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Tree Species Diversity of a 20-Ha Plot in a Tropical Seasonal Rainforest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

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Tree Species Diversity of a 20-Ha Plot in a Tropical Seasonal Rainforest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China J For Res (2012) 17:432–439 DOI 10.1007/s10310-011-0309-y ORIGINAL ARTICLE Tree species diversity of a 20-ha plot in a tropical seasonal rainforest in Xishuangbanna, southwest China Guoyu Lan • Hua Zhu • Min Cao Received: 20 March 2011 / Accepted: 18 May 2011 / Published online: 26 October 2011 Ó The Japanese Forest Society and Springer 2011 Abstract We censused all free-standing trees C1cm Introduction diameter at breast height (dbh) in a 20-ha plot established in a tropical seasonal rainforest in Xishuangbanna National Since the late 1970s, the Center for Tropical Forest Science Nature Reserve, southwest China. A total of 95,834 free- (CTFS) of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute has standing trees C1 cm dbh were recorded, and 95,498 established 40 large-sized (ranging from 16 to 52 ha) forest individuals (accounting for 99.65% of the total), including dynamics plots in the tropical forests of the five continents. 468 morphospecies in 213 genera and 70 families, were To date, CTFS monitors more than 3 million individual identified. Thirteen of 468 species (2.78%) had more than tropical trees, representing about 8,500 tree species, nearly 1,000 individual C1 cm dbh, which represented 56.36% 17% of the world’s entire tropical tree flora. However, individuals of the total. On the other hand, 230 of 468 there was no such tropical forest dynamics plot in the species (49.14%) had a mean density of B1 tree per ha, and mainland of China until 2007, although much of the old 69 of 468 species (14.74%) were singletons in the 20-ha growth high diversity lowland tropical rainforests in China plot. The mean species richness, density and basal area per are located in the Xishuangbanna region of Yunnan ha were 216.50 species, 4,791.70 stems and 42.34 m2, Province (Cao et al. 2006). Due to its unique geographical respectively. Pittosporopsis kerrii (20,918 stems, C1cm location, Xishuangbanna is included in the Indo-Burma dbh) of Icacinaceae and Parashorea chinensis (7,919 biodiversity hotspots and contains over 5,000 species of stems, C1 cm dbh) of Dipterocarpaceae were the two most vascular plants, comprising 16% of China’s total plant abundant species dominating the emergent layer and treelet diversity (Cao et al. 2006). Naturally, the tropical rainforest layer, respectively. Compared with other 50-ha plots of Xishuangbanna occurs at the limits in terms of latitu- established in other equatorial regions, tree species richness dinal and altitudinal distribution of the southeast Asian per ha and tree abundance per ha of the plot were at the rainforests (Wu 1987; Zhu et al. 1998). As a result of this, moderate level. its flora composition is sensitive to climate change at a local scale (Zhu 1993). In order to monitor long-term Keywords Diversity Á Tropical seasonal rainforest Á changes in tree populations of tropical rainforest in this Xishuangbanna region and to test theories and hypotheses related to bio- diversity maintenance of tropical forests, a 20-ha diptero- carp tropical seasonal rainforest dynamics plot was established in Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve in 2007. Its & G. Lan Á H. Zhu Á M. Cao ( ) field protocol standard followed the 50-ha plot located in Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Barro Colorado Island in Panama established by Hubbell Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China and Foster (Condit 1995). e-mail: [email protected] This paper presented the results of the first census on the tree species diversity of the 20-ha plot in a tropical seasonal G. Lan Rubber Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna, southwest China, trying to Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China answer following questions: (1) how many tree species are 123 J For Res (2012) 17:432–439 433 Table 1 Temperature and precipitation distributions of the 20-ha plot of tropical seasonal rainforest in Xishuangbanna, southwest China AMT MTH MTC AP PD PR (°C) (°C) (°C) (mm) (mm) (mm) 21.0 24.6 15.2 1,531.9 281.6 1,250.3 Dry season: November–April, Rainy season: May–October AMT annual mean temperature, MTH mean temperature of the hottest month, MTC mean temperature of the coldest month, AP annual precipitation, PD precipitation during dry season, PR precipitation during rainy season there in the 20-ha plot of tropical seasonal rainforest, and how many are rare and how many are abundant, and (2) what are the similarities and differences between Fig. 1 Location (star) of the 20-ha plot of tropical seasonal rainforest Xishuangbanna tropical seasonal rainforest and other in Xishuangbanna, southwest China tropical forest dynamics plots in tree species diversity? In the case of buttresses, the dbh was measured at the Materials and methods lowest point where the trunk was back to normal. Trees with multiple stems were counted as a single individual, Study site but each stem was also tagged and measured (Condit 1998). All free-standing trees C1 cm dbh were identified to Xishuangbanna is predominated by a typical monsoon species. The nomenclature of the tree species followed the climate with an alternation between dry season and rainy English version of Flora of China, and the vouchers were season. Taking Mengla County (14 km from the study site stored at the herbarium of the Xishuangbanna Tropical where the 20-ha plot was established) as an example, the Botanical Garden. annual mean temperature is 21.0°C. Annual mean precip- itation is 1,532 mm, of which about 80% occurs between Data analysis May and October (rainy season) (Table 1). The dry season is from November to April (Zhu 2006; Lan et al. 2009). A six-capital letter code was assigned to the species with the Under such climatic conditions, tropical seasonal rainforest first 4 letters denoting the generic epithet and the next 2 is developed in the lowland, valleys and hills with a good letters the specific epithet. Species (genus and family)–area water supply (Wu 1987; Zhu 2006; Zhu et al. 2006). This curves were plotted for all trees (dbh C1 cm). Based on their forest type was believed to maintain the highest tree spe- abundance, the tree species were grouped into 5 categories cies in this region (Cao and Zhang 1997). The site for the (Ayyappan and Prthasarathy 1999), viz.: (1) predominant establishment of the 20-ha plot was chosen in a tract of the species [those with abundance (A) C1,000 stems in the 20-ha tropical seasonal rainforest at Bubeng village (101°3402600– plot); (2) dominant species (A = 200–999), (3) common 4700E and 21°3604200–5800N), Mengla county, Xishuangb- species (A = 20–199), (4) rare species (A = 2–19), and anna National Nature Reserve, southwest China (Fig. 1). (5) very rare species (A = 1, also singleton species]. It was dominated by Parashorea chinensis—a big stature Fisher’s a was calculated for trees of C1, C10 and tree species of Dipterocarpaceae. C30 cm dbh. a was defined according to Fisher et al. (1943): Data collection S ¼ a  lnð1 þ N=aÞð1Þ A 20-ha plot (400 9 500 m2) was established in a Para- where a was the diversity index, N was the number of trees, shorea chinensis forest. This plot ranges from 709 to S was the number of species. 869 m above sea level, indicating a heterogeneous habitat. Relative density (FD), relative dominance (RA, using It was sub-divided into 8,000 quadrats of 5 m 9 5 m. All basal area) and relative frequency (RF) were calculated for trees C1 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) in the 20-ha each species in order to estimate the importance value (IV). plot were tagged with sequentially numbered aluminium Importance value was defined as (Curtis and Mcintosh 1950, tags. Tree diameters were measured at 1.3 m from the ground 1951; Greig-Smith 1983; Linares-Palomino and Alvarez (Condit et al. 1996; Ayyappan and Prthasarathy 1999). 2005): 123 434 J For Res (2012) 17:432–439 Table 2 Summary of the Contents No. of No. of No. of No. of Basal Fisher’s a inventories of the 20-ha plot of species genera families stems area (m2) tropical seasonal rainforest in Xishuangbanna, southwest dbh C1cm China (336 unidentified individual trees were exclued in No. in 20-ha plot 468 213 70 95,834 846.86 63.99 calculating the number of Mean (ha-1) 216.50 131.80 53.60 4,791.70 42.34 46.64 species, genera and families, but Range (ha-1) 187–239 116–144 49–59 3,160–6,181 29.04–55.16 41.03–55.23 were included when calculating dbh C10 cm individuals and basal area) No. in 20-ha plot 339 171 63 12,331 733.36 64.46 Mean (ha-1) 123.50 84.80 43.50 616.60 36.66 46.54 Range (ha-1) 110–139 68–91 39–48 452–810 23.85–51.04 32.62–54.94 dbh C20 cm No. in 20-ha plot 227 146 58 4,644 598.72 61.32 Mean (ha-1) 74.3 56.05 32.3 232.2 29.93 33.65 Range (ha-1) 64–96 49–66 28–41 168–338 20.03–44.07 18.35–50.12 dbh C30 cm No. in 20-ha plot 215 119 51 2,232 496.41 58.67 Mean (ha-1) 42.70 35.00 23.70 111.60 24.82 25.28 Range (ha-1) 22–64 17–50 14–35 70–159 17.07–41.13 8.87–46.38 dbh diameter at breast height Importance value : IVj ¼ RFj þ RDj þ RAj ð2Þ 97.47%), genera (2,079 individuals, 2.17%) and family X levels (9 individuals, 0.01%).
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