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The Civil War Defenses of Washington

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The Civil War Defenses of Washington A Historic Resources Study: The Civil War Defenses of Washington Part I -- ---------------- A Historic Resources Study: The Civil War Defenses of Washington Part I United States Department of Interior National Park Service National Capital Region Washington, DC Contract No. 144CX300096053 Modification # 1 Prepared by CEHP, ·Incorporated Chevy Chase, Maryland ror sale by the Superintendent of Documelll •• U.S. Governmenl Printing Office !tHernel: bookslorc.gpo.gov Phone: loll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-180n Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: SlOP SSOP. Washington. DC 20402·0001 ISBN 0-16-072708-1 A Historic Resources Study: The Civil War Defenses of Washington Part I Table of Contents Chapter I. An Introduction to the Civil War Defenses of Washington Chapter II. Pre-Civil War Defenses Chapter III. The Land and the Owners Chapter IV. The Civil War Years Chapter V. The Fortification System Chapter VI. Maintenance of the Defenses Chapter VII. Jubal Early's Raid/ The Battle of Fort Stevens Selected Photographs and Illustrations Appendices ·to * Appendices are under separate cover ----- Chapter I An Introduction to the Civil War Defenses of Washington -------- Civil War Defenses of Washington Historic Resources Study Pan I-I CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION TO THE CIVil WAR DEFENSES OF WASHINGTON The Historic Resources Study of the Civil War Defenses of Washington was completed for the Capitol Region of the National Park Service to serve a variety of purposes. 1. To provide a narrative overview and analytical history of the parks. 2. To comprehensively document the history of the Civil War Defenses of Washington and its features. 3. To provide a historical framework for future preservation efforts. 4. To assist management in identifying the scope and variety of historic resources in the parks. 5. To provide historical information to improve and enhance interpretation of the parks and historic resources. 6. To assist the National Park Service in developing a Statement for Management! Manage­ ment Plan for the related parks by providing a historical basis for future planning. This Historic Resources Study, has, therefore, accomplished the objectives detailed above through extensive research in libraries, archives and manuscript repositories. The narrative his­ tory and accompanying historical analysis provides the most comprehensive study of the Civil War Defenses of Washington ever undertaken. Previously little researched subjects such as non­ federal owned sites related to Battle of Fort Stevens, logistics, roads, day to day activities within the forts, relationship of minorities, pre-Civil War background, the "Fort Drive," and the post­ Civil War history of the fortifications receive appropriate attention. In addition, all research notes, numerous related illustrations and some documents have been transferred to a CD, which was submitted with the study and provides additional information for future requirements. This historic resources study addresses many subjects. Previously, subjects such as the post­ war history of the Defenses of Washington up to the 1960s; the "Fort Drive ," the post-Civil War use of the defenses by the U.S. Military, the role of minorities with the Defenses of Washington, day to day activities within the forts, logistics, roads, and the pre-Civil War Defenses of Washing­ ton, were only sparsely researched and documented. Other important subjects such as the his­ tory of the fort parks receive the attention they deserve. Much of the information pertaining to the Defenses of Washington in the post-Civil War period up to the 1960s and the "Fort Drive" was unknown before. Some very interesting docu­ ments, for that period, were discovered in the National Archives, such as: T.S. Settle, "Legal Authority for Acquisition of Land and Construction of the Fort to Fort Drive, in the District of Columbia," November 14-15, 1940; T.e. Jeffers, "A Brief History ofThe Fort Drive - Evolution oflts Concept and Function," March 17, 1947; and T.e. Jeffers, "The Fort Drive, A Chronological His- --------------- --- Civil War Defenses of Washington Page 2 Historic Resources Study Part I-I tory of the More Important Actions and Events Relating Thereto," February 7, 1947; all from the National Archives and "justification: The Fort Drive - Washington, D.C., " from Archives of the District of Columbia. In addition, research uncovered the fact that the "Fort Drive" was suggested much earlier than many thought, at least as early as 1872. The use, or non-use, of the fortifications by the United States military forces is much better known, now. Surprisingly, the former fortifications of the Defenses of Washington experienced little military use in later years, even during other wars. But, of course, a few, such as forts Whipple, Greble, Reno and Foote witnessed a great deal of military use. A great deal of new information pertaining to the relationship of minorities to the Defenses of Washington was discovered. The role of U.S. Colored Troops in the construction and defense of the fortifications is better understood. In addition, much new information is available on the work of Freedmen and women in the Defenses of Washington. Finally, the association of African-Ameri­ cans with the former fortifications after the Civil War is now better known. Much more information relating to day-to-day construction and maintenance activity within the Defenses of Washington during the Civil War was uncovered. Questions such as who actually worked on the construction and maintenance of the fortifications, who supervised the work, and what was the value of the fortifications now have answers. Now, there are documents and infor­ mation to backup General john G. Bernard's 1871 report on the Defenses of Washington. One chapter addresses Early's Raid on Washington/Battle of Fort Stevens and the existing, associated, historically significant sites with integrity. Suggestions on how to interpret the event are also provided within the chapter. If only the U. S. Government had acquired Fort Stevens when some individuals and organizations had suggested, we wouldn't have many questions about how to interpret the event. Other subjects that previously received little attention are the logistics involved in the mili­ tary defense of Washington, D.C. and the roads used, constructed and maintained by the U.S. Army within and around the Defenses of Washington. These aspects of the defenses still affect the area in some ways today. No doubt, they will also influence the future of the Nation's capital! Although some research and writing had addressed aspects of the pre-Civil War defenses of Washington, D.C., this is the first time that the whole subject has been addressed in one place. The chapter begins with the early defenses of the Washington Navy Yard and Greenleaf Point and the military reservations set aside within the city. The erection of the fort at jones Point in Alexandra, its demise, and the construction of Fort Warburton, across the Potomac River, is cov­ ered next. The defenses of Washington, both permanent and temporary receive attention. Fi­ nally, the planning, erection, maintenance and alterations of Fort Washington, the one river de­ fense of the capital, in the period following the War of 1812, takes the history up to the begin­ ning of the Civil War. Civil War Defenses of Washington Page 3 Historic Resources Study Part I-I While accomplishing the research for this study, the author visited numerous libraries, manu­ script repositories and archives. These institutions are listed below: Libraries • Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. • Library, Archives ], National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. • Library, Archives II, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD • Library, U.S. Army Military History Research Collection, Carlisle Barracks, PA • U.S. Military Academy Library, West Point, NY • Washington, D.C. Historical Society Library; Washington, D.C. • Martin Luther King,Jr. Library, Washington, D.C. • Library in the Virginia Room, Fairfax Regional Library, Fairfax County, VA; • Library in the Arlington Room, Arlington County Library System, Arlington County, VA • Howard University Library [for theses and dissertations], Washington, D.C. • Library, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA • Alderman Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA • Architecture libraries, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA • Mckeldin Library, University of Maryland, College Park, MD • Library, Fort Ward City Park, Alexandria, VA Archives • Military Records, Archives I, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. • Legislative Records, Archives I, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. • Military Records, Archives II, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD • Still Pictures Branch, Archives II, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD • Cartographic Records, Archives II, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD • Civil Records, Archives II, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD • Archives, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, NY • District of Columbia Archives, Washington, D.C. Civil War Defenses of Washington Page 4 Historic Resources Study Part I-I Manuscript Repositories and Other Reference Collections • Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. • Maps Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. • Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington,
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