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Open As a Single Document Volume 48 Number 2 Spring 1988 Arnoldia (ISSN 0004-2633; USPS 866-100) is pub- Page lished in quarterly, winter, spring, summer, and fall, 2 The Vulnerable and Plants of by the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Endangered Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Subscriptions are $12.00 per calendar year domestic, Province, China $15.00 per calendar year foreign, payable in advance. Zou Shou-qing Single copies are $3.50. All remittances must be in U. S. dollars, by check drawn on a U. S. bank or by 9 Transplanting Botany to China: The Cross- international money order. Send subscription orders, remittances, change-of-address notices, and all other Cultural Experience of Chen Huanyong subscription-related communications to: Helen G. William J. Haas Shea, Circulation Manager, Arnoldia, The Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130-2795. Telephone (617) 524-1718. Postmaster: Send address changes to: Arnoldia The Arnold Arboretum Jamaica Plain, MA 02130-2795. Copyright © 1988, The President and Fellows of Harvard College. Edmund A. Schofield, Editor Peter Del Tredici, Associate Editor Helen G. Shea, Circulation Manager Marion D. Cahan, Editorial Assistant (Volunteer) Arnoldia is printed by the Office of the University Publisher, Harvard University. 26 Forestry in Fujuan Province, People’s Front cover:-Painting of Aquilaria sinensis (Loureiro) Republic of China, during the Cultural Gilg, a rare Chinese shrub. (See pages 2 through 8.) Revolution ~.Inside front cover:-Portrait of Chen Huanyong Richard B. Primack ( 1890-1971 as a young man. From The Index, the junior annual of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, for 1913. Used through the courtesy of the Archives of the 30 INTERVIEW University of Massachusetts at Amherst. (See page 9.)J Chinese Botany and the Odyssey of Dr. ~This page:-The Chinese characters for the name Shiu-ying Hu Chen of L. Harvard- Huanyong. Courtesy Sidney Tai, Adams Yenching Library. (See page 9.) ~o.lnside back cover :- Sally Aldrich "Nine Dragon Pine," a famous lacebark pine (Pinus bungeana) of the Chieh Tai Ssu Temple in the Western 32 Pinus bungeana Zuccarini-A Ghostly Pine Hills, located forty miles west of Beijing. Said to have Robert G. Nicholson been planted nine hundred years ago, the tree is called the "Nine Dragon Pine" in reference to its nine mam trunks. (Seepage 32.) / ~ Back cover:-Various structures 39 BOOKS of Pinus bungeana, the lacebark pine ( 1: section of a leaf; 2, stamen; 3 and 4, female bract with scale; 5, cone; 6 and 7, female bract with scale, in fruiting stage; 8, seed). From Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, 1909. (See page 32./J The Vulnerable and Endangered Plants of Xishuang- banna Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China Zou Shou-qing Efforts are now being taken to preserve endangered species in the rich tropical flora of China’s "Kingdom of Plants and Animals" Xishuangbanna Prefecture is a tropical area of broadleaf forest-occurs in Xishuangbanna. China situated in southernmost Yunnan Coniferous forest develops above 1,200 me- Province, on the border with Laos and Burma. ters. In addition, Xishuangbanna lies at the Lying between 21°00’ and 21°30’ North Lati- transitional zone between the floras of Ma- tude and 99°55’ and 101°15’ East Longitude, laya, Indo-Himalaya, and South China and the prefecture occupies 19,220 square kilo- therefore boasts a great number of plant spe- meters of territory. It attracts Chinese and cies. So far, about 4,000 species of vascular non-Chinese botanists alike and is known plants have been identified. This means that popularly as the "Kingdom of Plants and Xishuangbanna, an area occupying only 0.22 Animals." The Langchan River passes percent of China, supports about 12 percent through its middle. of the species in China’s flora. The species be- Xishuangbanna is very hilly, about 95 per- long to 1,471 genera in 264 families and in- cent of its terrain being hills and low, undu- clude 262 species of ferns in 94 genera and 47 lating mountains that reach 500 to 1,500 families, 25 species of gymnosperms in 12 meters in elevation. The highest peak is 2,400 genera and 9 families, and 3,700 species of meters in elevation. High mountains in the angiosperms in 1,365 genera and 208 families. north, including the Wuliang and Ailao The tropical features of Xishuangbanna’s Mountains, block the cold air from the north flora are quite distinct. Such tropical families and trap warm, humid air from the Indian as the Dipterocarpaceae, Myristicaceae, Ocean, creating a hot, humid, windless tropi- Tetramelaceae, Anonaceae, and Dilleni- cal climate. The mean annual temperature is aceae, and such genera as Ficus, Artocarpus, 18 C to 22 C, and, depending upon elevation Antiaris, Dysoxylum, and Aphanamixis are and topography, 1,000 millimeters to 2,200 represented. About 60 percent of the species millimeters of precipitation fall annually; as in Xishuangbanna’s flora also occur in Viet- a result, tropical forest and other tropical nam, Laos, Burma, and India. During the past vegetation flourish on hillsides and in val- two centuries, many species from the Indo- leys. A great diversity of vegetation types- chinese peninsula and other tropical regions including tropical rain forest, seasonal rain have been successfully introduced into forest, montane rain forest, and evergreen Xishuangbanna. Among them have been Cassia siamea, Mesua ferrea, Crinum asi- aticum, Cananga odorata, and Bixa orellana. Cycas pectinata Griffith, a rare and vulnerable species. There are many endemic species in a ornamental and its and It is spectacular plant, fruit Xishuangbanna’s flora, such as Manglietia stem are used in medicine by the Dai minority of China. Photographs by the author. wangii, Polyalthia cheliensis, Phc~bepuwen- 4 sis, and Horsfieldia tetratepala; a number of carpa, Ostodes katharinx, and Pyrularia relict species, such as Cycas pectinata, Podo- edulis, for example, are important sources of carpus wallichii, Magnolia henryi, and Slad- food oil or industrial oil. Ten species-Cala- enia celastrifolia; and many rare species, mus flagellum, Calamus palustris, Calamus such as Manglietia fordiana, Michelia hed- nambariensis, etc.-yield rattan. Many spe- yosperma, Paramichelia baillonii, and Pseu- cies are aromatic, tanning, or resin and gum duvaria indochinensis. According to data plants, among them Elsholtzia blanda, Cin- collected by Li Yanhui, 153 endemic species, namomum mollifolium, Phyllanthus em- 31 relict species, and 133 rare species grow in blica, and Sterculia villosa. Xishuangbanna; of them, 110 are endangered During the past 20 years, many forests in or vulnerable (see the list on pages 6 and 7). Xishuangbanna were ruined. More than Twenty-eight wild types of cultivated 13,000 hectares of forest were cut each year as plant species and their relatives occur in a result of shifting cultivation, conversion to Xishuangbanna’s flora, among them Oryza rubber plantations, and demands for timber minuta, Camellia sinensis var. assamica, and fuel by local people. Recently, the forest Coix lacryma-jobi, Citrus grandis, and cover of Xishuangbanna has declined sharply, Momordica subangulata. Some may prove to from about 60 percent to 33 percent. Many have significant value in genetic research and hillsides that once were covered with rain breeding. forests are now grassland of cogongrass and More than 1,000 species in Xishuang- low shrub. Along with the destruction of banna’s flora are economically important. tropical forests, obviously, many plant and About 500 of them are medicinal plants that animal species have been threatened. It is are used locally or in traditional Chinese estimated that one species is lost for every medicine; among these are Amomum villos- 700 hectares of tropical forest ruined. If this is um, Taraktogenos merrillana, Cissampelos so, then more than 800 species of plant have paraira var. hirsuta, and Homalomena been lost or are in danger of being lost. If occulta. Rauvolfia yunnanensis has become remedial measures are not taken today, many an important source of reserpine, and May- species with valuable properties will be lost. tenus hookeri is alleged to have anti-cancer This would be a big mistake, one that our properties. descendents would be unlikely to forgive. More than 100 species of tree in Xishuang- The first volume of the Plant Red Data banna’s flora grow fast or produce high-qual- Book for China, recently issued by the Acade- ity timbers, the best example being Dal- mia Sinica (the Chinese Academy of Science), bergia fusca var. enneandra, which has lists 389 endangered species of Chinese purple-black heartwood. Its wood is very plants. The Book gives their morphological hard, heavy, and tough and so is used as a features, distributions, and statuses and de- substitute for rosewood. The fast-growing scribes methods for their conservation. Fifty- species Anthocephalus chinensis is another four of the species it lists are native to Xi- example. It is the most productive timber tree shuangbanna. in tropical tree plantations. Toona ciliata, The Chinese government devotes more Paramichelia baillonii, Gmelina arborea, attention to nature conservation now than it Altingia excelsa, Chukrassia tabularia var. once did. For example, 310 nature reserves, velutina, and Dysoxylum binecea?folium are with a total area of 167,000 square kilome- all valuable hardwood timber trees that are ters, have been established throughout the used in industry and construction. country, and the funding of nature-conserva- Xishuangbanna’s flora contains more than tion programs has been increased. In Xi- 100 oil-bearing species. Horsfieldia tetra- shuangbanna Prefecture, some 600,000 hec- tepala, Jatropha cureas, Hodgsonia macro- tares of tropical forest survive. To protect re- maining ecosystems and species, 200,000 forest fires, stop hunting and timbering hectares of land (about one tenth the within nature reserves, and deal with crimi- prefecture’s area) have been set aside as re- nal cases of vandalism. serves, including the Mengyang, Mengla, The Yunnan Institute of Tropical Botany, Menglun, Menghai, and Dashujiao reserves, Academia Sinica-formerly the Botanical and a team of 150 forest guards has been Garden of Xishuangbanna-is located in the organized.
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