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Diversity of Terrestrial Mollusks and Their Helminths in Artificial

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Diversity of Terrestrial Mollusks and Their Helminths in Artificial Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity xxx (2017) 1e3 HOSTED BY Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/japb Short communication Diversity of terrestrial mollusks and their helminths in artificial environments in Yoyogi Park, Tokyo, Japan Tsukasa Waki* Meguro Parasitological Museum, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0064, Japan article info abstract Article history: The author sampled terrestrial mollusks in Yoyogi Park, which is a typical urban park in Tokyo, Japan. In Received 24 August 2016 total, 177 individuals were sampled, representing 19 species from 12 families. Thirteen species were Received in revised form native to the area and six were introduced species which probably spread with plants and soil along 9 December 2016 human trade routes. From the sampled mollusks, immature stages of the trematode family Brachylai- Accepted 23 December 2016 midae and parasitic nematodes Angiostoma sp., Phasmarhabditis sp. and Mermithidae were collected. The Available online xxx three nematodes were reported for the first time among terrestrial mollusks in Japan. Copyright Ó 2017, National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and Korea National Arboretum (KNA). Keywords: artificial environment Production and hosting by Elsevier. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// helminth creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). mollusk fauna terrestrial mollusks Introduction this study, a mollusk survey was carried out to clarify the terrestrial mollusk fauna in the park. Additionally, the discovery of the hel- Terrestrial mollusks occur worldwide, and it is estimated that minths inhabiting those mollusks is reported, including the nem- more than 35,000 species occur in various environments (Barker atodes Angiostoma, Phasmarhabditis, and Mermithidae, the first 2001). Even in artificial environments such as parks, farmlands, record of these nematodes from mollusks in Japan. and public gardens, many terrestrial mollusks, including intro- duced species, have been reported (Hollingsworth et al 2003; Horsák et al 2004; Kawase et al 2013). In such areas we can Materials and methods observe introduced and native species sharing the same environ- ment, indicating that interspecific relationships can be found be- Terrestrial mollusks were sampled on May 3 and 4, 2016. Large tween them. Despite its ecological importance, few studies have mollusks were sampled by hand. To collect micromollusks with w reported the distribution of terrestrial mollusks in artificial shell sizes less than 5 mm, litter and soil were collected and fi environments. sieved through a 5 mm mesh. The ltrate sample was examined Additionally, information on the distribution of helminths is carefully to isolate the micromollusks. fi important in order to understand the ecology of their hosts. The mollusks obtained were identi ed by the morphology of the However, no study has revealed the helminth fauna in terrestrial shells and their reproductive systems (Herbert 1997). The soft tis- mollusks in the Northeast Asia region, although the information is sues were dissected and rinsed with 0.4% saline solution to isolate fi available in Europe, America, and Africa (Ivanova et al 2013; Ross helminths. The helminths obtained were xed and preserved in et al 2010a, 2010b). 70% ethanol and observed under the microscope for morphological fi Yoyogi Park, encompassing ca. 540,000 m2, is a typical urban identi cation. park in Tokyo, Japan (Figure 1). Most of the park is open space where many flower beds and trees have been planted. Additionally, Results this park is adjacent to a small forest at Meiji-jingu (730,000 m2). In In total, 177 terrestrial mollusks were obtained, representing 19 * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ81 (0)3 3716 7144; fax: þ81 (0)3 3716 2322. E-mail address: [email protected]. species from 12 families (Table 1). Thirteen species were native to fi Peer review under responsibility of National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and the sampled area, and ve species were introduced from Europe or Korea National Arboretum (KNA). America. Another species, Gastrocopta armigerella, is native to http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2016.12.002 pISSN2287-884X eISSN2287-9544/Copyright Ó 2017, National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and Korea National Arboretum (KNA). Production and hosting by Elsevier. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Please cite this article in press as: Waki T, Diversity of terrestrial mollusks and their helminths in artificial environments in Yoyogi Park, Tokyo, Japan, Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2016.12.002 2 T Waki / Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity xxx (2017) 1e3 Figure 1. Survey site of the terrestrial mollusks in the present study. Table 1. Terrestrial mollusks, and helminths obtained from the mollusks, in Yoyogi Park, Japan. Mollusk species Native or Number Helminth Helminth Number of introduced collected taxonomy family/species infected hosts Clade Caenogastropoda Family Diplommatinidae Palaina pusilla Native 22 dd d Clade Stylommatophora Family Chondrinidae Gastrocopta armigerella Introduced 22 dd d Family Valloniidae Vallonia costata Introduced 20 dd d Family Clausiliidae Euphaedusa tau Native 5 dd d Stereophaedusa japonica Native 1 dd d Family Subulinidae Allopeas pyrgula Native 3 dd d Allopeas clavulinum Native 1 dd d Paropeas achatinaceum Introduced 25 Trematode Brachylaimidae 1 Nematode Angiostoma sp. 1 Family Punctidae Punctidae species Native 17 dd d Family Helicarionidae Urazirochlamys doenitzii Native 1 dd d Parakaliella harimensis Native 7 dd d Helicarionidae species* Native 3 Nematode Mermithidae 1 Family Zonitidae Zonitoides arboreus Introduced 53 dd d Hawaiia minuscula Introduced 6 Nematode Phasmarhabditis sp. 1 Family Limacidae Lehmannia sppy Introduced 28 dd d Family Agriolimacidae Derocerus larvae Introduced dd d Family Philomycidae Meghimatium bilineatum Native 1 Nematode Phasmarhabditis sp. 1 Family Bradybaenidae Acusta despecta sieboldian Native 4 dd d Aegista goniosoma Native 4 dd d Bradybaena similaris Native 7 dd d *Juveniles of Helicarionidae species. y Lehmannia valentiana and Lehmannia nyctelia. Japan, but was probably introduced from outside the park since this Metacercariae of the trematode family Brachylaimidae and snail is native to coastal forests. larvae of nematodes of the family Melmithidae, Phasmarhabditis sp. Anatomic observation of reproductive systems revealed the and Angiostoma sp. were found from Paropeas achatinaceum, Heli- coexistence of Lehmannia valentiana and Lehmannia nyctelia in carionidae species, Hawaiia minuscula and Meghimatium bilineatum Yoyogi Park; however, their juveniles, having no reproductive sys- (Table 1). The helminths were impossible to identify because few tems, could not be identified. Because of this, the two slug species morphological characters existed due to their immaturity. were regarded as ‘Lehmannia spp.’ in this paper (Table 1). Three Helicarionidae juveniles were obtained but could not be identified Discussion because of their lack of reproductive systems. Punctum sp. could not be identified because of insufficient taxonomic studies of this genus The present study reveals that the mollusk fauna in Yoyogi Park in Japan. is a combination of native and introduced mollusks. The Please cite this article in press as: Waki T, Diversity of terrestrial mollusks and their helminths in artificial environments in Yoyogi Park, Tokyo, Japan, Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2016.12.002 T Waki / Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity xxx (2017) 1e3 3 introduced species may be transported by the transplantation of Acknowledgments plants and soil, because terrestrial mollusks can be easily spread with plants and soil along human trade routes (National Institute I am grateful to Ron G. Noseworthy for revising the manuscript. for Environmental Studies 2016). Introduced terrestrial mollusks sometimes cause serious damage to native mollusks and orna- References mental plants (Griffiths et al 1993; Hollingsworth et al 2003), but such damage has not been reported in Yoyogi Park at the Alicata JE. 1940. The life cycle of Postharmostomum gallinum, the cecal fluke of e present time. Terrestrial mollusks which prefer human-modified poultry. The Journal of Parasitology 26:135 143. Barker GM. 2001. The biology of terrestrial molluscs. United Kingdom: CABI. habitats, such as L. valentiana, Acusta despecta sieboldiana, and Griffiths O, Cook A, Wells SM. 1993. The diet of the introduced carnivorous snail Zonitoides arboreus (Ueshima et al 2001), were commonly found Euglandina rosea in Mauritius and its implications for threatened island gastropod faunas. Journal of Zoology 229:79e89. in the park, although some species which prefer natural envi- Ò Ester A, Van RK. 2003. Effect of Nemaslug , salt or carvone on the slug damage in ronments, such as Palaina pusilla and M. bilineatum, were green asparagus. Asparagus Research Newsletter 19:10e22. also sampled, suggesting that the mollusk fauna was strongly Herbert DG. 1997. The terrestrial slugs of KwaZulu-Natal: diversity, biogeography e influenced by the forest of Meiji-jingu which is adjacent to Yoyogi and conservation (Mollusca: Pulmonata). Annals-Natal Museum 38:197 239. Hollingsworth RG, Follett PA, Armstrong JW. 2003. Effects of irradiation on the Park. reproductive ability of Zonitoides arboreus, a snail pest of orchid roots.
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