoversameling van William Roe van Graaff-Reinet word as voorbeeld gebruik. Die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van Graaff-Reinet word as agtergrond behandel en belangrike gebeurtenisse soos onder meer Die Groot Trek, die koms van die spoorlyn, die Anglo- Boereoorlog, die Eerste Wêreldoorlog en die Groot Griep word uitgewys. Aspekte soos opvoeding, kerke, die biblioteek en hospitaal is aanvullend bestudeer om ’n volledige beeld van Graaff-Reinet daar te stel. ’n Oorsig oor die ontwikkeling van fotografie dek verskeie vroeë fotoprosesse soos die daguerreoproses, Talbot se papiernegatief, die calotipe-fotoproses en die gewilde carte-de- visite-foto's. Fotografie in Suid-Afrika word bespreek met spesifieke verwysing na die eerste fotograwe wat in die land werksaam was. Daar word verwys na die invloed wat belangrike gebeurtenisse soos die ontdekking van diamante en goud, asook die Anglo-Boereoorlog, op fotografie in Suid-Afrika gehad het. Die ondersoek na William Roe as mens sowel as sy nalatenskap as fotograaf vorm ’n belangrike onderdeel van die studie. Die Victoriaanse era word bespreek aangesien dit die tydperk was waarin Roe geleef en gewerk het, en dus ’n vormende invloed op sy werk gehad het. ’n Oorsig oor die Victoriaanse era in Engeland word gevolg deur ’n beskouing van dié era in Suid-Afrika. Die stormloop na die diamantvelde, taalkwessies en heersende modeneigings word uitgewys. Baie van die modeneigings word tydens die ontleding van die kultuurverskynsels op die Roe-foto’s opgemerk en bespreek. Die foto’s vir die ontleding van kultuurverskynsels is in kategorieë ingedeel. Die argitektuur en historiese agtergrond van kerke en openbare geboue word bespreek. Straat- en dorpsbeelde dui die ontwikkeling van en bedrywighede op die dorp aan. Kleredragfoto’s bied ’n rekonstruksie van die modes van die Victoriaanse era terwyl die foto’s van openbare geleenthede soos sportbyeenkomste, feesvieringe, toneelopvoerings asook ’n samekoms tydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog die sosiale lewe van die inwoners van die dorp aandui. Die rol van die menslike geheue in kultuurgeskiedskrywing word vergelyk met die rol van foto’s as “geheue”. Terselfdertyd word die vermoë van foto’s om nie net fisiese kultuur te weerspieël nie, maar ook abstrakte konsepte te verteenwoordig, behandel. Die aanwending van hierdie eienskappe van fotografie in kultuurbewaring is ’n uitdaging vir bewaringskundiges van die 21ste eeu. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za iv ABSTRACT This study aims to understand the role that 19th century photography can play in the reconstruction of an era and in the conservation of cultural heritage in the 21st century. The photo collection of William Roe, a photographer from Graaff-Reinet, is used as an example. The origin and development of Graaff-Reinet is used as background information and major events such as the Great Trek, the arrival of the railway, the Anglo-Boer War, the First World War and the Great Flu are touched upon. Aspects such as education, churches, the library and the hospital in Graaff-Reinet complement the study. An overview of the development of photography covers several early photo-making processes. These include the daguerreotype process, Talbot's paper negative process, collotype and the popular carte de visite photographs. Photography specifically in South Africa is also conferred, with particular reference to the first photographers working in the country. Reference is made to the important influences major events like the discovery of diamonds and gold as well as the Anglo-Boer War had on photography. The discussion of William Roe as human being and his legacy as a photographer forms an integral part of the study. The Victorian period is discussed since this was the period in which Roe worked and lived. It had a formative influence on his workmanship. An overview of the Victorian period in England is followed by specific focus on South Africa during this time. The rush to the diamond fields, issues with language and the trends of the times are pointed out. Many of these trends are specifically indicated and discussed as they appear in Roe’s photos. The photos have been categorized to clarify analysis of the different cultural phenomena. The architecture and historical background of Graaff-Reinet’s churches and public buildings are discussed. Streetscapes and images of the town as a whole show the development and daily activities that took place. Photos of clothing represent a reconstruction of the fashions of the concurrent Victorian era and those of public events such as sporting events, celebrations, plays and a gathering during the Anglo-Boer War, display the social life of the community. The role of human memory in the writing of cultural history is compared with the “memory” role of photographs. At the same time the ability of photographs to reflect not only physical culture, but also abstract concepts, receives attention. The use of these abilities of photography in the preservation of culture is a challenge for conservationists of the 21th century. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za v DANKBETUIGINGS Graag wil ek my opregte dank uitspreek teenoor: Prof Matilda Burden vir haar volgehoue leiding, geduld en insette Johan, en my kinders; in die besonder baie dankie aan Petrus vir sy geduld en hulp Spesiale vriende en familie vir julle aanmoediging, ondersteuning en hulp Die personeel van die Graaff-Reinet Museum en in die besonder Anziska Kayster en Denise van Wyk Carol Hardijzer wat as kenner oor fotografie positiewe insette en deurlopende aanmoediging verleen het Die hele gemeenskap van Graaff-Reinet wat moeiteloos ondersteuning en hulp verleen het. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za vi INHOUDSOPGAWE BLADSY INLEIDING 1 HOOFSTUK 1: KONSEPTUALISERING, METODOLOGIE EN LITERATUURSTUDIE 7 1.1 Inleiding 7 1.2 Konseptualisering: 7 1.2.1 Kultuur 7 1.2.2 Kultuurgeskiedenis 14 1.2.3 Kultuurlandskappe 15 1.2.4 Erfenisbewaring 16 1.3 Metodologie 18 1.4 Bronnestudie 33 1.4.1 Literatuur 33 1.4.1.1 Literatuur oor Graaff-Reinet 33 1.4.1.2 Literatuur oor fotografie 35 1.4.1.3 Literatuur oor Suid-Afrikaanse fotografie 36 1.4.1.4 Literatuur oor konsepte en teorieë 38 1.4.1.5 Literatuur oor Victoriaanse era 40 1.4.2 Verslae en manuskripte 43 1.4.3 Argivale bronne 44 1.4.4 Ter plaatse ondersoeke 44 1.4.5 Mondelinge bronne 44 HOOFSTUK 2: GRAAFF-REINET: HISTORIESE AGTERGROND 46 2.1 Inleiding 46 2.2 Stigting van Graaff-Reinet 46 2.3 Die Stockenströmperiode, 1806-1827 48 2.4 Die Groot Trek 50 2.5 Immigrante na Graaff-Reinet 52 2.6 Boerdery en ekonomiese depressie 54 2.7 Vervoer: Die Middellandse treindiens na Graaff-Reinet 56 2.8 Opvoeding 58 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za vii 2.9 Geskiedenis van kerke in Graaff-Reinet 59 2.9.1 Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk 59 2.9.2 Anglikaanse Kerk 62 2.9.3 Die Metodiste Kerk 63 2.9.4 Die Rooms-Katolieke Kerk 63 2.9.5 Die Joodse gemeente 64 2.9.6 Die Pastoriestraat Congregational Kerk 64 2.9.7 Die NG Sendingkerk 65 2.9.8 Die Vrye Protestante Kerk 66 2.10 Die pers 66 2.11 Die biblioteek 68 2.12 Die Middellandse Hospitaal 68 2.13 Die Waterskema 70 2.14 Die Anglo-Boereoorlog 71 2.15 Die tydperk na die Anglo-Boereoorlog 74 2.16 Die Eerste Wêreldoorlog 75 2.17 Die Groot Griep 78 2.18 Die 20ste eeu 81 2.19 Slot 84 HOOFSTUK 3: DIE ONTWIKKELING VAN FOTOGRAFIE EN WILLIAM ROE 85 3 3.1 Inleiding 85 3.2 ’n Oorsig oor die ontwikkeling van fotografie 86 3.2.1 Vroeë eksperimente 86 3.2.2 Daguerre en die daguerreoproses 88 3.2.3 Talbot en die papiernegatief 89 3.2.4 Amerika en die calotipe-fotoproses 90 3.2.5 Hill, Adamson en calotipe-fotografie in Skotland 92 3.2.6 Die calotipe-fotoproses in Frankryk 92 3.2.7 Die ontwikkeling van die natplaat-kollodionfotoproses 93 3.2.8 Die ambro-fotoproses 95 3.2.9 Carte-de-visite-foto’s 96 3.2.10 Die droëplaat-gelatienproses 98 3.2.11 Die koms van permanente foto’s 99 3.3 Fotografie in Suid-Afrika 102 3.3.1 Inleiding 102 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za viii 3.3.2 Jules Léger 103 3.3.3 Fotograwe in Kaapstad 103 3.3.4 Carte-de-visite in Suid-Afrika 105 3.3.5 Die invloed van die ontdekking van diamante en goud in Suid- Afrika op fotografie 108 3.3.6 Fotografie tydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog 110 3.3.7 Fotoversamelings in Suid-Afrika 112 3.4 Die nalatenskap van William Roe 115 3.4.1 William Roe, die
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