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Fur and Feather in North China

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Ss-Di:t6Ei2aa!^.4-Jw^«^:/ i/fis-inj FUR 'S) FEATHER IN NORTH CHINA. TIENTSIN PRESS, LTD., — — Printers aud Publishers — — 33, Victoria Road, Tientsin, North China' « H "A U oO a a H FUR AND FEATHER IN NORTH CHINA, By Arthur de Carle Sowerby, F.R.G.S. " Author of " Sport and Science on the Sino-Mongolian Frontier and joint author with Robert Sterling Clark of "Through ShenKan/' With 30 liJie drawings by the mdhor and 43 photographs. ' There is a pleasure in the pathless woods. There is a rapture on the (onely shore. There is society, where none intrudes. By the deep Sea, and music in its roar. I fove not Man the less, but Nature more. From these our interviews, in which I steal From all I may be, or have been before. To mingle with the Universe, and feel What I can ne'er express, yet can not all conceal," —Byron 1914. THE TIENTSIN PRESS, LIMITED, Victoria Road, Tientsin, North China. To my wife. All rights reserved. PREFACE When the papers, which go to make up this book, were firsts con- templated, it was proposed that they should deal purely with sport. It was felt, however, that there was a very distinct need for some popular work not merely on game birds and animals, but on the whole, or as much as possible, of the North China fauna. Consequently, it was decided to endeavour to meet, if only in a small measure, this need. The resulting papers, penned sometimes in town, sometimes even on the road, but always with a sad lack of reference works, can not claim to do justice to the great subject. It is hoped, however, that they will serve their purpose until some more detailed and classic work is produced. One of the chief aims I have had in mind while writing thus en the birds and animals of North China, has been the rousing of public interest in the subject, with a view to the ultimate protection and preservation of many species, which under existing conditions are doomed to extinction. Another object has been to share with those who can not get away into the wilds to see for themselves and to taste first hand of Nature's rich store, some of my own experiences with that sweet Mistress and her many children. It has proved an untold pleasure to mc to write these papers, for my mind has been carried back to many a happy day in field and forest, amid surroundings never so appreciated as in the perspective oi time. It has also been a source of education for I have come across new facts, and have been introduced to many species hitherto unknown to me, as I have delved into the riches of by-gone writers in search jof the correct names for those that I did know. The mere fact of my having written tEese papers Eag put me into communication with fellow lovers of nature, and has given me access to standard works, so that I have been able to correctly identify most of the species mentioned. I am deeply indebted to Mr. J. D. de La Touche, C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U., who very kindly allowed me to go over his wonderful collection of Chinese Birds, than which none more complete exist, except that iu the British Museum. I am also indebted to Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S., F-Z.S., of the British Museum, and to Dr. Gerrit S. Miller, of the Smithsonian Institution, for assistance in the identification of many new mammals of North China, while Dr. Morrison, by allowing me access to his magnificent library, enabled me to further identify and verify the names of many of the old ones. The following gentlemen very kindly suppHed me with photographs, without which the illustrations would have been far from complete—Dr. P. H. Atwood, Mr. Malcolm P. Anderson, Captain T. Holcomb and Mr. W. A. Mace. To all these kind friends I wish to convey my heartiest thanks. ARTHUR DE C. SOWERBY. Tientsin, North China, July, 1914. DRAWINGS. PAGE. The Musk Deerr (^Moschus sihincus) II The Sika (Gervus Jtortulorum) 13 Wild Sheep .... 16 57 The Muskshrew (Cmcidura coreae) . The Mole (Scaptochirus gilUesi) 58 The Ordos Jerbot {Dipus sowerhyi) 66 The Woodmouse (Apodemus speciosus) 71 The Molerat {Myospalax fontanieri) 73 The Flying Squirrel (Sciuroptcrus buechneri) 75 The Chipmunk (Eutamias asiaticus sene^cens) 77 The Suslik (Ci$ellus mongoiicu)g) 79 The Pika (Ochotona bedjordi) . 80 The Bustard (Otis dybowskii) 109 The Butcher Bud (Lanius superoiliosus) 187 The Avocet (Recurvirostra avocetta) 148 The Hoopoe (Upupa epops) 154 The Pmtailed Sandgrouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus) 157 The Cormorant (Phalacrocomx carbo) 158 Head of Poisonous Snake (Viper) . 163 Head of Non-Poisonous Snake (Watersnake) >> The Terrapin (Clemmys japonica) . 166 Radde's Toad (Bufo raddci) . 171 The Serpent-Head (Ophiocephalus argus) 172 The Chinese Perch (Siniperca chua-jtsi) )t The Wels [8ilurus\ asotis) 175 Elopicthys dauricusi .... 176 The Bream 177 The Bleak The Culter ..... The Loach (Cobitis tinia) 178 /Sai/awx chinensis, a small transparent smelt-like fish occuringi in the Chihli Estuariea . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Hale tone Plates, Frontispiece. At Work in the Country. PLATE Facing Page I Dr. P, H. Atwood and bag .... 2 II After Pig, Camp in the mountains of West Shansi 6 E. H. Cartwright and the Author with record wild boar (333 lbs. (Sus moupinensis) . ,, III A morning and evening's bag in Shensi . 8 IV The author and the late Mr. G. A. Grant with bag of roe, hare and pheasants in Shensi . 14 North Shensi Boeder {Capreolus bedfordi) . ,, V The Wild Sheep of North Shansi (Ovis juhata) . 18 The author with his best Earn . ,, VI The North Shansi Wapiti. Captain T. Hol- comb and his twelve-pointer ... 26 VII The North Shansi Wapiti. Captain T. Hol- comb and a six-pointer .... 30 North China Goral (Urotragus caudatus) . ,, VIII IMongol Hunter and Goral shot by Captain T. Holcomb in North Shansi .... 84 IX The Mongolian Gazelle {GazelJa gutturosa) . 40 The author and his first buck. F. Warrington W. and his best antelope . ,, X The Manchurian Tiger {Felts tigris longipilis) . 46 XI The Leopard (Felis pardus viUosa) ... 48 'XII The Fox {Vulpes vulpes) .... 50 XIII The Kansu Polecat (Mustela larvata) . 54 iNorth Shansi Hares {Lepus swinhoei sowerbyae) ,, PLATE Facing Page 60 XIV Equipped for hunting harea on horseback . XV Eats and Mice 70 XVI The Kansu AUactaga (Allactaga mongolica longior) 72 The Buzzard {Buteo hemilasius) . ,, 86 XVII The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetus) . XVIII I he Chinese Pheasant {Phasianus kiangsuensis) 90 The Shansi Pheasant {Phasianus sp.) . „ XIX F. W. Warrington and a Manchurian Eared- pheasant. Shot near Tai-yuan Fu, Shansi . 94 XX The Bearded Partridge {Perdix daurica) . 98 The Chukar {Caccahis chukar) . ,, XXI The Manchurian Eared-Pheasant {Crossoptilon mantchuricum) ...... 102 The Baikal or Spectacled Teal {Querquedula . J formosa) ,, XXII The Bean Goose (Anser segetum) . 112 The Bean Goose. A seven pounder . „ XXIII Wild Ducks on the Si-an Fu Plain, Shensi . 118 XXIV The Common Teal (Querquedula crecca) . 120 XXV A Bag of Snipe 126 XXVI The Coot, (Fulica atra) 128 The Common Snipe (Gallinago media) . ,, XXVII The Ibis billed Curlew (IbidorhynchuS' struther'si) 144 The Curlew {Numenius arguatus) . ,, XXVIII A pair of Green Water-snakes (Tropidonotus tigrinus ....... 162 The Chinese MudrTurtle {Trionyx sinensis) . ,, CONTENTS. PBEFACE. CHAPTER I. The Wild Boar. all wild creatures, and The wild boar is undoubtedly the gamest, lof admittedly amongst those who have experienced it, pig sticking is the finest sport in existence. The habitat of the pig, not including the various tropical species, ERRATA. Page 49, line 22 for "early" read "nearly." Page 70, lines 29 and 36, Plate XV, Page 71 lines 9, 10, 12 and 15, for "Epymis" read "Epirnys." Plate XVI for "Allactaga" read "Alactaga." Plate XXI for "manchuricunn" read "niantcJiuricum." Page 121, hne 17 for "Cidemia" read "Oidemia." Plate XXVII for "arquatus" read "arguatus." Pages 175 and 189 for "assotis" read "asotis." Page 175 "Elopisctliys" read "Elopicthys." Page 176, line 32 for "canassius" read "carassius." in length, and li tusk of this magnificent boar measures 10 inches not taken, but inches in thickness. The body measurements were catties of flesh the native who shot the animal stated that he took 200 of the weight of this pig, based from it. A very conservative estimate weight up to 300 catties upon the above statement would bring its total or 400 lbs. of an old tusker shot Next to this record come the measurements measures 9i inches m by the author. In this specimen the left tusk The weight of this pig was found length and H inches in thickness. to be about 330 lbs. CONTENTS. PBEFACE. CHAPTER I. The Wild Boar. The wild boar is undoubtedly the gamest loi all wild creatures, and amongst those who have experienced it, pig sticking is admittedly the finest sport in existence. The habitat of the pig, not including the various tropical species, such as the wart-hog, the bush-pig and thie peccary, extends from Spain to Kamschatka, and from Siberia to Ceylon. Naturally in all this tremendous area numerous varieties occur, which: have been made into distinct species by naturalists. Thus there is Siis scrofa of Europe, S. cristata of India, S. arnurcnsis of the Amour, S. nigriyes of Sungaria and S. vioupincnsis of Thibet,—all differing but slightly from one another, yet differing sufficiently to warrant separation according to the present day system of classification. In China P^re Heude has described a number of species from various parts, but, as the diagnoses were very unsatisfactory, it has been found impossible to decide exactly how many valid species really occur.
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    Scientific Committee on Vector-borne Diseases Review of Hantavirus Infection in Hong Kong Purpose This paper reviews the global and local epidemiology of hantavirus infection and examine the prevention and control measures in Hong Kong. The Pathogen and the Reservoir 2. Hantaviruses belong to the genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae1. They can cause haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in human1-4. 3. Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome has been described prior to World War II in Manchuria along the Amur River2, in Russia and Sweden in 1930s3. Between 1950 and 1953, large human outbreaks have been reported when 3000 US soldiers were stricken with the disease during the Korean War 1-3 and the fatality ranged from 6-8% to over 33% in some small outbreaks1. However, the causative virus has not been isolated until 1978 from a field rodent (Apodemus agrarius) near the Hantaan river3,5 and was subsequently termed Hantaan virus6. HFRS was later found to be caused by other viruses as well, including Seoul, Puumala and Dobrava virus, affecting more than 200,000 people per year in Europe and Asia6 . They are also grouped under the genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae. Hantaviruses that cause HFRS are termed Old World hantaviruses (Table 1). 4. In 1993, a new disease appeared in the southwestern US, namely Four Corners region (New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and Utah)3. The disease was later called “hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)”. This disease was found to be caused by a genetically distinct hantavirus, and it was termed Sin Nombre virus6. Its reservoir was the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus).
  • Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the Year

    Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the Year

    O ~—L ^T ~~ o ?Ui JOURNAL OF THE NORTH- CHINA BRANCH OF THE BOYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY VOLUME XLIX— 1918 CONTENTS. PAGE PROCEEDINGS ix RIVER PROBLEMS IN CHINA. By Herbert Chatley, D. Sc. ... 1 SOME NOTES ON LAND-BIRDS. By H. E. Laver 13 ANIMISTIC ELEMENTS IN MOSLEM PRAYER. By Samuel M. Zwemer, F.R.G.S 38 THE EIGHT IMMORTALS OF THE TAOIST RELIGION. By Peter C. Ling 53 A CHAPTER ON FOLKLORE: I.—The Kite Festival in Foochow, China. By Lewis Hodous, D.D 76 II.— On a Method of Divination Practised at Foochow. By H. L. Harding 82 HI—Notes on the Tu T'ien Hui (fP ^ #) held at Chinkiang on the 31st May, 1917. By H. A. Ottewill 86 IV.—The Domestic Altar. By James Hutson 93 KU K'AI-CHIH'S SCROLL IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. By J. C. Ferguson, Ph.D 101 THE THEISTIC IMPORT OF THE SUNG PHILOSOPHY. By J. P. Bruce, M.A 111 A CASE OF RITUALISM. By Evan Morgan 128 CHINESE PUZZLEDOM. By Charles Kliene, F.R.G.S. ... 144 REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS 160 NOTES AND QUERIES 200 ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY 208 LIST OF MEMBERS 211 A I: Application for Membership, stating the Name (in full) r Nationality, Profession and Address of Applicants, should be forwarded to "The SecretaE^JJorth-China Branch of the Eoyal Asiatic Society, (Shanghai^ The name should be proposed and seconded by members of the Society, but where circumstances prevent the observance of this Bule, the Council is prepared to consider applications with such references as may be given.
  • Newell, J. 2004. the Russian Far East

    Newell, J. 2004. the Russian Far East

    Industrial pollution in the Komsomolsky, Solnechny, and Amursky regions, and in the city of Khabarovsk and its Table 3.1 suburbs, is excessive. Atmospheric pollution has been increas- Protected areas in Khabarovsk Krai ing for decades, with large quantities of methyl mercaptan in Amursk, formaldehyde, sulfur dioxide, phenols, lead, and Type and name Size (ha) Raion Established benzopyrene in Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur, and Zapovedniks dust prevalent in Solnechny, Urgal, Chegdomyn, Komso- molsk-on-Amur, and Khabarovsk. Dzhugdzhursky 860,000 Ayano-Maysky 1990 Between 1990 and 1999, industries in Komsomolsky and Bureinsky 359,000 Verkhne-Bureinsky 1987 Amursky Raions were the worst polluters of the Amur River. Botchinsky 267,400 Sovetsko-Gavansky 1994 High concentrations of heavy metals, copper (38–49 mpc), Bolonsky 103,600 Amursky, Nanaisky 1997 KHABAROVSK zinc (22 mpc), and chloroprene (2 mpc) were found. Indus- trial and agricultural facilities that treat 40 percent or less of Komsomolsky 61,200 Komsomolsky 1963 their wastewater (some treat none) create a water defi cit for Bolshekhekhtsirsky 44,900 Khabarovsky 1963 people and industry, despite the seeming abundance of water. The problem is exacerbated because of: Federal Zakazniks Ⅲ Pollution and low water levels in smaller rivers, particular- Badzhalsky 275,000 Solnechny 1973 ly near industrial centers (e.g., Solnechny and the Silinka River, where heavy metal levels exceed 130 mpc). Oldzhikhansky 159,700 Poliny Osipenko 1969 Ⅲ A loss of soil fertility. Tumninsky 143,100 Vaninsky 1967 Ⅲ Fires and logging, which impair the forests. Udylsky 100,400 Ulchsky 1988 Ⅲ Intensive development and quarrying of mineral resourc- Khekhtsirsky 56,000 Khabarovsky 1959 es, primarily construction materials.
  • Hantaviruses: a Global Disease Problem

    Hantaviruses: a Global Disease Problem

    Synopses Hantaviruses: A Global Disease Problem Connie Schmaljohn* and Brian Hjelle† *United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA; and †University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA Hantaviruses are carried by numerous rodent species throughout the world. In 1993, a previously unknown group of hantaviruses emerged in the United States as the cause of an acute respiratory disease now termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Before then, hantaviruses were known as the etiologic agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, a disease that occurs almost entirely in the Eastern Hemisphere. Since the discovery of the HPS-causing hantaviruses, intense investigation of the ecology and epidemiology of hantaviruses has led to the discovery of many other novel hantaviruses. Their ubiquity and potential for causing severe human illness make these viruses an important public health concern; we reviewed the distribution, ecology, disease potential, and genetic spectrum. The genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae, previously known as Korean hemorrhagic fever, comprises at least 14 viruses, including those that epidemic hemorrhagic fever, and nephropathia epi- cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome demica (4). Although these diseases were recog- (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome nized in Asia perhaps for centuries, HFRS first (HPS) (Table 1). Several tentative members of the came to the attention of western physicians when genus are known, and others will surely emerge approximately 3,200 cases occurred from 1951 to as their natural ecology is further explored. 1954 among United Nations forces in Korea (2,5). Hantaviruses are primarily rodent-borne, although Other outbreaks of what is believed to have been other animal species har-boring hantaviruses HFRS were reported in Russia in 1913 and 1932, have been reported.