La Memoria De España En El Sahara

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La Memoria De España En El Sahara FACULTAD DE TRADUCCIÓN E INTERPRETACIÓN U L P G C Doctorado en Español y su Cultura: Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación AL PARTIR, UN BESO Y UNA FLOR. LA MEMORIA DE ESPAÑA EN EL SAHARA Tesis doctoral Emisión Ru’ya, Canal Maghribiya, Al Marruecos, 2014 Directora: Doctoranda: Dra. JOSEFINA DOMÍNGUEZ MUJICA Lcda. NADIA KROUDO Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, a 06 de julio de 2015 A mis padres A mis hermanos A mi marido A mi suegra 2 Agradecimientos Redactar el agradecimiento significa que hemos llegado al final de un proceso complicado y laborioso, pero no cualquier final es definitivo, porque tras el final de los ríos, mares y océanos comienzan. No hubiera pensado que redactar el agradecimiento fuera la parte más difícil y emotiva de todo el proyecto de investigación, porque temo olvidar a algunas personas que me ayudaron, de lejos o de cerca e, igualmente, temo no poder agradecérselo de forma que les complazca. En primer lugar, he de agradecer profundamente a mi profesora y directora Josefina Domínguez Mujica, quien me ayudó, incondicionalmente, en toda mi carrera de Máster y ahora de Doctorado, sea a nivel humano, administrativo, cultural y hasta económico. Tengo una deuda infinita hacia mi querida profesora Josefina Domínguez Mujica. Sus numerosos favores se atascan en mi mente al intentar extraerlos. No se puede olvidar su acogida calurosa desde que pisé la tierra insular, su recepción en el aeropuerto, en su casa, en su oficina... Son muchas las virtudes y modales de mi profesora, que no se pueden acumular sino en una persona virtuosa en su pensamiento y en su comportamiento. Agradezco a mi profesora y tutora Ángela Castellano Alemán por todo el esfuerzo, la comprensión, el cariño y la confianza que me otorgó desde mi primer día en la Universidad Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Agradezco profundamente, su ayuda, con todo el significado que lleva la palabra. Si hay algo en este momento que deseo, es encontrar una manera de compensarla, aunque nada en el mundo le pueda valer. 3 También me gustaría expresar mi agradecimiento a la profesora y coordinadora del Doctorado en Español y su Cultura: Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, la profesora María Teresa Cáceres González, por sus esfuerzos para llevar a cabo este proyecto. A la profesora Ana Ruth Vidal, por sus útiles recomendaciones y por su asistencia durante los días de junio de 2013, del II Coloquio Internacional Marruecos-Canarias, bajo el lema “La construcción de los espacios atlánticos”. Al Cónsul General del Reino de Marruecos en las Islas Canarias Ahmed Moussa, por su simpatía, disponibilidad y colaboración en cualquier eventualidad que surja. A los profesores y coordinadores del Máster “Interculturalismo Atlántico: Marruecos-Canarias-Iberoamérica”, los profesores Hassan Bagri y José Antonio Samper Padilla, que sacrificaron mucho tiempo y energía para garantizar a los estudiantes marroquíes un Máster bilateral entre la Universidad Las Palmas de Gran Canaria y la Universidad Ibn Zohr de Agadir, sin el cual no hubiera podido seguir mis estudios de doctorado. También agradezco la simpatía, paciencia y ayuda de Tanausú Pérez García en asuntos infográficos. Agradezco, igualmente, a todos los informantes que aceptaron compartir sus recuerdos, nos abrieron sus casas y nos recibieron generosamente afirmando, una vez más, la legendaria acogida de los saharauis, especialmente a los poetas Baba Mohamed Salem Erray y Mohamed Cheikhi, por su recibimiento, su generosidad cultural, su paciencia, y por explicarnos la métrica de la poesía saharaui. Finalmente, agradezco mucho a mi padre Mohamed Kroudo, que me ha animado en el transcurso de mi vida, por apoyar mis pensamientos, por 4 enseñarme cómo decidir y asumir la responsabilidad de mis decisiones y por hacerme lo que soy ahora. A mi madre Fatima El Baoui, por su cariño, ternura y su apoyo, por enseñarme cómo ser constante persiguiendo la realización de mis sueños. A mi marido y amigo Noureddine Touballi por su confianza, su comprensión, su paciencia, sus críticas y sugerencias. Y un agradecimiento muy especial a mi suegra El Ghalya Atifi, que tanto me ayudó en la realización de las entrevistas y a la que considero una segunda madre. 5 6 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………………………………..…….…...13 METÁFORA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN…..…………………………………………………......…19 I-ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN, FUENTES Y METODOLOGÍA…………..........….21 1- MARCO CONCEPTUAL E HIPÓTESIS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN …………….23 2- OBJETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN…………………..............................…………………….31 2.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL………………………..............................................………….……........31 2.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS………………………....................................………….……......32 3. FUENTES DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN………………………….................................……………….34 3.1. EL ACOPIO DE LA BIBLIOGRAFÍA ……………………………………….………….34 3.2. LA CONSULTA DE FONDOS DOCUMENTALES……………………...………44 3.3. LOS TESTIMONIOS ORALES………………………………………………………..….….46 3.4. CRÍTICA DE LAS FUENTES………………………………………………………...……….48 4. METODOLOGÍA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN……………………………………………………54 4.1. TRATAMIENTO DE LAS FUENTES ESCRITAS …………………….…………57 4.2. LAS DISTINTAS MODALIDADES DE LA INFORMACIÓN ORAL...60 4.2.1. La observación participante……………................................………………….………...60 4.2.2. La entrevista cualitativa.……………………………...................................…………….…63 4.2.3. Datos biográficos del entrevistado…………………………...........................………..65 4.2.4. Crónica de la vida en el Sahara hasta 1975………………....................……...…..67 4.2.5. La memoria de la cultura y lengua españolas………………...................…….....71 4.4. LA TRIANGULACIÓN DE FUENTES...……………………………………….…….….76 4.5. TÉCNICAS DE ANÁLISIS CUALITATIVO.……………………………….…..….…79 4.6. LA INTERPRETACIÓN DE RESULTADOS..…………………………………..……86 II- HISTORIA Y LENGUA……………………………….........................................……………....……..……87 1. APROXIMACIÓN HISTÓRICA Y ÉTNICA AL SAHARA…………...............…...…..…..89 7 1.1.LA POBLACIÓN DEL SAHARA ANTES DE LA PRESENCIA ESPAÑOLA.………………………………………………………………………………………......…...89 1.2. LA COLONIZACIÓN DEL TERRITORIO.…………………………………....…….......97 2. LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA EN EL SAHARA ¿UN VEHÍCULO DE COLONIZACIÓN?.…………….……………………………………………………………………….......…104 2.1. LA ENSEÑANZA DE LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA DURANTE LA COLONIZACIÓN…………………….........................................……………………………....…….107 2.1.1. Características de la educación española durante el Franquismo........107 2.1.2. La educación española en la antigua provincia sahariana...................110 2.1.3. Las huellas de la educación española en la identidad saharaui............122 2.2. EL USO DE LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA EN LA VIDA COTIDIANA DE LA COLONIA.…………………………………………………………………………………….…… .126 III- LA MEMORIA DE LA CULTURA ESPAÑOLA………………................………...... ....133 1. ‘TIEMPO PASADO SIEMPRE ES DESEADO’………......................…………………………135 2. UN PROCESO COLONIAL TAMIZADO POR EL RECUERDO. SENTIMIENTOS Y ACTITUDES HACIA ESPAÑA…………...................…….…………136 3. LA EXPERIENCIA DE LA COLONIZACIÓN DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE LOS COLONIZADOS…………………………………………………..........................................……………144 3.1. LA VIDA COTIDIANA EN LA COLONIA.…………………………………….………144 3.2. LA PRÁCTICA RELIGIOSA.……………………………………………………………… …...166 3.3. LAS CANCIONES ESPAÑOLAS.…………………………………………………………….179 3.4. LOS MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN.…………………………………………….……….193 3.4.1. La Radio.……………………………………………….............................................……….……….193 3.4.2. El Cine………………………………………………….............................................………..……….204 3.4.3. La Televisión.……………………………........................................……………………...………214 3.4.4. La Prensa………………………………………...........................................………………..……….223 4. LOS CANARIOS EN LA MEMORIA SAHARAUI…………………………………..……......229 IV- LOS VESTIGIOS DE LA CULTURA ESPAÑOLA TRAS LA DESCOLONIZACIÓN.…………………………………………………………………………………….….......245 1. LA HERENCIA COLONIAL………………………………………….....................................…………….247 2. LA LENGUA Y CULTURA ESPAÑOLAS COMO PATRIMONIO INMATERIAL DE LOS SAHARAUIS……………………………………………..........................................…………………248 8 2.1. REMANENTES LINGÜÍSTICOS HISPÁNICOS EN EL HABLA HASSANÍ.………………………………………………………………………………………….…. ….248 2.1.1. Sistema fonético y fonológico español y árabe……………………..…………...252 2.1.2. Léxico español en el habla hassaní.………………………………………….………...264 2.1.2.1. Administración.……………………………………………………………..265 2.1.2.2. Ámbito militar.………….…………………......………………….………...266 2.1.2.3. Medios de transporte y tráfico.………….………………….…….....267 2.1.2.4. Construcción, herramientas y materiales.……………………..268 2.1.2.5. Establecimientos y actividades profesionales.......................268 2.1.2.6. Material escolar.…...........................................................................…….....269 2.1.2.7. Sanidad.…...............................................................................................…….....269 2.1.2.8. Pesca.…....................................................................................................…….....270 2.1.2.9. Mecánica.…...........................................................................................……....270 2.1.2.10. Juegos y tiempo de ocio.………...……………………………..……...271 2.1.2.11. Vivienda.……............................................................................................…....272 2.1.2.12. Muebles y utensilios domésticos.……....................................…....272 2.1.2.13. Ropa y calzado.….............................................................................……....273
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