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Plant Biodiversity Inventory, Identification of Hotspots and Conservation Strategies for Threatened Species and Habitats in Kanc

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Plant Biodiversity Inventory, Identification of Hotspots and Conservation Strategies for Threatened Species and Habitats in Kanc Plant Biodiversity Inventory, Identification of Hotspots and Conservation Strategies for Threatened Species and Habitats in Kanchenjungha-Singhalila Ridge, Eastern Nepal PROJECT EXECUTANT Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal (ESON) 107 Guchha Marg, New Road, Kathmandu, Nepal Ph: 01 - 6213406, Email: [email protected] , web: www.eson.org.np LOCAL COLLABORATORS Shree High Altitude Herb Growers Group (SHAHGG), Ilam & Deep Jyoti Youth Club (DJYC), Panchthar REPORT SUBMITTED TO Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) & WWF Nepal Program September 2008 Plant Biodiversity Inventory, Identification of Hotspots and Conservation Strategies for Threatened Species and Habitats in Kanchenjungha-Singhalila Ridge, Eastern Nepal Ripu M. Kunwar, Krishna K. Shrestha and Ram C. Poudel With the assistance of Sangeeta Rajbhandary, Jeevan Pandey, Nar B. Khatri Man K. Dhamala, Kamal Humagain, Rajendra Rai, Yub R. Poudel Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal (ESON) Karthmandu, Nepal In collaboration with Shree High Altitude Herb Growers Group (SHAHGG), Ilam Deep Jyoti Youth Club (DJYC), Panchthar September 2008 ii Preface The Eastern Himalaya stands out as being one of the globally important sites representing the important hotspots of the South Asia. The Eastern Himalaya has been included among the Earth’s biodiversity hotspots and it includes several Global 200 eco-regions, two endemic bird areas, and several centers for plant diversity. Kanchenjungha-Singhalila Complex (KSC) is one of the five prioritized landscape of the Eastern Himalaya, possesses globally significant population of landscape species. The complex stretches from Kanchenjungha Conservation Area (KCA) in Nepal, which is contiguous with Khanchendzonga Biosphere Reserve in Sikkim, India, to the forest patches in south and southwest of KCA in Ilam, Panchthar and Jhapa districts. The entire occidental and austral landscapes of Mt. Kanchenjungha is rich in floral diversity. There is an account of over 2900 plant species from KCA and over 600 plant species from Kanchenjungha-Singhalila Ridge (KSR) of Ilam and Panchthar districts. Inventory and conservation of vascular flora of pristine, rugged and bountiful landscapes of KSR was possible with financial support from Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), USA. We express our deepest gratitude to CEPF for providing support. The support from local collaborators – Shree High Altitude Herb Growers Group (SHAHGG), Ilam and Deep Jyoti Youth Club (DJYC), Panchthar is in worth. Local people’s participation during participatory meetings and interactions and field level research works and implementations is acknowledged. Our special thanks goes to WWF Nepal team (Dr. Sarala Khaling, RC-SE Asia, CEPF and Mr. Ang Phuri Sherpa, NC-Nepal, CEPF) for their facilitation and technical guide. The authors are also grateful to Dr. Tirtha B. Shrestha, Dr. Dinesh Bhuju and Dr. Pushpa R. Shakya for their critical evaluation on reports. Thanks are also due to Dr. Nakul Chettri, ICIMOD, Mr. Jhamak Karki, DNPWC, DFO Ilam, DFO Pancthar, CEPF grantee (ECCA – Dr. Rabindra Shrestha, BCN - Ms. Nina Thapa, ICC – Mr. Ram Rimal, Mr. Bishnu Kafle, NCDC – Mr. Kamal Rai) and other workshop/meetings participants for their invaluable input on finalization of plant species conservation strategies. Authors are particularly grateful to Dr. NN Tiwari, Dr. Ila Shrestha, Mr. Pradeep Maharjan, Mr. Rajendra Shrestha, Mr. Sailesh Ranjitkar, Ms. Urmila Thamsuhang of ESON, Mr. Rajendra Rai, Mr. Mahendra Bir Rai, Mr. Sunil Bantawa and Mr. Nar B Khapangi of DJYC, Panchthar, Mr. Netra B. Magar and Mr. Yub R. Poudel of SHAHGG, Ilam, Mr. Karma Bhutia of TMI for their supports during project development, execution and implementation. Finally, we owe our sincere thanks to all members of Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal for their direct and indirect supports to ease accomplish of this job. September 05, 2008 Authors Mr. Ripu M. Kunwar Dr. Krishna K. Shrestha Mr. Ram C. Poudel Table of Contents Abstract vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1-3 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Biodiversity and Biogeography 1 1.3 Rationale 2 1.4 Objectives 3 CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 4-10 2.1 Study Area 4 2.2 Review of Literatures and Herbarium Specimens 6 2.3 Rapid Appraisal and Participatory Rural Appraisal 6 2.4 Plant Collection Expeditions and Herbarium Management 7 2.5 Ecological Assessment 7 2.6 Soil Analysis 8 2.7 GIS Analysis 9 2.8 Trainings and Capacity Building Programs 9 2.9 Renewal of Community Forest User Groups Operational Plan 9 2.10 Conservation Strategy Development and Advocacy 10 2.11 Dissemination and Publication 10 2.12 Project Leveraging and Post Project Management Support 10 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS 11-36 3.1 Plant Species and Their Habitats 11 3.1.1 Plant list and their associated habitats 11 3.1.2 Endemic, rare and threatened plant species 14 3.1.3 Key plant species and their habitats 17 3.1.3.1 Key plant species 17 3.1.3.2 Key habitats 17 3.1.3.3 Participatory biodiversity monitoring mechanism 19 3.1.4 Ecology of important plant species and their habitats 21 3.1.4.1 Forest types 21 3.1.4.2 Vegetation 23 3.1.4.3 Soil analysis 24 3.2 Threats and Conservation Strategies 25 3.2.1 Direct threats and underlying threats 25 3.2.2 Policy gaps related to plant conservation 25 3.2.3 Conservation strategies of key plant species and habitats 27 3.2.3.1 Local community level conservation strategies 27 3.2.3.2 District level conservation strategies 28 3.2.3.3 Expert level conservation strategies 29 3.2.3.4 Final level conservation strategies 30 3.3 Advocacy and Capacity Building 31 3.3.1 Awareness and promotional activities 31 3.3.2 Local communities commitments 33 3.3.3 Motivations and implementation 34 3.3.4 Project leveraging 34 3.3.5 Publications and dissemination 35 3.4 Constraints 36 CHAPTER 4. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 37-39 CHAPTER 5. REFERENCES 40-42 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1 New Record Species to Nepal from Lower Kanchenjungha Singhalila Ridge 12 Table 2 Endemic and threatened plant Species of Lower Kanchenjungha Singhalila Ridge 14 Table 3.1 Prioritized species from village, district and national level workshops 17 Table 3.2 Prioritized habitats from village, district and national level workshops (Ilam) 18 Table 3.3 Prioritized habitats from village, district and national level workshops (Panchthar) 18 Table 4 Prioritized plant species of Lower Kanchenjungha Singhalila Ridge for conservation 21 Table 5 Forest types of Ilam and Panchthar districts 22 Table 6 Dominant tree species in terms of ecological importance value index 23 Table 7 Physicochemical properties of Soil 24 Table 8 Direct and underlying threats to the plant diversity of LKSR 25 Table 9 Highly threatened plants of Lower Kanchenjungha Singhalila Ridge 26 Table 10 Existing and potential threats identified during district workshops and strategic programs suggested to overtop the threats 28 Table 11 Top priority sites and scores provided by consultation workshop participants 29 Table 12 Final level prioritized conservation strategies 31 FIGURES Figure 1 Project site in Lower Kanchenjungha Singhalila Ridge, East Nepal 5 Figure 2 Ecological sampling design 8 Figure 3 Distribution of new record species in LKSR, East Nepal 13 Figure 4 Distribution of important plants and priority sites in LKSR, East Nepal 15 Figure 5 Distribution of threatened plants and priority sites in LKSR, East Nepal 16 Figure 6 Prioritized plant species and habitats in LKSR, East Nepal 20 Figure 7 Soil properties of Ilam and Panchthar districts 24 Figure 8 Prioritized species based on village level workshops at Ilam and Panchthar districts 28 ANNEXES Annex 1 Itinerary of first, supplement and second field visits 43-49 Annex 2 Literatures review synopsis 50 Annex 3.1 Ecological survey data sheet 60 Annex 3.2 Permanent plot monitoring protocol 62 Annex 4 Final list of plants of LKSR 67 Annex 5 Description of New Record species 81 Annex 6 Specimens review report 88 Annex 7 Key plant species of LKSR 95 Annex 8 Prioritized plant species and areas of NCDC/ICIMOD/ICC 96 Annex 9 Ecological data analysis report 97 Annex 10.1 Village level workshop report 101 Annex 10.2 District level workshop report 105 Annex 10.3 National level workshop report 109 Annex 10.4 National level workshop report resolution 112 Annex 10.5 Ilam district report 114 Annex 10.6 Panchthar district report 118 Annex 11 General conservation strategies for plant conservation 122 Annex 12.1 Species specific conservation strategy – Aconitum spicatum 124 Annex 12.2 Species specific conservation strategy – Nardostachys grandiflora 126 Annex 12.3 Species specific conservation strategy – Neopicrorhiza scrophulariflora 130 Annex 12.4 Species specific conservation strategy – Michelia champaca 133 Annex 12.5 Species specific conservation strategy – Swertia chirayita 135 Annex 12.6 Species specific conservation strategy – Taxus wallichiana 138 Annex 13 Training documents 141 Annex 14 Renewed community forest operational plans 144 Annex 15.1 Publications (Journal article) 148 Annex 15.2 Publications (Webpage document) 155 ABSTRACT This project Plant Biodiversity Inventory, Identification of Hotspots, and Conservation Strategies for Threatened Species and Habitats in Kanchenjunga-Singhalila Ridge, Eastern Nepal was conducted by Ethnobotanical society of Nepal (ESON) with the financial assistance of Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) and facilitation of WWF Nepal Program. It was carried out in four VDCs of Ilam and five VDCs of Panchthar districts of east Nepal in April 2007 – March 2008 with the implementation support from Shree High Altitude Herb Growers Group, Ilam and Deep Jyoti Youth Club, Panchthar. The objectives of the project were to inventory and document of plant diversity and their associated habitats, identify and assess the rare, threatened, endemic and archaic plant species and key habitats, and develop conservation strategies of the species and habitats through participatory and scientific approaches. Literatures/specimens review and plant collection expeditions were means for inventorying.
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