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Ecography E7136 Bogich, T. L., Barker, G. M., Mahlfeld, K., Climo, F., Green, R. and Balmford, A. 2011. Fragmentation, grazing and the species–area relationship. – Ecography 34: xxx–xxx. Supplementary material 1 Supplementary Material Fragmentation, grazing and the Species-Area Relationship Appendix 1 1.1 Site selection We focus, in particular on the land snail fauna of Awhitu Peninsula, located south of Auckland on the North Island of New Zealand. We selected sites along Awhitu Peninsula, aiming to match sites by area, perimeter and additional threats, such that we have an equal number of sites that face multiple threats and those that do not, mediated via fencing and pest eradication measures along a gradient of fragment size (Figure A1.1). There are three biogeographic sources of native land snails to Awhitu Peninsula from elsewhere: from the north (from Waitakere Range), from the east (from Bombay Hills and Hunua Range) and from the northern edge of the central limestone masses just south of the Waikato River (Solem et al. 1981). Land snail species of Awhitu are generally thought to be good at dispersing (Solem et al. 1981) and the peninsula is part of several overlapping ecoregions. Solem et al. (1981) named five species (including Cavellia buccinella, Mocella eta, ‘Mocella’ n.sp. aff. maculata, ‘Paralaoma’ n.sp.29 and ‘Paralaoma’ lateumbilicata, as given in the original reference) as the first to re-colonise a regenerating fragment. Further, Solem et al. (1981) asserted that those five species will persist due to their excellent dispersal abilities, barring trampling of the litter by mammalian herbivores. 1.2 Sampling Methods Around the centre point of each fragment, a 20m x 20m plot was outlined for sampling. As fragments were irregularly shaped (Appendix 1, Figure A1.1), the centre points were selected to maximise distance from all edges of the fragment. Around each of the four 1 edge points of each fragment, a 5m x 20m plot was outlined for sampling, thus sampling a total of 20m x 20m of edge habitat. Within each of these sampling areas we used both random and directed sampling (Fig. S2). For random sampling, eight random soil and leaf litter samples were collected from each 20m x 20m plot, and two from each 5m x 20m plot. Coordinates of sampling points were selected at random and marked with a 33cm diameter ring, within which all loose topsoil and leaf litter was collected in a cloth bag, labelled and stored for sifting in the laboratory. In each fragment, we also conducted directed sampling efforts for 20 minutes in the 20m x 20m plots and 5 minutes in the 5m x 20m plots. We followed the protocol outlined by Barker (2005). Only the random samples were used for computing total species richness per fragment, while the directed samples were used as a qualitative check that the estimated species richness did not underestimate actual species richness. 2 Figure A1.1: Map of Awhitu peninsula and its location on the North Island of New Zealand, with the 12 fragments selected for sampling. Fragments in red are those that face multiple threats while fragments in green are those that do not (managed via fencing and pest eradication). Fragments are labeled according to IDs given in Table 1 of the manuscript. 3 Figure A1.2: Within a fragment, samples at randomly selected coordinates (triangles) were collected and directed searches were conducted within each of the sampling areas (white boxes). Edge sampling areas were 5m x 20m, located 5m from the edge, and spaced equally along the edge. Core sampling was done around the geometric centre of the fragment (black point) in a 20m x 20m square. 4 A.1: Species lists for Awhitu Peninsula fragments sampled and ecological trait data NZ Non NZ freshwater Shell max Species ID Family Genus Species Author (1/0) (1/0) dimension Ecological trait 1 Charopidae Allodiscus (A.) dimorphus Pfeiffer, 1853 9.50 ground dwelling (logs) 2 Charopidae Allodiscus tessellatus Powell, 1941 4.50 ground dwelling 3 Charopidae Allodiscus urquharti Suter, 1894 1.95 ground dwelling 4 Helicidae Cornu aspersum Muller, 1774 1 38.00 ground dwelling 5 Charopidae Cavellia buccinella Reeve, 1852 2.90 ground dwelling 6 Charopidae Cavellia roseveari Suter, 1896 4.00 ground dwelling 7 Charopidae Cavellioropa microrhina Suter, 1909 2.08 ground dwelling 8 Charopidae Charopa bianca Hutton, 1883 2.50 arboreal 9 Charopidae Charopa parva Suter, 1909 2.83 arboreal 10 Charopidae Charopidae sp. 105 M.77007 1.79 ground dwelling 11 Charopidae Charopidae sp. 137 M.56568 2.17 ground dwelling 12 Charopidae Charopidae sp. 155 M.79509 2.45 Arboreal 13 Charopidae Charopidae sp. 228 3.20 ground dwelling 14 Charopidae Charopidae sp. 229 4.00 ground dwelling 15 Charopidae Charopidae sp. 33 M.85221 2.00 ground dwelling 16 Charopidae Chaureopa titirangiensis Suter, 1896 4.37 ground dwelling 17 Charopidae Climocella akarana Goulstone, 1996 2.80 ground dwelling 18 Charopidae Climocella cavelliaformis Goulstone, 1996 2.80 ground dwelling 19 Charopidae Climocella prestoni Sykes, 1895 2.20 ground dwelling 20 Charopidae Climocella triticum Goulstone & Mayhill, 1998 2.60 ground dwelling 21 Cochlicopidae Cochlicopa lubrica Muller, 1774 1 7.80 ground dwelling 22 Liareidae Cytora cytora Gray, 1850 3.03 ground dwelling 23 Liareidae Cytora hedleyi Suter, 1894 3.04 ground dwelling 24 Liareidae Cytora torquilla Suter, 1894 1.36 ground dwelling 25 Rhytididae Delos coresia Gray, 1850 4.20 carnivorous, ground dwelling 26 Rhytididae Delos jeffreysiana Pfeiffer, 1853 7.00 carnivorous, ground dwelling 27 Charopidae Fectola infecta Reeve, 1852 3.64 ground dwelling 28 Charopidae Fectola mira Webster, 1908 2.50 ground dwelling 29 Charopidae Fectola unidentata Climo, 1978 3.14 ground dwelling 30 Charopidae Flammocharopa costulata Hutton, 1882 3.30 ground dwelling 31 Charopidae Flammulina chiron Gray, 1850 6.71 litter surface roamers 32 Charopidae Flammulina feredayi feredayi Suter, 1891 2.30 ground dwelling 33 Charopidae Flammulina perdita Hutton, 1883 7.00 arboreal 34 Hydrocenidae Georissa purchasi Pfeiffer, 1862 1.50 ground dwelling 35 Heliciodiscidae Helicodiscus singleyanus Pilsbry, 1889 1 2.40 in soil 36 Charopidae Huonodon hectori Suter, 1890 2.00 arboreal 37 Charopidae Huonodon pseudoleiodon Suter, 1890 2.67 ground dwelling 38 Punctidae Kokikora angulata Climo & Goulstone, 1995 2.40 ground dwelling 39 Punctidae Laoma leimonias Gray, 1850 4.01 ground dwelling 40 Punctidae Laoma mariae mariae Gray, 1843 8.00 ground dwelling 41 Punctidae Laoma marinum Hutton, 1883 3.50 ground dwelling 42 Punctidae Laoma nerissa Hutton, 1883 3.50 ground dwelling 43 Punctidae Laoma sp. 1.20 ground dwelling 44 Liareidae Liarea hochstetteri hochstetteri Pfeiffer, 1861 6.60 ground dwelling 46 Charopidae Mocella eta Pfeiffer, 1853 3.20 ground dwelling 47 Punctidae Obanella rimutaka Dell, 1952 1.50 ground dwelling 48 Zonotidae Oxychilus (O.) cellarius Muller, 1774 1 10.00 ground dwelling 49 Charopidae Paracharopa chrysaugeia Webster, 1904 2.20 ground dwelling 50 Charopidae Paracharopa fuscosa Suter, 1894 2.00 ground dwelling 51 Punctidae Paralaoma lateumbilicata Suter, 1890 1.65 ground dwelling 52 Punctidae Paralaoma miserabilis Iredale, 1913 1.69 ground dwelling 53 Punctidae Paralaoma sericatum Suter, 1890 1.28 ground dwelling 54 Punctidae Paralaoma serratocostatum Webster, 1906 1.34 ground dwelling 55 Punctidae Paralaoma sp. 1.50 ground dwelling 56 Charopidae Phenacharopa pseudanguicula Iredale, 1913 1.82 ground dwelling 57 Charopidae Phenacohelix aurea Goulstone, 2001 2.90 arboreal 58 Charopidae Phenacohelix giveni Cumber, 1961 6.30 ground dwelling 59 Charopidae Phenacohelix pilula Reeve, 1852 5.70 ground dwelling 60 Charopidae Phenacohelix ponsonbyi Suter, 1897 5.80 ground dwelling 61 Charopidae Phenacohelix ziczag Gould, 1848 9.50 ground dwelling 62 Punctidae Phrixgnathus ariel Hutton, 1883 3.25 ground dwelling 63 Punctidae Phrixgnathus conella Pfeiffer, 1862 3.50 arboreal 64 Punctidae Phrixgnathus erigone Gray, 1850 2.00 ground dwelling 65 Punctidae Phrixgnathus fulguratus Suter, 1909 3.20 arboreal 66 Punctidae Phrixgnathus glabriusculus Pfeiffer, 1853 3.50 ground dwelling 67 Punctidae Phrixgnathus moellendorffi Suter, 1896 3.00 ground dwelling 68 Punctidae Phrixgnathus poecilostictus Pfeiffer, 1853 4.00 ground dwelling 69 Punctidae Phrixgnathus viridulus viridulus Suter, 1909 2.43 ground dwelling 70 Hydrobiidae Potamopyrgus antipodarum Gray, 1843 1 NA ground dwelling - wet 71 Hydrobiidae Potamopyrgus sp. 1 NA ground dwelling - wet 72 Hygromiidae Prietocella barbara Linnaeus, 1758 1 12.00 ground dwelling 73 Punctidae Punctidae sp. 100 M.84972 1.32 ground dwelling 74 Punctidae Punctidae sp. 128 M.88158 2.37 ground dwelling 75 Punctidae Punctidae sp. 199 M.103034 2.00 ground dwelling 76 Punctidae Punctidae sp. 216 M.47067 1.26 ground dwelling 77 Punctidae Punctidae sp. 243 M.61602 1.94 ground dwelling 78 Punctidae Punctidae sp. 56 M.62133 2.40 ground dwelling 79 Punctidae Punctidae sp. 71 M. 1.18 arboreal 80 Punctidae Punctidae sp. 81 M.68844 1.61 ground dwelling 81 Punctidae Punctidae sp. 96 M.80251 1.42 ground dwelling 82 Rhytididae Rhytida greenwoodi greenwoodi Gray, 1850 25.00 ground dwelling, carnivorous 83 Charopidae Serpho kivi Gray, 1843 12.00 arboreal 84 Charopidae Suteria ide Gray, 1850 7.00 ground dwelling 85 Punctidae Taguahelix crispata Climo & Goulstone, 1993 2.50 ground dwelling 86 Punctidae Taguahelix elaiodes Webster, 1904 1.74 arboreal 87 Punctidae Taguahelix francesci Webster, 1904 1.60 ground dwelling 88 Charopidae Thalassohelix zelandiae Gray, 1843 11.00 ground dwelling 89 Charopidae Therasiella celinde Gray, 1850 4.68 ground dwelling 90 Charopidae Therasiella neozelanica Cumber, 1967 3.36 ground dwelling 91 Charopidae Therasiella tamora Hutton, 1883 4.86 ground dwelling 92 Achatinellidae Tornatellinops novoseelandica Pfeiffer, 1853 1.20 arboreal 93 Valloniidae Vallonia pulchella Muller, 1774 1 2.30 ground dwelling 94 Vertiginidae Vertigo ovata Say, 1822 1 1.70 ground dwelling 95 Charopidae Charopidae sp. No number yet n. sp. 2.56 ground dwelling 96 Punctidae Phrixgnathus douglasi Climo & Goulstone, 1993 1.50 ground dwelling 97 Punctidae Punctidae sp.
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  • Anatomical Studies of Three Species of Ouagapia (Pulmonata, Agnatha, Paryphantidae)

    Anatomical Studies of Three Species of Ouagapia (Pulmonata, Agnatha, Paryphantidae)

    OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF BERNICE P. BISHOP MUSEUM HONOLULU, HAWAII Volume XVII December 8, 1943 Number 19 Anatomical Studies of Three Species of Ouagapia (Pulmonata, Agnatha, Paryphantidae) By YOSHIO KONDO BERNICE P. BISHOP MUSEUM INTRODUCTION This paper presents the results of anatomical studies of three species of land snails of the Paryphantidae collected on Viti Levu in Fiji, Tau and Tutuila in Samoa, and Kusaie in the east Carolines. They are Ouagapia ratusukuni, O. gradata, and O. oualanensis. These three species are tentatively located in the genus Ouagapia Crosse, for until the type of the genus, O. raynali, and related species, together with the species of Ptychorhytida Moellendorff (type, P. beraudi), are ana- tomically studied, the true position of the three species under consid- eration remains uncertain. Furthermore, there may be room for subgeneric divisions among the three, the chief difference being ovi- parity (Fijian and Samoan spp.) and ovoviviparity (Kusaien sp.). In Ptychorhytida inequalis a uterus may contain as many as a dozen eggs, whereas in 0. ratusukuni the uterus never contains more than a single egg. Two were found in the only pregnant specimen of O. gra- data. In O. rapida (7162) and O. oualanensis the female pouch con- tains only single embryos. The anatomy includes (a) the external parts, (b) pallial complex, (c) genitalia, (d) the central nervous system, and (e) the digestive system up to the oesophagus. A number of species of this genus are reported from New Caledonia, the New Hebrides, and the Solomons; but a review of available literature reveals that no comprehensive anatomical studies have been made of any of them.