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The Origins of Chemical Engineering Education in Canada (See Chemical Engineering in Canadian- an Historical Perspective, Ed

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The Origins of Chemical Engineering Education in Canada (See Chemical Engineering in Canadian- an Historical Perspective, Ed The Origins of Chemical Engineering Education in Canada (See Chemical Engineering in Canadian- An Historical Perspective, Ed. L.W.Shemilt, CSCHE, 1991, pp3-10) by R.D.Findlay McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4K1 Introduction Indeed, a Department of Chemical Engineering was not established at the University of New Brunswick until 1961. There are conflicting claims to the establishment of Although there was a disruption in the program at McGill, it Chemical Engineering as a discipline in Canadian Universities. was not for want of a Professor to teach the courses, but rather The School of Practical Science of the University of Toronto from a want of students to take them. In what follows, I shall is sometimes credited with the honour of establishing the first only consider as contenders those schools which are still in the program in Chemical Engineering in Canada, although, as we business. We will thus rule out Albert College in Belleville, shall see, there is reason to doubt that claim. We have several which established a program in Agricultural Chemistry about choices on which to base the claim for being first: the claim 1857, the University of Halifax, a short-lived experiment could originate as a result of giving a course of lectures, the (1876-81) to unite all the universities in Halifax in the last establishment of a program leading to a diploma or degree, the quarter of the last century, and Regiopolis College, which establishment of a department, the founding of a chair to teach came and went in Kingston, Ontario. the subject, or the first use of the designation Chemical Engineering. In addition to the University of Toronto, the I have also chosen to delete The University of Guelph claimants include King' s College, later the University of New from my list. Even though it was founded in 1874 at about the Brunswick, which established the first series of lectures in same time as Ecole Polytechnique, it originated primarily as an "Agricultural Chemistry" in 1849; McGill University, which agricultural college, partly in response to reforms demanded at announced the first diploma course in Agriculture in 1855, and the University of Toronto for the teaching of practical subsequently established the first degree program in Practical agriculture. There was no question that for most of its history Chemistry in 1874; Queen's University after the arrival of Guelph did not aspire to teach chemical engineering as a Robert Bell in 1864 to teach Chemistry, Geology and discipline. Mineralogy; or É cole Polytechnique, founded in 1871 as a general engineering school. The University of Ottawa, founded in 1866, advertised a program in the practical sciences including Civil The distinction between chemistry and practical Engineering in 1874. However, for want of students the chemistry seems reasonably clear. However, in the nineteenth program was in a state of suspension up until 1955 with the century, almost all chemistry taught in the university was seen establishment of the Faculty of Engineering. to be practical, it was deemed to mean either agricultural chemistry, chemistry as applied to medicine, or the chemistry King's College and the University of New Brunswick of geology and mining. The differences between chemistry as a discipline and practical chemistry, out of which grew We begin with King' s College, New Brunswick, chemical engineering, were not entirely clear until after the where the first recorded incidence of a lecture series in turn of the century. For example, in the session 1904-5, the agricultural chemistry in Canada was given in 1849 by Dr. University of Toronto which had a program in "Analytical and James Robb, a graduate of St. Andrews in Scotland, who had Applied Chemistry," initiated also a "course in Chemical been appointed to the Chair of Chemistry and Natural History Engineering1." The designation "Chemical Engineering" had in 1837. Events leading up to this illustrate some of the been suggested as early as 1881 in England, but was not difficulties in establishing practical instruction at universities at popularly accepted. A few schools in the United States began the time. using the designation soon after, including MIT (1888). In Canada it gained acceptance shortly after the turn of the Dr. Jacob, the Principal, together with Archdeacon century, possibly beginning with a course at Queen's in the George Best, the first President, established the school firmly session 1902-3. in the fashion of the English model as a Church of England denominational college, so setting the stage for thirty years of bitter strife, not only against the denominational aspects, but We might assume that the first incidence of a also against the classical curriculum. There is little doubt that program, or course of lectures in the subject area, substantiates much of the animosity directed at the college over the next a claim of precedence. If we accept this, the University of thirty years was actually meant for its intransigent head, Jacob. New Brunswick indeed deserves the honour, with McGill a close second. This does not take into account that at neither school was the program continued without interruption. Dr. Edwin Jacob was a stern and uncompromising 1 master who effected staunch discipline throughout the college these lectures, and is ready to do so, but in my opinion for and achieved considerable respect in the eyes of his students, such a course some remuneration over and above his salary as most of whom, we should remember, were not only from the Professor of Chemistry and Natural History in King's would be elite families, but also were supported largely at public expense due him, since the lectures, to be really useful, ought not to be at the college. Jacob was most certainly respected by his confined to members of the College, nor perhaps delivered colleagues, not only by virtue of his position of authority, but within its walls." also for his scholarship. He was a product of Oxford and thus rigorously grounded in the classics, stressed before that school And further in the communication, "Should you see no had reached the depths of decay which were to follow a few objections to applying the surplus of Mr. Housial's salary in decades later. As a member of the privileged church of the manner proposed, I will do my best to get it adopted by the England clergy; and a scholar in the old world tradition, College Council, and I will, if possible, stipulate with Dr. transplanted to a hostile "frontier" environment, he found it Robb, for a repetition of the lectures at some places besides difficult to involve himself in the social strata of the province. Fredericton. I look upon the diffusion of scientific information This aloofness was interpreted by the populace as further relating to Agriculture as a most important object to this evidence of a scholastic system ill-suited to the needs of New Province4." Brunswick. Agitation against the college reached crisis proportions about a decade after King' s College had been Perhaps Head had been kept in blissful ignorance of founded, resulting in a Provincial Act in 1845 to abolish all the true nature of the College Council and its Principal. If so, religious tests, excepting for the Professor of Theology, who he was very quickly disabused of any notion of the possibility was to be retained as head. The act was given Royal assent in of progressive co-operation in his objectives. Having 1846, but scarcely stemmed the tide of bitter criticism levelled perceived a mechanism for enhancing the reputation of the at the college: it was more an assault on privilege than college, he now had to contend with the obstinate refusal of the anything else, with, by now, much of the abuse directed council to embark upon a course conducive to popularization towards Jacob himself. The latter worthy did what he could to of the institution. The council refused to grant the £25 fan the flames of dissatisfaction, with public utterances equally requested to pay Robb for the enterprise. Finally, long after condemning the opposition, and proclaiming that the college Dr. Robb had begun to deliver the course of lectures, and with would not be changed. the College Council' s total rejection of the entire principle behind the course of lectures on agricultural chemistry, Head Sir Edmund Walker Head was appointed ended the matter by paying for it himself5. Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick, assuming office on April 11, 1848. In the matter of education, it was very clear Rev. Edwin Jacob, Principal of King' s, was adamant early in Head' s tenure that King' s College was in great danger in his opposition to any technological innovation to the of losing the province's support, having long ago lost the curriculum, and remained so during the ensuing struggle for public confidence. Head's other activities included a very the survival of the college. Much of his argument was no strong support of the development of the natural resources and doubt attributable to his Oxford origins. agricultural opportunities in the province. In this endeavour, he had a most able assistant in the personage of Dr. James Dr. Jacob staunchly refused to consider such Robb. instruction as scholarly, or even as bearing on the public charge to the College to provide higher education. Indeed, Dr. Robb had an excellent idea of the natural resources Jacob publicly defended the College position6. and capabilities of the province. He had kept meteorological "For our purposes - they may, I trust, be all records on precipitation and temperature for various towns comprised in that one word, Duty - the faithful, diligent, and over the years, and had made several tours throughout the zealous discharge, - more faithful, (if possible) diligent and regions of the province, producing in 1849 a geological map.
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