Rural Ontario Institute

September 11, 2018 Page 1 of 101 C 15 - CW Info September 11, 2018 Page 2 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

FOCUS ON RURAL ONTARIO 2017 FACT SHEET SERIES September 11, 2018 Page 3 of 101 C 15 - CW Info September 11, 2018 Page 4 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

on Rural Ontario

The Rural Ontario Institute (ROI) is a non-profit organization committed to developing leaders and facilitating collaboration on issues and opportunities facing rural and northern Ontario.

This edition of Focus on Rural Ontario Fact Sheet Series includes 30 fact sheets on various socio-economic themes, with new added features such as maps and downloadable spreadsheets which include ranked data for all census subdivisions (CSD) in the province. The following themes are included:

• Selected Demographics • Housing • Income Levels • Income Sources.

Each theme has several Fact Sheets at census division (CD) and census subdivision level of geography and downloadable data for every jurisdiction in the province.

Fact Sheets are on the Rural Ontario website at: www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/knowledge-centre/focus-on-rural-ontario

Your feedback is important to us. Please keep us posted on how you are using these Fact Sheets by emailing us at [email protected]. We look forward to hearing from you. September 11, 2018 Page 5 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

on Rural Ontario

Author Acknowledgement

Ray Bollman

Former chief of Statistics Canada Rural Research Group Former editor of the Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletins

Other Contributors

The maps were provided by the Rural Policy Branch, in the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. This information is included with the understanding that it is not guaranteed to be accurate, correct or complete and conclusions drawn from such information are the responsibility of the user.

The Rural Ontario Institute acknowledges the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food and Rural Affairs for their financial support of this project. September 11, 2018 Page 6 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Table of Contents

SELECTED DEMOGRAPHICS 1 Children under 15 by census division 3 Children under 15 by census subdivision 7 Children under 15: Change by census division 9 Children under 15: Change by census subdivision 13 Children in lone-parent families by census division 15 Children in lone-parent families by census subdivision 19 Children in lone-parent families: Change by census division 21 Children in lone-parent families: Change by census subdivision 25 Seniors 80 years and over: Change by census division 27 Seniors 80 years and over: Change by census subdivision

HOUSING 31 Dwellings needing major repairs by census division 33 Dwellings needing major repairs by census subdivision 37 Dwellings without suitable bedrooms by census division 39 Dwellings without suitable bedrooms by census subdivision 43 Dwellings needing repairs or lacking bedrooms by census division 45 Dwellings needing repairs or lacking bedrooms by census subdivision

INCOME: LEVELS 49 Average income by census division 51 Average income by census subdivision 55 Population in low income by census division 57 Population in low income by census subdivision 61 Children in low income by census division 63 Children in low income by census subdivision 67 Seniors in low income by census division 69 Seniors in low income by census subdivision

INCOME: SOURCES 73 Percent with employment income by census division 75 Percent with employment income by census subdivision 79 Percent with Employment Insurance regular benefits by census division 81 Percent with Employment Insurance regular benefits by census subdivision 85 Percent with Social Assistance by census division 87 Percent with Social Assistance by census subdivision

91 Expanded Excel Tables September 11, 2018 Page 7 of 101 C 15 - CW Info September 11, 2018 Page 8 of 101 C 15 - CW Info on Rural Ontario

i Children under 15 years by census division Vol. 5, No. 1, 2018

Highlights • Census divisions within each type of geographic group (metro, partially non-metro and non- metro census divisions) show a range above and below the provincial average in terms of the proportion of children in the population. • While non-metro census divisions in 2016 have a wide range in the share of the population that was under 15 years of age, there are more below the provincial average than above. • Among non-metro census divisions, the range from top to bottom is wider than in any other type of geography – ranging from a low of 9.5% in the Haliburton census division to a high of 22% in the Kenora census division.

Why look at children under 15 years? share were: Haliburton (9.5%), Prince Edward Demography matters. Demographic patterns drive (11.6%) and Muskoka (12.6%). the demand for both physical infrastructure and social programs and services. Areas with a greater Discussion population in a given age group should focus their The wide range in the share of this demographic age attention on the infrastructure and program needs for group (i.e., the population under 15 years of age) these age groups. For example, children generate a implies that a differing share of the local requirement for physical infrastructure such as infrastructure budget would be focussed on children, schools and sports facilities and a requirement for both the expenditure for physical infrastructure and social investment in programs and services by investment, time and energy for social services and professionals such as teachers, pediatricians and programs for children. It also indicates, for example, sports coaches. why Ontario school boards in many rural regions are closing primary schools and consolidating high Findings schools. Overall, in Ontario in 2016, 16.4% of the population was under 15 years of age (see orange line in Figure An accompanying Fact Sheet1 shows the wider 1). variation in this demographic structure across census subdivisions within non-metro CDs. Among non-metro census divisions (CDs)1, there was a wide range in the intensity or share of the population that were children under 15 years of age.

In 7 of 24 non-metro CDs, the share of the population under 15 years of age was at or above the Ontario average of 16.4%. The Kenora CD had the highest share of their population under 15 years of age (22% in 2016).

The remaining 17 non-metro CDs had less than the Ontario average (16.4%) of their population under the age of 15 years. The three CDs with the lowest

1 Defined in “Rural Ontario’s Demography: Census Update 2016.” Focus on Rural Ontario (Guelph: Rural Ontario Institute, March) (http://www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/focus-on-rural-ontario.aspx).

1 Focus on Rural Ontario | Children under 15 years by CD September 11, 2018 Page 9 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Figure 1 Ranking of census divisions by percent of population under 15 years of age, Ontario, 2016

ONTARIO AVERAGE Halton Peel York Brant Ottawa Hamilton M etro Greater Sudbury CDs Toronto Elgin Dufferin Durham Waterloo Wellington Prescott & Russell Essex Simcoe Middlesex Partially Hastings -non- Lennox & Addington metro Thunder Bay Niagara CDs Frontenac Peterborough Leeds & Grenville Sudbury Kenora Perth Oxford Rainy River Cochrane Huron Chatham-Kent Renfrew Manitoulin Haldimand-Norfolk Bruce Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry Lambton Timiskaming Lanark Non- Nipissing metro Grey CDs Algoma Northumberland Kawartha Lakes Parry Sound Muskoka Prince Edward Haliburton 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Percent of population under 15 years of age, 2016

Chart by Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016004. [email protected]

Rural Ontario Institute gratefully acknowledges the work of Ray Bollman in preparing this edition of Focus on Rural Ontario. Questions on data sources can be directed to [email protected]. Any comments or discussions can be directed to [email protected].

i This is a companion to the Focus on Rural Ontario Fact Sheet entitled “Children under 15 years by census subdivision.”

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Children under 15 years: Numbers by census subdivisioni Vol 5, No. 2, 2018

Highlights • In 2016, among census subdivisions (CSDs) within non-metro census divisions (CDs), the number of children under 15 years of age, as a percent of the total population, ranged from 2.9% to 42.1%. • Compared to the distribution of CSDs in partially-non-metro or metro CDs, there is a wider distribution of CSDs in non-metro CDs in terms of the percent of the population that are children (i.e., relatively more CSDs have a high share of children and relatively more CSDs have a low share of children).

Why look at children under 15 years? CDs, there are more CSDs within non-metro CDs Demographic structure drives the demand for both with a few children and more CSDs with many physical and social infrastructure. The number of children (Table 2). In 2016, 17% of the CSDs had a children implies the need for specific infrastructure population with fewer than 12% being children (under (such as schools and sports facilities) and social 15 years) and 31% of the CSDs had over 20% of programming and services (such as those provided their population being children. by teachers, pediatricians and sports coaches). Discussion Findings A wide range in the share of children in the Table 1 displays the top 5 and bottom 5 census population of a community means there is a wide subdivisions1 (CSDs) in the metro and partially-non- range in the demand for infrastructure and social metro geography categories as sorted by percent of programming needed for children. population that is children. It also shows the top 10 and bottom 10 CSDs within non-metro Ontario. The Notably, some of the communities with an extreme ranking is in the first column and the percent is in the (large or small) percent of children are, in fact, small last column. in absolute population. Most are northern communities. This helps in understanding how the There is a wide range in the share of the population planning for services in such relatively isolated under 15 years of age across CSDs in Ontario (Table places poses some challenges, such as teacher 1 and the Map). recruitment for Indigenous communities.

In 2016, among the CSDs within non-metro census divisions (CDs), 10 of 324 CSDs had more than 36% of their population being under 15 years of age. Note that 9 of these 10 CSDs were located in the Kenora CD (Table 1).

Note also there are 10 CSDs in non-metro CDs with 7.1% or less of their population under 15 years of age.

Compared to CSDs in metro and partially-non-metro

1 A census subdivision is an incorporated town or municipality (or similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve). For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census- recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm).

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Table 1. Ranking of census subdivisions1 by percent of population that is under 15 years of age, Ontario, 2016 Rank of Name of Population Percent CSDs CD census CSD ID Name of census subdivision1 (CSD) under 15 under 15 within each ID Population type of CD division (CD) years years Census subdivisions within metro census divisions (showing2 the 5 highest and the 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3524 Halton 3524009 Milton 110,128 28,405 25.8 2 3553 Greater Sudbury 3553040 Wahnapitei 11 116 25 21.7 3 3519 York 3519044 Whitchurch-Stouffville 45,837 9,315 20.3 4 3521 Peel 3521010 Brampton 593,638 120,240 20.3 5 3524 Halton 3524001 Oakville 193,832 36,710 18.9

20 3506 Ottawa 3506008 Ottawa 934,243 155,680 16.7 21 3519 York 3519070 Georgina 45,418 7,500 16.5 22 3525 Hamilton 3525005 Hamilton 536,917 87,115 16.2 23 3553 Greater Sudbury 3553005 Greater Sudbury 161,531 25,070 15.5 24 3520 Toronto 3520005 Toronto 2,731,571 398,135 14.6 Census subdivisions within partially-non-metro census divisions (show ing2 the 5 highest and the 5 low est ranking CSDs) 1 3558 Thunder Bay 3558085 Osnaburgh 63A 232 95 41.3 2 3558 Thunder Bay 3558080 Ojibway Nation of Saugeen (Savant Lake) 90 35 38.9 3 3558 Thunder Bay 3558076 Aroland 83 366 125 34.2 4 3558 Thunder Bay 3558060 Pic Mobert North 197 65 32.5 5 3558 Thunder Bay 3558068 Long Lake 58 385 125 32.5

185 3515 Peterborough 3515044 Trent Lakes 5,397 510 9.5 186 3512 Hastings 3512048 Tudor and Cashel 586 55 9.3 187 3552 Sudbury 3552036 Killarney 386 35 9.0 188 3552 Sudbury 3552093 Sudbury, Unorganized, North Part 2,755 245 8.9 189 3537 Essex 3537001 Pelee 235 20 8.5 Census subdivisions within non-metro census divisions (show ing2 the 10 highest and the 10 low est ranking CSDs) 1 3560 Kenora 3560067 Poplar Hill 473 200 42.1 2 3560 Kenora 3560088 Wapekeka 2 440 180 40.9 3 3560 Kenora 3560055 Osnaburgh 63B 435 170 39.1 4 3560 Kenora 3560053 Fort Hope 64 1,014 390 38.4 5 3560 Kenora 3560104 Kee-Way-Win 421 160 38.1 6 3560 Kenora 3560052 Marten Falls 65 252 95 38.0 7 3560 Kenora 3560076 Sachigo Lake 1 514 195 37.9 8 3560 Kenora 3560050 Fort Albany (Part) 67 1,404 530 37.7 9 3560 Kenora 3560070 Deer Lake 867 325 37.4 10 3551 Manitoulin 3551100 Zhiibaahaasing 19A (Cockburn Island 19A 55 20 36.4

315 3554 Timiskaming 3554066 Gauthier 138 10 7.1 316 3546 Haliburton 3546018 Algonquin Highlands 2,351 165 7.0 317 3557 Algoma 3557040 The North Shore 497 35 7.0 318 3549 Parry Sound 3549096 Parry Sound, Unorganized, Centre Part 2,143 145 6.8 319 3554 Timiskaming 3554056 Matachewan 225 15 6.7 320 3549 Parry Sound 3549005 The Archipelago 531 35 6.6 321 3549 Parry Sound 3549039 Whitestone 916 60 6.6 322 3547 Renfrew 3547098 Head, Clara and Maria 248 15 6.0 323 3557 Algoma 3557001 Jocelyn 313 15 4.8 324 3551 Manitoulin 3551094 Manitoulin, Unorganized, West Part 169 5 2.9 1. A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated tow n or municipality or a similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve (using the CSD names in the Statistics Canada dataset). 2. For the ranking of all CSDs, see the "Expanded Table 1" at http://w w w .ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/f ocus-on-rural-ontario. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016004

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Table 2. Percent distribution of census subdivisions1 by percent of total population that is less than 15 years of age, Ontario, 2016 Type of census division (CD ) Population under 15 years Metro Partially-non- Non-metro All CDs as a percent of CDs metro CDs CDs

total population 1 Percent distribution of census subdivisions Less than 12% 0 10 17 14 12% to 16.3% 13 49 35 39 16.4% to 19.9% 71 29 16 23 20% and over 17 12 31 24 All CSDs 1 100 100 100 100 1. Census subdivisions (CSDs) are incorporated tow ns, municipalities or similar jurisdictions, such as Indian Reserves. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400- X2016004.

i This is a companion to the Focus on Rural Ontario Fact Sheet entitled “Children under 15 years by census division.”

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Children under 15 years: Change by census divisioni Vol. 5, No. 3, 2018

Highlights • From 2011 to 2016, seven non-metro census divisions reported an increase in the number of children under 15 years of age. • The fastest increase (8.3%) was in the Bruce census division during this time period. • On the other hand, 17 non-metro census divisions had a decrease in the number of children under 15 years of age from 2011 to 2016. • The fastest decrease (-6.8%) was in the Prince Edward census division.

Why look at children under 15 years? Discussion Demographic change drives a change in demand for The wide range in the pace of change across non- both physical infrastructure and social programs. A metro CDs in the number of children under 15 years change in the number of children could require a of age implies a wide range in the pace of the change in physical infrastructure (such as schools needed adjustments to both physical infrastructure and sports facilities) and a change in social and social program investment to adjust to this programming and services (such as teachers, demographic change. pediatricians and music/drama instructors). Some non-metro census divisions are facing a Findings demand to expand the physical and social Overall, in Ontario from 2010 to 2016 the number of infrastructure needed by children, while other areas children under 15 years of age increased by 1.2% could be facing a need to downsize their (see the orange line in Figure 1). infrastructure.

Among non-metro census divisions (CDs)1, there was a wide range in the change of the number of children under 15 years of age.

Seven of 24 non-metro CDs had an increase in the number of children, with the largest increase (8.3%) taking place in the Bruce CD.

The remaining 17 non-metro CDs reported a decline in the number of children under 15 years of age. Four CDs reported a decline of more than 4% from 2011 to 2016 (Rainy River, Haliburton, Chatham-Kent and Prince Edward). The 5-year decline in the Prince Edward CD was -6.8%.

1 Defined in “Rural Ontario’s Demography: Census Update 2016.” Focus on Rural Ontario

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Figure 1 Ranking of census divisions by PERCENT CHANGE in the number ofchildren under 15 years of age, Ontario, 2011 to 2016

ONTARIO AVERAGE Halton Ottawa Brant York Hamilton Greater Sudbury M etro Peel Toronto CDs Dufferin Prescott & Russell Simcoe Middlesex Peterborough Wellington Durham Waterloo Partialy- Niagara non- Elgin Hastings metro Lennox & Addington CDs Frontenac Thunder Bay Sudbury Essex Leeds & Grenville Bruce Renfrew Lanark Oxford Perth Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry Haldimand-Norfolk Grey Huron Algoma Northumberland Timiskaming Cochrane Parry Sound Non- Lambton metro Kawartha Lakes Kenora CDs Nipissing Manitoulin Muskoka Rainy River Haliburton Chatham-Kent Prince Edward -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Percent change in population under 15 years of age, 2011 to 2016 [census subdivisions, within each census division, are excluded from the calculation of change if there was incomplete age data in 2011 or 2016] Chart by Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016004. [email protected]

i This is a companion to the Focus on Rural Ontario Fact Sheet entitled “Children under 15 years: Change by census subdivision.”

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i Children under 15 years: Change by census subdivision Vol. 5, No. 4, 2018

Highlights • From 2011 to 2016, 10 census subdivisions within non-metro census divisions had a decline of more than one-fifth in the number of children under 15 years of age. • In the same period, there were also 10 census subdivisions in non-metro census divisions with an increase of more than one-fifth in the number of children under 15 years of age.

Why look at children under 15 years? Discussion Demographic change drives a change in demand for As our youth population changes in our communities, both physical infrastructure and social programs. A it is important to recognize the need to change the change in the number of children could require a funding for some physical infrastructure and social change in physical infrastructure (such as schools programs. and sports facilities) and a change in social programming and services (such as pediatricians The changes in the number of children at the census and sports coaches). subdivision level are large:

Findings • 23% of CSDS had a decline of greater than 10%; There is a wide range in the pace of change of the number of children across census subdivisions1 • fully 40% of CSDs had a smaller rate of decline (- (CSDs) (Table 1 and the Map). 10% to 1.1%); and • 18% of CSDs had a large rate of increase (10% The rank of the CSD is shown in the far-left column or more children under 15 years of age). and the percent change is shown in the far-right column. Within non-metro census divisions (CDs), Many areas are facing a considerable change in the we show the top 10 ranking CSDs and the bottom 10 need for (physical and social) infrastructure for ranking CSDs. Within each of metro and partially- children. non-metro CDs, we show the top 5 and bottom 5 ranking CSDs.

In 2016, among the CSDs within non-metro CDs, 10 CSDs had an increase of more than 21% from 2011 to 2016 (Table 1). Most are northern communities and/or Indigenous communities.

In contrast, 10 CSDs had decline of greater than 21%.

Compared to CSDs in metro and partially-non-metro CDs, there are more CSDs within non-metro CDs with substantial decline (greater than a 10% decline) and more CSDs with a faster pace of increase (10+% increase) (Table 2). The share of CSDs is 23% and 18%, respectively.

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Table 1. Ranking of census subdivisions1 by percent change in population under 15 years of age, 2011 to 2016, Ontario Rank of 2011 2016 Percent CSDs w ithin CD Name of census CSD Population Population change, Name of census subdivision1 (CSD) each CD ID division (CD) ID under 15 under 15 2011 to type years years 2016 Census subdivisions within metro census divisions (showing2 the 5 highest and 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3524 Halton 3524009 Milton 20,750 28,405 36.9 2 3519 York 3519049 King 3,420 4,440 29.8 3 3519 York 3519044 Whitchurch-Stouffville 7,275 9,315 28.0 4 3519 York 3519054 East Gw illimbury 3,775 4,115 9.0 5 3519 York 3519036 Markham 52,520 55,390 5.5

18 3519 York 3519070 Georgina 7,740 7,500 -3.1 19 3519 York 3519038 Richmond Hill 33,640 32,560 -3.2 20 3524 Halton 3524015 Halton Hills 12,055 11,430 -5.2 21 3519 York 3519046 Aurora 10,410 9,850 -5.4 22 3521 Peel 3521005 Mississauga 128,765 120,930 -6.1 Census subdivisions within partially-non-metro CDs (showing2 the 5 highest and 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3522 Dufferin 3522021 Shelburne 1,230 1,845 50.0 2 3558 Thunder Bay 3558003 Fort William 52 175 250 42.9 3 3543 Simcoe 3543014 Bradford West Gw illimbury 5,410 7,230 33.6 4 3558 Thunder Bay 3558054 Terrace Bay 190 245 28.9 5 3552 Sudbury 3552013 Markstay-Warren 330 415 25.8

161 3511 Lennox and Addington 3511035 Addington Highlands 325 270 -16.9 162 3507 Leeds & Grenville 3507008 Prescott 730 605 -17.1 163 3510 Frontenac 3510035 Central Frontenac 655 530 -19.1 164 3558 Thunder Bay 3558066 Manitouw adge 305 245 -19.7 165 3510 Frontenac 3510005 Frontenac Islands 260 205 -21.2 Census subdivisions within non-metro CDs (showing2 the 10 highest and 10 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3556 Cochrane 3556093 Fort Albany (Part) 67 165 240 45.5 2 3560 Kenora 3560088 Wapekeka 2 130 180 38.5 3 3554 Timiskaming 3554094 Timiskaming, Unorganized, West Part 355 475 33.8 4 3541 Bruce 3541057 Saugeen 29 180 235 30.6 5 3560 Kenora 3560104 Kee-Way-Win 125 160 28.0 6 3557 Algoma 3557051 Macdonald, Meredith and Aberdeen Additional 220 280 27.3 7 3557 Algoma 3557019 Plummer Additional 100 125 25.0 8 3556 Cochrane 3556056 Moonbeam 120 150 25.0 9 3560 Kenora 3560075 Kitchenuhmaykoosib Aaki 84 (Big Trout Lake) 300 370 23.3 10 3559 Rainy River 3559011 Alberton 160 195 21.9

221 3557 Algoma 3557079 Dubreuilville 140 110 -21.4 222 3544 Muskoka 3544027 Lake of Bays 365 285 -21.9 223 3557 Algoma 3557096 Hornepayne 200 155 -22.5 224 3549 Parry Sound 3549012 McMurrich/Monteith 110 85 -22.7 225 3560 Kenora 3560063 Sabaskong Bay 35D 130 100 -23.1 226 3560 Kenora 3560001 Ignace 185 140 -24.3 227 3549 Parry Sound 3549036 Carling 135 100 -25.9 228 3559 Rainy River 3559026 Manitou Rapids 11 110 80 -27.3 229 3548 Nipissing 3548001 South Algonquin 130 90 -30.8 230 3538 Lambton 3538056 Kettle Point 44 255 160 -37.3 2. Excluding census subdivisions w ith less than 75 individuals under 15 years of age in 2011 or in 2016. 3. For the ranking of all CSDs, see the "Expanded Table 1" at http://w w w .ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/focus-on-rural-ontario. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016004.

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Table 2. Percent distribution of census subdivisions1 by PERCENT CHANGE in the number of children less than 15 years of age, Ontario, 2011 to 2016 Percent Type of census division (CD) change in Metro Partially-non- Non-metro number of All CDs CDs metro CDs CDs children under 1 15 years of age Percent distribution of census subdivisions Less than -10% 4 11 23 18 -10% to 1.1% 46 49 40 44 1.2% to 9.9% 38 26 19 22 10% and over 13 14 18 16 1 All CSDs 100 100 100 100 1. Census subdivisions (CSDs) are incorporated towns, municipalities or similar jurisdictions, such as Indian Reserves. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2011 and 2016, Tables 98-311-XCB2011023 and 98-400-X2016004.

i This is a companion to the Focus on Rural Ontario Fact Sheet entitled “Children under 15: Change by census division.”

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Children in lone-parent families by census divisioni Vol. 5, No. 5, 2018

Highlights • Among census divisions (CDs) in 2016, the percent of children (under 15 years of age) residing in a lone-parent family was: o Higher than average in 4 of 8 metro CDs; o Higher than average in 11 of 17 partially non-metro CDs; and o Higher than average in 16 of 24 non-metro CDs. • There is a wide range across non-metro CDs where the highest CDs (Manitoulin, 33%; Kenora, 28%) have double the percent of children in lone-parent families compared to the lowest CD (Huron, 14%). • While many CDs with higher proportions are in southern areas, all those in the north are above average and the highest proportions are found in northern regions.

Why look at children with lone parents? There were 16 of 24 non-metro (CDs) with an above- Children living in a lone-parent family face different average share of children under 15 years who were experiences compared to children living in a two- living with a lone parent. In fact, in the Manitoulin CD, parent family. one-third of children (under 15 years of age) reside in The family life of children may have a direct impact on a lone-parent family. their health, their economic, social and emotional well- being, and on their life course in the long run. For Across non-metro CDs, there is a wide range in the example, family life during childhood may affect the long- share of children living with a lone parent. The two term relationship between children and their parents, particularly when the parents are older and need support non-metro CDs with the highest share (Manitoulin, themselves. Children living in lone-parent families or 33% and Kenora, 28%) have double the share stepfamilies may also have a greater need for some compared to the non-metro CD with the lowest share services (childcare, for example) and may be more of children residing with a lone parent (in the Huron exposed to certain situations, such as living in a low- CD,14%). income family. (Statistics Canada. (2017) Portrait of children’s family life in Canada in 2016 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-200-X201606) p.1). Higher proportions in northern CDs are due, at least in part, to the higher Indigenous population where, at Assessing the trends among children with lone the Canada level, parents will help inform planning by organizations Aboriginal children aged 14 and under were less likely that offer programs for both the parents and the than non-Aboriginal children to live with married parents, children and youth in lone-parent families. twice as likely to live with a lone parent and twice as likely to live with their grandparents. (Turner, Annie. (2017) Findings Living arrangements of Aboriginal children aged 14 and under (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Insights on Overall, in Ontario in 2016, 19% of children under 15 Canadian Society, Catalogue no. 75-006, p. 1). years of age were residing in a lone-parent family (see the orange line in Figure 1). Discussion The wide range across non-metro CDs regarding the There is a substantive variation in proportions of percent of children residing with a lone parent means children living in a lone-parent family, but this is not a there is wide range in the need for flexible education phenomenon showing distinct rural/urban patterns as 1 and employment opportunities for the parents and for each of the three categories of census divisions communities to tailor their programs to address local (CDs) show diversity, where we see some CDs needs. above and some CDs below the Ontario average.

1 Defined in “Rural Ontario’s Demography: Census Update 2016.” Focus on Rural Ontario.

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Figure 1 Ranking of census divisions by percentof children (under 15 years of age) living in a lone-parent family, Ontario, 2016

Ontario average Greater Sudbury Brant Toronto Hamilton M etro Ottawa CDs Peel York Halton Thunder Bay Hastings Niagara Peterborough Essex Frontenac Middlesex Leeds & Grenville Partially- Sudbury non- Simcoe Durham metro Lennox & Addington CDs Waterloo Prescott & Russell Elgin Dufferin Wellington Manitoulin Kenora Algoma Nipissing Cochrane Chatham-Kent Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry Lambton Rainy River Haliburton Timiskaming Northumberland Lanark Kawartha Lakes Parry Sound Non- Muskoka metro Renfrew Grey CDs Oxford Prince Edward Haldimand-Norfolk Bruce Perth Huron 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Percent of children (under 15 years of age) who are living in a lone-parent census family, 2016

Chart by Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016041. [email protected]

i This is a companion to the Focus on Rural Ontario Fact Sheet entitled “Children in lone-parent families by census subdivision.”

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i Children in lone-parent families by census subdivision Vol. 5, No. 6, 2018

Highlights • Among census subdivisions within non-metro census divisions, 10 census subdivisions had 42% or more of their children (under 15 years of age) living in a lone-parent family. • Overall, 57% of census subdivisions in non-metro census divisions had more than 19% of their children living in lone-parent families.

Why look at children with a lone parent? the top 10 ranking CSDs and the 10 lowest ranking Children living in a lone-parent family face different CSDs. Within each of metro and partially-non-metro experiences compared to children living in a two- CDs, we show the top 5 and the lowest 5 ranking parent family. CSDs

The family life of children may have a direct Across non-metro census divisions (CDs), 10 CSDs impact on their health, their economic, social had 42% or more of their children residing with a lone and emotional well-being, and on their life parent (Table 1). Nine of these CSDs are Indian course in the long run. For example, family life Reserves. At the other end of the distribution, 10 during childhood may affect the long-term CSDs in non-metro CDs had 7% or few of their relationship between children and their parents, children (under 15 years) living with a lone-parent. particularly when the parents are older and need support themselves. Children living in Children living with a lone parent were more lone-parent families or stepfamilies may also predominant among CSDs in non-metro CDs. For have a greater need for some services example, 17% of CSDs have over one-third of their (childcare, for example) and may be more children living with a lone parent and another 40% of exposed to certain situations, such as living in a CSDs in non-metro CDs had 19% to 33% of their low-income family. (Statistics Canada. (2017) children living with a lone parent (Table 2). Thus, Portrait of children’s family life in Canada in 57% of CSDs in non-metro CDs had over 19% of 2016 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. their children under 15 years of age living with a lone 98-200-X201606) p.1). parent.

Assessing the situation at the local level will help Discussion organizations that offer programs for both the parents The demand for adult education and employment and the children and youth in lone-parent families. opportunities, as well as social infrastructure to support parents and children in lone-parent families Findings varies widely across CSDs in non-metro CDs. There is a wide range across census subdivisions1 (CSDs) in terms of the percent of children (under 15 years) who reside with a lone parent (Table 1 & Map).

The rank of the CSD is shown in the far-left column and the percent is shown in the far-right column. Within non-metro census divisions (CDs), we show

15 Focus on Rural Ontario | Children in lone-parent families by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 23 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Table 1. Ranking of census subdivisions by percent of children (under 15 years of age) who live in a lone-parent census family, Ontario, 2016

Ranking of Population Population CSDs w ithin CD Name of census CSD Name of census under 15 yr. under 15 Percent each CD ID 1 in a lone- division (CD) ID subdivision (CSD) years type parent family Census subdivisions within metro census divisions (showing2 the 5 highest and 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3529 Brant 3529006 Brantford 17,300 4,675 27 2 3553 Greater Sudbury 3553005 Greater Sudbury 25,070 5,930 24 3 3520 Toronto 3520005 Toronto 398,135 88,225 22 4 3525 Hamilton 3525005 Hamilton 87,115 18,495 21 5 3519 York 3519070 Georgina 7,500 1,535 20

18 3519 York 3519028 Vaughan 57,520 6,165 11 19 3519 York 3519054 East Gwillimbury 4,115 440 11 20 3524 Halton 3524009 Milton 28,405 2,675 9 21 3519 York 3519044 Whitchurch-Stouffville 9,315 870 9 22 3519 York 3519049 King 4,440 365 8 Census subdivisions within partially-non-metro CDs (showing2 the 5 highest and 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3558 Thunder Bay 3558060 Pic Mobert North 65 30 46 2 3558 Thunder Bay 3558064 Lake Helen 53A 60 25 42 3 3558 Thunder Bay 3558067 Ginoogaming First Nation 60 25 42 4 3502 Prescott & Russell 3502008 Hawkesbury 1,290 520 40 5 3515 Peterborough 3515019 Curve Lake First Nation 35 175 70 40

174 3534 Elgin 3534010 Malahide 2,330 125 5 175 3530 Waterloo 3530027 Wellesley 2,995 130 4 176 3539 Middlesex 3539047 Adelaide-Metcalfe 595 25 4 177 3558 Thunder Bay 3558051 Schreiber 130 5 4 178 3523 Wellington 3523033 Mapleton 2,905 110 4 Census subdivisions within non-metro census divisions (showing2 the 10 highest and 10 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3559 Rainy River 3559068 Rainy Lake 17A 75 40 53 2 3551 Manitoulin 3551043 Wikwemikong Unceded 640 325 51 3 3560 Kenora 3560068 Shoal Lake (Part) 39A 105 50 48 4 3551 Manitoulin 3551041 Sucker Creek 23 95 45 47 5 3538 Lambton 3538004 Walpole Island 46 380 175 46 6 3554 Timiskaming 3554008 Cobalt 165 75 45 7 3559 Rainy River 3559051 Big Grassy River 35G 70 30 43 8 3560 Kenora 3560058 English River 21 190 80 42 9 3501 Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry 3501007 Akwesasne (Part) 59 380 160 42 10 3559 Rainy River 3559066 Seine River 23A 60 25 42

263 3559 Rainy River 3559090 Rainy River, Unorganized 150 10 7 264 3557 Algoma 3557014 Tarbutt & Tarbutt Additional 80 5 6 265 3557 Algoma 3557011 Laird 160 10 6 266 3554 Timiskaming 3554024 Kerns 85 5 6 267 3540 Huron 3540046 Howick 995 50 5 268 3554 Timiskaming 3554014 Harris 100 5 5 269 3559 Rainy River 3559031 Morley 100 5 5 270 3531 Perth 3531030 Perth East 2,875 135 5 271 3557 Algoma 3557079 Dubreuilville 110 5 5 272 3554 Timiskaming 3554044 Charlton and Dack 150 5 3 2. Excluding census subdivisions w ith less than 50 children (under 15 years of age) in 2016. 3. For the ranking of CSDs, see the "Expanded Table 1" at http://w w w .ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/focus-on-rural-ontario Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016041

16 Focus on Rural Ontario | Children in lone-parent families by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 24 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Table 2. Percent distribution of census subdivisions1 by percent of children (under 15 years of age) who are living in a lone-parent census family, Ontario, 2016 Percent of Type of census division (CD) children (under Metro Partially-non Non-metro 15 years) who All CDs CDs metro CDs CDs are living with 1 a lone parent Percent distribution of census subdivisions Less than 14% 46 31 25 28 14% to 18% 25 27 19 22 19% to 33% 29 36 40 38 34% and over 0 6 17 12 1 All CSDs 100 100 100 100 1. Census subdivisions (CSDs) are incorporated tow ns, municipalities or similar jurisdictions, such as Indian Reserves. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400- X2016041.

i This is a companion to the Focus on Rural Ontario Fact Sheet entitled “Children in lone-parent families by census division.”

17 Focus on Rural Ontario | Children in lone-parent families by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 25 of 101 C 15 - CW Info September 11, 2018 Page 26 of 101 C 15 - CW Info on Rural Ontario

i Children in lone-parent families: Change by census division Vol. 5, No. 7, 2018

Highlights • Among Ontario’s 24 non-metro census divisions, 75% of them (i.e., 18 census divisions) experienced an increase from 2011 to 2016 in the number of children residing in a lone-parent family. • The census divisions with the largest increase in the number of children in lone-parent families were the Lanark census division (with an increase of 17.1%) and the Huron census division (with an increase of 12.6%)

Why look at children with lone parents? number of children living with a lone parent (i.e., 18 Children living in a lone-parent family face different of 24 non-metro CDs). experiences compared to children living in a two- parent family. The growth was greater than the provincial average in 12 non-metro CDs. The greatest growth was in the The family life of children may have a direct impact Lanark CD (17.1%) followed by a 12.6% growth in on their health, their economic, social and emotional the Huron CD. well-being, and on their life course in the long run. For example, family life during childhood may affect At the other end of the spectrum, the number of the long-term relationship between children and children in lone-parent families declined by more their parents, particularly when the parents are older and need support themselves. Children living than 4% from 2011 to 2016 in 4 non-metro CDs in lone-parent families or stepfamilies may also (Parry Sound, Rainy River, Prince Edward and have a greater need for some services (childcare, Timiskaming). for example) and may be more exposed to certain situations, such as living in a low-income family. Discussion (Statistics Canada. (2017) Portrait of children’s There are wide differences in the pace of change in family life in Canada in 2016 (Ottawa: Statistics the number of children (under 15 years of age) Canada, Catalogue no. 98-200-X201606) p.1). residing in a lone-parent family across non-metro CDs. This suggests that different CDs are Assessing the pace of change in the number of experiencing differing rates in change in the demand children with lone parents will indicate the localities for social investment in programs and services for faced with a need to change the scale of their efforts both the parents and the children in these to provide programs for both the parents and the circumstances. children and youth in lone-parent families.

Findings In Ontario from 2011 to 2016, there was a 3.2% growth in the number of children (under 15 years of age) residing in a lone-parent family (see the orange line in Figure 1).

1 Three-quarters of the non-metro census divisions (CDs) had in increase from 2011 to 2016 in the

1 Defined in “Rural Ontario’s Demography: Census Update 2016.” Focus on Rural Ontario http://www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/focus-on-rural-ontario.aspx

19 Focus on Rural Ontario | Children in lone-parent families: Change by CD September 11, 2018 Page 27 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Figure 1 Ranking of census divisions by percent change in the number of children living in a lone-parent family, Ontario, 2016

ONTARIO AVERAGE York Greater Sudbury Halton Ottawa M etro Brant Peel CDs Hamilton Toronto Hastings Waterloo Middlesex Simcoe Prescott & Russell Peterborough Elgin Niagara Partially- Frontenac non- Dufferin Durham metro Wellington CDs Lennox & Addington Thunder Bay Leeds & Grenville Sudbury Essex Lanark Huron Cochrane Renfrew Bruce Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry Haliburton Kawartha Lakes Northumberland Nipissing Kenora Manitoulin Muskoka Perth Grey Non- Lambton metro Haldimand-Norfolk Oxford CDs Chatham-Kent Algoma Parry Sound Rainy River Prince Edward Timiskaming -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Percent change in number of children (under 15 years of age) who are living in a lone-parent census family, 2011 to 2016 [census subdivisions, within each census division, are excluded from the calculation of change if there was incomplete age data in 2011 or 2016] Chart by Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016041. [email protected]

i This is a companion to the Focus on Rural Ontario Fact Sheet entitled “Children in lone-parent families: Change by census subdivision.”

20 Focus on Rural Ontario | Children in lone-parent families: Change by CD September 11, 2018 Page 28 of 101 C 15 - CW Info on Rural Ontario

i Children in lone-parent families: Change by census subdivision Vol. 5, No. 8, 2018

Highlights • From 2011 to 2016, across census subdivisions in non-metro census divisions, there was a wide range in the rate of change in the number of children living with in a lone-parent family. • 31% of census subdivisions had a decline of 3.3% or more while 23% of census subdivisions had a growth of 20% or more in the number of children living with a lone-parent family.

Why look at children with lone-parents? Children living in a lone-parent family face different In fact, among CSDs in non-metro CDs, there is a experiences compared to children living in a two- large(r) share of CSDs (31%) with a decline (of more parent family. than 3.3%) in the number of children living with a The family life of children may have a direct impact lone parent and a large(r) share of CSDs (23%) of on their health, their economic, social and emotional CSDs with a substantial increase (20% or more) in well-being, and on their life course in the long run. the number of children living with a lone parent For example, family life during childhood may affect (Table 2). the long-term relationship between children and their parents, particularly when the parents are older and need support themselves. Children living Discussion in lone-parent families or stepfamilies may also Different localities are experiencing (very) different have a greater need for some services (childcare, rates of change. Thus, organizations that aim to for example) and may be more exposed to certain provide support to lone parents and their children will situations, such as living in a low-income family. also be experiencing very different rates of change in (Statistics Canada. (2017) Portrait of children’s the demand for their services, depending upon their family life in Canada in 2016 (Ottawa: Statistics location. Canada, Catalogue no. 98-200-X201606) p.1).

Assessing the pace of change in the number of children with lone parents will indicate the localities faced with a need to change the scale of their efforts to provide programs for both the parents and the children and youth in lone-parent families.

Findings Across census subdivisions1 (CSDs) within non- metro census divisions (CDs), there is a wide range in the pace of change in the number of children living in a lone-parent family.

From 2011 to 2016, 10 CSDs in non-metro CDs experienced a growth of over 43% whereas, at the other end of the distribution, 10 CSDs experienced a decline of more than 27% (Table 1).

1 A census subdivision is an incorporated town or municipality (or similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve). For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301). 21 Focus on Rural Ontario | Children in lone-parent families: Change by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 29 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Table 1. Ranking of census subdivisions1 by percent change in number of children (under 15 years of age) living in a lone-parent family, Ontario, 2011 to 2016 Number of children Rank of Percent CSDs (under 15 years of age) CD Name of census CSD 1 change, w ithin Name of census subdivision living in a lone-parent

each CD ID division (CD) ID (CSD) census family 2011 to type 2016 2011 2016 Census subdivisions within metro CDs (showing2 the 5 highest and the 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3524 Halton 3524009 Milton 1,890 2,675 41.5 2 3519 York 3519049 King 300 365 21.7 3 3519 York 3519044 Whitchurch-Stouffville 730 870 19.2 4 3519 York 3519036 Markham 5,960 6,685 12.2 5 3519 York 3519028 Vaughan 5,590 6,165 10.3

18 3529 Brant 3529005 Brant 790 785 -0.6 19 3521 Peel 3521005 Mississauga 19,630 19,380 -1.3 20 3520 Toronto 3520005 Toronto 91,160 88,225 -3.2 21 3519 York 3519054 East Gwillimbury 465 440 -5.4 22 3524 Halton 3524015 Halton Hills 1,580 1,430 -9.5 Census subdivisions in partially-non-metro CDs (show ing2 the 5 highest and the 5 low est ranking CSDs) 1 3512 Hastings 3512036 Madoc 35 70 100.0 2 3552 Sudbury 3552001 French River 40 65 62.5 3 3522 Dufferin 3522021 Shelburne 205 325 58.5 4 3512 Hastings 3512026 Centre Hastings 80 125 56.3 5 3543 Simcoe 3543064 Wasaga Beach 400 565 41.3

148 3558 Thunder Bay 3558059 Marathon 150 115 -23.3 149 3523 Wellington 3523009 Guelph/Eramosa 225 170 -24.4 150 3552 Sudbury 3552023 Sables-Spanish Rivers 110 80 -27.3 151 3558 Thunder Bay 3558062 Pic River 50 45 30 -33.3 152 3507 Leeds & Grenville 3507017 Front of Yonge 60 35 -41.7 Census subdivisions within non-metro CDs (showing2 the 10 highest and the 10 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3554 Timiskaming 3554036 Armstrong 30 55 83.3 2 3547 Renfrew 3547090 Laurentian Hills 50 85 70.0 3 3548 Nipissing 3548094 Nipissing, Unorganized, North Part 40 65 62.5 4 3509 Lanark 3509010 Drummond/North Elmsley 110 175 59.1 5 3509 Lanark 3509001 Montague 85 135 58.8 6 3538 Lambton 3538016 Enniskillen 45 70 55.6 7 3540 Huron 3540010 Bluewater 110 170 54.5 8 3556 Cochrane 3556014 Black River-Matheson 50 75 50.0 9 3549 Parry Sound 3549022 Burk's Falls 45 65 44.4 10 3509 Lanark 3509015 Tay Valley 80 115 43.8

171 3541 Bruce 3541069 Northern Bruce Peninsula 55 40 -27.3 172 3547 Renfrew 3547035 Bonnechere Valley 90 65 -27.8 173 3556 Cochrane 3556092 Cochrane, Unorganized, North Part 100 70 -30.0 174 3538 Lambton 3538015 Brooke-Alvinston 95 65 -31.6 175 3547 Renfrew 3547030 Madawaska Valley 95 65 -31.6 176 3557 Algoma 3557076 Wawa 125 85 -32.0 177 3532 Oxford 3532045 Blandford-Blenheim 140 95 -32.1 178 3544 Muskoka 3544027 Lake of Bays 55 35 -36.4 179 3538 Lambton 3538025 Sarnia 45 70 40 -42.9 180 3536 Chatham-Kent 3536029 Moravian 47 55 30 -45.5 1. Census subdivisions (CSDs) are incorporated tow ns, municipalities or similar jurisdictions, such as Indian Reserves. Census subdivisions w ith less than 30 children (under 15 years of age) living w ith a lone-parent in 2011 or 2016 are excluded from this table. 2. For the ranking of all CSDs, see the "Expanded Table 1" at http://w w w .ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/f ocus-on-rural-ontario. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016041.

22 Focus on Rural Ontario | Children in lone-parent families: Change by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 30 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Table 2. Percent distribution of census subdivisions1 by size of PERCENT CHANGE in number of children (under 15 years of age) who live in a lone-parent census family, Ontario, 2011 to 2016 Percent change from 2011 to Type of census division (CD) 2016 in the number of children Metro Partially-non- Non-metro (under 15 years of age) who live All CDs in a lone-parent census family CDs metro CDs CDs 1 Percent distribution of census subdivisions Less than -3.3% 13 26 31 28 -3.3% to 3.2% 25 20 24 23 3.3% to 19.9% 50 34 22 28 20% and over 13 20 23 21 All CSDs1 100 100 100 100 1. Census subdivisions (CSDs) are incorporated tow ns, municipalities or similar jurisdictions, such as Indian Reserves). Only CSDs w ith more than 5 children in each of 2011 and 2016 are included in this table. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016041.

i This is a companion to the Focus on Rural Ontario Fact Sheet entitled “Children in lone-parent families: Change by census division.”

23 Focus on Rural Ontario | Children in lone-parent families: Change by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 31 of 101 C 15 - CW Info September 11, 2018 Page 32 of 101 C 15 - CW Info on Rural Ontario

Seniors 80 years and older: Change by census divisioni Vol. 5, No. 9, 2018

Highlights • The rate of growth in the number of seniors, 80 years of age and over, was 14.4% across Ontario from 2011 to 2016. • Among non-metro census divisions, the pace of change in the number of 80+ seniors varied from a high of a 28.5% growth in the Haliburton census division to a growth of only 0.9% in the Rainy River census division.

Why look at seniors 80 years and older? the number of 80+ seniors (Huron, 4.9%; Haldimand- Demographic change drives a change in demand for Norfolk, 4.4%; and Rainy River, 0.9%). both physical infrastructure and social programs. A change in the number of seniors generates Discussion requirements for a change in physical infrastructure There is a wide range of growth across non-metro (such as seniors’ residences) and a change in CDs in the number of seniors, 80 years of age and specific social investment in programs and services over. This means that different areas are facing a (such as volunteers to help with home maintenance different pace of change in both the infrastructure and providing transportation to medical required by seniors and the social services required appointments). by seniors.

This Fact Sheet shows the rate of change at the Allocations of resources by public agencies to census division level where the pattern of change for support services specific to this population group will a group of communities may indicate opportunities need to be sensitive to these different regional for individual communities to share investments in realities. infrastructure.

Findings Overall, in Ontario from 2010 to 2016, the number of seniors 80 years of age and older increased by 14.4% (see the orange line in Figure 1).

Among non-metro census divisions (CDs)1, there was a wide range in the rate of change in the number of 80+ seniors.

Five of the 24 non-metro CDs had an increase in the number of 80+ seniors that was larger than the rate of change across Ontario as whole. These CDs were Haliburton, 28.5%; Muskoka, 19.5%; Bruce, 19.3%; Manitoulin, 18.8%; and Northumberland, 18.3%.

Another two CDs were just under the provincial rate of growth of the number of 80+ seniors (Algoma, 14.1% and Nipissing, 13.9%).

Three non-metro CDs had less than a 5% growth in

1 Defined in “Rural Ontario’s Demography: Census Update 2016.” Focus on Rural Ontario 25 Focus on Rural Ontario | Seniors 80 years and older: Change by CD September 11, 2018 Page 33 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Figure 1 Ranking of census divisions by percent change in the number of seniors 80 years of age and over, Ontario, 2011 to 2016

ONTARIO AVERAGE York Peel Halton Greater Sudbury Ottawa Toronto Hamilton Brant M etro Dufferin Durham CDs Wellington Prescott & Russell Simcoe Frontenac Sudbury Lennox & Addington Waterloo Partially-non- Essex metro CDs Niagara Hastings Peterborough Middlesex Leeds & Grenville Thunder Bay Elgin Haliburton Muskoka Bruce Manitoulin Northumberland Algoma Nipissing Parry Sound Oxford Kenora Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry Kawartha Lakes Prince Edward Lanark Grey Non- Renfrew metro Cochrane Lambton CDs Timiskaming Chatham-Kent Perth Huron Haldimand-Norfolk Rainy River 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Percent change in population 80 years of age and over, 2011 to 2016 Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2011 and 2016, Chart by Tables 98-311-XCB2011023 and 98-400-X2016004. [email protected]

i This is a companion to the Focus on Rural Ontario Fact Sheet entitled “Seniors 80 years and older: Change by census subdivisions.”

26 Focus on Rural Ontario | Seniors 80 years and older: Change by CD September 11, 2018 Page 34 of 101 C 15 - CW Info on Rural Ontario

i Seniors 80 years and older: Change by census subdivision Vol. 5, No. 10, 2018

Highlights • Ten census subdivisions in non-metro census divisions had a growth of more than 35% in the number of seniors 80 years and older from 2011 to 2016. • Ten census subdivisions in non-metro areas saw a decline of 10% or more in 80+ seniors in the same period.

Why look at seniors 80 years and older? non-metro CDs had growth of 25% or more in their Demographic change drives a change in demand for number of 80+ seniors. both physical infrastructure and social programs. A change in the number of seniors, 80+ years of age, Note that 48% of the CSDs within metro CDs had a at the local level (census subdivisions) shows the growth in their 80+ senior population of 25% or more. degree of change required to provide local services. Examples include a change in the physical There is no clear pattern in terms of the location of infrastructure (e.g., seniors’ residences) and a growth or decline in the number of seniors. However, change in social investments (e.g., volunteers for it does appear that areas with a stable or declining household maintenance or providing transportation to population overall (See Map 3 in the Rural Ontario’s medical appointments). Demography: Census Update 2016) are also showing lower rates of change in the senior (80+ yr.) Findings population. There is a wide range in the pace of change of the number of seniors, 80 years of age and over, across Discussion census subdivisions1 (CSDs) (Table 1 and the Map). A fast pace of change in the number of seniors at the community level implies there is a requirement for an The rank of the CSD is shown in the left column and equally fast pace of change in the infrastructure and the percent change is shown in the far-right column. related programs. Allocation of public resources for Within non-metro census divisions (CDs), we show these adjustments is already challenging as, for the top 10 ranking CSDs and the 10 lowest ranking example, Ontario recently announced $115 million to CSDs. Within each of metro and partially-non-metro address the wait list for Long Term Care (LTC). Most CDs, we show the top 5 and the lowest 5 ranking LTC residents are over 85 years of age. CSDs.

Among the CSDs within non-metro census divisions (CDs), 10 CSDs had an increase of more than 35% from 2011 to 2016. On the other hand, 10 CSDs had decline of 10% or more during the same five-year period (Table 1).

Interestingly, 16% of the CSDs within non-metro CDs recorded a decline in the number of 80+ seniors from 2011 to 2016 (Table 2). However, 28% of CSDs in

27 Focus on Rural Ontario | Seniors 80 years and over: Change by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 35 of 101 C 15 - CW Info Table 1. Ranking of census subdivisions1 by percent change in population 80 years of age and over, Ontario, 2011 to 2016 Rank of 2011 2016 Percent CSDs Name of CD CSD Name of census subdivision1 Population Population change, w ithin census ID ID (CSD) 80+ years 80+ years 2011 to each CD division (CD) type of age of age 2016 Census subdivisions within metro census divisions (showing2 the 5 highest and the 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3519 York 3519028 Vaughan 7,600 11,020 45 2 3519 York 3519044 Whitchurch-Stouffville 1,365 1,915 40 3 3519 York 3519049 King 670 915 37 4 3524 Halton 3524009 Milton 1,450 1,965 36 5 3519 York 3519038 Richmond Hill 5,130 6,920 35

18 3506 Ottawa 3506008 Ottawa 32,640 37,530 15 19 3519 York 3519046 Aurora 1,720 1,910 11 20 3520 Toronto 3520005 Toronto 114,595 126,635 11 21 3525 Hamilton 3525005 Hamilton 24,515 26,395 8 22 3529 Brant 3529006 Brantford 4,385 4,635 6 Census subdivisions within partially-non-metro CDs (showing2 the 5 highest and the 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3539 Middlesex 3539047 Adelaide-Metcalfe 65 170 162 2 3543 Simcoe 3543064 Wasaga Beach 855 1,355 58 3 3558 Thunder Bay 3558011 Oliver Paipoonge 120 190 58 4 3522 Dufferin 3522019 Melancthon 45 70 56 5 3522 Dufferin 3522012 Mono 180 270 50

149 3539 Middlesex 3539015 Strathroy-Caradoc 1,160 1,095 -6 150 3534 Elgin 3534005 Bayham 170 160 -6 151 3522 Dufferin 3522001 East Garafraxa 60 55 -8 152 3558 Thunder Bay 3558041 Red Rock 50 45 -10 153 3522 Dufferin 3522010 Grand Valley 75 55 -27 Census subdivisions within non-metro CDs (showing2 the 10 highest and the 10 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3560 Kenora 3560090 Kenora, Unorganized 155 250 61 2 3541 Bruce 3541069 Northern Bruce Peninsula 225 355 58 3 3556 Cochrane 3556076 Hearst 210 320 52 4 3547 Renfrew 3547090 Laurentian Hills 60 90 50 5 3548 Nipissing 3548021 Mattawa 115 165 43 6 3551 Manitoulin 3551006 Central Manitoulin 100 140 40 7 3551 Manitoulin 3551017 Northeastern Manitoulin & the Islands 155 215 39 8 3514 Northumberland 3514024 Alnwick/Haldimand 185 255 38 9 3544 Muskoka 3544053 Muskoka Lakes 270 370 37 10 3546 Haliburton 3546024 Dysart et al 355 480 35

154 3559 Rainy River 3559042 Rainy River 100 90 -10 155 3559 Rainy River 3559012 Fort Frances 580 520 -10 156 3509 Lanark 3509015 Tay Valley 420 375 -11 157 3547 Renfrew 3547033 Killaloe, Hagarty and Richards 125 110 -12 158 3549 Parry Sound 3549048 Sundridge 80 70 -13 159 3540 Huron 3540040 Huron East 510 435 -15 160 3538 Lambton 3538015 Brooke-Alvinston 85 70 -18 161 3554 Timiskaming 3554052 Englehart 145 115 -21 162 3551 Manitoulin 3551043 Wikwemikong Unceded 70 55 -21 163 3549 Parry Sound 3549036 Carling 70 50 -29 1. A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated tow n or municipality or a similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve (using the CSD names in the Statistics Canada dataset). CSDs w ith less than 40 individuals 80 years of age or over in 2011 or in 2016 are excluded from this table. 2. For the ranking of all CSDs, see the "Expanded Table 1" at http://w w w .ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/focus-on-rural-ontario. Source: Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016004.

28 Focus on Rural Ontario | Seniors 80 years and over: Change by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 36 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Table 2. Percent distribution of census subdivisions1 by PERCENT CHANGE in the number of persons 80 years of age and older, Ontario, 2011 to 2016 Type of census division Percent change in number of Metro Partially-non Non- All CDs seniors 80 years CDs metro CDs metro CDs

and older 1 Percent distribution of census subdivisions Less than 0% 0 9 16 12 0% to 14.3% 17 43 38 39 14.4% to 24.9% 35 30 17 23 25% or more 48 18 28 26 All CSDs1 100 100 100 100 1. Census subdivisions (CSDs) are incorporated tow ns, municipalities or similar jurisdictions, such as Indian Reserves. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2011 and 2016, Tables 98- 311-XCB2011023 and 98-400-X2016004.

The Rural Ontario Institute gratefully acknowledges the work of Ray Bollman in preparing this edition of Focus on Rural Ontario. Questions on data sources can be directed [email protected]. Any comments or discussions can be directed to [email protected].

i This is a companion to the Focus on Rural Ontario Fact Sheet entitled “Seniors 80 years and older: Change by census divisions.”

29 Focus on Rural Ontario | Seniors 80 years and over: Change by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 37 of 101 C 15 - CW Info September 11, 2018 Page 38 of 101 C 15 - CW Info on Rural Ontario

Dwellings needing major repairs by census division Vol. 5, No. 11, 2018

Highlights • In Ontario overall, 6.1% of households reside in a dwelling requiring major repairs. • The incidence of dwellings needing major repairs is more wide-spread across non-metro census divisions (CDs) than in metro or partially non-metro settings as 23 of 24 non-metro CDs are above the provincial average compared to 15 of 25 CDs in the other categories • Two non-metro CDs have twice the provincial incidence of households residing in dwellings needing major repairs: Kenora (21.4%) and Manitoulin (16.3%). • Northern CDs are all above the provincial average of 6.1%.

Why look at dwellings needing major repairs? residing in dwellings needing major repairs The quality of housing is a major component of one’s (examples include defective plumbing or wiring or basic needs. A dwelling requiring major repairs needed structural repairs to walls/floors/ceilings) (see reduces the quality level of living of individuals. the orange line in Figure 1).

The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation The incidence of dwellings needing major repairs is (CMHC) uses three indicators for assessing “core more widespread across non-metro census 3 housing need”1: a) adequacy (need for major divisions (CDs) than in metro or partially non-metro repairs); b) affordability (housing costs relative to settings as 23 of 24 non-metro CDs are above the income); and c) suitability (based on enough average compared to 15 of 25 CDs in the other bedrooms for the age and sex of household categories. members). Across the non-metro CDs in Ontario, there were 6 This Fact Sheet considers the range across census CDs where more than 10% of the households were divisions of households residing in dwellings without residing in dwellings needing major repairs: “adequate” housing (i.e., the dwelling needs major • Kenora (21.4%); repairs). • Manitoulin (16.3%); • Rainy River (11.7%); This Fact Sheet topic has both CD and CSD Fact • Timiskaming (11.4%); Sheets that should be read together. Figure 1 in the • Parry Sound (10.6%); and CD Fact Sheet includes all the Census Divisions in • Cochrane (10.2%). the province and Table 1 in the CSD Fact Sheets Northern CDs in general show a higher incidence of presents results for top and bottom ranked dwellings needing major repairs. geographies. The complete results for all individual CSDs are available for download as an Excel spreadsheet. Discussion The adequacy of housing varies greatly across non- metro CDs in Ontario. Nonetheless, the housing Findings stock in rural areas tends to be, on average, older In 2016 in Ontario, 6.1% of households2 were than in urban areas where newer housing makes up

1 Defined in Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary “core housing need” in Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) Dictionary (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/index- (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/index- eng.cfm). 2 eng.cfm). The data reported in this Fact Sheet is based on a custom 3 Defined in “Rural Ontario’s Demography: Census Update tabulation of 2016 census data and includes all households. The 2016.” Focus on Rural Ontario (Guelph: Rural Ontario Institute, published data include an affordability component (calculated as March) (http://www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/focus-on-rural-ontario.aspx). housing costs per dollar of income) and only include non-farm households and households off Indian Reserves. For details, see 31 Focus on Rural Ontario | Dwellings needing major repairs by CD September 11, 2018 Page 39 of 101 C 15 - CW Info a larger proportion of the Figure 1 Ranking of census divisions by percent of households dwellings. Maintaining older residing in dwellings requiring "major repairs", Ontario, 2016 buildings can require more ONTARIO AVERAGE ongoing investment as structures Greater Sudbury fall into disrepair over time and Toronto this helps explain metro/non- Hamilton Brant M etro metro differences. Where housing Ottawa Peel CDs is inadequate, the causes, at least Halton in part, are due to low household York Sudbury incomes and/or high costs for Thunder Bay repairs to dwellings. Lennox & Addington Hastings Leeds & Grenville Two non-metro CDs have double Elgin Prescott & Russell Partially- the Ontario incidence of Peterborough households residing in Essex non- Niagara metro inadequate dwellings. They are Frontenac among the northern CDs which, Middlesex CDs Simcoe without exception, are above the Dufferin Wellington provincial average regardless of Waterloo whether they are metro (Greater Durham Kenora Sudbury), partially non-metro Manitoulin (Thunder Bay, Sudbury District) Rainy River Timiskaming or non-metro. Parry Sound Cochrane Nipissing In the north, the housing Renfrew conditions of the Aboriginal Muskoka Algoma population needs to be taken into Haliburton account and is a challenge Prince Edward Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry requiring concerted attention. In Chatham-Kent Non- Ontario, the north has a higher Lambton metro Lanark proportion of Aboriginal Northumberland CDs population and it is important to Grey Bruce look at both off-reserve and on- Haldimand-Norfolk reserve circumstances. Kawartha Lakes Huron Oxford Data for each Indian Reserve in Perth Ontario is shown in the Expanded 0 5 10 15 20 25 Table 1 in the accompanying Fact Sheet. At the national level, Percent of households residing in dwellings 19.4% of Aboriginal people reside needing "major repairs", 2016 in a dwelling needing major Chart by Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, custom tabulation. [email protected] repairs4. This is more than double (44.2%) among First Nations people with registered or treaty Indian status who reside in Indian Reserves. This incidence has risen slightly since 2011.

Aboriginals on reserves typically do not own their dwellings and thus there is the additional factor to consider regarding the capacity of the Band Council to maintain the quality of the dwellings.

4 Statistics Canada. (2017) The housing conditions of Rural Ontario Institute gratefully acknowledges the work of Ray Bollman Aboriginal people in Canada (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, in preparing this edition of Focus on Rural Ontario. Questions on data sources can be directed to [email protected]. Any comments Catalogue no. 98-200-X2016021) or discussions can be directed to [email protected] (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200- x/2016021/98-200-x2016021-eng.pdf). 3232 Focus on Rural Ontario | Dwellings needing major repairs by CD September 11, 2018 Page 40 of 101 C 15 - CW Info on Rural Ontario

Dwellings needing major repairs by census subdivision Vol. 5, No. 12, 2018

Highlights • In 2016, there were 89 census subdivisions with one-quarter or more of their households residing in dwellings needed major repairs. • All 89 were in northern Ontario – 83 were Indian Reserves, 3 were Indian Settlements, 2 were unorganized territories and 1 was a township.

Why look at dwellings needing major repairs? end, the rates are sometimes 10 times the Ontario The quality of housing is a major component of one’s average. basic needs. A dwelling requiring major repairs reduces the level of living of individuals. The Canada In Table 1, the far-left column shows the rank and the Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) uses far-right column shows the percent. We show the top three indicators for assessing “core housing need”1: 10 and lower 10 ranking CSDs within non-metro a) adequacy (need for major repairs); b) affordability census divisions (CDs). Within metro and partially- (housing costs relative to income); and c) suitability non-metro CDs, we show the top 5 and the lower 5 (based on enough bedrooms for the age and sex of ranking CSDs. household members). Within non-metro CDs, 10 CSDs had 61% or more of 4 This Fact Sheet considers the range across census their households residing in dwellings that needed subdivisions of households without “adequate” major repairs (Table 1). All 10 CSDs were northern 5 housing (i.e., their dwelling needs major repairs). Indian Reserves. The accompanying “Expanded Table 1” shows there were 89 CSDs across Ontario This Fact Sheet topic has both CD and CSD fact with one-quarter or more of their households residing sheets that should be read together. Figure 1 in the in dwellings needed major repairs. All 89 CSDs were CD fact sheet includes all the Census Divisions in in northern Ontario – 83 were Indian Reserves, 3 the province and Table 1 in the CSD Fact Sheets were Indian Settlements, 2 were unorganized presents results for top and bottom ranked territories and 1 was a township. geographies. The complete results for all individual CSDs are available for download as an Excel Within non-metro CDs, 27% of the CSDs reported spreadsheet. one-fifth or more of their households were residing in dwellings requiring major repairs (Table 2).

Findings 2 Discussion There is a wide range across subdivisions (CSDs) in Adequate housing varies greatly across CSDs within non-metro Ontario in terms of the percent of non-metro Ontario. In each of metro, partially-non- households residing in dwellings requiring major metro and non-metro CDs, the CSDs with the higher 3 repairs (Table 1 and the Map). For reference incidence of dwellings needing major repairs were purposes, across all of Ontario, 6.1% of households Indian Reserves. reside in a dwelling needing major repairs. At the extreme low end, there are localities with no dwellings needing repairs and at the extreme high 4 The data reported in this Fact Sheet is based on a custom tabulation of 2016 census data and includes all households. The published data 1 include an affordability component (calculated as housing costs per dollar Defined in Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottawa: of income) and only include non-farm households and households off Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301). 2 Indian Reserves. For details, see “core housing need” in Statistics A census subdivision is an incorporated town or municipality (or similar Canada. (2017) (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve). For details, see Statistics 2016 Census Dictionary Catalogue no. 98-301) (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census- Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm). Catalogue no. 98-301) (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census- 5 The complete ranking of CSDs in Table 1 is available as "Expanded recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm). 3 Table 1" at http://www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/focus-on-rural- Examples of major repairs includes defective plumbing or wiring, the ontario. need for structural repairs to walls/floors/ceilings, etc. 33 Focus on Rural Ontario | Dwellings needing repairs by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 41 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Table 1. Ranking of census subdivisions1 by percent of households residing in dwellings needing major repairs2, Ontario, 2016 Rank of Number of households CSDs Dwelling within CD Name of census 1 CSD ID Name of census subdivision (CSD) each ID needs division (CD) Total Percent type major of 2 CD repairs Census subdivisions within metro census divisions (showing3 the 5 highest and the 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3519 York 3519028 Vaughan 94,255 2,195 2.3 2 3519 York 3519044 Whitchurch-Stouffville 15,355 385 2.5 3 3524 Halton 3524009 Milton 34,255 900 2.6 4 3519 York 3519036 Markham 102,675 2,800 2.7 5 3519 York 3519038 Richmond Hill 64,115 2,085 3.3

21 3529 Brant 3529006 Brantford 39,215 2,855 7.3 22 3553 Greater Sudbury 3553005 Greater Sudbury / Grand Sudbury 69,150 5,130 7.4 23 3529 Brant 3528035 New Credit (Part) 40A 190 35 18.4 24 3519 York 3519076 Chippew as of Georgina Island First Nation 120 30 25.0 25 3553 Greater Sudbury 3553040 Wahnapitei 11 50 20 40.0 Census subdivisions within partially-non-metro CDs (showing3 the 5 highest and the 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3558 Thunder Bay 3558063 Pays Plat 51 35 - - 2 3558 Thunder Bay 3558080 Ojibw ay Nation of Saugeen (Savant Lake) 25 - - 3 3543 Simc oe 3543014 Bradford West Gw illimbury 11,590 315 2.7 4 3530 Waterloo 3530035 Woolw ich 8,610 235 2.7 5 3530 Waterloo 3530027 Wellesley 3,335 105 3.1

189 3558 Thunder Bay 3558060 Pic Mobert North 65 30 46.2 190 3558 Thunder Bay 3558069 Rocky Bay 1 65 30 46.2 191 3558 Thunder Bay 3558065 Gull River 55 80 45 56.3 192 3543 Simc oe 3543070 Christian Island 30A 15 10 66.7 193 3558 Thunder Bay 3558085 Osnaburgh 63A 45 30 66.7 Census subdivisions within non-metro CDs (showing3 the 10 highest and the 10 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3528 Haldimand-Norfolk 3528035 New Credit (Part) 40A 50 - - 2 3547 Renfrew 3547098 Head, Clara and Maria 100 - - 3 3548 Nipissing 3548019 Mattaw an 70 - - 4 3551 Manitoulin 3551100 Zhiibaahaasing 19A (Cockburn Island 19A) 25 - - 5 3554 Timiskaming 3554006 Latchford 130 - - 6 3554 Timiskaming 3554032 Brethour 40 - - 7 3554 Timiskaming 3554057 Matachew an 72 25 - - 8 3557 Algoma 3557004 Hilton 155 - - 9 3557 Algoma 3557014 Tarbutt and Tarbutt Additional 190 - - 10 3557 Algoma 3557078 Gros Cap 49 40 - -

316 3556 Cochrane 3556093 Fort Albany (Part) 67 205 125 61.0 317 3560 Kenora 3560061 Wabaseemoong 210 130 61.9 318 3560 Kenora 3560070 Deer Lake 210 130 61.9 319 3560 Kenora 3560053 Fort Hope 64 230 155 67.4 320 3560 Kenora 3560075 Kitchenuhmaykoosib Aaki 84 (Big Trout Lake) 305 210 68.9 321 3560 Kenora 3560093 Neskantaga 75 55 73.3 322 3560 Kenora 3560050 Fort Albany (Part) 67 250 185 74.0 323 3560 Kenora 3560078 Fort Severn 89 80 60 75.0 324 3560 Kenora 3560079 Webequie 155 120 77.4 325 3560 Kenora 3560055 Osnaburgh 63B 85 70 82.4 Note: "-" signifies less than 10. 1. A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated tow n or municipality or a similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve (using the CSD names in the Statistics Canada dataset). 2. Examples of major repairs include repairing defective plumbing or w iring and structural repairs to w alls / floors / ceilings. For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottaw a: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) (http://w w w 12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm). 3. For the ranking of all CSDs, see the accompanying "Expanded Table 1" at http://w w w .ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/focus- on-rural-ontario. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, custom tabulation.

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35 Focus on Rural Ontario | Dwellings needing repairs by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 43 of 101 C 15 - CW Info September 11, 2018 Page 44 of 101 C 15 - CW Info on Rural Ontario

Dwellings without suitable bedrooms by census division Vol. 5, No. 13, 2018

Highlights • At the Ontario level, on average, 6% of households reside in a dwelling without a suitable number of bedrooms, given the age and sex of household members. • This incidence is higher than the provincial average in one non-metro census division: Kenora at 9.4%.

Why look at dwellings without suitable Three CDs are above the provincial average. Two bedrooms? were very large metro CDs3. The sole non-metro CD The quality of housing is a major component of one’s above the provincial average was Kenora with 9.4% basic needs. The Canada Mortgage and Housing of the households without suitable bedrooms for the Corporation (CMHC) uses three indicators for age/sex mix of household members. assessing “core housing need”1: a) adequacy (need for major repairs); b) affordability (housing costs Among non-metro CDs, the three CDs with the relative to income); and c) suitability (based on highest incidence of a shortfall of bedrooms were enough bedrooms for the age and sex of household northern CDs (Kenora, Rainy River and Manitoulin). members). Most CDs in the province have between 1 and 4 This Fact Sheet considers the range across census percent of their dwellings with a shortfall of bedrooms divisions (CDs) of households without a suitable for the number of people living in them. number of bedrooms. Note that the CD of Kenora has the highest incidence This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) with a shortfall of 3 or more bedrooms (solid blue bar and CSD Fact Sheets that should be read together. in Figure 1). Figure 1 in the CD Fact Sheet includes all the CDs in the province and Table 1 in the CSD Fact Sheets Discussion presents results for top and bottom ranked CSDs. Residing in a suitable dwelling increases the well- being of individuals. Findings In 2016 in Ontario, 6.0% of households2 were The suitability of housing is due, at least in part, to residing in dwellings without a suitable number of low household incomes, and/or high costs for repairs bedrooms for the age/sex mix of household members to dwellings, and/or local housing availability. (see the orange line in Figure 1). When the suitable bedroom data is broken down to a 1 See Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). more detailed level of geography, as discussed in the (2015) 2011 Census/National Household Survey Housing companion Fact Sheet with data at the level of the Series: Issue 3 The Adequacy, Suitability and Affordability CSD, it becomes apparent that the situation in non- of Canadian Housing, 1991-2011 (Ottawa: Canada Mortgage metro CSDs is most acute on reserves. Residents on and Housing Corporation, April) (https://www03.cmhc- schl.gc.ca/catalog/productDetail.cfm?cat=190&itm=1&lang=en&sid=ipss Indian Reserves typically do not own their dwellings Yv1CD9i7AG2OOYdJdq3fDmXVVcwQZH10JjRBYoahKceVjTUpVFf5Xg and thus, there is the additional factor of the capacity 7v3BRV&fr=1512485329124).

2 of the Band Council and federal programming to The data reported in this Fact Sheet is based on a custom maintain the quality of these dwellings. tabulation of 2016 census data and includes all households. The published data include an affordability component (calculated as housing costs per dollar of income) and only include non-farm households and households off Indian Reserves. For details, see “core housing need” in Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census 3 Defined in “Rural Ontario’s Demography: Census Update Dictionary (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) 2016.” (Guelph: Rural Ontario Institute, (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/index- Focus on Rural Ontario eng.cfm). March) (http://www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/focus-on-rural-ontario.aspx).

37 Focus on Rural Ontario | Dwellings without suitable bedrooms by CD September 11, 2018 Page 45 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Figure 1 Ranking of census divisions by percent of households with a 1+ bedroom shortfall1, Ontario, 2016 3+ bedroom shortfall 2 bedroom shortfall 1 bedroom shortfall

ONTARIO AVERAGE Toronto Peel Hamilton York Ottawa Halton Brant Greater Sudbury M etro Waterloo CDs Essex Middlesex Durham Wellington Simcoe Niagara Partially- Dufferin Elgin non- Hastings metro Thunder Bay Frontenac CDs Peterborough Leeds & Grenville Prescott & Russell Sudbury Lennox & Addington Kenora Rainy River Manitoulin Chatham-Kent Stormont, Dundas &… Haldimand-Norfolk Cochrane Perth Muskoka Northumberland Kawartha Lakes Parry Sound Nipissing Non- Lambton Oxford metro Grey CDs Lanark Renfrew Timiskaming Huron Algoma Bruce Prince Edward Haliburton 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Percent of households with a bedroomshortfall1 of 1 or more bedrooms 1. "Housing suitability"assesses the required number of bedrooms for a household based on the age, sex, and relationships among household members. For the detailed calculation, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottaw a: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm). Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, custom tabulation. Chart by Ray [email protected]

38 Focus on Rural Ontario | Dwellings without suitable bedrooms by CD September 11, 2018 Page 46 of 101 C 15 - CW Info on Rural Ontario

Dwellings without suitable bedrooms by census subdivision Vol. 5, No. 14, 2018

Highlights • In 2016, there were 57 census subdivisions with 15% or more of their households residing in dwellings lacking suitable bedrooms. • All 57 were in northern Ontario – 54 were Indian Reserves, 2 were Indian Settlements and 1 was a township.

Why look at dwellings without suitable Within non-metro CDs, 10 CSDs had 37% or more of bedrooms? their households4 residing in dwellings that lack The quality of housing is a major component of one’s suitable bedrooms (Table 1). All 10 of these CSDs basic needs. The Canada Mortgage and Housing were northern Indian Reserves. In fact, the Corporation (CMHC) uses three indicators for accompanying “Expanded5 Table 1” shows there assessing “core housing need”1: a) adequacy (need were 57 CSDs across Ontario with 15% or more of for major repairs); b) affordability (housing costs their households residing in dwellings without relative to income); and c) suitability (based on suitable bedrooms. All 57 of these CSDs were in enough bedrooms for the age and sex of household northern Ontario – 54 were Indian Reserves, 2 were members). Indian Settlements and 1 was a township.

This Fact Sheet considers the range across census Note that the CSD of Toronto (Table 1 and the Map) subdivisions2 (CSDs) of households without a has 12.1% (double the provincial average) of suitable number of bedrooms. households residing in dwellings lacking suitable bedrooms. This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) and CSD Fact Sheets that should be read together. Within non-metro CDs, 12% of the CSDs reported Figure 1 in the CD Facts Sheet includes all the CDs that 20% or more of their households were residing in the province and Table 1 in the CSD Fact Sheets in dwellings lacking suitable bedrooms (Table 2). presents results for top and bottom ranked CSDs. Discussion Findings Suitable housing varies greatly across the CSDs There is a wide range across CSDs in non-metro within non-metro Ontario. Ontario in terms of the percent of households lacking suitable3 bedrooms for the age, sex and relationship For households off-reserve, the quality of housing is among household members (Table 1 and the Map). due, at least in part, to low household incomes and/or high costs for repairs to dwellings. The far-left column shows the rank and the far-right column shows the percent. We show the top 10 and Households on Indian Reserves typically do not own lower 10 ranking CSDs within non-metro census their own dwellings and thus there is the additional divisions (CDs). Within metro and partially-non-metro factor of the capacity of the Band Council to maintain CDs, we show the top 5 and the lower 5 CSDs. the quality of their dwellings.

4 1 The data reported in this Fact Sheet is based on a custom tabulation of See Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). (2015) 2011 2016 census data and includes all households. The published data Census/National Household Survey Housing Series: Issue 3 The include an affordability component (calculated as housing costs per dollar Adequacy, Suitability and Affordability of Canadian Housing, 1991- of income) and only include non-farm households and households off 2011 (Ottawa: CMHC, April). Indian Reserves. For details, see “core housing need” in Statistics 2 A census subdivision is an incorporated town or municipality (or similar Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve). For details, see Statistics Catalogue no. 98-301) (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census- Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm). Catalogue no. 98-301). 5 3 The complete ranking of CSDs in Table 1 is available as "Expanded The number of suitable bedrooms is based on the age, sex, and Table 1" at http://www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/focus-on-rural- relationships among household members. ontario. 39 Focus on Rural Ontario | Dwellings without suitable bedrooms by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 47 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Table 1. Ranking of census subdivisions1 by percent of households residing in dwellings without suitable bedrooms2, Ontario, 2016 Rank of Number of households Percent CSDs CD Name of census 1 without within CSD ID Name of census subdivision (CSD) Without ID each type division (CD) Total suitable suitable of CD 2 2 bedrooms bedrooms Census subdivisions within metro census divisions (show ing3 the 5 highest and the 5 low est ranking CSDs) 1 3553 Greater Sudbury 3553040 Wahnapitei 11 45 - - 2 3529 Brant 3529005 Brant 13,315 265 2.0 3 3519 York 3519054 East Gw illimbury 8,075 185 2.3 4 3553 Greater Sudbury 3553005 Greater Sudbury / Grand Sudbury 69,155 1,625 2.3 5 3519 York 3519044 Whitchurch-Stouf fville 15,355 400 2.6

21 3519 York 3519076 Chippew as of Georgina Island First Nation 120 10 8.3 22 3521 Peel 3521005 Mississauga 240,915 24,525 10.2 23 3529 Brant 3528035 New Credit (Part) 40A 195 20 10.3 24 3521 Peel 3521010 Brampton 168,010 17,580 10.5 25 3520 Toronto 3520005 Toronto 1,112,925 134,825 12.1 Census subdivisions within partially-non-metro CDs (show ing3 the 5 highest and the 5 low est ranking CSDs)

1 3507 Leeds & Grenville 3507033 Westport 300 - - 2 3518 Durham 3518022 Mississaugas of Scugog Island 55 - - 3 3537 Essex 3537001 Pelee 90 - - 4 3552 Sudbury 3552054 Duck Lake 76B 30 - - 5 3558 Thunder Bay 3558019 Conmee 300 - -

189 3558 Thunder Bay 3558097 Whitesand 100 20 20.0 190 3558 Thunder Bay 3558067 Ginoogaming First Nation 60 15 25.0 191 3558 Thunder Bay 3558080 Ojibw ay Nation of Saugeen (Savant Lake) 25 10 40.0 192 3558 Thunder Bay 3558085 Osnaburgh 63A 50 25 50.0 193 3543 Simcoe 3543070 Christian Island 30A 15 10 66.7 Census subdivisions within non-metro census divisions (show ing3 the 10 highest and the 10 low est ranking CSDs) 1 3528 Haldimand-Norf olk 3528035 New Credit (Part) 40A 50 - - 2 3547 Renf rew 3547098 Head, Clara and Maria 100 - - 3 3548 Nipissing 3548019 Mattaw an 65 - - 4 3548 Nipissing 3548022 Calvin 195 - - 5 3549 Parry Sound 3549095 Parry Sound, Unorganized, North East Part 80 - - 6 3551 Manitoulin 3551026 Gore Bay 405 - - 7 3551 Manitoulin 3551042 Sheguiandah 24 55 - - 8 3551 Manitoulin 3551044 Sheshegw aning 20 60 - - 9 3551 Manitoulin 3551094 Manitoulin, Unorganized, West Part 80 - - 10 3551 Manitoulin 3551100 Zhiibaahaasing 19A (Cockburn Island 19A) 25 - -

317 3560 Kenora 3560078 Fort Severn 89 80 30 37.5 318 3560 Kenora 3560096 Kasabonika Lake 180 70 38.9 319 3560 Kenora 3560082 Shoal Lake (Part) 40 25 10 40.0 320 3560 Kenora 3560055 Osnaburgh 63B 85 35 41.2 321 3560 Kenora 3560070 Deer Lake 210 90 42.9 322 3560 Kenora 3560079 Webequie 150 65 43.3 323 3560 Kenora 3560050 Fort Albany (Part) 67 250 110 44.0 324 3560 Kenora 3560067 Poplar Hill 95 50 52.6 325 3560 Kenora 3560065 Lake Of The Woods 37 15 10 66.7 Note: "-" signif ies less than 10. 1. A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated tow n or municipality or a similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve (using the CSD names in the Statistics Canada dataset). 2. The number of suitable bedrooms is based on the age, sex and relationships among household members. For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottaw a: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301). 3. For the ranking of all CSDs, see the accompanying "Expanded Table 1" at http://w w w .ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/f ocus-on- rural-ontario. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, custom tabulation.

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Table 2. Percent distribution of census subdivisions 1 by percent of households in dwellings without suitable bedrooms2, Ontario, 2016 Percent of Type of census division (CD) households in Metro Partially-non- Non-metro All CDs dwellings without CDs metro CDs CDs 2 1 suitable bedrooms Percent distribution of census subdivisions Less than 3% 36 63 58 59 3% to 5.9% 40 24 16 20 6% to 19.9% 24 10 14 13 20% or more 0 3 12 8 1 All CSDs 100 100 100 100 1. Census subdivisions (CSDs) are incorporated towns, municipalities or similar jurisdictions, such as Indian Reserves. 2. The number of suitable bedrooms is based on the age, sex, and relationships among household members. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, custom tabulation.

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Dwellings needing repairs or lacking bedrooms by census division Vol. 5, No. 15, 2018

Highlights • Across Ontario in 2016, on average, 11.6% households were residing in a dwelling that needed major repairs or lacked suitable bedrooms. • Six non-metro census divisions are above the Ontario level: Kenora (26%); Manitoulin (19%); Rainy River (15%); Timiskaming (13%); Parry Sound (13%); and Cochrane (12%).

Why look at quality of housing? residing in dwellings needing major repairs or without The quality of housing is a major component of one’s a suitable number of bedrooms for the age / sex mix basic needs. of household members (see the orange line in Figure 1). The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) uses three indicators for assessing “core Across the non-metro CDs3 in Ontario, there were 6 housing need”1: a) adequacy (need for major CDs above the Ontario average: repairs); b) affordability (housing costs relative to • Kenora (26.2%); income); and c) suitability (based on enough • Manitoulin (19.1%); bedrooms for the age and sex of household • Rainy River (15.0%); members). • Timiskaming (13.1%); • Parry Sound (12.6%); and This Fact Sheet shows the incidence of households • Cochrane (12.3%). residing in dwellings needing major repairs or lacking suitable bedrooms. All are northern census divisions.

This measure is a summary measure of two Discussion accompanying Fact Sheets – one on dwellings Residing in a dwelling providing a lower quality of needing major repairs and one on dwellings lacking housing reduces the well-being of individuals. suitable bedrooms. For households off-reserve, the quality of housing is This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) due, at least in part, to low household incomes and census subdivision (CSD) Fact Sheets that and/or high costs for repairs to dwellings and/or the should be read together. Figure 1 in the CD Fact availability of adequate or suitable housing. Sheet includes all the CDs in the province and Table 1 in the CSD Fact Sheets presents results for top Residents on Indian Reserves typically do not own and bottom ranked CSDs. their dwellings and thus there is the additional factor of the capacity of the Band Council to maintain the Findings quality of the dwellings. In 2016 in Ontario, 11.6% of households2 were

1 See Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). (2015) 2011 Census/National Household Survey Housing Series: Issue 3 The Adequacy, Suitability and Affordability of Canadian Housing, 1991-2011 (Ottawa: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, April). 2 The data reported in this Fact Sheet is based on a custom tabulation of 2016 census data and includes all households. The published data include an affordability component (calculated as (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/index- housing costs per dollar of income) and only include non-farm eng.cfm). households and households off Indian Reserves. For details, see 3 Defined in “Rural Ontario’s Demography: Census Update “core housing need” in Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census 2016.” Focus on Rural Ontario (Guelph: Rural Ontario Institute, Dictionary (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) March).

43 Focus on Rural Ontario | Dwellings needing repairs or lacking bedrooms by CD September 11, 2018 Page 51 of 101 C 15 - CW Info Figure 1 Ranking of census divisions by percent of households residing in dwellings that are "not adequate1" or "not suitable2", Ontario, 2016 ONTARIO AVERAGE Toronto Peel Hamilton Brant Ottawa M etro Greater Sudbury CDs York Halton Sudbury Thunder Bay Hastings Essex Lennox & Addington Leeds & Grenville Elgin Partially- Middlesex Waterloo non- Niagara metro Peterborough Frontenac CDs Prescott & Russell Durham Wellington Simcoe Dufferin Kenora Manitoulin Rainy River Timiskaming Parry Sound Cochrane Nipissing Muskoka Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry Renfrew Algoma Chatham-Kent Prince Edward Haliburton Non- Lanark Lambton metro Northumberland CDs Haldimand-Norfolk Grey Kawartha Lakes Bruce Perth Huron Oxford 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Percent of households in dwellings that are "not adequate1" or "not suitable2", 2016

1. "Housing adequacy" is based on whether "major repairs" are needed (e.g., dwellings with defective plumbing or electrical wiring, and dwellings needing structural repairs to walls, floors or ceilings). 2. "Housing suitability" assesses the required number of bedrooms for a household based on the age, sex, and relationships among household members. For the detailed calculation, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottaw a: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm). Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, custom tabulation. Chart by Ray [email protected]

44 Focus on Rural Ontario | Dwellings needing repairs or lacking bedrooms by CD September 11, 2018 Page 52 of 101 C 15 - CW Info on Rural Ontario

Dwellings needing repairs or lacking bedrooms by census subdivision Vol. 5, No. 15, 2018

Highlights • There are 89 census subdivisions which had 30% or more of their households residing in dwellings needing major repairs or lacking suitable bedrooms in 2016. • Of these, 86 were Indian Reserves, 2 were Indian Settlements and 1 was a village. • Almost all (81 of 89) were in the north.

4 Why look at dwellings needing repairs or without needing major repairs or lacking suitable bedrooms suitable bedrooms? (Table 1 and the Map). The quality of housing is a major component of one’s basic needs. In Table 1, the far-left column shows the rank and the far-right column shows the percent. We show the top The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation 10 and lower 10 ranking CSDs within non-metro (CMHC) uses three indicators for assessing “core CDs. Within metro and partially-non-metro CDs, we housing need”1: a) adequacy (need for major show the top 5 and the lower 5 ranking CSDs. repairs); b) affordability (housing costs relative to income); and c) suitability (based on enough Within non-metro CDs, 10 CSDs had 75% or more of bedrooms for the age and sex of household their households residing in dwellings that needed members). repairs or lacked suitable bedrooms (Table 1). All 10 were in the Kenora CD. All 10 were Indian Reserves. This Fact Sheet considers the range across census In fact, the accompanying “Expanded5 Table 1” subdivisions2 (CSDs) of households needing major shows there were 89 CSDs with 30% or more of their repairs or without a suitable number of bedrooms. households residing in dwellings needing major repairs or lacking suitable bedrooms. Of these, 86 This measure summarizes two accompanying Fact were Indian Reserves, 2 were Indian Settlements Sheets – one on dwellings needing repairs and one and 1 was a village. Most (81 of 89 CSDs) were in on dwellings lacking suitable bedrooms. the north.

This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) Within non-metro CDs, 27% of the CSDs reported and CSD Fact Sheets that should be read together. that 25% or more of their households were residing Figure 1 in the CD Fact Sheet includes all the CDs in in dwellings needing major repairs or lacking suitable the province and Table 1 in the CSD Fact Sheet bedrooms (Table 2). This is double the share of presents results for top and bottom ranked CSDs. CSDs in metro CDs (12%) and partially-non-metro CDs (11%) reporting more than 25% of households Findings residing in dwellings needing major repairs or lacking There is a wide range across CSDs in non-metro suitable bedrooms. 3 Ontario in terms of the percent of households Discussion 1 See Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). (2015) 2011 Housing quality varies greatly across the census Census/National Household Survey Housing Series: Issue 3 The subdivisions within non-metro Ontario. Adequacy, Suitability and Affordability of Canadian Housing, 1991- 2011 (Ottawa: CMHC, April). 2 A census subdivision is an incorporated town or municipality (or similar Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve). For details, see Statistics Catalogue no. 98-301). 4 Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Examples of major repairs include defective plumbing or wiring or the Catalogue no. 98-301). need for structural repairs to walls / floors / ceilings. The number of 3 The data reported in this Fact Sheet is based on a custom tabulation of suitable bedrooms is based on the age, sex, and relationships among 2016 census data and includes all households. The published data household members. include an affordability component (calculated as housing costs per dollar 5 The complete ranking of CSDs in Table 1 is available as "Expanded of income) and only include non-farm households and households off Table 1" at http://www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/focus-on-rural- Indian Reserves. For details, see “core housing need” in Statistics ontario.

45 Focus on Rural Ontario | Dwellings needing repairs or lacking bedrooms by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 53 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

For 1 households Table 1. Ranking of census subdivisions by percent of households residing in dwellings 2 2 off-reserve, needing major repairs or without suitable bedrooms , Ontario, 2016 Rank the quality of of Number of households housing is CSDs Nam e of Needs major within CD 1 census CSD ID Name of census subdivision (CSD) due, at least ID repairs or each Total Percent in part, to low type division (CD) lacks suitable of 2 household CD bedrooms incomes and Census subdivisions within metro census divisions (show ing3 the 5 highest and the 5 low est ranking CSDs) / or high 1 3519 York 3519044 Whitchurch-Stouffville 15,355 765 5.0 costs for 2 3519 York 3519046 Aurora 18,850 1,185 6.3 repairs to 3 3519 York 3519054 East Gw illimbury 8,075 520 6.4 dwellings. 4 3524 Halton 3524001 Oakville 66,270 4,435 6.7 Also, rural 5 3529 Brant 3529005 Brant 13,315 925 6.9

dwellings 21 3521 Peel 3521005 Mississauga 240,910 34,230 14.2 may be older, 22 3520 Toronto 3520005 Toronto 1,112,930 200,420 18.0 on average. 23 3529 Brant 3528035 New Credit (Part) 40A 195 55 28.2 24 3519 York 3519076 Chippew as of Georgina Island First Nation 120 35 29.2 Households 25 3553 Greater Sudbury 3553040 Wahnapitei 11 45 20 44.4 on Indian Census subdivisions within partially-non-metro census divisions (show ing3 the 5 highest and the 5 low est ranking Reserves 1 3507 Leeds & Grenville 3507033 Westport 300 15 5.0 typically do 2 3530 Waterloo 3530035 Woolw ich 8,610 450 5.2 not own their 3 3530 Waterloo 3530020 Wilmot 7,515 410 5.5 4 3537 Essex 3537034 LaSalle 10,695 590 5.5 dwellings and 5 3539 Middlesex 3539033 Middlesex Centre 5,985 340 5.7 thus there is the additional 189 3558 Thunder Bay 3558097 Whitesand 100 50 50.0 factor of the 190 3558 Thunder Bay 3558060 Pic Mobert North 65 35 53.8 capacity of 191 3543 Simcoe 3543070 Christian Island 30A 15 10 66.7 192 3558 Thunder Bay 3558065 Gull River 55 80 55 68.8 the Band 193 3558 Thunder Bay 3558085 Osnaburgh 63A 45 45 100.0 Council to 3 Census subdivisions within non-metro census divisions (show ing the 10 highest and the 10 low est ranking CSDs) maintain the 1 3549 Parry Sound 3549095 Parry Sound, Unorganized, North East Part 80 - 0.0 quality of 2 3551 Manitoulin 3551100 Zhiibaahaasing 19A (Cockburn Island 19A) 25 - 0.0 their 3 3554 Timiskaming 3554032 Brethour 35 - 0.0 dwellings. 4 3559 Rainy River 3559040 Daw son 180 - 0.0 5 3559 Rainy River 3559053 Saug-a-Gaw -Sing 1 40 - 0.0 6 3548 Nipissing 3548091 Nipissing, Unorganized, South Part 45 - 0.0 7 3554 Timiskaming 3554014 Harris 225 10 4.4 8 3538 Lambton 3538035 Plympton-Wyoming 3,055 140 4.6 9 3549 Parry Sound 3549028 McKellar 510 25 4.9 10 3541 Bruce 3541045 Saugeen Shores 6,025 310 5.1

316 3560 Kenora 3560082 Shoal Lake (Part) 40 20 15 75.0 317 3560 Kenora 3560075 Kitchenuhmaykoosib Aaki 84 (Big Trout Lake) 305 235 77.0 318 3560 Kenora 3560064 Shoal Lake 34B2 45 35 77.8 319 3560 Kenora 3560067 Poplar Hill 90 70 77.8 320 3560 Kenora 3560053 Fort Hope 64 235 185 78.7 321 3560 Kenora 3560050 Fort Albany (Part) 67 250 200 80.0 322 3560 Kenora 3560078 Fort Severn 89 85 70 82.4 323 3560 Kenora 3560093 Neskantaga 70 60 85.7 324 3560 Kenora 3560055 Osnaburgh 63B 85 75 88.2 325 3560 Kenora 3560079 Webequie 155 140 90.3 Note: "-" signifies less than 10. 1. A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated tow n or municipality or a similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve (using the CSD names in the Statistics Canada dataset). 2. Examples of major repairs include repairing defective plumbing or w iring and structural repairs to w alls / floors / ceilings. The number of suitable bedrooms is based on the age, sex and relationships among household members. For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottaw a: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301). Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, custom tabulation.

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Table 2. Percent distribution of census subdivisions1 by percent of households in dwellings requiring major repairs or without suitable bedrooms2, Ontario, 2016 Percent of households Type of census division (CD) in dwellings requiring Metro Partially-non- Non-metro All CDs major repairs or without CDs metro CDs CDs 2 1 suitable bedrooms Percent distribution of census subdivisions Less than 8.0% 48 24 16 20 8.0% to 11.5% 24 41 29 33 11.6% to 24.9% 16 23 28 26 25% and over 12 11 27 21 1 All CSDs 100 100 100 100 1. Census subdivisions (CSDs) (i.e. incorporated towns, municipalities or similar jurisdictions, such as Indian Reserves. 2. Examples of major repairs include repairing defective plumbing or wiring and structural repairs to walls / floors / ceilings. The number of suitable bedrooms is based on the age, sex and relationships among household members. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, custom tabulation.

The Rural Ontario Institute gratefully acknowledges the work of Ray Bollman in preparing this edition of Focus on Rural Ontario. Questions on data sources can be directed to [email protected]. Any comments or discussions can be directed to [email protected]. 47 Focus on Rural Ontario | Dwellings needing repairs or lacking bedrooms by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 55 of 101 C 15 - CW Info September 11, 2018 Page 56 of 101 C 15 - CW Info on Rural Ontario

Average income by census division Vol. 5, No. 17, 2018

Highlights • The average income in Ontario for individuals over 15 years of age in 2015 was $45,825. • Almost all non-metro census divisions (CDs), 22 of 24, have an average income below the Ontario average • Similarly, within 12 of 15 partially non-metro CDs, the average income falls below the Ontario average. • Concentrations of higher income levels in several urban CDs (e.g., Halton, Ottawa, Toronto and York) raise the average Ontario level. • Average incomes in non-metro CDs range from the low $30,000’s to the high $40,000’s with most hovering near $40,000.

Why look at average income? the provincial average. Level of income is a partial indicator of well-being and is a measure of the capacity of the population to In addition to the 8 non-metro CDs with an average purchase the goods and services for a reasonable income below $40,000, there are also 2 metro CDs standard of living. The income level is also an and 2 partially-non-metro CDs with an average indicator of the economic vibrancy of the local income below $40,000. economy. Discussion This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) Non-metro incomes are lower, generally, than metro and census subdivision (CSD) Fact Sheets that incomes2. Note that average income levels can mask should be read together. Figure 1 in the CD Fact significant income inequality within jurisdictions Sheet includes all the CDs in the province and Table where there may be significant numbers of both high 1 in the CSD Fact Sheet presents results for top and and low-income individuals. Toronto, for example, bottom ranked CSDs. has had high coefficients of such inequality3. The range across non-metro CDs is similar to the range Findings shown by other types of CDs. In 2015, at the Ontario level, the average income per person (15 years of age and over) was $45,825 (see Bruce and Lambton have relative higher average the orange line in Figure 1). incomes, perhaps reflecting the success of nuclear power production and petro-chemical processing Only 2 of 24 non-metro CDs1 had an average income sectors in those regions. above the Ontario average (Bruce and Lambton).The lowest average income was in the Manitoulin CD The Manitoulin census division is an outlier, ($33,234). Another 7 non-metro CDs had an average suggesting a lower capacity of the population being income less than $40,000 (Nipissing, Algoma, Parry able to purchase desired goods and services and Sound, Kenora, Haliburton, Chatham-Kent, and perhaps an economy without many high-performing Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry). sectors.

The average income at the Ontario level is bolstered A companion Fact Sheet shows the much wider by the metro CDs of Halton, Ottawa, Toronto and range in the average income across the census York. In this context, most non-metro CDs are below subdivisions within non-metro census divisions.

2 See “Non-metro income: Levels and trends.” Focus on Rural 1 Defined in “Rural Ontario’s Demography: Census Update Ontario (Guelph: Rural Ontario Institute, Vol. 3, No. 16, 2015). 2016.” Focus on Rural Ontario (Guelph: Rural Ontario Institute, 3 See “Non-metro income inequality.” Focus on Rural Ontario March). (Guelph: Rural Ontario Institute, Vol. 3, No. 19, 2015).

49 Focus on Rural Ontario | Average income by CD September 11, 2018 Page 57 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Figure 1 Ranking of census divisions by average income per person (15 years of age and over), Ontario, 2015 ONTARIO AVERAGE Halton Ottawa Toronto York Greater Sudbury Hamilton Metro Brant Peel CDs Wellington Durham Dufferin Frontenac Waterloo Prescott & Russell Thunder Bay Partially Simcoe Middlesex -non- Essex metro Leeds & Grenville Lennox & Addington CDs Niaga ra Peterborough Sudbury Elgin Hastings Bruce Lambton Muskoka Cochrane Prince Edward Northumberland Perth Lanark Oxford Grey Renfrew Non- Rainy River metro Haldimand-Norfolk Huron CDs Timiskaming Kawartha Lakes Nipissing Algoma Parry Sound Kenora Haliburton Chatham-Kent Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry Manitoulin $0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 $70,000 Income (from all sources) per person, 15 years and over, 2015

Chart by Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016120. [email protected]

50 Focus on Rural Ontario | Average income by CD September 11, 2018 Page 58 of 101 C 15 - CW Info on Rural Ontario

Average income by census subdivision Vol. 5, No. 18, 2018

Highlights • In 2015, 85% of the census subdivisions within non-metro census divisions had an average income below the provincial average. • The substantive differences in income per person across rural geographies is evidence of the geographic inequality of income (i.e., concentrations of relative wealth and concentrations of poverty).

Why look at average income? below $17,200 (Table 1). Note that top CSD within in The level of income is a partial indicator of well-being non-metro CSDs had an average income about 6 and is a measure of the capacity of the population to times the level of the income in the lowest CSD. The purchase the goods and services for a reasonable range was smaller within partially-non-mero CSDs standard of living. Notably, income is a key social (about 5 times) and smaller again within metro CSDs determinant of health. (about 2 times). The poorest non-metro CSDs are relatively poorer and are northern First Nations The income level is also an indicator of the economic communities. vibrancy of the local economy in terms of the size of labour earnings. Clearly, places with higher or lower Within non-metro CDs, 85% of the CSDs had an incomes have populations that can sustain different average income below the provincial average levels of taxation for local services and facilities. ($45,825):

This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) • 24% of the CSDs with an average income less and census subdivision (CSD) Fact Sheets that than $32,000; should be read together. Figure 1 in the CD Fact • 21% of the CSDs with an average income of Sheet includes all the CDs in the province and Table $32,000 to $37,999; and 1 in the CSD Fact Sheet presents results for top and • 22% of the CSDs with an average income of bottom ranked CSDs. $38,000 to $41,999; and • 18% of the CSDs with an average income of Findings $42,000 to $45,824 (Table 2). There is a wide range across CSDs1 in non-metro Ontario in terms of the average income (per person Among the 58 CSDs (with 150 residents, 15+ years 15 years of age and over) (Table 1 and the Map). of age) with the lowest average income in Ontario, 57 were Indian Reserves and 1 was an Indian The far-left column shows the rank of the CSD in Settlement. terms of the level of average income (which is shown in the far-right column). We show the top 10 and Discussion lower 10 ranking CSDs within non-metro CDs. Within On average, income levels are lower in non-metro metro and partially-non-metro CDs, we show the top Ontario. Some CSDs (15%) have higher incomes, on 5 and the lower 5 ranking CSDs. average. However, the variation in average income across census subdivisions within non-metro census Within non-metro CDs, there were 10 CSDs with an divisions is VERY wide. average income above $52,500 and 10 CSDs with an average income (per person 15+ years of age) Within non-metro census division, the average income in the highest-ranking census subdivision 1 A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated town or municipality (or similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve). Income data were was six times the average in the lowest-ranking published only for CSDs with a population of 150 or more residents, 15 census subdivision. years of age and over. For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301). 51 Focus on Rural Ontario | Average income by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 59 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Table 1. Ranking of census subdivisions1 by income per person (15 years and over), Ontario, 2015 Rank Total Aggregate Income of Name of population total per CSDs CD census CSD within Name of census subdivision1 (CSD) (15+ years) income from person ID division ID each in private all sources (15+ type of (CD) CD households ($,000) years) ($) Census subdivisions within metro CDs (showing2 the 5 highest and the 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3524 Halton 3524001 Oakville 155,025 11,251,578 72,579 2 3519 York 3519049 King 19,930 1,431,088 71,806 3 3519 York 3519046 Aurora 44,870 2,782,599 62,015 4 3524 Halton 3524002 Burlington 149,495 8,807,640 58,916 5 3519 York 3519044 Whitchurch-Stouffville 36,040 2,010,547 55,787

20 3519 York 3519070 Georgina 37,275 1,562,757 41,925 21 3529 Brant 3529006 Brantford 78,495 2,960,984 37,722 22 3529 Brant 3529021 New Credit (Part) 40A 455 16,845 37,022 23 3521 Peel 3521010 Brampton 470,765 16,608,639 35,280 24 3519 York 3519076 Chippew as of Georgina Island First Nation 215 7,325 34,070 Census subdivisions within partially-non-metro CDs (showing2 the 5 highest and the 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3510 Frontenac 3510005 Frontenac Islands 1,550 127,463 82,234 2 3523 Wellington 3523001 Puslinch 6,240 445,906 71,459 3 3539 Middlesex 3539033 Middlesex Centre 13,550 788,873 58,219 4 3522 Dufferin 3522012 Mono 7,190 408,661 56,837 5 3523 Wellington 3523017 Erin 9,660 544,635 56,380

175 3512 Hastings 3512004 Tyendinaga Mohaw k Territory 2,035 49,761 24,453 176 3558 Thunder Bay 3558076 Aroland 83 240 4,848 20,200 177 3543 Simcoe 3543069 Christian Island 30 465 8,682 18,671 178 3558 Thunder Bay 3558097 Whitesand 230 4,126 17,939 179 3558 Thunder Bay 3558068 Long Lake 58 260 3,903 15,012 Census subdivisions within non-metro CDs (showing2 the 10 highest and the 10 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3542 Grey 3542045 The Blue Mountains 6,280 399,566 63,625 2 3544 Muskoka 3544053 Muskoka Lakes 5,905 367,695 62,268 3 3560 Kenora 3560042 Red Lake 3,315 198,400 59,849 4 3541 Bruce 3541024 Kincardine 9,325 542,959 58,226 5 3541 Bruce 3541045 Saugeen Shores 11,455 655,665 57,238 6 3549 Parry Sound 3549005 The Archipelago 475 27,109 57,072 7 3557 Algoma 3557096 Hornepayne 800 44,262 55,328 8 3547 Renfrew 3547096 Deep River 3,390 183,151 54,027 9 3538 Lambton 3538035 Plympton-Wyoming 6,425 344,889 53,679 10 3557 Algoma 3557014 Tarbutt and Tarbutt Additional 425 22,329 52,539

270 3560 Kenora 3560068 Shoal Lake (Part) 39A 285 4,877 17,112 271 3560 Kenora 3560071 Sandy Lake 88 1,310 21,874 16,698 272 3560 Kenora 3560055 Osnaburgh 63B 265 4,390 16,566 273 3560 Kenora 3560075 Kitchenuhmaykoosib Aaki 84 (Big Trout Lake) 660 10,896 16,509 274 3560 Kenora 3560063 Sabaskong Bay 35D 275 4,388 15,956 275 3559 Rainy River 3559066 Seine River 23A 205 3,045 14,854 276 3560 Kenora 3560058 English River 21 445 6,482 14,566 277 3560 Kenora 3560050 Fort Albany (Part) 67 875 12,357 14,122 278 3560 Kenora 3560061 Wabaseemoong 590 6,285 10,653 1. A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated tow n or municipality or a similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve. Income data w ere published for each CSD w ith 150 or more residents, 15 years of age and over. 2. For the complete ranking of all CSDs, see the "Expanded Table 1" at http://w w w .ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/focus-on-rural- ontario. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016120.

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Table 2. Percent distribution of census subdivisions1 by average income per person (15 years of age and over), Ontario, 2016 Type of census division (CD) Size class of average income per Metro Partially-non- Non-metro All CDs person (15 years of CDs metro CDs CDs age and over) 1 Percent distribution of census subdivisions Less than $32,000 0 9 24 17 $32,000 to $37,999 17 19 21 20 $38,000 to $41,999 4 22 22 21 $42,000 to $45,824 13 23 18 20 $45,825 to $49,999 21 12 9 11 $50,000 and over 46 14 6 11 All CSDs 100 100 100 100 1. A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated tow n or municipality or a similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve. Income data w ere published f or each CSD w ith 150 or more residents, 15 years of age and over. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016120.

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Population in low income by census division Vol. 5, No. 19, 2018

Highlights • Among non-metro census divisions in 2015, 9 census divisions had an incidence of low- income above the provincial average. • The range was from a high of 17.9% in the Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry census division to a low of 10.8% of individuals in the Oxford census division residing in a low-income household.

Why look at the population in low-income Definitions Box: households? "Low-income measure" (LIM): In this factsheet, we use the LIM (after Living in a low-income household constrains life tax) to indicate the low-income threshold. "Low income" is assigned to options. Individuals may be constrained from eating individuals in households with total household income below the LIM well, accessing medical services (such as paying for (after tax) where the LIM is one-half of the national median income, drugs, eye care and dental care, plus the cost of adjusted for the size of the household. travelling to access these services) and accessing A census subdivision is an incorporated town or municipality or a post-secondary education. similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve. The LIM is not assigned for residents of census subdivisions with less Documenting the localities with a higher incidence of than 250 inhabitants and not assigned for residents of Indian individuals in low-income households may help to Reserves. The 2016 Census Dictionary notes, regarding residents of manage the public services which respond to these Indian Reserves, "The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such concerns. as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation and census subdivision (CSD) Fact Sheets that of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations." should be read together. Figure 1 in the CD Fact For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary Sheet includes all the CDs in the province and Table (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) 1 in the CSD Fact Sheet presents results for top and (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm). bottom ranked CSDs. residents lived in a household with low income. Findings In Ontario in 2015, 14.4% of the population was As noted in the “Definitions Box”, households on residing in a low-income household (see Definitions Indian Reserves and households in census Box) (see orange line in Figure 1). subdivisions with less than 250 residents are not included in the published data. For the CD of Kenora, Among non-metro CDs1, there were 9 CDs with an this means that 22,435 of 64,615 residents were not incidence of low-income above the provincial assigned a status of ‘above’ or ‘below’ the low- average: Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry (17.9%); income threshold. Timiskaming (17.5%); Nipissing (17.2%); Haliburton (17.1%); Chatham-Kent (17.0%); Algoma (16.2%); Discussion Grey (15.5%); Parry Sound (15.1%); and Manitoulin A higher number and larger proportion of non-metro (14.8%). CDs have a higher intensity of lower incomes, compared to the partially-non-metro or metro The non-metro CD with the lowest incidence of low categories. Still a majority of non-metro CDs have income was the Oxford CD, where 10.8% of less of their population below the provincial average incidence of low income. 1 Defined in “Rural Ontario’s Demography: Census Update 2016.” Focus on Rural Ontario (Guelph: Rural Ontario Institute, March).

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Figure 1 Ranking of census divisions by percent of individuals1 living in households with income under the LIM2 (low-income measure, after tax), Ontario, 2015 Ontario average Toronto Hamilton Brant Greater Sudbury Peel Otta wa Yor k Hal ton Metro Middlesex Essex CDs Hastings Peterborough Niagara Sudbury Elgin Frontenac Partially- Thunder Bay non- Leeds & Grenville Lennox & Addington metro Waterloo Simcoe CDs Prescott & Russell Wellington Dur ha m Dufferin Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry Timiskaming Nipissing Haliburton Chatham-Kent Algoma Grey Parry Sound Manitoulin Cochrane Rainy River Hur on Non- Prince Edward Bruce metro Renfrew Kawartha Lakes CDs Muskoka Lambton Lanark Haldimand-Norfolk Northumberland Perth Kenora Oxford 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Percent of individuals1 residing in households with income under the LIM (low-income measure, after tax), 2015

1. Individuals in census subdivisions w ith less than 250 residents and individuals residing on Indian Reserves are not included. 2. The low -income measure (LIM) is one-half of the national median income, adjusted for the size of the household. For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottaw a: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) (http://w w w12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm). Chart by Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016127. [email protected]

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Population in low income by census subdivision Vol. 5, No. 20, 2018

Highlights • In 2015, 41% of census subdivisions in non-metro census divisions were above the provincial average in terms of the percent of individuals residing in a low-income household. o This may be compared to 32% of census subdivisions within partially-non-metro census divisions and 28% within metro census divisions.

Why look at the population living in low-income Definitions Box: households? "Low-income measure" (LIM): In this factsheet, we use the LIM (after Living in a low-income household constrains life tax) to indicate the low-income threshold. "Low income" is assigned to options. Individuals may be constrained from eating individuals in households with total household income below the LIM well, accessing medical services (e.g., paying for (after tax) where the LIM is one-half of the national median income, drugs or dental care) and accessing post-secondary adjusted for the size of the household. education. A census subdivision is an incorporated town or municipality or a similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve. Documenting the localities with a higher incidence of The LIM is not assigned for residents of census subdivisions with less individuals in low-income households will help to than 250 inhabitants and not assigned for residents of Indian target public services to address these concerns. Reserves. The 2016 Census Dictionary notes, regarding residents of Indian Reserves, "The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable and census subdivision (CSD) Fact Sheets that barter economies or consumption from own production (such as should be read together. Figure 1 in the CD Fact product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation Sheet includes all the CDs in the province and Table of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations." 1 in the CSD Fact Sheet presents results for top and bottom ranked CSDs. An Expanded Table 1 with the For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary data for every CSD in Ontario is available for (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm). download. income household. In 2015, 41% of the CSDs had Findings 14.4% or more (i.e., above the provincial average) of Among CSDs (see Definitions Box) in non-metro their population living in a low-income household CDs in Ontario, there were 10 CSDs with 23% or (Table 2). more of their population residing in a low-income household (Table 1 and the Map). Discussion At the other end of the spectrum, there were 10 The wide range across localities of the share of the CSDs in non-metro CDs with 6% or fewer of their population living in low-income households invites a residents living in low-income household. consideration of the wide range of local action needed by agencies to support low-income residents. CSDs within non-metro CDs were most likely to higher share of their population residing in a low-

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Table 1. Ranking of census subdivisions by percent of population in households with total income below the "low-income measure1" (after tax), Ontario, 2015 Rank of Population in private households for CSDs 1 within CD CSD Name of census which low income status is "applicable " Name of census division (CD) each ID ID subdivision1 (CSD) type of Total Population in Percent in 1 1 CD population "low income " "low income " Census subdivisions within metro census divisions (showing2 the 5 highest and 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3520 Toronto 3520005 Toronto 2,691,665 543,385 20 2 3519 York 3519038 Richmond Hill 193,805 30,765 16 3 3529 Brant 3529006 Brantford 95,780 14,945 16 4 3525 Hamilton 3525005 Hamilton 527,930 80,915 15 5 3519 York 3519036 Markham 327,400 49,485 15

18 3524 Halton 3524002 Burlington 180,125 13,220 7 19 3529 Brant 3529005 Brant 35,860 2,565 7 20 3519 York 3519054 East Gwillimbury 23,435 1,650 7 21 3521 Peel 3521024 Caledon 66,220 3,775 6 22 3524 Halton 3524015 Halton Hills 60,200 3,150 5 Census subdivisions within partially-non-metro CDs (showing2 the 5 highest and 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3512 Hastings 3512051 Limerick 345 100 29 2 3512 Hastings 3512048 Tudor and Cashel 580 165 28 3 3502 Prescott & Russell 3502008 Hawkesbury 9,820 2,705 28 4 3507 Leeds & Grenville 3507008 Prescott 4,100 1,060 26 5 3512 Hastings 3512061 Bancroft 3,740 950 25

163 3558 Thunder Bay 3558016 O'Connor 665 35 5 164 3558 Thunder Bay 3558011 Oliver Paipoonge 5,890 290 5 165 3502 Prescott & Russell 3502048 Russell 16,215 770 5 166 3558 Thunder Bay 3558028 Shuniah 2,780 120 4 167 3530 Waterloo 3530004 North Dumfries 10,125 420 4 Census subdivisions within non-metro census divisions (showing2 the 10 highest and 10 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3557 Algoma 3557039 Spanish 700 220 31 2 3549 Parry Sound 3549056 South River 1,095 335 31 3 3554 Timiskaming 3554008 Cobalt 1,125 340 30 4 3549 Parry Sound 3549022 Burk's Falls 985 290 29 5 3557 Algoma 3557016 Johnson 755 210 28 6 3501 Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry 3501012 Cornwall 45,175 11,860 26 7 3556 Cochrane 3556106 Moosonee 1,470 365 25 8 3509 Lanark 3509004 Smiths Falls 8,595 2,120 25 9 3554 Timiskaming 3554042 James 420 100 24 10 3554 Timiskaming 3554044 Charlton and Dack 690 160 23

213 3538 Lambton 3538035 Plympton-Wyoming 7,775 485 6 214 3557 Algoma 3557096 Hornepayne 965 60 6 215 3560 Kenora 3560042 Red Lake 4,040 245 6 216 3538 Lambton 3538016 Enniskillen 2,660 150 6 217 3554 Timiskaming 3554021 Hudson 505 25 5 218 3557 Algoma 3557066 Prince 1,010 50 5 219 3509 Lanark 3509024 Beckwith 7,625 370 5 220 3557 Algoma 3557011 Laird 1,050 50 5 221 3547 Renfrew 3547076 Petawawa 16,320 750 5 222 3559 Rainy River 3559011 Alberton 970 40 4 1. See "Def initions Box" in the text. 2. For the complete ranking of all CSDs, see the "Expanded Table 1" in http://w w w .ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/f ocus-on-rural-ontario. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016127 .

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Table 2. Percent distribution of census subdivisions1 by percent of individuals in households with income below the "low- income measure1" (after tax), Ontario, 2016

Percent of individuals Type of census division1 (CD ) in households with Metro Partially-non Non-metro income below the All CDs

"low-income CDs metro CDs CDs 1 1 measure " (after tax) Percent distribution of census subdivisions Less than 10% 50 41 21 30 10% to 14.3% 23 27 37 32 14.4% to 18.9% 23 22 23 23 19% and over 5 10 18 14 All CSDs1 100 100 100 100 1. See "Def initions Box" in the text. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016127 .

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Children in low income by census division Vol. 5, No. 21, 2018

Highlights • Among non-metro census divisions in 2015, 7 census divisions had one-fifth or more of their children under 18 years residing in low-income households. • The highest incidence was in the Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry census division where 24% of children were living in low-income households.

Why look at children living in a low-income Definitions Box: household? "Low-income measure" (LIM): In this factsheet, we use the LIM (after Residing in a low-income household constrains the tax) to indicate the low-income threshold. "Low income" is assigned to options for accessing nutritious food, health services individuals in households with total household income below the LIM (prescription drugs, eye and dental care), quality (after tax) where the LIM is one-half of the national median income, housing and post-secondary education. Low income adjusted for the size of the household. can limit opportunities for participation in recreation A census subdivision is an incorporated town or municipality or a and cultural activities and/or access to job similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve. opportunities if transportation costs are prohibitive. The LIM is not assigned for residents of census subdivisions with less than 250 inhabitants and not assigned for residents of Indian The well-being of children can be constrained by the Reserves. The 2016 Census Dictionary notes, regarding residents of capacity of the other household members to Indian Reserves, "The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such generate a satisfactory income. as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation and census subdivision (CSD) Fact Sheets that of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations." should be read together. Figure 1 in the CD Fact For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary Sheet includes all the CDs in the province and Table (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) 1 in the CSD Fact Sheet presents results for top and (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm). bottom ranked CSDs. By contrast, in the Oxford CD, 13.7% of children, under 18 years of age, were living in a low-income Findings In 2015, 18.4% of children under 18 years of age in household. Ontario were living in a low-income household (see Definitions Box) (see orange line in Figure 1). As noted in the “Definitions Box”, households on Indian Reserves and households in census 1 Among non-metro CDs , there were 7 CDs where subdivisions with less than 250 residents are not more than one-fifth of children under 18 were included in the published data. For the CD of Kenora, residing in low-income households: this means that 8,835 of 17,105 children under 18 years of age were not assigned a status of ‘above’ or • 24.4% -- Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry CD; ‘below’ the low-income threshold. • 22.6% -- Haliburton CD; • 22.3% -- Chatham-Kent CD; Discussion • 21.8% -- Algoma CD; The intensity of children in low-income in some non- • 21.2% -- Nipissing CD; metro census divisions implies a corresponding need • 20.3% -- Timiskaming CD; and for support by public policy and by local social • 20.0% -- Grey CD. agencies to support these children and their families. Many rural jurisdictions have collaborative multi-

1 stakeholder poverty alleviation roundtables to Defined in “Rural Ontario’s Demography: Census Update coordinate local services and to design programs 2016.” Focus on Rural Ontario (Guelph: Rural Ontario Institute, March). that are appropriately targeted and effective. 61 Focus on Rural Ontario | Children in low income by CD September 11, 2018 Page 69 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Figure 1 Ranking of census divisions by percent of children1 under 18 years of age living in households with income under the LIM2 (low-income measure, after tax), Ontario, 2015

ONTARIO AVERAGE Toronto Hamilton Peel Brant Greater Sudbury Otta wa Yor k Hal ton Essex Metro Middlesex CDs Hastings Thunder Bay Peterborough Niagara Elgin Sudbury Partially- Frontenac non- Leeds & Grenville Waterloo metro Simcoe Lennox & Addington CDs Dur ha m Wellington Prescott & Russell Dufferin Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry Haliburton Chatham-Kent Algoma Nipissing Timiskaming Grey Hur on Cochrane Parry Sound Bruce Rainy River Non- Lambton Manitoulin metro Prince Edward Muskoka CDs Lanark Kawartha Lakes Kenora Northumberland Renfrew Perth Haldimand-Norfolk Oxford 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Percent of children1 under18 years of age residing in households with income under the LIM (low-income measure, after tax), 2015 1. Individuals in census subdivisions w ith less than 250 residents and individuals residing on Indian Reserves are not included. 2. The low -income measure (LIM) is one-half of the national median income, adjusted for the size of the household. For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottaw a: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) (http://w w w12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm). Chart by Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016127. [email protected]

62 Focus on Rural Ontario | Children in low income by CD

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Children in low income by census subdivision Vol. 5, No. 22, 2018

Highlights • Across census subdivisions in non-metro census divisions, fully 18% of the census subdivisions had a high share (25% or more) of their children (under 18 years of age) living in low-income households.

Why look at children living in low-income Definitions Box: households? "Low-income measure" (LIM): In this factsheet, we use the LIM (after Residing in a low-income household constrains the tax) to indicate the low-income threshold. "Low income" is assigned to options for accessing nutritious food, health services (prescription drugs, eye and dental care), quality individuals in households with total household income below the LIM housing and post-secondary education. Low income (after tax) where the LIM is one-half of the national median income, can limit opportunities for participation in recreation adjusted for the size of the household. and cultural activities and / or access to job A census subdivision is an incorporated town or municipality or a opportunities if transportation costs are prohibitive. similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve. The LIM is not assigned for residents of census subdivisions with less The well-being of children can be constrained by the than 250 inhabitants and not assigned for residents of Indian capacity of the other household members to generate a satisfactory income. Reserves. The 2016 Census Dictionary notes, regarding residents of Indian Reserves, "The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable and census subdivision (CSD) Fact Sheets that barter economies or consumption from own production (such as should be read together. Figure 1 in the CD Fact product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation Sheet includes all the CDs in the province and Table of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations." 1 in the CSD Fact Sheet presents results for top and bottom ranked CSDs. An Expanded Table 1 with For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary data for every CSD in Ontario is available for (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) download. (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm).

Findings In fact, one-quarter or more of children were living in Table 1 illustrates that in 2015, there was a very wide low-income households in 18% of the CSDs in non- range in terms of the share of children living in low- metro CDs (Table 2). income households among CSDs (see Definitions Discussion Box) within Ontario’s non-metro CDs: The intensity of children in low-income households in some localities implies the requirement for more • there were 10 CSDs with 38% or more of their intensive support by public policy and by local social children, under 18 years of age, residing in a low- agencies to support these children and their families. income household (Table 1 and the Map). With the exception of Cornwall, these places were small in absolute population terms. • At the other end of the spectrum, there were 10 CSDs with 7% or fewer children living in a low- income household.

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Table 1. Ranking of census subdivisions by percent of population under 18 years of age residing in households with total income below the "low-income measure1" (after tax), Ontario, 2015 Rank of Children under 18 in private households for which CSDs 1 within CD CSD Name of census low income status is "applicable " Name of census division (CD) each ID ID subdivision1 (CSD) Total children Children under 18 Percent in type of 1 1 CD under 18 years in "low income " "low income " Census subdivisions within metro census divisions (showing2 the 5 highest and 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3520 Toronto 3520005 Toronto 478,360 125,675 26 2 3521 Peel 3521005 Mississauga 149,085 31,625 21 3 3525 Hamilton 3525005 Hamilton 105,455 22,175 21 4 3529 Brant 3529006 Brantford 20,835 4,325 21 5 3519 York 3519036 Markham 67,960 12,255 18

18 3524 Halton 3524002 Burlington 37,090 3,460 9 19 3519 York 3519054 East Gwillimbury 5,030 435 9 20 3529 Brant 3529005 Brant 7,650 620 8 21 3521 Peel 3521024 Caledon 15,500 1,055 7 22 3524 Halton 3524015 Halton Hills 14,165 830 6 Census subdivisions within partially-non-metro census divisions (showing2 the 5 highest and 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 23 3512 Hastings 3512048 Tudor and Cashel 75 40 53 24 3502 Prescott & Russell 3502008 Hawkesbury 1,585 580 37 25 3507 Leeds & Grenville 3507008 Prescott 730 265 36 26 3512 Hastings 3512046 Marmora and Lake 610 215 35 27 3512 Hastings 3512061 Bancroft 625 210 34

184 3558 Thunder Bay 3558011 Oliver Paipoonge 1,165 65 6 185 3522 Dufferin 3522001 East Garafraxa 550 30 6 186 3558 Thunder Bay 3558016 O'Connor 125 5 4 187 3558 Thunder Bay 3558028 Shuniah 400 15 4 188 3530 Waterloo 3530004 North Dumfries 2,355 85 4 Census subdivisions within non-metro census divisions (showing2 the 10 highest and 10 lowest ranking CSDs) 189 3557 Algoma 3557016 Johnson 180 85 47 190 3554 Timiskaming 3554024 Kerns 90 40 44 191 3554 Timiskaming 3554008 Cobalt 210 90 43 192 3551 Manitoulin 3551001 Tehkummah 50 20 40 193 3554 Timiskaming 3554044 Charlton and Dack 190 75 40 194 3557 Algoma 3557019 Plummer Additional 140 55 39 195 3557 Algoma 3557039 Spanish 115 45 39 196 3549 Parry Sound 3549022 Burk's Falls 210 80 38 197 3560 Kenora 3560049 Pickle Lake 105 40 38 198 3501 Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry 3501012 Cornwall 8,675 3,280 38

399 3532 Oxford 3532045 Blandford-Blenheim 1,535 110 7 400 3549 Parry Sound 3549031 McDougall 485 35 7 401 3514 Northumberland 3514019 Hamilton 1,920 130 7 402 3560 Kenora 3560042 Red Lake 880 60 7 403 3538 Lambton 3538016 Enniskillen 540 35 7 404 3557 Algoma 3557008 St. Joseph 170 10 6 405 3557 Algoma 3557011 Laird 190 10 5 406 3547 Renfrew 3547076 Petawawa 4,295 215 5 407 3509 Lanark 3509024 Beckwith 1,580 75 5 408 3559 Rainy River 3559011 Alberton 230 10 4 1. See "Definitions Box". 2. For the complete ranking of all CSDs, see the "Expanded Table 1" at http://www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/focus-on-rural-ontario. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016127 .

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Table 2. Percent distribution of census subdivisions1 by percent of childen unde r 18 ye a rs of a ge in households with income below the "low-income measure1" (after tax), Ontario, 2016 Percent of children Type of census division (CD ) under 18 years of age in Metro Partially-non- Non-metro households with income All CDs

below the "low-income CDs metro CDs CDs 1 measure1" (after tax) Percent distribution of census subdivisions Less than 12% 45 37 24 30 12% to 18.3% 36 29 35 32 18.4% to 24.9% 14 23 23 23 25% and over 5 11 18 14 1 All CSDs 100 100 100 100 1. See "Def initions Box" in text. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016127 .

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Seniors in low income by census division Vol. 5, No. 23, 2018

Highlights • In 2015, there were 4 non-metro census divisions with more than 15% of their seniors (65 years of age and over) residing in a low-income household (Temiskaming, Cochrane, Nipissing and Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry).

Why look at seniors over 65 years of age who Definitions Box: reside in low-income households? "Low-income measure" (LIM): In this factsheet, we use the LIM (after Many seniors are living on a fixed income with little tax) to indicate the low-income threshold. "Low income" is assigned opportunity to increase their income by taking a job. to individuals in households with total household income below the LIM (after tax) where the LIM is one-half of the national median If the person is residing in a low-income household, income, adjusted for the size of the household. there may be constraints on maintaining their health, A census division is comprised of census subdivisions which are such as affording nutritious foods and accessing incorporated towsn or municipalities or similar jurisdictions, such as health services including prescription drugs, eye care Indian Reserves. and dental services. In areas with a higher incidence The LIM is not assigned for residents of census subdivisions with of low-income seniors, mobility becomes a higher less than 250 inhabitants and not assigned for residents of Indian concern and community transportation services Reserves. The 2016 Census Dictionary notes, regarding residents of become more necessary. Indian Reserves, "The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable Moreover, as noted in an earlier Fact Sheet on barter economies or consumption from own production (such as dwellings needing major repairs1, the housing stock product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation in rural places is typically older and the combination of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations." of lower incomes with homes that require more repair For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary can lead to problems with inadequate housing. (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm). This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) and census subdivision (CSD) Fact Sheets that Glengarry). should be read together. Figure 1 in the CD Fact Sheet includes all the CDs in the province and Table At the other end of the scale, there were 2 non-metro 1 in the CSD Fact Sheet presents results for top and CDs with less than 10% of their seniors living in a bottom ranked CSDs. low-income household (Northumberland and Lambton). Findings In Ontario in 2015, 12% of seniors, 65 years of age As noted in the “Definitions Box”, households on and over, were residing in a low-income household Indian Reserves and households in census (see Definitions Box) (see orange line in Figure 1). subdivisions with less than 250 residents are not included in the published data. For the CD of Kenora, Among non-metro CDs2, there were 4 CDs with more this means that 1,165 of 8,855 seniors, 65+ years of than 15% of their seniors (65 years of age and over) age, were not assigned a status of ‘above’ or ‘below’ residing in a low-income household (Temiskaming, the low-income threshold. Cochrane, Nipissing and Stormont, Dundas and Discussion 1 See “Dwellings needing major repairs by census division.” Census divisions with a higher share of seniors Focus on Rural Ontario (Guelph: Rural Ontario Institute, Vol. 5, residing in low income may require relatively more No. 11, 2018). attention from agencies responding to service needs 22 Defined in “Rural Ontario’s Demography: Census Update associated with low income. 2016.” Focus on Rural Ontario (Guelph: Rural Ontario Institute, March). 67 Focus on Rural Ontario | Seniors in low income by CD September 11, 2018 Page 75 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Figure 1 Ranking of census divisions by percent of seniors1 65 years of age and over living in households with income under the LIM2 (low-income measure, after tax), Ontario, 2015

ONTARIO AVERAGE Toronto Hamilton Yor k Brant Peel Metro Greater Sudbury Otta wa CDs Hal ton Prescott & Russell Sudbury Hastings Elgin Middlesex Essex Peterborough Niagara Partially- Lennox & Addington non- Thunder Bay Waterloo metro Leeds & Grenville CDs Simcoe Frontenac Dufferin Wellington Dur ha m Timiskaming Cochrane Nipissing Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry Rainy River Renfrew Parry Sound Grey Chatham-Kent Haliburton Algoma Manitoulin Hur on Bruce Non- Haldimand-Norfolk metro Oxford Perth CDs Lanark Kawartha Lakes Kenora Prince Edward Muskoka Lambton Northumberland 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Percent of seniors1 65 years of age and over residing in households with income under the LIM (low-income measure, after tax), 2015

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Seniors in low income by census subdivision Vol. 5, No. 24, 2018

Highlights • A higher share (38%) of census subdivisions in non-metro census divisions had 16% or more of their seniors (65 years of age and over) residing in a low-income household, compared to those in partially-non-metro or metro census divisions.

Why look at seniors, 65 years and over, living in Definitions Box: low-income households? "Low-income measure" (LIM): In this factsheet, we use the LIM (after Many seniors are living on a fixed income with little tax) to indicate the low-income threshold. "Low income" is assigned to opportunity to increase their income by taking a job. individuals in households with total household income below the LIM (after tax) where the LIM is one-half of the national median income, If the person is residing in a low-income household, adjusted for the size of the household. there may be constraints on maintaining their health, A census subdivision is an incorporated town or municipality or a such as being able to afford nutritious food and similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve. accessing health services including prescription The LIM is not assigned for residents of census subdivisions with less drugs, eye care and dental services. In areas with a than 250 inhabitants and not assigned for residents of Indian higher incidence of low-income seniors, mobility Reserves. The 2016 Census Dictionary notes, regarding residents of becomes a higher concern and community Indian Reserves, "The existence of substantial in-kind transfers (such transportation services become more necessary. as subsidized housing and First Nations band housing) and sizeable barter economies or consumption from own production (such as Moreover, as noted in an earlier Fact Sheet on product from hunting, farming or fishing) could make the interpretation dwellings needing major repairs1, the housing stock of low-income statistics more difficult in these situations." in rural places is typically older and the combination For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary of lower incomes with homes that require more repair (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) can lead to problems with inadequate housing. (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm). Compared to the CSDs in other types of CDs, a This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) higher share (38%) of CSDs in non-metro CDs had and census subdivision (CSD) Fact Sheets that 16% or more of their seniors (65 years of age and should be read together. Figure 1 in the CD Fact over) residing in a low-income household (Table 2). Sheet includes all the CDs in the province and Table 1 in the CSD Fact Sheet presents results for top and The spatial pattern of where there are higher bottom ranked CSDs. An Expanded Table 1 with proportions of low-income seniors closely parallels data for every CSD in Ontario is available for the map showing the levels of low income in the download. 2 general population . This suggests the persistence of regional economic conditions over time in that

Findings regional opportunities for income generation and the In 2015, among CSDs (see Definitions Box) in non- relative dearth of such opportunities lead to long-term metro CDs, there were 10 CSDs with 29% or more of wealth outcomes. It also raises the question about their seniors (65 years of age and over) residing in a how long people may remain residents in areas low-income household (Table 1 and the Map). experiencing localized “boom-bust” economies tied to resource extraction. Many of the high and low CSDs At the other end of the spectrum, there were 10 in Table 1 are in northern regions. Answering such CSDs with 7% or fewer of their 65+ seniors residing questions would require more detailed research and in a low-income household. analysis.

1 2 See “Dwellings needing major repairs by census division.” See “Population in low income by census subdivision.” Focus Focus on Rural Ontario (Guelph: Rural Ontario Institute, Vol. 5, on Rural Ontario (Guelph: Rural Ontario Institute, Vol. 5, No. No. 11, 2018). 20, 2018). 69 Focus on Rural Ontario | Seniors in low income by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 77 of 101 C 15 - CW Info Discussion The wide range of low-income seniors across CSDs range in requirements for ancillary support that could within Ontario’s non-metro CDs illustrates the wide benefit seniors living in low-income households.

Table 1. Ranking of census subdivisions by percent of seniors 65 years of age and over residing in 1 households with total income below the "low-income measure " (after tax), Ontario, 2015

Rank of Seniors 65+ years in private households for CSDs 1 within CD Name of census Name of census which low income status is "applicable " CSD ID each ID division subdivision type of Population Seniors in "low Percent in CD of seniors income1" "low income1" Census subdivisions within metro census divisions (showing2 the 5 highest and the 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3520 Toronto 3520005 Toronto 225,550 42,575 19 2 3519 York 3519038 Richmond Hill 14,735 2,530 17 3 3529 Brant 3529006 Brantford 8,550 1,290 15 4 3519 York 3519070 Georgina 3,350 475 14 5 3525 Hamilton 3525005 Hamilton 47,670 6,555 14

18 3524 Halton 3524002 Burlington 18,105 1,560 9 19 3519 York 3519044 Whitchurch-Stouffville 3,655 310 9 20 3519 York 3519054 East Gwillimbury 1,700 140 8 21 3519 York 3519049 King 1,875 145 8 22 3521 Peel 3521024 Caledon 4,450 320 7 Census subdivisions within partially-non-metro CDs (showing2 the 5 highest and the 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3512 Hastings 3512061 Bancroft 580 165 28 2 3502 Prescott & Russell 3502008 Hawkesbury 1,385 390 28 3 3534 Elgin 3534011 Aylmer 770 210 27 4 3502 Prescott & Russell 3502044 Casselman 310 75 24 5 3552 Sudbury 3552004 St.-Charles 150 35 23

163 3522 Dufferin 3522001 East Garafraxa 175 10 6 164 3543 Simcoe 3543003 Adjala-Tosorontio 800 45 6 165 3530 Waterloo 3530020 Wilmot 1,855 100 5 166 3558 Thunder Bay 3558041 Red Rock 95 5 5 167 3558 Thunder Bay 3558028 Shuniah 305 15 5 Census subdivisions within non-metro CDs (showing2 the 10 highest and the 10 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3554 Timiskaming 3554024 Kerns 25 10 40 2 3557 Algoma 3557039 Spanish 75 30 40 3 3556 Cochrane 3556077 Mattice-Val Côté 65 25 39 4 3549 Parry Sound 3549051 Joly 30 10 33 5 3554 Timiskaming 3554026 Harley 45 15 33 6 3548 Nipissing 3548022 Calvin 50 15 30 7 3556 Cochrane 3556070 Val Rita-Harty 50 15 30 8 3559 Rainy River 3559031 Morley 50 15 30 . 9 3559 Rainy River 3559019 Emo 135 40 30 10 3556 Cochrane 3556106 Moosonee 35 10 29

213 3551 Manitoulin 3551027 Gordon/Barrie Island 70 5 7 214 3560 Kenora 3560032 Ear Falls 70 5 7 215 3549 Parry Sound 3549036 Carling 155 10 7 216 3538 Lambton 3538035 Plympton-Wyoming 735 45 6 217 3557 Algoma 3557011 Laird 85 5 6 218 3557 Algoma 3557066 Prince 95 5 5 219 3554 Timiskaming 3554029 Casey 15 0 0 220 3557 Algoma 3557014 Tarbutt & Tarbutt Additional 40 0 0 221 3559 Rainy River 3559011 Alberton 60 0 0 222 3560 Kenora 3560049 Pickle Lake 10 0 0 1. See "Definitions Box" in the text. 2. For the complete ranking of all CSDs, see the "Expanded Table 1" at http://www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/focus-on-rural-ontario. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016127 .

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Table 2. Percent distribution of census subdivisions1 by percent of seniors 65 years of age and over in households with income below the "low-income measure2" (after tax), Ontario, 2016

Percent of seniors 65 years Type of census division (CD) of age and over in households Metro Partially-non- Non-metro All with income below the "low- CDs metro CDs CDs CDs 2 income measure " (after tax) 1 Percent distribution of census subdivisions Less than 9% 36 22 12 17 9% to 11.9% 27 29 17 22 12% to 15.9% 27 25 33 30 16% and over 9 24 38 31 1 All CSDs 100 100 100 100 1. See "Def initions Box" in the text. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016127 .

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Percent with employment income by census division Vol. 5, No. 25, 2018

Highlights • Five non-metro census divisions had a higher share of individuals (15 years of age and older) with some employment income in 2015, compared to the Ontario average (71%). • Another five non-metro census divisions had less than two-thirds of the population (15 years of age and older) with some employment income in 2015.

Why look at employment? • Haldimand-Norfolk (71%). Being employed is the way most people generate income. Apart from the necessity of meeting basic At the other end of the scale, 5 non-metro CDs had needs, which employment income provides, having a less than two-thirds of their residents (15+ years) job can provide valuable benefits such as job with some employment income: satisfaction, personal self-actualization and fulfillment • Algoma (65%); and having a purpose in life. In addition, having a job • Parry Sound (64%); provides many with a social stature in one’s • Prince Edward (64%); community. Finally, employment is one of the social • Manitoulin (61%); and determinants of health outcomes. • Haliburton (59%).

The percent of individuals who are employed is also Discussion an indicator of the economic vitality of a locality. Most non-metro CDs have a lower share of their Productivity per worker is a benchmark indicator of population being employed, relative to the provincial efficiency and the capacity of an economy to average. generate wealth. Part of this finding is due to the fact that a higher This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) share of individuals in non-metro CDs are over 65 and census subdivision (CSD) Fact Sheets that years of age. Another important factor is simply the should be read together. Figure 1 in the CD Fact lack of jobs in the local labour market. Sheet includes all the CDs in the province and Table 1 in the CSD Fact Sheet presents results for top and A companion Fact Sheet shows the much wider bottom ranked CSDs. range in the percent of individuals with employment across the census subdivisions within non-metro Findings census divisions. In 2015, at the Ontario level, 71% of individuals (15 years of age and over) reported being employed at some point during the year. Specifically, they reported some employment income during 2015 (see the orange line in Figure 1).

Among non-metro CDs1, the percent of individuals (15 years and over) reporting employment income was above the provincial average in 5 CDs: • Perth (77%); • Oxford (73%); • Huron (72%); • Cochrane (71%); and

1 Defined in “Rural Ontario’s Demography: Census Update 2016.” Focus on Rural Ontario (Guelph: Rural Ontario Institute, March).

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Figure 1 Ranking of census divisions by percent of population (15 years of age and over) with some employment income in 2015, Ontario

ONTARIO AVERAGE Halton Peel Ottawa York Greater Sudbury Metro Brant Hamilton CDs Toronto Dufferin Wellington Waterloo Durham Prescott & Russell Simcoe Elgin Middlesex Frontenac Thunder Bay Essex Partially Niaga ra -non- Lennox & Addington Peterborough metro Leeds & Grenville CDs Sudbury Hastings Perth Oxford Huron Cochrane Haldimand-Norfolk Bruce Kenora Chatham-Kent Rainy River Muskoka Lambton Lanark Non- Grey metro Renfrew Nipissing CDs Kawartha Lakes Timiskaming Northumberland Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry Algoma Parry Sound Prince Edward Manitoulin Haliburton 50 60 70 80 Percent of population (15 years of age and over) with some employment income in 2015 Chart by Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016120. [email protected]

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Percent with employment income by census subdivision Vol. 5, No. 26, 2018

Highlights • In 2015, two-thirds of the census subdivisions within non-metro census divisions had less than the provincial average of 71% reporting some employment income.

Why look at employment? Within non-metro CDs, there are 10 CSDs with 82% Being employed is the way most people generate or more of the population (15+ years) with some income. Apart from the necessity of meeting basic employment income in 2015 (Table 1). At the other needs, which employment income provides, having a end of the spectrum, there are 10 CSDs with 47% or job can provide valuable benefits such as job fewer individuals, 15+ years of age, with some satisfaction, personal self-actualization and fulfillment employment income in 2015. and having a purpose in life. In addition, having a job provides many with a social stature in one’s Within non-metro CDs, two thirds (65%) of the CSDs community. Finally, employment is one of the social reported less than the provincial average with some determinants of health outcomes. employment income (i.e., less than 71%) (Table 2).

The percent of individuals who are employed is also Note that this indicator counts $1 of employment an indicator of the economic vitality of a locality. income as “some” employment income in 2015. Productivity per worker is a benchmark indicator of Thus, seasonal workers or part-time workers are efficiency and the capacity of an economy to included, regardless of the amount of time being generate wealth. employed.

This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) Discussion and census subdivision (CSD) Fact Sheets that Localities with fewer employed persons are more should be read together. Figure 1 in the CD Fact prevalent among CSDs within non-metro CDs in Sheet includes all the CDs in the province and Table Ontario. 1 in the CSD Fact Sheet presents results for top and bottom ranked CSDs. Part, but certainly not all, of this observation is due to the presence of a higher share of retired individuals Findings in non-metro CDs. There is a wide range across CSDs1 in non-metro Ontario in the percent of the population (15+ years) The other factor is that communities that are in with some employment income (Table 1 and the regions featuring mostly primary industries (forestry, Map). pulp and paper or mining towns) may be facing temporary or long-term employment dislocation as The far-left column shows the rank of the CSD in commodity prices shift. A number of these more terms of the percent of individuals with some remote places may also experience a lack of employment income (which is shown in the far-right diversified employment opportunities which in turn column). We show the top 10 and lower 10 ranking lowers the opportunities to secure employment CSDs within non-metro CDs. Within metro and income to ensure individual well-being and to foster a partially-non-metro CDs, we show the top 5 and the stable, vibrant local economy. lower 5 ranking CSDs.

1 A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated town or municipality (or similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve). Income data were published only for CSDs with a population of 150 or more, 15 years of age and over. For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301).

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Table 1. Ranking of census subdivisions1 by percent of population (15 years and over) with some employment income, Ontario, 2015 Rank Total of Population Percent population CSDs CD Name of census division CSD with some with some within Name of census subdivision1 (CSD) (15+ years) each ID (CD) ID employment employment in private type of income income CD households Census subdivisions within metro census divisions (showing2 the 5 highest and the 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3524 Halton 3524009 Milton 80,560 63,400 79 2 3524 Halton 3524015 Halton Hills 48,765 38,350 79 3 3519 York 3519054 East Gw illimbury 19,345 14,885 77 4 3521 Peel 3521024 Caledon 53,870 41,345 77 5 3519 York 3519046 Aurora 44,870 34,240 76

20 3529 Brant 3529006 Brantford 78,500 54,275 69 21 3519 York 3519038 Richmond Hill 161,265 111,400 69 22 3520 Toronto 3520005 Toronto 2,294,785 1,578,750 69 23 3519 York 3519036 Markham 272,050 186,150 68 24 3519 York 3519076 Chippew as of Georgina Island First Nation 215 130 61 Census subdivisions within partially-non-metro census divisions (showing2 the 5 highest and the 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3558 Thunder Bay 3558012 Gillies 420 355 85 2 3539 Middlesex 3539047 Adelaide-Metcalfe 2,265 1,805 80 3 3522 Dufferin 3522008 Amaranth 3,380 2,685 79 4 3523 Wellington 3523033 Mapleton 7,620 6,040 79 5 3522 Dufferin 3522010 Grand Valley 2,455 1,945 79

175 3558 Thunder Bay 3558068 Long Lake 58 260 140 54 176 3512 Hastings 3512004 Tyendinaga Mohaw k Territory 2,035 1,065 52 177 3511 Lennox & Addington 3511035 Addington Highlands 1,950 1,000 51 178 3510 Frontenac 3510045 North Frontenac 1,700 865 51 179 3512 Hastings 3512051 Limerick 295 140 48 Census subdivisions within non-metro census divisions (showing2 the 10 highest and the 10 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3554 Timiskaming 3554029 Casey 345 305 88 2 3554 Timiskaming 3554024 Kerns 290 245 85 3 3560 Kenora 3560032 Ear Falls 735 620 84 4 3560 Kenora 3560049 Pickle Lake 275 230 84 5 3557 Algoma 3557091 White River 560 465 83 6 3557 Algoma 3557096 Hornepayne 805 665 83 7 3531 Perth 3531013 Perth South 3,220 2,660 83 8 3560 Kenora 3560042 Red Lake 3,310 2,730 83 9 3557 Algoma 3557014 Tarbutt and Tarbutt Additional 425 350 82 10 3538 Lambton 3538007 Daw n-Euphemia 1,540 1,255 82

270 3560 Kenora 3560052 Marten Falls 65 160 75 47 271 3548 Nipissing 3548022 Calvin 375 175 47 272 3560 Kenora 3560075 Kitchenuhmaykoosib Aaki 84 (Big Trout Lake) 655 305 47 273 3557 Algoma 3557041 Elliot Lake 9,470 4,345 46 274 3560 Kenora 3560071 Sandy Lake 88 1,310 580 44 275 3538 Lambton 3538004 Walpole Island 46 1,215 505 42 276 3501 Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry 3501007 Akw esasne (Part) 59 1,050 435 41 277 3560 Kenora 3560058 English River 21 450 170 38 278 3560 Kenora 3560061 Wabaseemoong 590 110 19 1. A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated tow n or municipality or a similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve. Income data w ere published for each CSD w ith 150 or more residents, 15 years of age and over. 2. For the complete ranking of all CSDs, see the "Expanded Table 1" at http://w w w .ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/focus-on-rural-ontario. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016120.

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Table 2. Percent distribution of census subdivisions1 by size class of percent of population (15 years of age and over) with some employment income in 2015, Ontario

Size class of percent of Type of census division (CD) population (15 years of Metro Partially-non- Non-metro All CDs age and over) with some CDs metro CDs CDs employment income, 2015 1 Percent distribution of census subdivisions Less than 61% 0 13 24 19 61% to 70% 29 35 41 38 71% to 74% 33 25 21 23 75% and over 38 27 15 21 All CSDs 100 100 100 100 1. A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated tow n or municipality or a similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve. Income data w ere published for each CSD w ith 150 or more residents, 15 years of age and over. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016120.

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Percent with Employment Insurance regular benefits by census division Vol. 5, No. 27, 2018

Highlights • In 2015, 22 of 24 non-metro census divisions had a higher share of individuals (15 years of age and over) with some Employment Insurance regular benefits, than the Ontario average.

Why look at Employment Insurance regular benefits? • Rainy River (8.9%); The spatial pattern of recipients of Employment • Manitoulin (8.8%); Insurance regular benefits shows the configuration of • Parry Sound (8.3%); the strength of local labour markets and the • Kenora (8.2%); seasonality of work across rural Ontario. • Algoma (7.8%); • Nipissing (7.6%); and The “regular benefits” of Canada’s Employment • Cochrane (7.2%). Insurance program provides temporary income support to unemployed workers who have recently Discussion lost their job through no fault of their own. Non-metro CDs, in general, have labour markets that feature more volatility, due, in part, to more The census data also shows recipients of seasonality in the industry sectors of non-metro Employment Insurance “special benefits” such as Ontario. maternity and parental benefits, sickness benefits and compassionate care benefits, but this Fact Sheet Northern jurisdictions with mining and forestry focuses specifically on recipients of regular benefits. sectors display higher volatility than the more diversified economies of southern rural Ontario, This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) despite the absolute seasonality of particular and census subdivision (CSD) Fact Sheets that agricultural activities. should be read together. Figure 1 in the CD Fact Sheet includes all the CDs in the province and Table A companion Fact Sheet shows the much wider 1 in the CSD Fact Sheet presents results for top and range in the percent of individuals with some bottom ranked CSDs. Employment Insurance regular benefits across the census subdivisions within non-metro census Findings divisions. Across Ontario in 2015, 4.6% of individuals (15 years of age and over) received some Employment Insurance regular benefits during the 2015 calendar year (see orange line in Figure 1).

In 2015, fully 22 of 24 non-metro CDs1 had a higher percent of individuals (15 years and over) reporting Employment Insurance regular benefits, compared to the provincial average.

Seven CDs had over 7% of all individuals (15 years and over) with some Employment Insurance benefits during 2015:

1 Defined in “Rural Ontario’s Demography: Census Update 2016.” Focus on Rural Ontario (Guelph: Rural Ontario Institute, March).

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Figure 1 Ranking of census divisions by percent of population (15 years of age and over) with some Employment Insurance regular benefits in 2015, Ontario ONTARIO AVERAGE Greater Sudbury Brant Hamilton Peel Metro Toronto Halton CDs York Ottawa Sudbury Thunder Bay Essex Prescott & Russell Lennox & Addington Leeds & Grenville Niaga ra Elgin Hastings Simcoe Partially Peterborough -non- Durham Dufferin metro Frontenac CDs Middlesex Waterloo Wellington Rainy River Manitoulin Parry Sound Kenora Algoma Nipissing Cochrane Timiskaming Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry Lambton Muskoka Haldimand-Norfolk Non- Renfrew metro Chatham-Kent Kawartha Lakes CDs Haliburton Bruce Lanark Northumberland Prince Edward Grey Huron Oxford Perth 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Percent of population (15 years of age and over) with some EmploymentInsurance regular benefits in 2015

Chart by Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016120. [email protected]

The Rural Ontario Institute gratefully acknowledges the work of Ray Bollman in preparing this edition of Focus on Rural Ontario. Questions on data sources can be directed to [email protected]. Any comments or discussions can be directed to [email protected]. 800 Focus on Rural Ontario | Percent with EI regular benefits by CD September 11, 2018 Page 88 of 101 C 15 - CW Info on Rural Ontario

Percent with Employment Insurance regular benefits by census subdivision Vol. 5, No. 28, 2018

Highlights • In 2015, 88% of the census subdivisions in non-metro census divisions reported a higher share of the population (15+ years of age) with Employment Insurance regular benefits, compared to the provincial average.

Why look at Employment Insurance regular within non-metro CDs. Within metro and partially- benefits? non-metro CDs, we show the top 5 and the lower 5 The spatial pattern of recipients of Employment ranking CSDs. Insurance (EI) regular benefits shows the volatility of local labour markets and the seasonality of work Within non-metro CDs, there are 10 CSDs with across rural Ontario. 14.6% or more of the total population (15+ years of age) who received some EI regular benefits in 2015 The “regular benefits” of Canada’s EI program (Table 1). At the other end of the scale, there were provides temporary income support to unemployed 10 CSDs with 3.7% or fewer residents with EI regular workers who have recently lost their job through no benefits in 2015. fault of their own. Within non-metro CDs, 88% of the CSDs reported a The census data also shows recipients of EI “special higher share of the population (15+ years of age) benefits” such as maternity and parental benefits, with EI regular benefits, compared to the provincial sickness benefits and compassionate care benefits average (Table 2). One-fifth (21%) of the CSDs in but this Fact Sheet focuses specifically on recipients non-metro CDs had 10% or more all residents of regular benefits. (15+years of age) with some EI regular benefits in 2015. This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) and census subdivision (CSD) Fact Sheets that Discussion should be read together. Figure 1 in the CD Fact Labour markets are relatively seasonal within non- 2 Sheet includes all the CDs in the province and Table metro Ontario. Importantly, an earlier Fact Sheet 1 in the CSD Fact Sheet presents results for top and showed that the percent of the population employed bottom ranked CSDs. An Expanded Table 1 with the in Ontario’s non-metro areas during seasonal peaks data for every CSD in Ontario is available for was as high or higher than in metro areas. Thus, download. overall, a higher incidence of EI during the year (and sometimes a lower 12-month average employment Findings rate) is due, at least in part, to the seasonal nature of There is a wide range across CSDs1 in non-metro the non-metro labour market. Ontario in terms of the percent of the population (15 years of age and over) with some EI regular benefits However, in addition, there are many CSDs with (Table 1 and the Map). weak labour markets that generate a high share of the population reporting some EI regular benefit The far-left column shows the rank of the CSD in terms of the incidence of EI during 2015 (and the percent reporting is shown in the far-right column). We show the top 10 and lower 10 ranking CSDs

1 A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated town or municipality (or similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve). Income data were published only for CSDs with a population of 150 or more, 15 years of age and over. For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census 2 See “Non-metro Employment Rates,” Focus on Rural Ontario Dictionary (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301). (Guelph, Rural Ontario Institute, Vol. 3, No. 7, 2015).

81 Focus on Rural Ontario | Percent with EI regular benefits by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 89 of 101 C 15 - CW Info Table 1. Ranking of census subdivisions1 by percent of population (15 years and over) with some Employment Insurance Regular Benefits in 2015, Ontario

Rank Total Population Percent with of population with some some Name of CSDs CD CSD Name of census (15+ years of Employment Employment within census 1 each ID ID subdivision (CSD) age) in Insurance Insurance division (CD) type of private Regular Regular CD households Benefits Benefits Census subdivisions within metro CDs (showing2 the 5 highest and 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3524 Halton 3524001 Oakville 155,020 4,630 3.0 2 3519 York 3519038 Richmond Hill 161,265 5,025 3.1 3 3506 Ottaw a 3506008 Ottaw a 761,420 24,985 3.3 4 3519 York 3519049 King 19,930 675 3.4 5 3519 York 3519036 Markham 272,050 9,220 3.4

19 3525 Hamilton 3525005 Hamilton 441,055 20,545 4.7 20 3529 Brant 3529006 Brantf ord 78,495 4,415 5.6 21 3519 York 3519070 Georgina 37,270 2,180 5.8 22 3553 Greater Sudbury 3553005 Greater Sudbury 133,640 7,740 5.8 23 3529 Brant 3529021 New Credit (Part) 40A 455 40 8.8 Census subdivisions in partially-non-metro CDs (show ing2 the 5 highest and 5 low est CSDs)

1 3530 Waterloo 3530035 Woolw ich 19,160 515 2.7 2 3522 Duf f erin 3522008 Amaranth 3,380 95 2.8 3 3530 Waterloo 3530027 Wellesley 8,260 235 2.8 4 3523 Wellington 3523009 Guelph/Eramosa 10,590 305 2.9 5 3523 Wellington 3523001 Puslinch 6,240 190 3.0

175 3558 Thunder Bay 3558097 Whitesand 230 30 13.0 176 3512 Hastings 3512065 Carlow /Mayo 755 100 13.2 177 3558 Thunder Bay 3558064 Lake Helen 53A 230 35 15.2 178 3558 Thunder Bay 3558012 Gillies 425 70 16.5 179 3552 Sudbury 3552036 Killarney 295 100 33.9 Census subdivisions in non-metro CDs (showing2 the 10 highest and 10 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3559 Rainy River 3559024 Chapple 490 10 2.0 2 3547 Renf rew 3547096 Deep River 3,395 80 2.4 3 3542 Grey 3542045 The Blue Mountains 6,285 215 3.4 4 3549 Parry Sound 3549018 Kearney 710 25 3.5 5 3531 Perth 3531016 St. Marys 5,790 205 3.5 6 3560 Kenora 3560049 Pickle Lake 275 10 3.6 7 3509 Lanark 3509021 Perth 5,135 185 3.6 8 3554 Timiskaming 3554001 Coleman 405 15 3.7 9 3547 Renf rew 3547090 Laurentian Hills 2,445 90 3.7 10 3531 Perth 3531030 Perth East 9,180 340 3.7

269 3548 Nipissing 3548069 Temagami 720 105 14.6 270 3560 Kenora 3560098 Kingf isher Lake 1 340 50 14.7 271 3548 Nipissing 3548013 Papineau-Cameron 910 135 14.8 272 3557 Algoma 3557096 Hornepayne 800 120 15.0 273 3551 Manitoulin 3551040 Whitef ish River (Part) 4 365 55 15.1 274 3549 Parry Sound 3549077 Dokis 9 295 45 15.3 275 3560 Kenora 3560076 Sachigo Lake 1 320 50 15.6 276 3549 Parry Sound 3549051 Joly 270 45 16.7 277 3560 Kenora 3560008 Sioux Narrow s-Nestor Falls 515 90 17.5 278 3548 Nipissing 3548001 South Algonquin 970 175 18.0 1. A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated tow n or municipality or a similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve. Income data w ere published f or each CSD w ith 150 or more residents, 15 years of age and over. 2. For the complete ranking of all CSDs, see the "Expanded Table 1" at http://w w w .ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/f ocus- on-rural-ontario. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016120.

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Table 2. Percent distribution of census subdivisions1 by size class of percent of population (15 years of age and over) with some Employment Insurance Regular Benefits in 2015, Ontario Size class of percent of Type of census division (CD) population (15 years of Metro Partially-non- Non-metro age and over) with some All CDs

Employment Insurance CDs metro CDs CDs 1 Regular Benefits in 2015 Percent distribution of census subdivisions Less than 4.6% 74 22 12 19 4.6% to 6.9% 22 53 34 41 7% to 9.9% 4 19 33 26 10% and over 0 6 21 14 All CSDs 100 100 100 100 1. A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated tow n or municipality or a similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve. Income data w ere published for each CSD w ith 250 or more residents (in private or collective dw ellings). Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016120.

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Percent with Social Assistance by census division Vol. 5, No. 29, 2018

Highlights • In 2015, 4.9% of individuals (15 years of age and over) in Ontario had some social assistance income. • 17 of 24 non-metro census divisions have a higher proportion than the provincial average of individuals reporting social assistance income. • Three non-metro census divisions had more than 8% of their population with some social assistance (Algoma, 8.6%; Nipissing, 8.6%; and Chatham-Kent, 8.3%).

Why look at Social Assistance? In 2015, 7 of 24 non-metro CDs2 had a lower percent Social assistance is provided to individuals on the of individuals (15 years and over) reporting social basis of need. assistance, compared to the Ontario average:

Eligible social assistance recipients may receive • Perth (3.7%); assistance to cover the cost of food, shelter, clothing • Bruce (3.9%); and other daily necessities. Other allowances may • Oxford (4.4%); also be granted to persons with special needs or • Huron (4.4%); circumstances, such as elderly persons, persons with • Northumberland (4.5%); disabilities, single-parent families and persons with 1 • Haldimand-Norfolk (4.5%); and barriers to employment . • Muskoka (4.8%).

In Ontario, this would refer specifically to the Ontario Thus, 17 of 24 non-metro CDs have a higher Disability Support Program and the Ontario Works incidence of social assistance than the Ontario program, as reported on line 145 of the 2015 Income average. Three non-metro CDs had over 8% of Tax Form. All other forms of government transfer individuals (15 years of age and over) with social revenue are reported under their specific category. assistance income: The spatial pattern of recipients of social assistance • Algoma (8.6%); is one indicator of lower economic well-being and a • Nipissing (8.6%); and need for social support across rural Ontario. • Chatham-Kent (8.3%). This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) and census subdivision (CSD) Fact Sheets that Discussion should be read together. Figure 1 in the CD Fact Non-metro CDs, in general, are more likely to have a Sheet includes all the CDs in the province and Table higher share of individuals with some social 1 in the CSD Fact Sheet presents results for top and assistance benefits. bottom ranked CSDs. A companion Fact Sheet shows the much wider Findings range in the percent of individuals with social Across Ontario in 2015, 4.9% of individuals (15 years assistance across the census subdivisions within of age and over) received some social assistance non-metro census divisions. during the 2015 calendar year (see orange line in Figure 1).

1 Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301) (http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census- 2 Defined in “Rural Ontario’s Demography: Census Update 2016.” Focus recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm). on Rural Ontario (Guelph: Rural Ontario Institute, March).

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Figure 1 Ranking of census divisions by percent of population (15 years of age and over) with some Social Assistance1 income in 2015, Ontario ONTARIO AVERAGE Greater Sudbury Hamilton Brant Toronto Metro Ottawa Peel CDs York Halton Hastings Peterborough Frontenac Thunder Bay Middlesex Niagara Sudbury Essex Leeds & Grenville Lennox & Addington Elgin Partially Prescott & Russell -non- Simcoe Waterloo metro Durham CDs Wellington Dufferin Algoma Nipissing Chatham-Kent Manitoulin Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry Timiskaming Rainy River Kenora Cochrane Lambton Parry Sound Lanark Non- Renfrew Grey metro Kawartha Lakes CDs Prince Edward Haliburton Muskoka Haldimand-Norfolk Northumberland Huron Oxford Bruce Perth 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Percent of population (15 years of age and over) with some Social Assistance1 income in 2015 1. On the basis of need, eligible social assistance recipients may receive assistance to cover the cost of food, shelter, clothing and other daily necessities. Other allowances may also be granted to persons with special needs or circumstances, such as elderly persons, persons with disabilities,single-parentfamilies and persons with barriers to employment. Chart by Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016120. [email protected]

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Percent with Social Assistance by census subdivision Vol. 5, No. 30, 2018

Highlights • In 2015, within non-metro census divisions, there are 10 census subdivisions with 23% or more of the population (15+ years or age) with some social assistance revenue and all are Indian Reserves. • Census subdivisions in non-metro census divisions display a wide range in the proportion receiving social assistance but this range is skewed higher in the non-metro census divisions than in either partially-non-metro or metro census divisions.

Why look at Social Assistance? Ontario in terms of the percent of the population (15 Social assistance is provided to individuals on the years of age and over) reporting some social basis of need. assistance income in 2015 (Table 1 and the Map).

Eligible social assistance recipients may receive The far-left column shows the rank of the CSD in assistance to cover the cost of food, shelter, clothing terms of the percent reporting social assistance (and and other daily necessities. Other allowances may the percent is shown in the far-right column). We also be granted to persons with special needs or show the top 10 and lower 10 ranking CSDs within circumstances, such as elderly persons, persons with non-metro CDs. Within metro and partially-non-metro disabilities, single-parent families and persons with CDs, we show the top 5 and the lower 5 ranking barriers to employment1. CSDs.

In Ontario, this would refer specifically to the Ontario Within non-metro CDs, there are 10 CSDs with 23% Disability Support Program and the Ontario Works or more of the population (15 years and over) with program, as reported on line 145 of the 2015 Income some social assistance income. At the other end of Tax Form. All other forms of government transfer the scale, there were 8 CSDs with no residents revenue are reported under their specific category. reporting some social assistance revenue. Within non-metro CDs, 52% of the CSDs reported an The spatial pattern of recipients of social assistance incidence of social assistance revenue above the is one indicator of economic well-being and the need provincial average (Table 2). This may be compared for social support across rural Ontario. to 41% of CSDs in partially-non-metro CDs and 25% of the CSDs in metro CDs. Thus, the pattern of CSDs This Fact Sheet topic has both census division (CD) with a higher share of residents with some social and census subdivision (CSD) Fact Sheets that assistance revenue is not an overwhelmingly non- should be read together. Figure 1 in the CD Fact metro phenomenon. Nevertheless, a higher share of Sheet includes all the CDs in the province and Table CSDs in non-metro CDs report a high(er) incidence 1 in the CSD Fact Sheets presents results for top of individuals receiving social assistance revenue. and bottom ranked CSDs. An Expanded Table 1 with the data for every CSD in Ontario is available for Discussion download. A higher share of residents with social assistance is not solely characteristic of rural Ontario. Findings There is a wide range across CSDs2 in non-metro As shown in the map, the incidence of social assistance is widespread across Ontario. In Ontario, 46% of all CSDs, regardless of their rural-urban 1 Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 Census Dictionary (Ottawa: Statistics category, are above the provincial average with Canada, Catalogue no. 98-301). 2 A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated town or municipality (or similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve). Income data were years of age and over. For details, see Statistics Canada. (2017) 2016 published only for CSDs with a population of 150 or more residents, 15 Census Dictionary.

87 Focus on Rural Ontario | Percent with Social Assistance by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 95 of 101 C 15 - CW Info respect to the proportion of their population receiving but the distribution of CSDs with a great degree of social assistance. The geo-spatial distribution of the variation in the proportions qualifying for and need for social assistance deserves more attention receiving social assistance depicts the spatial and analysis than this Fact Sheet alone can address dimension of income inequality.

Table 1. Ranking of census subdivisions1 by percent of population (15 years and over) receiving some Social Assistance benefits2 in 2015, Ontario Population Percent Rank Total of receiving receiving Name of population CSDs CD CSD Name of census subdivision1 some some within census (15+ ye ars ) each ID ID (CSD) Social Social division (CD) in private type Assistance Assistance of CD households 2 2 benefits benefits Census subdivisions within metro CDs (showing3 the 5 highest and the 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3519 York 3519049 King 19,930 180 1 2 3521 Peel 3521024 Caledon 53,870 615 1 3 3519 York 3519044 Whitchurch-Stouf fville 36,040 500 1 4 3524 Halton 3524009 Milton 80,555 1,155 1 5 3524 Halton 3524015 Halton Hills 48,770 785 2

20 3525 Hamilton 3525005 Hamilton 441,055 28,065 6 21 3553 Greater Sudbury 3553005 Greater Sudbury 133,640 8,765 7 22 3529 Brant 3529021 New Credit (Part) 40A 450 30 7 23 3529 Brant 3529006 Brantf ord 78,500 5,840 7 24 3519 York 3519076 Chippew as of Georgina Island First Nation 215 35 16 Census subdivisions within partially-non-metro CDs (showing3 the 5 highest and the 5 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3552 Sudbury 3552036 Killarney 295 - - 2 3539 Middlesex 3539033 Middlesex Centre 13,550 105 1 3 3523 Wellington 3523001 Puslinch 6,240 55 1 4 3522 Duf f erin 3522001 East Garaf raxa 2,105 20 1 5 3539 Middlesex 3539047 Adelaide-Metcalf e 2,260 25 1

175 3502 Prescott & Russell 3502008 Haw kesbury 8,535 1,280 15 176 3558 Thunder Bay 3558068 Long Lake 58 260 40 15 177 3515 Peterborough 3515019 Curve Lake First Nation 35 880 160 18 178 3552 Sudbury 3552051 Whitef ish Lake 6 315 65 21 179 3558 Thunder Bay 3558097 Whitesand 230 85 37 Census subdivisions within non-metro CDs (showing3 the 10 highest and the 10 lowest ranking CSDs) 1 3557 Algoma 3557004 Hilton 295 - - 2 3554 Timiskaming 3554029 Casey 345 - - 3 3559 Rainy River 3559040 Daw son 375 - - 4 3554 Timiskaming 3554021 Hudson 410 - - 5 3557 Algoma 3557014 Tarbutt and Tarbutt Additional 430 - - 6 3557 Algoma 3557040 The North Shore 455 - - 7 3549 Parry Sound 3549005 The Archipelago 475 - - 8 3560 Kenora 3560008 Sioux Narrow s-Nestor Falls 515 - - 9 3531 Perth 3531013 Perth South 3,220 30 1 10 3557 Algoma 3557011 Laird 900 10 1

269 3551 Manitoulin 3551041 Sucker Creek 23 280 65 23 270 3559 Rainy River 3559063 Couchiching 16A 575 140 24 271 3560 Kenora 3560059 Weagamow Lake 87 565 145 26 272 3541 Bruce 3541057 Saugeen 29 805 210 26 273 3560 Kenora 3560098 Kingf isher Lake 1 335 90 27 274 3560 Kenora 3560078 Fort Severn 89 255 75 29 275 3560 Kenora 3560066 Kenora 38B 305 90 30 276 3559 Rainy River 3559026 Manitou Rapids 11 200 65 33 277 3560 Kenora 3560088 Wapekeka 2 260 95 37 278 3560 Kenora 3560070 Deer Lake 540 200 37 1. A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated tow n or municipality or a similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve. Income data w ere published f or each CSD w ith 150 or more residents, 15 years of age and over. 2. On the basis of need, eligible social assistance recipients may receive assistance to cover the cost of f ood, shelter, clothing and other daily necessities. Other allow ances may also be granted to persons w ith special needs or circumstances, such as elderly persons, persons w ith disabilities, single-parent f amilies and persons w ith barriers to employment. 3. For the complete ranking of all CSDs, see the "Expanded Table 1" at http://w w w .ruralontarioinstitute.ca/rural-reports/f ocus-on-rural- ontario. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016120.

88 Focus on Rural Ontario | Percent with Social Assistance by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 96 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Table 2. Percent distribution of census subdivisions1 by size class of percent of population (15 years of age and over) with some Social Assistance benefits2 in 2015, Ontario

Size class of percent of Type of census division (CD) population (15 years of age Metro Partially-non- Non-metro All and over) with some Social CDs metro CDs CDs CDs 2 1 Assistance benefits in 2015 Percent distribution of census subdivisions Less than 2.5% 54 21 15 19 2.5% to 4.8% 21 37 33 34 4.9% to 9.9% 21 30 35 32 10% to 14.9% 0 8 12 10 15% and over 4 3 5 4 All CSDs 100 100 100 100 1. A census subdivision (CSD) is an incorporated tow n or municipality or a similar jurisdiction, such as an Indian Reserve. Income data w ere published f or each CSD w ith 150 or more residents, 15 years of age and over. 2. On the basis of need, eligible social assistance recipients may receive assistance to cover the cost of f ood, shelter, clothing and other daily necessities. Other allow ances may also be granted to persons w ith special needs or circumstances, such as elderly persons, persons w ith disabilities, single-parent f amilies and persons w ith barriers to employment. Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2016, Table 98-400-X2016120.

89 Focus on Rural Ontario | Percent with Social Assistance by CSD September 11, 2018 Page 97 of 101 C 15 - CW Info September 11, 2018 Page 98 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

List of expanded Excel tables

Children under 15 by CSD www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/uploads/userfiles/files/Expanded%20Table%201%20Children%20under% 2015%20 years%20by%20CSD%202016%20Census.xlsx

Children under 15: Change by CSD www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/uploads/userfiles/files/Expanded%20Table%201%20Children%20under% 2015%20 years%20CHANGE%20by%20CSD%202016%20Census.xlsx

Children in lone-parent families by CSD www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/uploads/userfiles/files/Expanded%20Table%201%20Children%20in% 20lone-parent%20families%20by%20CSD%202016%20Census.xlsx

Children in lone-parent families: Change by CSD www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/uploads/userfiles/files/Expanded%20Table%201%20Children%20with%20lone %20 parents%20CHANGE%20by%20CSD%202016%20Census.xlsx

Seniors 80 and over: Change by CSD www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/uploads/userfiles/files/Expanded%20Table%201%20Seniors%2080%20and% 20ov er%20CHANGE%20by%20CSD%202016%20Census.xlsx

Ranking of census subdivisions by percent of households in dwellings needing major repairs www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/uploads/userfiles/files/Expanded%20Table%201%20Ranking%20of%20census %2 0subdivisions%20by%20percent%20of%20households%20in%20dwellings%20without%20a% 20suitable%20nu mber%20of%20bedrooms%20%202016%20Census.xlsx

Ranking of census subdivisions by percent of households in dwellings without a suitable number of bedrooms www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/uploads/userfiles/files/Expanded%20Table%201%20Ranking%20of %20census%2 0subdivisions%20by%20percent%20of%20households%20in%20dwellings%20without% 20a%20suitable%20nu mber%20of%20bedrooms%20%202016%20Census.xlsx

Ranking of census subdivisions by income per person 15 years and over www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/uploads/userfiles/files/Expanded%20Table%201%20Ranking%20of%20CSDs %20 by%20income%20per%20person%2015%20years%20and%20over%20%202016%20Census.xlsx

Ranking of census subdivisions by percent of population residing in a household with income below the low-income measure www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/uploads/userfiles/files/Expanded%20Table%201%20Ranking%20of%20CSDs %20 by%20percent%20of%20population%20residing%20in%20a%20household%20with%20income% 20below%20t he%20low-income%20measure%20%202016%20Census.xlsx

Ranking of census subdivisions by percent of children under 18 residing in a household with income below the low-income measure www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/uploads/userfiles/files/Expanded%20Table%201%20Ranking%20of%20CSDs %20 by%20percent%20of%20children%20under%2018%20residing%20in%20a%20hshld%20with% 20income%20b elow%20the%20low-income%20measure.xlsx

911 Focus on Rural Ontario | Expanded Excel Tables September 11, 2018 Page 99 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

Ranking of census subdivisions by percent of population, 15 years and over, with some employment income www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/uploads/userfiles/files/Expanded%20Table%201%20Ranking%20of% 20CSDs%20 by%20percent%20of%20population,%2015%20years%20and%20over,%20with%20some% 20employment%20i ncome%20%202016%20Census.xlsx

Ranking of census subdivisions by percent of population, 15 years and over, with some Employment Insurance regular benefits www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/uploads/userfiles/files/Expanded%20Table%201%20Ranking%20of%20CSDs %20 by%20percent%20of%20population,%2015%20years%20and%20over,%20with%20some% 20Employment%20 Insurance%20Regular%20Benefits%20%202016%20Census.xlsx

Ranking of census subdivisions by percent of population, 15 years and over, with some Social Assistance Revenue www.ruralontarioinstitute.ca/uploads/userfiles/files/Expanded%20Table%201%20Ranking%20of% 20CSDs%20 by%20percent%20of%20population,%2015%20years%20and%20over,%20with%20some% 20Social%20Assist ance%20revenue%20%202016%20Census.xlsx

922 Focus on Rural Ontario | Expanded Excel Tables September 11, 2018 Page 100 of 101 C 15 - CW Info September 11, 2018 Page 101 of 101 C 15 - CW Info

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