Immunohematology Vol 21, #4

D DDD D DDD D D D DDD D DDD D D ImmunohematologyD D D D JOURNALDD OF BLOOD GROUP SEROLOGYDD AND EDUCATION D D DDD D DDD D DDD D DDD D D D DDD D DDD D DDD D DDD D D D DDD D DDD D DDD D DDD D D D DDV OLUMED 21, NUMBER 4,D 2005 D D D Immunohematology JOURNAL OF BLOOD GROUP SEROLOGY AND EDUCATION VOLUME 21, NUMBER 4, 2005 CONTENTS 141 Review: the Rh blood group system: an historical calendar P. D . I SSITT 146 Reactivity of FDA-approved anti-D reagents with partial D red blood cells W. J. J UDD,M.MOULDS,AND G. SCHLANSER 149 Case report: immune anti-D stimulated by transfusion of fresh frozen plasma M. CONNOLLY,W.N.ERBER,AND D.E. GREY 152 Incidence of weak D in blood donors typed as D positive by the Olympus PK 7200 C.M. JENKINS, S.T. JOHNSON, D.B. BELLISSIMO,AND J.L. GOTTSCHALL 155 Review: the Rh blood group D antigen . dominant, diverse, and difficult C.M.WESTHOFF 164 COMMUNICATIONS Letters from the editors Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics sponsorship Thank you to contributors to the 2005 issues 166 168 Letters from the outgoing editor-in-chief Letter from the incoming editorial staff Thank you with special thanks to Delores Changing of the guard 169 IN MEMORIAM John Maxwell Bowman, MD; Professor Sir John V.Davies, MD;Tibor J.Greenwalt, MD; and Professor J.J.Van Loghem 174 176 177 ANNOUNCEMENTS UPCOMING MEETINGS ADVERTISEMENTS 180 INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS 181 INDEX — V OLUME 21, NOS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 2005 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF MANAGING EDITOR Delores Mallory, MT(ASCP)SBB Cynthia Flickinger, MT(ASCP)SBB Supply, North Carolina Philadelphia, Pennsylvania TECHNICAL EDITOR SENIOR MEDICAL EDITOR Christine Lomas-Francis, MSc Scott Murphy, MD New York, New York Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ASSOCIATE MEDICAL EDITORS Geralyn Meny, MD David Moolton, MD Ralph Vassallo, MD Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania EDITORIAL BOARD Patricia Arndt, MT(ASCP)SBB Christine Lomas-Francis, MSc Marion E. Reid, PhD, FIBMS Pomona, California New York, New York New York, New York James P.AuBuchon, MD Gary Moroff, PhD Susan Rolih, MS, MT(ASCP)SBB Lebanon, New Hampshire Rockville, Maryland Cincinnati, Ohio Geoffrey Daniels, PhD Ruth Mougey, MT(ASCP)SBB S. Gerald Sandler, MD Bristol, United Kingdom Carrollton, Kentucky Washington, District of Columbia Richard Davey, MD John J. Moulds, MT(ASCP)SBB David F. Stroncek, MD Washington, District of Columbia Shreveport, Louisiana Bethesda, Maryland Sandra Ellisor, MS, MT(ASCP)SBB Marilyn K. Moulds, MT(ASCP)SBB Marilyn J.Telen, MD Anaheim, California Houston, Texas Durham, North Carolina George Garratty, PhD, FRCPath Sandra Nance, MS, MT(ASCP)SBB Connie M.Westhoff, SBB, PhD Pomona, California Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Brenda J. Grossman, MD Paul M. Ness, MD St. Louis, Missouri Baltimore, Maryland W. John Judd, FIBMS, MIBiol Mark Popovsky,MD Ann Arbor, Michigan Braintree, Massachusetts EDITORIAL ASSISTANT PRODUCTION ASSISTANT Judith Abrams Marge Manigly COPY EDITOR ELECTRONIC PUBLISHER Lucy Oppenheim Paul Duquette Immunohematology is published quarterly (March, June, September, and December) by the American Red Cross, National Headquarters,Washington, DC 20006. Immunohematology is indexed and included in Index Medicus and MEDLINE on the MEDLARS system. The contents are also cited in the EBASE/Excerpta Medica and Elsevier BIOBASE/Current Awareness in Biological Sciences (CABS) databases. The subscription price is $30.00 (U.S.) and $35.00 (foreign) per year. Subscriptions, Change of Address, and Extra Copies: Immunohematology, P.O. Box 40325 Philadelphia, PA 19106 Or call (215) 451-4902 Web site: www.redcross.org/pubs/immuno Copyright 2005 by The American National Red Cross ISSN 0894-203X Review: the Rh blood group system: an historical calendar P. D . I SSITT Early Studies The guinea pig anti-Rh was renamed anti-LW, The question as to who discovered the Rh blood supposedly in honor of Landsteiner and Wiener. It group system has been vigorously debated for many followed, of course, that if the antibodies raised in years. In 1939, Levine and Stetson correctly described guinea pigs and rabbits following immunization with the etiology of a case of HDN. They did not give a name rhesus monkey RBCs had anti-LW specificity, then to the causative antibody in the serum of Mary Seno; Levine and Stetson had discovered Rh in tests on the had they done so Rh might now have a different name. serum of Mary Seno. Wiener, of course, rejected such a In 1940, Landsteiner and Wiener described antibodies claim and maintained that the sera of the immunized produced in guinea pigs and rabbits that had been rabbits and guinea pigs contained both what had been injected with RBCs from rhesus monkeys. The called human anti-Rh and animal anti-Rh. Anti-LW predominant antibody was subsequently shown closely resembles human anti-Rh because the LW apparently to have the same specificity as the causative antigen is more strongly expressed on Rh+ than on Rh– antibody in the case of HDN described by Levine and RBCs from human adults. Stetson. For the rest of their lives Levine and Wiener The fact that the initial experiments of Landsteiner each claimed that he had discovered the Rh system and Wiener used RBCs from rhesus monkeys as the independently of the other. Different terminologies immunizing source led to many workers calling the were used to describe the first and later discovered but subsequently discovered complex polymorphism the closely related antigens and both Levine and Wiener Rhesus blood group system. This author was as guilty had supporters of their claims. as any and even published a book using that name in its At one time it was suggested that the system had title. In fact the correct name is the Rh system; the been discovered earlier. In 1933,Buchbinder published mistake of calling it the Rhesus system was never made results from studies using animal sera. Rosenfield by Race and Sanger, who did much of the early pioneer pointed out that Buchbinder was a graduate student work on the polymorphism, nor by Mollison, who did working in Landsteiner’s laboratory and suggested that much to establish the clinical significance of the some of the antibodies foreshadowed the specificities system. reported by Landsteiner and Wiener in 1940 and 1941. Up to this point the term anti-Rh has been used However, from his reading of the results published by and the terms anti-D and anti-Rh0 have been Buchbinder, this author concluded that all the findings studiously avoided. This is because two distinct could be explained by the species differences between terminologies for Rh were used early and it is difficult the animal sera and the human test RBCs. to interpret one group of workers’results in the other’s Some early findings about Rh were difficult to terminology. As discussed in a later section, the explain. Fisk and Foord reported that while human terminology schism stemmed from different theories cord RBCs could be divided into positive and negative regarding the genetic control of Rh antigen using human anti-Rh, they all reacted with guinea pig production. Suffice it here to say that the initial studies anti-Rh. Murray and Clark found that human RBCs, on Rh were done with an antibody named anti-Rh0 by divided into positive and negative with human anti-Rh, Wiener and his colleagues and anti-D by Fisher and all adsorbed guinea pig anti-Rh. Similarly it was claimed Race. Levine and his colleagues elected to use the that both Rh+ and Rh– RBCs stimulated production of name anti-D. For the rest of this review the Fisher-Race anti-Rh in animals. In 1961, Levine et al. reported that (CDE) terminology will be used (initially Wiener’s Rh- human and animal anti-Rh have different specificities. Hr terms will be listed parenthetically) where names IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY, VOLUME 21, NUMBER 4, 2005 141 P. D . I SSITT exist. For later findings, where no CDE terms have as genes at the MN locus encode production of one been applied, the numerical terminology of Rosenfield sialoglycoprotein while those at the Ss locus encode et al., or the “local” names applied by the reporting production of another,Tippett postulated that the RHD authors, will be used. gene encodes production of one polypeptide while genes at the CcEe locus encode production of another. Early Expansion: the First Five Antigens Just as in the MN system, it was supposed that crossing It was not long after the discovery of anti-D (anti- over, mutation, gene conversion, or a combination of these would lead to production of hybrid Rh Rh0) that it became apparent that the situation is far more complex than a one-antigen, one-antibody polypeptides, the existence of which would explain system. In 1941,Wiener et al.described an antigen now the by-then well-known complexity of Rh. It has been rare in science that such a forecast has preceded known as C (rh′). It was noticed that most RBCs that carry C are D+. In the same year Levine et al.described confirmatory evidence yet has been so accurate. c (hr′), an antigen found often on D+ RBCs and almost always on those that are D–. In 1943, Race et al. and Many More Rh Antigens Wiener and Sonn reported the discovery of an antigen Between 1946 and the present, numerous E (rh″). It was seen that E was often present on D+ additional Rh antigens were discovered. In some RBCs, particularly those that were D+, C–. E was instances the serologic studies that led to recognition seldom found on D– RBCs.

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