DOCSLIB.ORG

Growth in an Afiican Plural Sodety

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Growth in an Afiican Plural Sodety A.I.D. Evaluation Special Study No. 15 THE PRIVATE SECTOR: - EWdty,Individual Initiative, And Economics Growth In An Afiican Plural Sodety:- - The Badeke Of Camemon ETHNICITY, INDIVIDUAL INITIATIVE, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN AM AFRICAN PLURAL SCCIETYt TEE BAHILEKE OF CAMER~CN-- A,I.D, Evaluation Special Study No. 15 Hazel M. McFersorr, Ph-Do U.S. Agency for International Develcpment June 1983 The view and interpretationm exprersed in thir report are thma of the zuthor and should not be attributed to the Agency for International Devalopment. A.I.D. EVALUATION PUBLICATIONS A complete list of reports issued in the A.T,D. Evaluation Publication tmriem ia included in the back of thia document, together with information for ordering report.. TABLE OF CONTEKTS Page A. Ethnic Pluralism in Cameroon..,.~.,...~.............1 B, Colonial Policy and the Emergence of a Commercial Eth0~.~...~.~..................~.......3 C. The Bamileke.m.~.~.~.~.~.m...~..m...m.~~m.m~~.m~..~~5 A. The Nomenclature Issuc...~..............m.~~o~~m.~~~7 B. The Bamileke mProblemm~...........~m~.m.m.m~ammm.mm~7 C. Ethnicit2 and Barly 0rigins..~.........~...~.aa~.~o~9 Dm Traditional Sociopolitical Organi~ation.~...~..~.~.lO E. Traditional Authority System.~.,.~......mm..mammm~m10 P. Auxiliary Fun~tionaries~.~.~.~..~..~.~.~...~~.~~.~~12 G. The Inheritance System and Land Distributl0n,.~~..~l4 Ha Traditional Title Societies~...m.......mmm...mmmmam15 111. Economic Attitudes and In~titutiona~~.~....~~.~..~~....15 A. The Sociopsychological Foundation of Bamileke S~iety.~.......o.....~ao....a.a..m.......o~...~ol5 1. Group Solidarity and Individuelia~,,.,..e..a.m.16 2. Belief in the Possibility of Individual Pr~~re~s........... ...................ma..mm.17 3. The Spirit of Innovation..~~.....m~~~...mm.m.~.18 4 The Spirit of C0mpetftion..~,..~...~~~....~~.~~19 B, The Commercial Ethos of the Bami1eke~..~........~..20 1. Barnileke-European Economic Relationr.~........,20 2. Contemporary Entrepreneurship..m.ma..m.mmmmmm~m23 C. Migration and Occupational Dietributi0n~~..~.~....~23 Dm Contemporary Financial Instit~tions~...~..~.~~.~~~~24 IV. Conclusicns and Lessons Learned......m...m...m....a.mm.27 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Appendixes Ao Methodology and List of Contacts Bo UCCAO: Success Story of a Bamileke Ccfiee Cooperative C. The IBO: Similarities with the Banileke Experience Do Bibliographic Note Em Tables References Cameroon is one of Africa's most ethnically and linguisti- cally diverse countries. The Bamileke of Cameroon are one of the most enterprising ethnic groups in Africa. Their success In private-sector activities is traced in this study to (1) their traditional culture, which plazes a premium on the development of economically relevant personal skills; (2) external variables, such as the effect of land pressures, population density, and urban migration; and (3) the economic functions of traditional institutions. The Development of Economically Relevant Personal Skills Although the group solidarity of the Bamileke is strong, individual achievement is highly valued. Members of the group are expected to exercise individual initiative in the pursuit of economic goals. Individual acquisition of economic re- sources including private property, money, and other remunera- tion is stressed, Other cultural characteristics of the group that have been invaluable to their entrepreneurial skills are discussed below. Belief in the Possibility of Individual Progress. Unlike the situation in many traditional African cultures, the social status of an individual in this ethnic croup is not rigidly fixed; individuals--male or fesale-can improve their condition in life and are expected to do so, Commercial and business success js one of the most highly valued routes to prestige and status. Bamileke women are also expected to achieve economic and comnercial success and there are few traditional limits placed on their economic participation. The Spirit of Innovation. The Bamileke have coasistently responded to a changing economic environment. Prior to the advent of German and French colonialism, the group was involved in indigenous trade with groups in the interior and the north of Cameroon. After the arrival of Suropeans, the trading activities of the group shifted to specialization in goods de- sired by Europeans, such ar ivory and other sought-after pro- ducts. The commercial ethos of the Germans complemented the traditional entrepreneurial orientation of the Bamileke. The Germane deeired products which only indigenous traders could secure, md the Bamileke were able to establish hegemony in trading activities around the coastal areas of Cameroon. This hegemony continued under the French, and it was during this period that the Baaaileke displayed yet another example of their spirit of innovation: the ease with which they adapted to coffee farming in the Western Highlands-their traditional home In Pebtuuy 1982, tho Administrator of the Agency for International Developwnt (AID) requoated that the Buf88u for Progru and Policy Coordi~tioa, through its Offico of Bvaluation, iditiata r aerier of rtudier examining tho contribution of paat AID effort8 to strengthen the role of the private swtor in the developwnt ptocesam Aa part of the fitat phue of thia effoft, four countfie8 -- nalawi, Corta Ria, Thailand, 8nd C.1.roon -- were 88lect.d fog in-depth evrluations of the central i8auer surrounding thia question. In addition, several special studies on topica of intereat were crrriod out. There topic8 reflected isaues which emerged while planning for tho countty rtudfes. Syntheaia report8 cciaparing the central then8 invertigated in the country rtudier are av.il8ble. Richard N. Blue, Ph.D. A8sociate Assirtant Administrator for Bvaluat ion Bureau foe Program and Policy Cootdination area--has made them one of the most successful cash crop farm- ing groups in Africa. The success of the Bamileke is not liaited to farming, however; the group is also dominant in caslrercial and private-sector activities throughout Cameroon. A8 such, they have functioned aa an important sector of indig- enous economic activity. The.Spirit of Competition. The traditional values of the mileke stress individual competition and overt displays of 'getting ahead. Individual B-mileke are expected to Gmpete and to surpass each other's accomplishments. The emphasis on ampetition is not limited to economic activities, but is a feature of personal relationships as well: within families, children are expected to compete with their siblings; sons and daughters are encouraged to surpass the achievements of their parents. This, too, is in contrast to many African traditional values in which conpetition is viewed as a hostile act and as inimical to the maintenance of group values and solidarity. External fnfluences: Land Pressure and Migration In addition to their traditional cultural values, the Bamileke spirit of enterprise has been influenced by changing traditional land patterns and by the indigenous inheritance system. The high population density of the Western province of Cameroon-the Bamileke traditional area--has resulted in ex- treme land pressures and has caused younger people to push out into the urban areas where they ham been expected to 'make ita on their individual effort, albeit with support from others of their group. The traditional inheritance systcaa favors a single heir, who is not obligated to share his inheritance with relatives. This also strengthens the strong compulsion to succeed in one's wn. In effect, this has meant that the severe limit on econom- ic development, Found by Ragnar Nurkse 50 apply in labor- surplus developing country agriculture, has not been operative in Baaaileke-populated areas of Cameroon. Nurkse had observed the phenomenon of large-scale disguised unemployment in agriculture--the existence of large numbers of people whose real wage is higher than their contribution to agricultural production. In this situation, the standard of living of the mrglnal agricultural laborers is in effect subsidized by the surplus of the more efficient. The savings p?tentiaZ is lmgnar Nur kse, Problems of Capital Format ion in Undcrdeve1opc.d Countries. (Reference6 are shown in abbreviated form in foot- notes. Complete referencem 3re in the bibliography.) therefore expended to support the standard of living of margi- nal producers instead of being mobilized for investment and is- proving productivity. The Bamileke ethos of individual contribution to group ac- tivity, which customarily entails the out-migration of the marsinal producers, removes this common obstacle to the mobili- zation of savings and consequently to the expansion of produc- tion and productivity in Bamileke agricultural areas. At the same time, the mechanism of group support bolsters the chances of the individual out-migrant to achieve economic success in ways and locations that do not.imply a burden for the group itself. The Contemporary Economic Role of Traditional Institutions Bamileke traditional institutions have been highly adap- tive to modern economic functions, For example, the Mand on , a traditional title society, plays an important role +-=n gener- ating capital through a savings and loan format. The Mand on has tw economic components: Le Bank and Le Ntsu'a. _17BLe Ban is a savings system; each member, In accordance with sm procedural guidelines, pays in a sum of money which is depo- sited in a special, interest-bearing bank account. Le Ntsuma (also called Susu or tontine) functions as a rotating credit association; rembers
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 0 0 0 0 Acasa Program Final For
    PROGRAM ABSTRACTS FOR THE 15TH TRIENNIAL SYMPOSIUM ON AFRICAN ART Africa and Its Diasporas in the Market Place: Cultural Resources and the Global Economy The core theme of the 2011 ACASA symposium, proposed by Pamela Allara, examines the current status of Africa’s cultural resources and the influence—for good or ill—of market forces both inside and outside the continent. As nation states decline in influence and power, and corporations, private patrons and foundations increasingly determine the kinds of cultural production that will be supported, how is African art being reinterpreted and by whom? Are artists and scholars able to successfully articulate their own intellectual and cultural values in this climate? Is there anything we can do to address the situation? WEDNESDAY, MARCH 23, 2O11, MUSEUM PROGRAM All Museum Program panels are in the Lenart Auditorium, Fowler Museum at UCLA Welcoming Remarks (8:30). Jean Borgatti, Steven Nelson, and Marla C. Berns PANEL I (8:45–10:45) Contemporary Art Sans Frontières. Chairs: Barbara Thompson, Stanford University, and Gemma Rodrigues, Fowler Museum at UCLA Contemporary African art is a phenomenon that transcends and complicates traditional curatorial categories and disciplinary boundaries. These overlaps have at times excluded contemporary African art from exhibitions and collections and, at other times, transformed its research and display into a contested terrain. At a moment when many museums with so‐called ethnographic collections are expanding their chronological reach by teasing out connections between traditional and contemporary artistic production, many museums of Euro‐American contemporary art are extending their geographic reach by globalizing their curatorial vision.
    [Show full text]
  • European Colonialism in Cameroon and Its Aftermath, with Special Reference to the Southern Cameroon, 1884-2014
    EUROPEAN COLONIALISM IN CAMEROON AND ITS AFTERMATH, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SOUTHERN CAMEROON, 1884-2014 BY WONGBI GEORGE AGIME P13ARHS8001 BEING A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS (MA) DEGREE IN HISTORY SUPERVISOR PROFESSOR SULE MOHAMMED DR. JOHN OLA AGI NOVEMBER, 2016 i DECLARATION I hereby declare that this Dissertation titled: European Colonialism in Cameroon and its Aftermath, with Special Reference to the Southern Cameroon, 1884-2014, was written by me. It has not been submitted previously for the award of Higher Degree in any institution of learning. All quotations and sources of information cited in the course of this work have been acknowledged by means of reference. _________________________ ______________________ Wongbi George Agime Date ii CERTIFICATION This dissertation titled: European Colonialism in Cameroon and its Aftermath, with Special Reference to the Southern Cameroon, 1884-2014, was read and approved as meeting the requirements of the School of Post-graduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, for the award of Master of Arts (MA) degree in History. _________________________ ________________________ Prof. Sule Mohammed Date Supervisor _________________________ ________________________ Dr. John O. Agi Date Supervisor _________________________ ________________________ Prof. Sule Mohammed Date Head of Department _________________________ ________________________ Prof .Sadiq Zubairu Abubakar Date Dean, School of Post Graduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to God Almighty for His love, kindness and goodness to me and to the memory of Reverend Sister Angeline Bongsui who passed away in Brixen, in July, 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Attitudes Towards Biodiversity Conservation Among Citizens on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon
    Assessing Attitudes towards Biodiversity Conservation among Citizens on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty Of Drexel University By Demetrio Bocuma Meñe In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree Of Doctor Philosophy May 2016 ©Copyright 2016 Demetrio Bocuma Meñe. All Rights Reserved. iv Dedication I would like to dedicate this dissertation to the person who gave me this once in a life time opportunity, Gail Hearn, PhD., and also to the initiative that she founded to protect the unique biodiversity of my lovely island, the Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program (BBPP) v Acknowledgements Funding and support for this project was provided by the Mobil Equatorial Guinea, ExxonMobil Foundation, National Science Foundation, the Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program and the Central African Biodiversity Alliance. I am grateful to the Government of Equatorial Guinea, especially the Ministry of Fisheries and the Environment for giving me the permission and opportunity to have an internship there, during which I was able to interview employees and gather hard copies of existing legislation. I am also thankful to the Government of Cameroon through the Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation for issuing the right permission to my field assistants in order for them to be able to administer our questionnaires in Cameroon. I am thankful to the National University of Equatorial Guinea, particularly the Department of Environmental Sciences for providing with some of the most essential resources (permits, field assistants, transportation and faculty support) to conduct my research on Bioko Island. I am also grateful to the High Institute of Environmental Sciences in Yaoundé, Cameroon for assisting me in the administration of my questionnaire carried out by two of its students.
    [Show full text]
  • Tke Baka: a People Between Two Worlds by Yves Leonard
    TKE BAKA: A PEOPLE BETWEEN TWO WORLDS BY YVES LEONARD A Research Project Submitted to the Facul- of PROVIDENCE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY in Partial FulfilIment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF GLOBAL CHRISTIAN STUDIES National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. nie Wdlington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 OttawaON K1AON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter7distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. TABLE OF CONTENTS .. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2: WHO ARE THE BAKA? ..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Gift of Nature and the Source of Violent Conflict: Land and Boundary Disputes in the North West Region of Cameroon the Case of Balikumbat and Bafanji
    Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses CAHSS Theses and Dissertations and Dissertations 1-1-2015 A Gift of aN ture and the Source of Violent Conflict: Land and Boundary Disputes in the North West Region of Cameroon The aC se of BaliKumbat and Bafanji Moise Oneke Arrah [email protected] This document is a product of extensive research conducted at the Nova Southeastern University College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. For more information on research and degree programs at the NSU College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, please click here. Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Moise Oneke Arrah. 2015. A Gift of aN ture and the Source of Violent Conflict: Land and Boundary Disputes in the North West Region of Cameroon The Case of BaliKumbat and Bafanji. Doctoral dissertation. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences – Department of Conflict Resolution Studies. (109) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/109. This Dissertation is brought to you by the CAHSS Theses and Dissertations at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Gift of Nature and the Source of Violent Conflict: Land and Boundary Disputes in the North West Region of Cameroon The Case of BaliKumbat and Bafanji by Moise O.
    [Show full text]
  • Racial Becoming: How Agentic (Self-Initiated) Encounter Events Inform Racial Identity Refinement
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 5-2019 Racial Becoming: How Agentic (Self-Initiated) Encounter Events Inform Racial Identity Refinement Devin A. Heyward The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3086 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] RACIAL BECOMING: HOW AGENTIC (SELF-INITIATED) ENCOUNTER EVENTS INFORM RACIAL IDENTITY REFINEMENT by DEVIN A. HEYWARD A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Psychology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York. 2019 ii © 2019 DEVIN A. HEYWARD All Rights Reserved iii Racial Becoming: How Agentic (self-initiated) encounter events inform racial identity refinement by Devin A. Heyward This manuscript has been read and accepted by the Graduate Faculty in Psychology in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ____________________ ______________________________ Date Tamara R. Buckley, PhD Chair of Examining Committee _____________________ _____________________________ Date Richard Bodnar, PhD Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Michelle Fine William E. Cross Justin T. Brown Alondra Nelson THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iv ABSTRACT Racial becoming: How agentic (self-initiated) encounter events inform racial identity refinement by Devin A. Heyward Advisor: Michelle Fine, PhD and Tamara R. Buckley, PhD Racial identity literature has typically focused on identity formation through a series of stages.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Intercommunity Relations and the Politics of Identity in the Northern Mezam Area, Cameroon*
    Emmanuel Yenshu Vubo & George A. Ngwa Changing Intercommunity Relations and the Politics of Identity in the Northern Mezam Area, Cameroon* The introduction of modernity in Africa has resulted in the transformation of intercommunity relations. It has also set in motion new forms of compe- tition for prestige, power and position among communities, as well as new forms of co-operation. Such relations have generally tended to contradict the demands of modern universalistic principles contained in the nation building project. This has thus led to a crisis of modernisation as local communities try to grapple with the demands of a modern setting while living their essential communal substance. This has become evident in the political arena with the competition over resources (scarce land, boundaries), positions of pre-eminence and the delineation of administrative units. The forms these processes take can be traced back to the colonial period, which is responsible for the introduction of modernisation in Africa. This paper seeks to examine how the concept of communal identity in the northern part of Mezam Division in the North West Province of Cameroon has influenced the relations between local communities on the one hand and the influence of these relations on the response to the policy of Indirect Rule in the area. The specific objectives will be to describe the policy and practice of Indirect Rule in the area under study, to describe local reactions to this policy and to analyse the impact of these processes on local politics in the colonial and subsequently the postcolonial period. This will enable us to relate this to the concept of ethnicity.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Sustainability in Africa: the Case of Cameroon Ayamba Bisong
    Social sustainability in Africa: The case of Cameroon Ayamba Bisong Margaret School of Engineering Blekinge Institute of Technology Karlskrona, Sweden 2005 Thesis submitted for completion of Master of Strategic Leadership towards Sustainability, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden. Abstract: The aim of this research is to examine how Africa can become a socially sustainable society by the year 2030 using a strategic leadership approach with Cameroon as a case study. Using a generic and whole systems view, the study would examine the possibility of a transition from a socially un-sustainable society to sustainable society. The study analyses the current political, economic, social and environmental operations that undermines people’s ability to meet their basic needs. It also highlights some of the strengths and opportunities of the Cameroonian society that can help accelerate this transition. Threats and weaknesses are also identified and correctives measures are proposed. Agriculture and social capacity building amongst others stand out as prominent opportunities which could be use to further strategic progress towards sustainability. The study concludes that, with a well defined vision, it is possible for Cameroon to strategically progress towards a socially sustainable society. Keywords: Socially, sustainable, strategic, leadership, Africa and Cameroon 1 Acknowledgements My utmost thanks goes to the Almighty GOD for his constant guidance and protection throughout this period of study. My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor, Mrs Sophie Byggeth and co- supervisor, Mr Henrik Ny whose guidance and advice have been very instrumental in the final realisation of this work. My immense appreciations also go to all the lecturers in the Department of Strategic Leadership Towards Sustainability especially Karl Henrik-Robèrt, David Waldron, I am also greatly indebted to the authors whose books I consulted.
    [Show full text]
  • An Atlas of Nigerian Languages
    AN ATLAS OF NIGERIAN LANGUAGES Roger Blench May be freely quoted but please acknowledge source 2020 Edition Roger Blench McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Correspondence to: 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Ans (00-44)-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7847-495590 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm This version: 11 September 2020 i Atlas of Nigerian Languages 2019 edition Front mattter TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction............................................................................................................................................................i I. Changes to the structure of the Atlas ...............................................................................................................i 1. Form of the Head-Entries ................................................................................................................................i 2. Changes in the Language Map.........................................................................................................................i 2.1 From Numbers to Names...........................................................................................................................i 2.2 Addition of new languages ........................................................................................................................i 2.3 Addition and correction of topographic and institutional features ...........................................................ii
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological/Historical Treasures and Features at Mbajeng: the Need for a Rescue Historical/Archaeology Operations
    Archaeological/Historical Treasures and Features Journal of Arts and Humanities Vol. III, No. 1, September 2020 Archaeological/Historical Treasures and Features at Mbajeng: The Need for a Rescue Historical/Archaeology operations By Richard Tanto Talla Department of History The University of Bamenda Email: [email protected] Abstract This is the result of a reconnaissance survey of the site of Mbajeng in the Nkambe Plateau, North West Region of Cameroon, with the sole aim of identifying, with the intention of recovering and preserving, the material cultural remains and features of importance to the history of the Mbum ethnic group, which occupies the area. Oral traditions and oral interviews with some Mbum people with knowledge of the site, helped in undertaking a random ethnoarchaeological reconnaissance surface survey of the site. Oral traditions maintain that, Mbajeng was settled for over a hundred years (from mid-18th to late 19th Centuries) and abandoned by the Tang, one of the three clans or Fondoms that make up the present day Mbum ethnic group. The site is still of historical importance to this clan because its leaders occasionally visit it to perform sacrifices on the royal burial chamber, shrines and graves of some personalities. The random survey we conducted, identified two sections of the site which were settled and later abandoned. These included one of the surrounding hills and the rugged plane where a good number of archaeological/historical finds and features of especially stones, iron slag, potsherds, cowry shells, shrines and ruins of buildings, were found. Unfortunately, this site and its material cultural remains and features associated with the original occupants are under the threat of extinction by natural and human factors such as erosion, cattle grazing, farming, and construction of houses.
    [Show full text]
  • Vid Specialized University of Stavanger Norway the Spiritual, Social and Economic Impact of the Missionary's Work of the Norwe
    VID SPECIALIZED UNIVERSITY OF STAVANGER NORWAY THE SPIRITUAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE MISSIONARY’S WORK OF THE NORWEGIAN MISSION SOCIETY (NMS) AMONG THE TIKAR PEOPLE OF THE EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH OF CAMEROON (EELC): PAST AND PRESENT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF THEOLOGY (MTHEOL-342) By SALOMON NJIMAGOUM STAVANGER MAY 2019 1 Dedication I dedicate this thesis to my late father Nyandji David and to my mother Ngaliefon Christine. 2 Acknowledgements I give thanks first to God who called me to his service and who has given me the opportunity to continue my studies in theology here in Norway. I express my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Terese Bue Kessel, for her valuable guidance as I worked on this thesis. I express my gratitude to NMS for the financial support of my studies. I also say thank you to all the staff of VID Specialized University in Stavanger for the quality training they gave me. I say thank you to my church, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Cameroon (EELC) for giving me the opportunity to continue my training in Norway. A special thank you to Rev. Dr. Jean Koulagna, former Dean of the Lutheran Institute of Theology of Meiganga (ILTM), for recommending me to VID Specialized University of Stavanger for the master’s degree program in theology. I want to express my appreciation to my classmates for the good relationship we have had during our studies. An immeasurable thank you to my wife Mondoum Valerine and my children, Ngaliefon Mgbatou Hermine Joelle, Nyandji Mgbatou Eric Junior, Nditan Mgbatou Lorris Davila, Ngatti Mgbatou Ange Abdias and Moingop Mgbatou Luther, for their support and patience during my absence.
    [Show full text]
  • Treating Diabetes in Cameroon: a Comparative Study in Medical Anthropology
    Treating Diabetes in Cameroon: A Comparative Study in Medical Anthropology Paschal Kum Awah (MSc) NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ---------------- --- - -~ -.._-- -'-- •.. 204 26706 a --_._----._- -------. -------- Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Research conducted in the School of Population and Health Sciences and School of Geography, Politics and Sociology October 2005 Abstract This thesis presents and analyses the findings of research into the management of diabetes in one urban and one rural district of Cameroon. The phenomenon of non­ communicable diseases like diabetes mellitus is becoming a recurrent problem in middle and low-income countries, notably in Sub-Sahara Africa. This ethnographic study, in the tradition of medical anthropology, involved over two years of fieldwork, and has been undertaken to shed more light on the paradoxes that underpin the interpretation and management of diabetes in Cameroon. Initially, I set out to study how diabetes was managed in clinical settings; but as the research developed my enquiries led out from the clinic to encompass first the perspectives of patients and their families, and in the end the perspectives of traditional healers also. It thus draws together four distinct sets of actors engaged in the process of treating diabetes mellitus: clinical staff, patients, their families, and traditional healers. In this research, I explored the ways in which Cameroonians negotiate a meaningful and manageable path between alternative therapeutic regimes. But as my analysis shows, behind different therapeutic approaches lie alternative presumptions about aetiology and efficacy, about behaviour and the body. In integrating the perspectives of the different actors identified above, the research highlights three major themes.
    [Show full text]