ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK TAR: RES 36472

PROPOSED

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

FOR THE

SEVENTH AGRICULTURE

AND NATURAL RESOURCES RESEARCH

AT INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTERS

November 2002

ABBREVIATIONS

AARNET – Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center Regional Network ADB – ANRR – agriculture and natural resources research ANRRD – Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development ASEAN – Association of Southeast Asian Nations AVRDC – Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center CGIAR – Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CIAT – International Center for DMC – developing member country EA – Executing Agency IARC – international agricultural research center ICAR – Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICRISAT – International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics IFPRI – International Food Policy Research Institute ILRI – International Livestock Research Institute IPGRI – International Institute Lao PDR – Lao People’s Democratic Republic M&E – monitoring and evaluation NARS – national agriculture research system NGO – nongovernment organization PAANSA – Policy Analysis and Advisory Network of South Asia PRC – People’s Republic of China RETA – regional technical assistance SAI – South Asia Initiative SWNM – soil, water, and nutrient management TA – technical assistance USAID – Agency for International Development WTO – World Trade Organization

NOTE

In this report, “$” refers to US dollars.

This report was prepared by Pratima Dayal, Senior Agriculture Specialist, Agriculture, Natural Resources and Social Sectors Division, Regional and Sustainable Development Department. I. INTRODUCTION 1. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been providing support to agriculture research since 1975, as a means of enhancing crop and livestock productivity, fostering environmental sustainability of agricultural systems, and reducing poverty in much of rural Asia. A policy on agriculture and natural resources research (ANRR)1 was formulated and approved in 1995, which reiterated the strong need for sustained assistance to research and particularly to the member centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The ANRR policy also recommended channeling ADB support for ANRR directly to the international centers through an annual regional technical assistance (RETA) modality that supports a package of high priority research proposals from international agricultural research centers (IARCs). Accordingly, the first RETA was approved in 1996 for $5.2 million,2 and five more RETAs have been approved since, the last one being in 2001.3

2. During 2002, 11 IARCs submitted 14 research proposals to ADB for funding. These were reviewed by the members of the Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development (ANNRD) Committee4 at a meeting held on 4 April 2002. The following criteria were endorsed for selecting proposals for funding: (i) linkage and likely impact of the proposal on poverty, including indirect impact, such as through capacity building for national agricultural research and extension systems, and for policymakers; (ii) direct relevance to ADB operations; and (iii) readiness and completeness of the proposal. The Committee also decided to additionally consider the capacity and past performance of the sponsoring IARC and the emphasis in the proposal on technology transfer to farmers and national partners. Accordingly, each proposal was evaluated, and four were selected for inclusion in the proposed RETA for the Seventh Agriculture and Natural Resources Research at International Agricultural Research Centers. These include three research projects submitted by CGIAR centers—the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)—and one by a non-CGIAR center—the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC).5

II. ISSUES 3. Despite the dramatic economic transformation that swept Asia in the last half of the 20th century, the Asia and Pacific region still accounts for more than half of the world’s 1.2 billion poor, who live in extreme poverty and subsist on less than $1 a day. Measured by the headcount ratio, the incidence of poverty is the highest in South Asia, where, despite increased urbanization, a vast majority of the poor still live in rural areas. Poverty and rural economic advancement therefore assumed the highest priority in the international development agenda, and various summits have proclaimed strong commitments to poverty reduction. The United Nations Millennium Declaration of September 2000 adopted poverty reduction as its main agenda and pledged to bring down the numbers of people living in extreme poverty to half by 2015. ADB declared poverty reduction as its overarching goal in March 2000 and initiated partnership agreements with its developing member countries (DMCs) to achieve this objective.

1 ADB. 1995. The Bank’s Policy on Agriculture and Natural Resources Research. Manila. 2 ADB. 1996. Regional Technical Assistance for Agriculture and Natural Resources Research at CGIAR Centers. Manila. 3 ADB. 2001. Regional Technical Assistance for the Sixth Agriculture and Natural Resources Research at CGIAR Centers. Manila. 4 In the reorganized structure of ADB, the responsibility for review and short-listing of RETA proposals has been vested in the ANRRD Committee, which is comprised of select nominees from the regional and other key departments. 5 The TA first appeared in ADB Business Opportunities on 11 July 2002. 2

4. It is widely accepted in the development community that growth in the agriculture sector is key to poverty reduction in Asia because of the large percentage of the poor who live in rural areas and are directly or indirectly dependent on it for employment, income, and nutrition. The impact of agricultural growth on rural society was amply demonstrated by the “” that took place in the 1970s and 1980s in Asia, under which cereal production doubled and rural incomes increased substantially. The green revolution was the first major attempt at applying modern science and technology to agriculture in Asia. But after more than three decades, the package of technologies and the model that was applied have been largely exhausted, and in many instances new challenges have emerged that need to be addressed in order to reduce poverty and keep pace with food demand in rural Asia.

5. It is estimated that, during the next 30 years, Asia’s population will increase by 1.5 billion and the food requirement by 40–50%. The challenge is formidable, because future production will have to come largely from increasing cropping intensity and productivity from not so well- endowed lands; problems of degraded lands, soil, and water management will have to be addressed; ecological and resource management concerns will have to be integrated into the new technology options; and agriculture will have to be diversified to include vegetables, fruits, livestock, fisheries and a range of export crops. According to the estimates of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,6 more than 550 million hectares of arable lands are degraded in Asia. These include areas that are prone to drought, desertification, soil erosion, loss of fertility, and depletion of forest cover. In many of these areas, existing technologies cannot support further increases in production, and new technological options are needed to increase food production and reduce poverty. There is therefore a major need and opportunity for supporting and catalyzing innovations in technology, enhancing capacities in national research and extension systems, and supporting appropriate public policy to boost growth in the agriculture sector.

6. ADB has been supporting agricultural research through an annual RETA since 1996 and has so far approved six umbrella RETAs for a total of $31.7 million involving 14 CGIAR centers. In December 2000, the Operations Evaluation Department reviewed ADB’s policy on ANRR and evaluated the investments made in agricultural research from 1975 through 2000.7 The study concluded that the policy on ANRR and support to agricultural research continued to be relevant to ADB’s operations and development objectives and should be continued. On research investments, the study evaluated a subset of projects funded by ADB in four of the major recipient CGIAR centers and concluded that ADB financing had paid high dividends: a total economic surplus of $4.2 billion was directly attributable to ADB funding, and there was an average internal rate of return of 65% for all funds invested for the projects. The study also confirmed that the RETA modality is an effective means of channeling funds to the IARCs; and that the IARCs had demonstrated their comparative advantages and proficiency in undertaking research, in leveraging additional funds, and in building capacity of the national agricultural research systems (NARSs). Appendix 1 provides a summary of all assistance provided by ADB to the IARCs, including CGIAR.

7. The proposed RETA will be the seventh umbrella RETA for agriculture and natural resources research at international agricultural research centers and is aimed at assisting the participating DMCs in achieving the commonly shared goals of sustainable agricultural development, improving rural incomes, and reducing poverty. This is proposed to be accomplished through productivity enhancement of crops (including vegetables) and livestock, particularly in rain-fed and upland areas; improved management in semiarid

6 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2002. World Agriculture: Towards 2015/30. Rome. 7 ADB. 2000. Special Evaluation Study on the Policy and Implementation and Impact on Agriculture and Natural Resources Research. Manila. 3 areas; and improved in-house capacity for policy formulation. The RETA is therefore consistent with ADB’s policy on ANRR and fully meets its three strategic objectives of sustainable management of natural resources, increase in agriculture productivity, and poverty reduction. The proposed RETA also reinforces the priorities and approaches outlined in ADB’s Long-Term Strategic Framework8 and the poverty reduction strategy9 by focusing on degraded and resource poor areas and on subsectors like livestock and vegetables, which have been bypassed by the green revolution and where poverty is pervasive and the capacity to govern weak.

III. THE PROPOSED TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE A. Purpose and Output 8. The proposed RETA aims at developing and disseminating technologies for environmentally sustainable farming systems; for increasing the resilience of small farming systems, particularly in the uplands and semiarid areas; for utilizing indigenous vegetables to improve nutrition in rural areas; and for building capacities in national systems for policy research. The proposed RETA will thereby contribute to the efforts of the 12 participating member countries of ADB to reduce poverty through increasing agricultural productivity and farm incomes, improving human nutrition, conserving natural resources, developing human resources, and strengthening the capacity for public policy research.

B. Methodology and Key Activities 9. The proposed RETA covers four research projects that share common goals of sustainable agriculture development, natural resource management, poverty reduction, and capacity enhancement in the NARSs. The projects will, however, be independently executed by the four centers—CIAT, ICRISAT, IFPRI, and AVRDC. All four centers have high levels of technical skills and professional competence to provide leadership and guidance to the NARSs in implementing the proposed projects. These projects are (i) “Improving livelihoods of upland farmers using participatory approaches to develop more efficient livestock systems” of CIAT; (ii) “Participatory watershed management for reducing poverty and land degradation in the semiarid tropics” of ICRISAT; (iii) “Poverty reduction through advisory network, policy research, and capacity strengthening in South Asia” of IFPRI; and (iv) “Promoting utilization of indigenous vegetables for improved nutrition of resource-poor households in Asia” of AVRDC. These projects address the strategic agendas of the ANRR policy, have been identified in consultation with the 12 participating DMCs, and will be implemented in close collaboration with their NARSs. A synopsis of the projects is given in paras. 10–13, and the detailed project descriptions, including their project frameworks, are provided in Appendixes 2–5.

10. Improving livelihoods of upland farmers using participatory approaches to develop more efficient livestock systems. For upland farmers, livestock provides a major source of cash income, draught animal power, transport, and manure for crop production. But one major constraint in expanding livestock production is the reduced availability of traditional animal feeds such as crop residues and natural grasses because of the growing pressure of population and the lack of supply of other good quality feed. ADB approved a project for CIAT to develop sustainable forage technologies for the upland farmers of Asia in 1999,10 which has developed and introduced new forage technologies to reduce the labor input, increase livestock production, and improve soil and water conservation on small crop-livestock farms in the upland areas. The proposed project will build on the successes of the first phase project and expand

8 ADB. 2001. Strategy Paper on Long-Term Strategic Framework of the ADB (2001-2015). Manila. 9 ADB. 1999. Fighting Poverty in Asia and the Pacific: The Poverty Reduction Strategy. Manila. 10 ADB. 1999. Regional Technical Assistance for Fourth Agriculture and Natural Resources Research at CGIAR Centers – Development of Sustainable Forage Technology for Resource-Poor Upland Farmers. Manila. 4 the adoption of the new forage technologies, integrate them with indigenous fodders and crop residues, facilitate local multiplication of new forages, introduce farmer-to-farmer extension methods at the new sites, and improve regional interaction and linkages. It is aimed at reducing poverty and developing sustainable and remunerative farming systems for poor farmers in the upland regions of Cambodia, People’s Republic of China, , , and Viet Nam.

11. Participatory watershed management for reducing poverty and land degradation in the semiarid tropics. The vast dryland areas of Asia have been neglected for a long time, but of late there has been an increasing realization that these degraded areas will need to be utilized to meet the future demand for food. Additionally, these marginal areas house a large percentage of Asia’s poor population (about 250 million), and on poverty grounds alone, they need to be given priority attention. In 1999, ADB approved a project for improving management of natural resources for rain-fed agriculture,11 which demonstrated that good watershed management practices can effectively conserve soil and water, are easily adopted by farmers, and can give 50–250% more income to farmers. The proposed project is aimed at expanding technological options for dryland farmers and contributing to sustainable management of agriculture and natural resources. It will build on the achievements of the first phase and further develop policy, institutional, and technological options and strategies for community watershed management on a larger scale in People’s Republic of China, , Thailand, and Viet Nam.

12. Poverty reduction through advisory network, policy research, and capacity strengthening in South Asia. This project is aimed at addressing the ANRR policy’s strategic objective of public policy research and capacity building for the NARSs. It will support activities under IFPRI’s multicomponent project called the South Asia Initiative, which is cofinanced by the United States Agency for International Development and the and is focused on providing policy support to the region. The proposed project will establish working level mechanisms and synergies between policymakers and policy research institutions to enable them to interact and formulate rational policies, generate information and facilitate quality research in collaboration with local research institutions, strengthen the capacity of local institutions to carry out analytical studies and policy research, promote understanding on emerging macro issues in the sector, and facilitate regional cooperation. The countries participating in the project are Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan.

13. Promoting utilization of indigenous vegetables for improved nutrition of resource- poor households in Asia. The proposed project addresses the problem of food and nutritional security of the poor, and loss of biodiversity in the Mekong subregion and Southeast Asia by promoting the utilization of indigenous vegetables. Indigenous vegetables are recognized for their importance in supplementing the food and nutritional needs of people but have remained underutilized because of lack of understanding of their importance and use in production systems and lack of germplasm and seeds for widespread use. AVRDC developed and ADB approved a project to collect, conserve, and utilize indigenous vegetables12 in 1999, and through it assembled and conserved more than 2,500 accessions, regenerated and characterized more than 50% of the collected material, and commenced evaluation for wider adoption by farmers. AVRDC, through this proposed second phase project, will take forward the work of regeneration, characterization, and evaluation of the assembled species; simultaneously develop sustainable management systems to promote the utilization of indigenous vegetables; and build technical and managerial capacities in the national staff to take over and sustain the

11 ADB. 1998. Regional Technical Assistance for Third Agriculture and Natural Resources Research at CGIAR Centers – Improving Management of Natural Resources for Sustainable Rainfed Agriculture. Manila. 12 ADB. 1999. Regional Technical Assistance for Collection, Conservation and Utilization of Indigenous Vegetables. Manila. 5 effort. The countries participating in the project are Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, , Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam.

C. Cost and Financing 14. The total cost of the umbrella RETA is estimated at $9.2 million equivalent (Appendix 6). ADB will finance $3.8 million equivalent (41% of the total cost) on a grant basis from ADB’s TA funding program. The sponsoring CGIAR and non-CGIAR centers will finance $2.2 million equivalent (24%) from their core budgets, the participating NARSs will contribute $2.6 million equivalent (29%), and other external funding agencies will contribute $527,000 equivalent (6%).

D. Implementation Arrangements 15. ADB will enter into an individual agreement with each of the four IARCs whose proposals are included under this umbrella RETA. Each IARC will take responsibility for the successful completion of its project and will be designated as the Executing Agency for it. The 12 participating NARSs will be designated as the implementing agencies. They will work in close collaboration with the concerned IARCs and provide them with letters of commitment to this effect prior to RETA commencement. Each of the four executing agencies will appoint a project coordinator and team leader, who will coordinate with the NARSs, plan and supervise all activities under the project, monitor their progress, and report on it to ADB and other collaborating partners. Similarly, each implementing agency will appoint a national team leader who will take overall responsibility for coordination and implementation of the project.

16. Each project will commence on 1 January 2003 and will be implemented over 3 years. Project planning workshops will be organized at the beginning of the projects to firm up implementation arrangements with the participating NARSs and other collaborators, and these will be followed by annual review and planning meetings. Each center will be required to submit the following reports to ADB: (i) a comprehensive completion report within 3 months of project closure in December 2005, (ii) semiannual progress reports, (iii) semiannual financial statements accounting for the use of project funds, and (iv) audited annual financial statements. Funds will be drawn down in semiannual installments based on each center’s estimate of forthcoming expenditures and subject to satisfactory liquidation of expenditures for previously disbursed funds. A project officer with suitable technical expertise will be assigned to administer the projects at ADB and will be required to undertake at least one supervisory mission to each of the projects per year. The office of the Director, Agriculture, Natural Resources and Social Sectors, in close consultation with the offices of the five regional directors for agriculture, environment and natural resources,13 will be responsible for overall administration of the proposed umbrella RETA, maintenance of accounts, and preparation of status reports.

17. All participating IARCs will procure goods and services according to ADB’s Guidelines for Procurement. The centers will engage short-term specialists in accordance with ADB’s Guidelines on the Use of Consultants and other arrangements satisfactory to ADB, using the biodata format. Before engaging the resource specialists, the centers will submit their curricula vitae to ADB for approval.

IV. THE PRESIDENT'S RECOMMENDATION 18. The President recommends that the Board approve the provision of technical assistance, on a grant basis, to four international agriculture research centers—CIAT, ICRISAT, IFPRI, and AVRDC—in an amount not exceeding the equivalent of $3,818,000 for the purpose of the Seventh Agriculture and Natural Resources Research at International Agricultural Research Centers.

13 South Asia Department, Mekong Department, Southeast Asia Department, East and Central Asia Department, and Pacific Department. 6

APPENDIXES

Cited on Number Title Page (page, para.)

1 Relevant Information on the Consultative Group on 7 2,6 International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Centers

2 Improving Livelihoods of Upland Farmers Using 16 3,9 Participatory Approaches to Develop More Efficient Livestock Systems (International Center for Tropical Agriculture)

3 Participatory Watershed Management for Reducing 29 3,9 Poverty and Land Degradation in the Semiarid Tropics (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics)

4 Poverty Reduction Through Advisory Network, Policy 40 3,9 Research, and Capacity Strengthening in South Asia (International Food Policy Research Institute)

5 Promoting Utilization of Indigenous Vegetables for 54 3,9 Improved Nutrition of Resource-Poor Households in Asia (Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center)

6 Cost Estimates and Financing Plan 65 5,14

Appendix 1 7 RELEVANT INFORMATION ON THE CONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (CGIAR) CENTERS

Table A1.1: Asian Development Bank Support for International Agricultural Research Centers and Organizations, 1975-2001a ($’000)

Total No.

Center 1975-1980 1981-1985 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000b c Total of 2001 Projects A. CGIAR 1. IRRI 1,500 (3) 1,210 (4) 5,830 (7) 2,000 (2) 4,850 (4) 1,000 (1) 16,390 (21) 2. ICRISAT 325 (1) 750 (2) 3,370 (6) 950 (2) 3.050 (3) 8,445 (14) 3. IWMI 1,200 (4) 1,830 (6) 1,610 (2) 2,250 (2) 6,890 (14) (IIMI) 4. ICLARM 70 (1) 825 (2) 700 (2) 3,800 (3) 5,395 (8) 5. CIMMYT 2,600 (2) 1,000 (1) 3,600 (3) 6. CIP 433 (1) 600 (1) 1.033 (2) 7. IFPRI 748 (2) 598 (1) 2500d (2) 3,846 (5) 8. ISNAR 555 (2) 800 (1) 1,355 (3) 9. IPGRI 800 (1) 2,400 (2) 1,000 (1) 4,200 (4) 10. ICRAF 1,200 (1) 1,200 (1) 11. ILRI 1,000 (1) 1,000 (1) 2,000 (2) 12. CIFOR 1,100 (1) 1,100 (1) 13. CIAT 1,200 (1) 1,200 (1) 14. ICARDA 1,200 (1) 1,200 (1)

Subtotal (A) 1,825 (4) 3,978 (13) 12,410 (23) 7,091 (11) 28,550 (25) 4,000 (4) 57,854 (80)

B. Non-CGIAR 1. AVRDC 390 (1) 650 (2) 1,425 (4) 1,294 (3) 1,750 (3) 650 (1) 6,159 (14) 2. CABI 180 (1) 1,030 (2) 1,210 (3) 3. IBSRAM 652 (3) 1,300 (1) 1,952 (4) 4. ICIMOD 540 (1) 1,200 (2) 600 (1) 2,340 (4) 5. IJO 950 (2) 950 (2) 6. CIRDAP 180 (1) 180 (1) 7. FAO/EPA 250 (1) 250 (1) 8. Fisheries 249 (2) 540 (4) 1,064 (2) 1,095 (2) 2,948 (10) Agencies 9. Livestock 130 (1) 150 (1) 220 (1) 500 (3) Agencies 10. Forestry 90 (1) 1,850 (2) 3,140 (5) Agencies 11. Asian

Training Center Subtotal (B) 729 (4) 1,320 (7) 7,241 (18) 6,639 (13) 3,650 (5) 650 (1) 20,229 (48)

Total 2,554 (8) 5,298 (20) 19,651 (41) 13,730 (24) 32,200 (30) 4,650 (5) 78,083 (128)

AVRDC = Asian Vegetable Research Development Center, CABI = Centre for Applied Bioscience International, CGIAR = Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, CIAT = Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (International Center for Tropical Agriculture), CIFOR = Center for International Forestry Research, CIMMYT = Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), CIP = Centro International de la Papa (International Potato Center), CIRDAP = Centre for Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific, EPA = Environmental Protection Agency, FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization, IBSRAM = International Board for Soil Research and Management, ICARDA = International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas, ICIMOD = International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, ICLARM = International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, ICRAF = International Centre for Research in , ICRISAT = International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, IFPRI = International Food Policy Research Institute, IIMI = International Irrigation Management Institute, IJO = International Jute Organization, ILRI = International Livestock Research Institute, IPGRI = International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, ISNAR = International Service for National Agricultural Research, IWMI = International Water Management Institute. a Numbers in parentheses refer to the number of RETAs. b Five RETAs were approved between 1996 and 2000. c IFPRI and IRRI collaborated on one RETA for $1.3 million. Source: ADB. 2000. Special Evaluation Study on the Policy Implementation and Impact on Agriculture and Natural Resources Research. Manila and Loans, TA, and Equity Approvals Database for 2001 data on RETA approvals. 8 Appendix 1

Table A1.2: Mandate and Geographic Coverage of the Four CGIAR and Non-CGIAR Centers to be Supported by the Proposed Technical Assistance

CGIAR Center Year Established Research Mandate/ (Year of CGIAR Commodity/ Geographic Membership) Subject Covered Coverage

Asian Vegetable Research and 1971 Enhance the nutritional well- Worldwide, with Development Center (AVRDC) - being and raise the incomes of emphasis on poor people in rural and urban developing countries areas of developing countries through improved varieties and methods of vegetable production, marketing, and distribution

International Food Policy Research 1975 Identification and analysis of Worldwide, with Institute (IFPRI) (1975) policies for meeting food needs emphasis on of developing countries, developing countries especially poorer groups

International Crops Research Institute 1972 Sustainable farming systems in Worldwide, with for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) (1972) semiarid tropics, with sorghum, special emphasis on finger millet, , Asia chickpea, pigeonpea, and groundnut as mandated crops

Centro Internacional de Agricultura 1979 Assistance to developing Worldwide, with Tropical (International Center for (1980) countries to improve emphasis on Tropical Agriculture) (CIAT) performance and organization developing countries of their national agriculture research systems

Appendix 1 9

\Table A1.3: CGIAR Centers and ADB’s DMCs Supported Under Six Technical Assistance Grants for ANRR at CGIAR Centers (1996–2001)

Technical Assistance CGIAR Centers ADB’s DMCs

(First) Agriculture and Natural 1. IRRI PRC, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam Resources Research (ANRR) at 2. CIP Indonesia, Philippines, , Viet Nam CGIAR Centers 3. ICRISAT Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam (TA 5711-REG) 4. ICLARM Bangladesh, PRC, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Viet Nam 5. ICRAF Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand

Second ANRR at CGIAR Centers 1. CIMMYT PRC, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand (TA 5766-REG) 2. ICLARM Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam 3. IPGRI Cook Islands, Fiji Islands, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam 4. IRRI Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam

Third ANRR at CGIAR Centers 1. CIFOR Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines (TA 5812-REG) 2. ICRISAT India, Thailand, Viet Nam 3. IWMI (IIMI) PRC, Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka 4. ILRI PRC, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam 5. IRRI PRC, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam

Fourth ANRR at CGIAR Centers 1. CIAT PRC, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam (TA 5866-REG) 2. ICARDA Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan 3. IFPRI Indonesia, Viet Nam 4. IPGRI Bangladesh, PRC, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam 5. ISNAR Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam

Fifth ANRR at CGIAR Centers 1. CIMMYT Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan (TA 5945-REG) 2. ICLARM Bangladesh, PRC, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam 3. ICRISAT Bangladesh, PRC, India, Pakistan, Viet Nam 4. IFPRI/IRRI Bangladesh, Indonesia, Philippines, Viet Nam 5. IWMI Bangladesh, PRC, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Viet Nam

Sixth ANRR at CGIAR Centers 1. CIMMYT PRC, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam (TA 6005-REG) 2. ILRI PRC, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam 3. IPGRI Bangladesh, Fiji Islands, India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam 4. IRRI Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam, Republic of Korea, Myanmar

ADB = Asian Development Bank, ANRR = agriculture and natural resources research, CGIAR = Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, CIAT = International Center for Tropical Agriculture, CIFOR = Center for International Forestry Research, CIMMYT = Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maize Y Trigo (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), CIP = Centro Internacional de la Papa (Internacional Potato Center), DMC = developing member country, ICARDA = Internacional Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas, ICLARM = International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, ICRAF = International Council for Research on Agroforestry, ICRISAT = International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, IFPRI = International Food Policy Institute, IIMI = International Irrigation Management Institute, ILRI = International Livestock Research Institute, IPGRI = International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, IRRI = International Rice Research Institute, ISNAR = International Service for Natural Agricultural Research, IWMI = International Water Management Institute, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic, PRC = People’s Republic of China, TA = technical assistance. 10 Appendix 1

Table A1.4: Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Projects Supported by ADB, 1975–2001

Date TA Amount TA No. TA Name Approved ($'000) 1. CGIAR CENTERS A. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) RETA 5812a Planning for Sustainability of Forest Through Adaptive Co- 22 Oct 1998 1,100 Management

B. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) RETA 5866b On-Farm Soil and Water Management for Sustainable Agricultural 14 Oct 1999 1,200 Systems in Central Asia

C. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) RETA 5068 Workshop on Appropriate Technology for Alternative Energy 7 Jul 1980 70 Sources in Fisheries RETA 5245 International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management for 15 Apr 1987 350 a Research on Rice-Fish Farming Systems RETA 5279 ICLARM for Genetic Improvement of Tilapia Species in Asia 8 Mar 1988 475 RETA 5558 Dissemination and Evaluation of Genetically Improved Tilapia 14 Dec 1993 600 Species in Asia RETA 5651 Review of Sustainable Exploitation of Coastal Fish Stocks in Asia 4 Dec 1995 100 RETA 5711c Genetic Improvement of Carp Species in Asia 12 Dec 1996 1,300 RETA 5766d Sustainable Management of Coastal Fish Stocks in Asia 29 Dec 1997 1,400 RETA 5945e Strategies and Options for Increasing and Sustaining Fisheries and 17 Oct 2000 1,100 Aquaculture Production to Benefit Poor Households in Asia Subtotal (C) 5,395

D. International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) RETA 5711c Policy Research for Sustainable Upland Systems 12 Dec 1996 1,200

E. International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) RETA 5866b Developing Sustainable Forage Technologies for Resource-Poor 14 Oct 1999 1,200 Upland Farmers in Asia

F. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) RETA 5036 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics 17 Jun 1976 325 RETA 5087 Establishment of a Genetic Resources Laboratory at ICRISAT 22 Sep 1981 450 RETA 5118 Strengthening Chickpea Research in Collaboration with the 15 Feb 1983 300 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics AOTA 0882 Strengthening Chickpea Research in Collaboration with ICRISAT, 9 Jun 1987 350 Phase II RETA 5268 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics for 4 Dec 1987 350 the Strengthening Grain Legume in South Asia

ADB = Asian Development Bank, AOTA = advisory and operational technical assistance, CGIAR = Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, DMC = developing member country, Lao PDR = Lao People's Democratic Republic, RETA = regional technical assistance, TA = technical assistance. a A component of 5812-REG: Third Agriculture and Natural Resources Research at CGIAR Centers, for $5.6 million, approved on 22 October 1998. b A component of 5866-REG: Fourth Agriculture and Natural Resources Research at CGIAR Centers, for $5.6 million, approved on 14 October 1999. c A component of 5711-REG: Agriculture and Natural Resources Research at CGIAR Centers, for $5.2 million, approved on 12 December 1996. d A component of 5766-REG: Second Agriculture and Natural Resources Research at CGIAR Centers, for $5.5 million, approved on 29 December 1997. e A component of 5945-REG: Fifth Agriculture and Natural Resources Research at CGIAR Centers, for $5.8 million approved on 17 October 2000. f A component of 6005-REG: Sixth Agriculture and Natural Resources Research at CGIAR Centers, for $4.0 million approved on 6 November 2001. Appendix 1 11

Date TA Amount TA No. TA Name Approved ($'000) AOTA 1139 Pigeonpea Varietal Adaptation and Production Studies in 16 Mar 1989 230 Collaboration with International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics RETA 5331 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics for 25 Apr 1989 1,250 Establishment of Plant Biotechnology Research and Training Unit RETA 5393 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics for 10 Jul 1990 590 Strengthening Grain Legume Research in Asia RETA 5405 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics for 7 Sep 1990 600 Strengthening the Genetic Resources Unit AOTA 1742 Pigeonpea Intercropping and Diversification Study 18 Aug 1992 350 RETA 5603 Strengthening Regional Collaboration on Cereals and Legumes 24 Nov 1994 600 Research in Asia RETA 5711c Legume-Based Technologies for Rice and Wheat Production 12 Dec 1996 600 RETA 5812a Improving Management of Natural Resources for Sustainable Rain- 22 Oct 1998 1,250 Fed Agriculture RETA 5945 Rapid Crop Improvement for Poor Farmers in the Semiarid Tropics 17 Oct 2000 1,200 of Asia

Subtotal (F) 8,445

G. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) RETA 5116 Study of Food Demand and Supply and Related Strategies for 4 Feb 1983 248 Developing Member Countries RETA 5160 Study of Food Demand and Supply and Related Strategies for 23 Oct 1984 500 Developing Member Countries (Phase II) RETA 5420 Study of Food Situation and Outlook for Asia 2 Jan 1991 598 RETA 5866b Irrigation Investment, Fiscal Policy, and Water Resource Allocation 14 Oct 1999 1,200 RETA 5945 Breeding Iron-Rich Rice to Reduce Iron Deficiency Anemia in Asia 17 Oct 2000 1,300

Subtotal (G) 3,846

H. International Water Management Institute (IWMI) RETA 5136 International Irrigation Management Institute 29 Nov 1983 500 AOTA 0654 Study on Irrigation Management for Crop Diversification 20 Dec 1984 250 AOTA 0673 Study of Irrigation Management 27 Mar 1985 350 RETA 5172 Regional Study on Irrigation Service Fees 16 May 1985 100 RETA 5209 Regional Seminar on Irrigation Service Fees 7 May 1986 125 RETA 5234 A Course on Planning and Management of Irrigation Schemes 5 Jan 1987 55 AOTA 0846 Study of Irrigation Management and Crop Diversification 16 Jan 1987 350 AOTA 0859 Study on Irrigation Management for Diversified Crops (Phase II) 26 Feb 1987 350 AOTA 0937 Efficient Irrigation Management and Systems Transfer 17 Dec 1987 600 RETA 5273 Research Support to IIMI for Study on Irrigation Systems 8 Jan 1988 350 Rehabilitation and Improved Operations and Management AOTA 1481 Study on Crop-Based Irrigation Operations in Northwest Frontier 19 Feb 1991 860 Province AOTA 1480 Study of Irrigation Management and Crop Diversification (Phase II) 19 Feb 1991 750 RETA 5812a Development of Effective Water Management Institutions 22 Oct 1998 1,250 RETA 5945 Pro-Poor Intervention Strategies in Irrigated Agriculture in Asia 17 Oct 2000 1,000

Subtotal (H) 6,890

I. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) RETA 5812a Increasing Productivity of Crop-Livestock Systems in Asia 22 Oct 1998 1,000 RETA 6005f Improving Crop-Livestock Production Systems in Rainfed Areas of 6 Nov 2001 1,000 Southeast Asia

Subtotal (I) 2,000 IIMI = International Irrigation Management Institute. 12 Appendix 1

Date TA Amount TA No. TA Name Approved ($'000) J. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) RETA 5766d Application of Biotechnology to Maize Improvement in Asia 12 Dec 1997 1,400 RETA 5945 Sustaining the Rice-Wheat Production Systems in Asia 17 Oct 2000 1,200 RETA 6005f Developing New Maize Germplasm Through Biotechnology for 6 Nov 2001 1,000 Resource Poor Farmers in Asia

Subtotal (J) 7,600

K. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) RETA 5590 Coconut Genetic Resources Network in Asia and the Pacific 29 Jul 1994 800 Region RETA 5766d Coconut Genetic Resources Network and Human Resources 29 Dec 1997 1,200 Strengthening in Asia and the Pacific (Phase II) RETA 5866b Conservation and Use of Native Tropical Fruit Species Biodiversity 14 Oct 1999 1,200 in Asia RETA 6005f Developing Coconut-based Income-Generating Technologies in 6 Nov 2001 1,000 Poor Rural Communities

Subtotal (K) 4,200

L. International Potato Center (CIP) RETA 5533 Field Testing of True Potato Seed in the Lowland Tropics 24 May 1993 433 RETA 5711c Field Testing of True Potato Seed (Phase II) 12 Dec 1996 600

Subtotal (L) 1,033

M. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) RETA 5026 International Rice Research Institute 20 Feb 1975 300 RETA 5039 Establishment of a Rice Genetic Resources Laboratory 29 Mar 1977 500 RETA 5059 Intensification of Rice Research for Disadvantaged Areas 26 Jul 1979 700 RETA 5125 International Rice Research Institute Demonstration-Cum-Training 9 Jun 1983 400 Center on Rice Production, Postharvest Technology and Biomass Utilization RETA 5167 International Rice Research Institute for the Establishment of 14 Dec 1984 350 Research and Training Facilities to Enhance Regional Collaboration on Rice Virus Diseases RETA 5194 International Rice Research Institute for Strengthening Research 18 Dec 1985 350 on Integrated Pest Management for Deepwater Rice Farming Systems RETA 5200 International Rice Research Institute for Printing and Distribution of 31 Dec 1985 110 Rice Abstracts Journal RETA 5208 International Rice Research Institute for Research on Botanical 7 May 1986 250 Pest Control RETA 5227 International Rice Research Institute for Research Demonstration 30 Oct 1986 650 and Training on Rice Production, Postharvest Technology and Biomass Utilization (Phase II) RETA 5261 Technical Assistance to IRRI for the Development of Rice Varieties 20 Aug 1987 500 Tolerant to Problem Soil Conditions RETA 5299 International Rice Research Institute for Strengthening Research 12 Jul 1988 400 on Integrated Pest Management in Deepwater Rice Farming Systems (Phase II) RETA 5336 Strengthening Agricultural Science and Information Services in the 31 May 1989 180 Bank’s DMCs RETA 5349 Strengthening Rice Crop Protection Research and Minimizing 26 Sep 1989 850 Environmental Damage in DMCs RETA 5414 Decentralized Participatory Research for Less Favorable Rice 13 Nov 1990 3,000 Ecosystems and Rice Wheat Systems RETA 5510 Establishment of the Asian Rice Biotechnology Network 24 Nov 1992 900

Appendix 1 13

Date TA Amount TA No. TA Name Approved ($'000) RETA 5606 International Rice Research Institute for Rain-Fed Lowland Rice 6 Dec 1994 1,100 Ecosystem Research RETA 5667 Asian Rice Biotechnology Network—From Products to Impact 9 Jan 1996 850 RETA 5711c Exploiting Biodiversity for Sustainable Rice Pest Management 12 Dec 1996 1,500 RETA 5766d Development and Use of Hybrid Rice in Asia 29 Dec 1997 1,500 RETA 5812a Asian Rice Biotechnology Network: Achieving Impact and 22 Oct 1998 1,000 Sustainability RETA 6005f Sustaining in Asia Through the Development of 6 Nov 2001 1,000 Hybrid Rice Technology

Subtotal (M) 16,390

N. International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR) RETA 5254 Regional Workshop on Planning and Management of Agriculture 23 Jun 1987 75 Research in the South Pacific RETA 5341 Strengthening Agricultural Resources Management in Asia with 4 Jul 1989 480 Special Emphasis on Management Information Systems RETA 5866b Building Performance-Based Management Systems in the National 14 Oct 1999 800 Agricultural Research Systems in Asia

Subtotal (N) 1,355

Subtotal (1) 57,854

2. OTHER CENTERS AND ORGANIZATIONS

A. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) RETA 5027 Outreach Programs in Vegetable Research in Korea, Philippines, 15 Apr 1975 390 and Thailand RETA 5119 Strengthening Vegetable Research in Collaboration with the Asian 15 Feb 1983 475 Vegetable Research and Development Center RETA 5143 Regional Training Program in Vegetable Production and Research 20 Dec 1983 175 RETA 5253 Regional Training Program in Vegetable Production and Research 18 Jun 1987 350 (Phase II) RETA 5282 Planning and Organization Workshop to Establish Collaborative 28 Mar 1988 75 Vegetable Research Program in Southeast Asia RETA 5322 Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center to Establish a 17 Mar 1989 600 Collaborative Vegetable Research Program in Southeast Asia RETA 5402 Regional Training Program in Vegetable Production and Research 28 Aug 1990 400 (Phase III) RETA 5461 South Asia Vegetable Research Network 25 Sep 1991 600 RETA 5517 Collaborative Vegetable Research Program for Southeast Asia 21 Dec 1992 600 (Phase II) RETA 5582 Workshop on Vegetable Research and Development in Cambodia, 6 Jun 1994 94 Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Viet Nam RETA 5680 Establishment of a Vegetable Research Network for Cambodia, 8 Apr 1996 600 Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Viet Nam RETA 5719 RETA to AVRDC for South Asia Vegetable Research Network 10 Jan 1997 600 (Phase II) RETA 5839 Collection, Conservation, and Utilization of Indigenous Vegetables 29 Mar 1999 550 RETA 6011 Strengthening the Collaborative Vegetable Research Network in 17 Dec 2001 650 Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Viet Nam (Phase II)

Subtotal (A) 6,159

B. Center for Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific (CIRDAP) RETA 5248 Study of the Role of Women in Rural Industries 26 May 1987 180

14 Appendix 1

Date TA Amount TA No. TA Name Approved ($'000) C. Fisheries Research Studies, Seminars, and Training RETA 5032 Fish Market Study 30 Oct 1975 49 RETA 5077 Regional Training Program in Fisheries Stock Assessment and 25 Dec 1980 200 Statistical Data Collection RETA 5082 Second Fish Market Study 3 Jun 1981 220 RETA 5109 Research and Training in Aquaculture 30 Aug 1982 220 RETA 5142 South Pacific Training in Fisheries Statistics, Interpretation and 4 Nov 1983 50 Stock Assessment RETA 5150 Regional Training Program in Fish Handling and Quality Control 13 Mar 1984 50 RETA 5252 Fisheries Sector Development Strategies Study for South Pacific 9 Jun 1987 350 DMCs RETA 5316 Third Fish Market Study 18 Jan 1989 334 RETA 5358 Study on Fish Disease and Fish Health Management 22 Dec 1989 380 RETA 5534 Regional Study and Workshop on Aquaculture Sustainability and 1 Jun 1993 600 the Environment RETA 5566 Tuna Industry Development in Pacific Island Countries 29 Dec 1993 495

Subtotal (C) 2,948

D. Forestry Research Studies, Seminars, and Training RETA 5049 Regional Seminar on Application of Appropriate Technology in 15 Jun 1978 90 Forestry and Forest Industries RETA 5224 Regional Training Center in Community Forestry (Supplementary) 17 Jul 1987 350 RETA 5409 Forestry Research Support Program for the Asia and Pacific 17 Oct 1990 1,500 Region RETA 5595 Regional Community Forestry Training Center in Kasetsart 5 Sep 1994 600 University, Thailand RETA 5612 Forestry Research Support Program for Asia and the Pacific 22 Dec 1994 600 (Phase II)

Subtotal (D) 3,140

E. International Board for Soil Research and Management (IBSRAM) RETA 5218 Regional Workshop on Soil Management 10 Sep 1986 40 RETA 5284 International Board for Soil Research and Management for 14 Apr 1988 350 Research on Management of Sloping Lands for Sustainable Agriculture RETA 5400 Research on the Management of Sloping Lands for Sustainable 24 Aug 1990 262 Smallholder Agriculture in the South Pacific RETA 5803 TA to the International Board for Soil Research and Management 13 Aug 1998 1,300 for the Catchment Approach to Managing Soil Erosion in Asia

Subtotal (E) 1,952

F. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) RETA 5293 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development for a 10 Jun 1988 540 Study of Strategies for the Sustainable Development of Mountain Agriculture RETA 5443 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development 18 Apr 1991 600 RETA 5565 Appropriate Technology for Soil Conserving Farming Systems 29 Dec 1993 600 RETA 5784 Appropriate Technology for Soil Conserving Farming Systems 23 Mar 1998 600 (Phase II)

Subtotal (F) 2,340

G. International Jute Organization (IJO) RETA 5235 International Jute Organization for Collection, Conservation, 5 Jan 1987 350 Characterization and Exchange of Germplasm of Jute, Kenaf, and Mesta Appendix 1 15

Date TA Amount TA No. TA Name Approved ($'000) RETA 5375 International Jute Organization for the Development of Improved 28 Mar 1990 600 Varieties of Jute and Allied Fiber Crops (Phase II)

Subtotal (G) 950

H. Livestock Research Studies, Seminars, and Training RETA 5135 Regional Workshop on Livestock Production Management 21 Nov 1983 130 RETA 5272 Regional Workshop on Animal Disease Reporting System 8 Jan 1988 150 RETA 5505 Regional Seminar on Policies and Strategies for Livestock 20 Aug 1992 220 Development

Subtotal (H) 500

I. Other Research Studies and Training RETA 5319 Workshop and Symposium on Strengthening Pesticides 16 Jan 1989 250 Regulations RETA 5336 Strengthening Agricultural Science and Information Services in the 31 May 1989 180 Bank’s DMCs RETA 5434 Regional Conference on Integrated Pest Management 13 Mar 1991 270 RETA 5514 TA to Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International for 8 Dec 1992 760 Integrated Pest Management in Cotton RETA 5618 Establishment of the Asian Maize Training Center 29 Dec 1994 600

Subtotal (I) 2,060

Subtotal (2) 20,229

Total 78,083 Source: ADB project files.

16 Appendix 2

IMPROVING LIVELIHOODS OF UPLAND FARMERS USING PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES TO DEVELOP MORE EFFICIENT LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS

(International Center for Tropical Agriculture)

A. Introduction

1. A number of Asian Development Bank (ADB) developing member countries (DMCs), in partnership with the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), are requesting ADB assistance in financing this project.

2. The DMCs would like to demonstrate that forage technologies, developed using farmer participatory approaches under the ADB-financed regional technical assistance (RETA) project "Developing Sustainable Forage Technologies for Resource-Poor Farmers in Asia,”1 can contribute to improving the livelihoods of poor upland farmers. In this latter project, it was demonstrated that new forage technologies could increase livestock production, reduce labor input, and improve soil and water conservation on small crop-livestock farms in the uplands. This project will determine how these outputs contribute to more sustainable livelihoods and how they can be disseminated more widely. The project focuses on reducing poverty through increased and more efficient livestock production.

3. The request for the project came from DMC representatives at a regional workshop on the "Impact of new forage systems on people, livestock and the environment" held in January 2002.2 The participants suggested that a new project should not simply focus on improved forages but on how adoption of improved forages might affect household livelihoods and land management. A draft proposal was circulated including elements of integrating introduced forages with indigenous fodders and crop residues, introducing farmer-to-farmer extension methods, creating greater market awareness among farmers, and assessing impact on livelihoods. An iterative process was used to incorporate the wide range of responses.

4. There is strong support for the project from implementing agencies in Cambodia, People’s Republic of China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam.

B. Issues

5. Livestock contribute more than 50% of the cash income of many upland farmers.3 Apart from cash income and capital accumulation, livestock provide draught animal power for land preparation and transport, and manure for organic fertilizer to improve crop production. Raising incomes through increased livestock production is one of the more attractive alternatives for upland farmers, as there is an increasing demand in urban areas for livestock products.

6. Feed supply,4 in terms of both quantity and quality, remains a major constraint to improving livestock production. Traditionally, farmers use natural grasslands, indigenous feeds,

1 Six countries are participating in the RETA project Developing Sustainable Forage Technologies for Resource- Poor Upland Farmers in Asia (2000-2002): Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, People’s Republic of China, Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam. 2 CIAT. 2002. Proceedings of the Workshop Impact of new forage systems on people, livestock and the environment". Luang Prabang, Lao PDR, 29 January–1 February 2002. 3 FAO. 1989. Livestock Development in the Asia-Pacific Region. RAPA Publication, FAO Bangkok. 4 Vercoe, J., S. Coffey, D.J. Farrell, A. Rutherford, and W.H. Winter. 1997. ILRI in Asia: An assessment of priorities for Asian livestock research and development. ILRI, , , 62. Appendix 2 17 and crop residues as animal feed. However, these natural resources are decreasing with increasing population pressure. Many are of low quality, and they cannot meet the needs for increased livestock production. Improved forages that are adapted to different systems, climates, and soils have been identified and incorporated into traditional farming systems by involving farmers in the process of evaluation.5 Impact has been demonstrated in reducing labor requirements for feeding livestock, increasing livestock production, and raising income. In East Kalimantan, Indonesia, there were increases in productivity, ranging from 50% to 65% due to increased weight gain, reduced labor input, and sale of manure.6 In Viet Nam, calf mortality was reduced by 20% through maintaining the cow and calf near the house for 1 month, growth rate of pigs was increased from 330 grams (g)/day to 450 g/day by feeding legumes, and carp production was 25% higher when fed improved grasses compared with natural grasses. There were large impacts on well-being; in general, time saved in feeding animals was used for attending meetings, training activities, and education; children were freed to attend secondary school; while women said they had more time for off-farm activities and rest. Issues that remain to be addressed include (i) are the improved forage systems sustainable? (ii) how can the use of improved forages be more fully integrated with indigenous fodders and crop residues? and (iii) what is the potential impact on overall household economy under different farming systems?

7. How can these results be extended to new farmers? Growing forages as a crop is a new experience for most farmers. They have to learn to manage and utilize this new crop, and only with time will appreciate the full potential of the new forage systems. Researchers know that tropical grasses and legumes can contribute to more sustainable land use under sloping upland farming systems. Legumes improve soil fertility, grass and legume hedgerows and cover crops reduce erosion, while trees can be used for live fences. Experience from the current project (footnote 1) is that farmers initially evaluate forages for feeding livestock—cattle, buffaloes, goats, pigs—and fish, but, as they begin to integrate them into their farming system, they see the benefit for soil and water conservation. Initially, grasses receive the most attention because of their rapid growth and easier management. As there is success with grasses, farmers begin to appreciate that legumes have a complementary role in producing higher quality feed and improving soil fertility. In Bukidnon, Philippines, soil conservation has become the first priority. In Daklak, Viet Nam, farmers are moving from “cut-and-carry” grass systems to grazing grass- legume systems to reduce labor and improve nutrient cycling. In Tuyen Quang, Viet Nam, some women farmers are replacing a portion of their rice and maize with improved forages to fatten cattle in order to diversify, thus reducing risk and increasing overall productivity. This issue of farmers having to gain experience needs to be recognized when developing methods for extending forage technologies. Experience has shown that farmer-to-farmer extension methods can speed up the process of dissemination. Also, effective local seed multiplication systems have to be put in place, as forage seed and planting material are not traded in the local market.

8. Capacity building has been a major feature of earlier projects on developing new forage systems (footnotes 1, 5). District extension agents have been key players in facilitating the process when they have acquired knowledge of forage agronomy and skills in working with farmers in a participatory manner. However, most extension systems in the region have worked under the assumption of transferring technologies to farmers rather than presenting them with different options that they can evaluate themselves. Thus there is a need to institutionalize the use of participatory processes more widely within government institutions.

5 Stur, W.W. 2000. Working with Farmers: The key to adoption of forage technologies. ACIAR Proc. 95., 325. 6 Bosma, R. H., R.L. Roothaert, and Ibrahim. 2002. Economic and social benefits of new forage technologies in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. CIAT Working Document. CIAT, Cali, . 18 Appendix 2

9. Farmers value livestock, in particular large ruminants, as important assets that can be sold in times of financial crisis. There is a need to develop a greater commercial consciousness of the role that livestock can play in regular income generation. This involves an emphasis on turn-off7 and creation of improved marketing chains that respond to market demand, and in which farmers have some control in the marketing process. In Viet Nam, the project can link with a new CIAT-managed Agroenterprise Development Project.

10. These issues were discussed at the workshop held in January 2002. Recommendations were as follows:

(i) In making use of improved forage systems, greater benefit would be achieved through fully integrating their use with other feed materials and increasing the use of legume. (ii) In dissemination, more focus is needed on application of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) at the village level, scaling up seed multiplication systems, and improving extension methods, so as to demonstrate impact on income generation and poverty reduction. (iii) There is a need for training in the application of M&E, reinforcement of existing skills, and institutionalizing the use of participatory approaches. (iv) Better understanding of market issues, together with improved farmer awareness of market prices and linkages, would lead to wider adoption of improved technologies. (v) Greater impact could be achieved by strengthening linkages and integrating efforts with other projects.

11. The proposed project will complement the ADB-financed RETA project to the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) for Improvement of Integrated Crop-Livestock Production Systems to Reduce Poverty in Rainfed Areas of Southeast Asia.8 Both projects involve research for development, capacity building, dissemination, and networking, but they differ in terms of the scope of activities. The ILRI project seeks to (i) improve the efficiency of utilization of crop residues, crop products, and the use of multipurpose block licks; (ii) provide technical training in these areas; (iii) initiate policy changes to facilitate smallholder farmer adoption of improved technologies; and (iv) extend improved feed technologies to a larger group of farmers. This proposed project is targeted at more specific interventions involving the utilization and dissemination of improved forage technologies. There is a greater focus on process in terms of developing appropriate farmer participatory approaches for generation, delivery, and monitoring, and for institutionalizing these approaches within partner DMCs. The objective extends beyond increasing livestock production to improving livelihoods of poor farm households. Collaboration with ILRI is planned on developing a common database for information sharing, making farmers at focus sites aware of alternative technologies from each project during dissemination, and integrating the networks facilitated by the two organizations.

12. The project accords with CIAT's strategic plan9 for 2001-2010 and addresses ADB’s strategy on poverty reduction10 and is consistent with the ADB’s policy on agriculture and

7 Controlling and shortening the time in which animals achieve market weight. 8 ADB. 2001. Regional Technical Assistance for Sixth Agriculture and Natural Resources Research at CGIAR Centers – Improvement of Integrated Crop-Livestock Production Systems to Reduce Poverty in Rainfed Areas of Southeast Asia. Manila. 9 CIAT. 2001. Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: CIAT's Strategic Plan 2001–2010. CIAT, Cali, Colombia. 10 ADB. 1999. Fighting poverty in Asia and the Pacific: the poverty reduction strategy. Manila. Appendix 2 19 natural resources research.11 It addresses the DMCs’ priorities for increasing livestock production as a means of increasing cash income and diversifying risk for small farmers.

C. The Proposed Technical Assistance

1. Purpose and Outputs 13. The overall goal is to contribute to reducing poverty in upland areas through increasing the welfare of men and women farmers and the resilience of farming systems.

14. The purpose of the project is to:

(i) improve the sustainable livelihood of small farmers in the uplands through intensification of crop-livestock systems, using farmer participatory approaches to improve and deliver forage and feed technologies; and (ii) improve delivery mechanisms in participating DMCs for the dissemination of these technologies.

15. The outputs of the project will be:

(i) integrated feeding systems for livestock that optimize the use of improved and indigenous fodders and crop residues, and farm labor; (ii) improved methods to develop forage feed systems and extend them to new farmers, optimizing the use of M&E for feedback to others in the community; (iii) increased capacity in DMCs, at different levels, to expand the use of improved forage and feed systems and respond to local needs; (iv) comparison of development opportunities and market and logistic constraints for intensification of smallholder livestock systems across sites in five countries; and (v) improved regional interaction and linkages with national and externally funded development projects that ensure synergistic and multiplier effects.

16. The performance indicators and monitoring mechanisms of the project are summarized in the project framework (Table A2.1).

2. Methodology and Key Activities

17. It is planned to achieve the expected outputs through staff of implementing agencies of the collaborating DMCs by providing technical and financial support to them. The project coordinator will prepare annual workplans with the site managers in each country and coach them as needed. All staff will use participatory approaches and tools in implementing the project. Technical training will be provided to national coordinators and other key national staff, who in turn will provide in-country training to research and extension staff. The key activities to achieve each output are listed in Table A2.1.

18. The main assumptions are that there is a continuing and increasing demand for livestock products, that there is continued collaboration with district and provincial staff, that personnel are assigned to the project on a long-term basis, and that they receive support from their supervisors. Past experience shows that these assumptions will be met. All countries are now focusing on alternative commodities to rice, with livestock production having high priority.

11 ADB. 1995. The Bank’s Policy on Agriculture and Natural Resources Research. Manila. 20 Appendix 2

Participatory approaches are being more widely adopted by DMCs; however, the rate at which they are adopted does depend on the attitude of senior staff.

3. Cost and Financing

19. The total cost of the project, including contingencies, is estimated at $2.105 million (Table A2.2). It is proposed that ADB provide a grant of $950,000 to finance 45% of the total cost of the project. The remaining cost will be financed by CIAT ($300,000 or 14% of the total cost) and the DMCs ($855,000 equivalent or 41% of the total cost).

4. Implementation Arrangements

20. CIAT will be the Executing Agency (EA) for the project. CIAT is a member of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research and is dedicated to the reduction of poverty in developing countries of the tropics by applying science to agriculture to increase production while sustaining the natural resource base. CIAT is implementing the RETA 5866 project "Developing Sustainable Forage Technologies for Resource-Poor Upland Farmers in Asia," which will be completed in December 2002. Also, CIAT is implementing the Australian Agency for International Development-funded "Forage and Livestock Systems Project" in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), which will continue until 2005. The CIAT team in Asia includes specialists in forage agronomy and animal nutrition, forage agronomy, systems research, soils and land management, agroenterprise development, and anthropology. CIAT will administer the project and coordinate it through its Regional Office in Vientiane, Lao PDR. It will be assisted by a steering committee from the DMCs and ADB, which will monitor progress and approve yearly work plans. CIAT will be responsible for technical and financial reporting to ADB.

21. The DMCs and geographical areas where the project will operate are Cambodia (northeast uplands), People’s Republic of China (Hainan), Indonesia (East Kalimantan), Philippines (northern Mindanao), and Viet Nam (Tuyen Quang [northern mountains] and Daklak [south central highlands]). These are areas with upland farming systems, where there is continuing rural poverty, and where many marginalized communities are located. All countries except Cambodia participated in the previous project. Cambodia was included this time because it has a large livestock population and there is opportunity to increase productivity by introducing improved forages. Districts will be involved directly in planning and implementation in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. East Kalimantan has been requested by the Indonesian Director General of Livestock Services to provide training in developing forage systems for other provinces. More than 5,000 households will benefit from the project, including about 2,500 that were involved in the first RETA project (footnote 1). There will be reduced activity in Lao PDR and Thailand. Lao PDR now has a bilateral project that is focusing on similar objectives and does not have the capacity to participate in both projects. Thailand has more technical and financial resources than the other countries and is proposing to participate through providing technical assistance in farmer seed production, and undertaking specific research studies as required by the other DMCs. Both will continue as associate members and will continue to interact and share information as a member of the Southeast Asia Feed and Forages Research and Development network. As Cambodia will be a new member, activities will be focused mainly on developing rather than extending forage systems. The list of implementing agencies is shown in Table A2.3.

22. CIAT will engage the services of a full-time project coordinator, who will be responsible for the day-to-day implementation of the project under the supervision of the regional Appendix 2 21 coordinator for CIAT in Asia. The project coordinator will be assisted by a team of CIAT subject matter specialists, while each DMC will appoint a national coordinator who will coordinate the in- country research for development and will submit required quarterly and semiannual progress and financial reports to the project coordinator. Between annual workshops, the CIAT team will provide backstopping to the national programs by conducting regular visits to the different sites and also by arranging cross-country visits. The project will continue links to generic CIAT projects in tropical forages, participatory research, and impact assessment, and to bilateral development projects with relevant livestock and natural resource management components, with the aim of sharing results on forage technologies and farmer participatory approaches, and broadening the impact of the project.

23. Services of international consultants will be used to undertake field studies on constraints for agroenterprise development, and on the economic impact of improved livestock systems on the entire household economy and household livelihoods. It is anticipated that there will be one long-term (36 person-months) international resource specialist in forages and three short-term experts for 2 months each in agro-enterprise development, monitoring, and impact assessment. The suggested terms of reference will be discussed further with national partners and provided to ADB after the first project planning workshop.

24. The project will be implemented over a period of 3 years beginning January 2003. The first workshop, to be held at the beginning of 2003, will provide an opportunity to introduce the goal, objectives, strategies, and work plans of the project, to revise outputs, and to set priorities. The EA, in consultation with the implementing agencies and other stakeholders, will determine, during the first project planning workshop, the schedule of activities, the key milestones, and clearly measurable performance indicators and submit the same to ADB, immediately thereafter. The second workshop will be held at the beginning of 2004 to assess the progress made and set future directions. The third and final workshop will be held at the beginning of 2005 to assess the accomplishments to date and to finalize the year’s program of activities. The EA will submit to ADB quarterly and semiannual technical progress reports, semiannual financial statements accounting for the use of funds, and an annual audit of the financial statements by the CIAT Internal Audit Unit. Funds will be drawn down in semiannual installments based on the EA’s estimates of the forthcoming activities, and subject to satisfactory substantiation of expenditures at the end of corresponding 6-month periods. A comprehensive completion report will be submitted to ADB by the EA within 4 months after the completion of the project. CIAT will be responsible for the procurement of equipment in accordance with ADB’s Guidelines for Procurement and for the engagement of international experts in accordance with the ADB’s Guidelines on the Use of Consultants, or through other arrangements satisfactory to ADB on the engagement of domestic consultants.

25. There will be both participatory and formal M&E. Participatory M&E systems will be established for the activities at each site. Local groups of farmers and district officers will select indicators for different activities, providing a basis for determining progress towards achieving the expected outputs. In addition, district officers will maintain records of 30 representative households at each site to obtain information for assessing the performance indicators.

26. Within ADB, the staff assigned for the project will monitor the progress of the work and conduct reviews as appropriate.

22 Appendix 2

Table A2.1: Technical Assistance Framework, International Center for Tropical Agriculture

Performance Monitoring Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Mechanisms and Risks

A. Goal

To reduce poverty in upland Within 10 years (by 2013): 30% • Government areas of Southeast Asia reduction in poverty in crop-livestock statistics and farms in districts where the project reports operates • Progress reports

B. Purposes

1. Improve the sustainable At focus sites by 2005 • Socioeconomic • Continued livelihood of small • 30% increase in farm productivity surveys at focus government farmers through • 20% increase in productivity per sites priority and intensification of crop- person involved in livestock • Case studies support to livestock systems, using production • Final report development of farmer participatory • 25% households participating in diversified approaches to improve project move up one wealth class smallholder and deliver improved within the community in PRC, farming systems forage and feed Indonesia, Philippines, and Viet Nam • Continued technologies. • An increase in well-being (increased support and capability and contentment, reduced collaboration drudgery) in 50% of participating from participating households DMCs • Greater ability of households to manage risk, e.g., in Indonesia 10% decrease in households selling land due to financial crises • 25% of farmers using forages for soil improvement and/or soil conservation

2. Improve delivery • Systems established for scaling up • Manuals published • Government mechanisms in and M&E in Cambodia, PRC, in national policies advocate participating DMCs for Indonesia, Philippines, and Viet Nam languages use of demand- dissemination of • Forage and feed resources network • Semiannual driven improved forage and feed operational (with ILRI) progress reports approaches in technologies. • Linkage established with at least one from participating research and ADB or other loan project in each countries extension. country

C. Outputs

1. Integrated feeding At focus sites in 3 years: • Technical reports • Continuing systems for livestock • Role of indigenous forages • Quarterly and market demand that optimize use of recognized by extension staff as well semiannual reports for livestock improved and as farmers • Annual survey of products indigenous fodders, • 25% farmers at 3 focus sites 30 random farms at • Incentive for crop residues, and farm incorporating legumes into their each focus site farmers to adopt labor farming system • Documentation of sustainable • Forage availability increased on 30 successful management representative farms at each focus technologies practices site • Case studies on • Feed budgets developed for each use of M&E site that can be adapted by individual • Report to annual farmers meeting PRC = People’s Republic of China, DMC = developing member country, M&E = monitoring and evaluation, ILRI = International Livestock Research Institute, ADB = Asian Development Bank. Appendix 2 23

Performance Monitoring Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Mechanisms and Risks • 30% increase in livestock productivity • Labor requirements for feeding livestock reduced by 20%

2. Improved methods to In 3 years: • Quarterly and • Collaboration of develop forage feed • in districts where project operates, at semiannual reports district and systems and extend least one active “farmer-to-farmer” • Documentation of provincial officials them to new farmers extension worker engaged process of optimizing the use of once/week, or an extension group dissemination M&E for feedback to meeting monthly • Publication of others in the • Local seed and vegetative material manual on use of community production meeting demand participatory • M&E systems being applied at approaches in community level dissemination • A GIS system that links • GIS database on socioeconomic and biophysical potential areas for information (with ILRI) forage adoption • 750 farmers evaluating improved forage and feed systems at new sites in northern Mindanao (Philippines), 750 in East and Central Kalimantan (Indonesia), 900 in Tuyen Quang and Daklak (Viet Nam), 300 in Hainan (PRC), and 150 in northeast Cambodia.

3. Increased capacity in In 3 years: • Quarterly and • Personnel DMCs at different levels • 15 researchers and 400 technicians semiannual assigned to to expand the use of with skills in forage agronomy, progress reports positions for improved forage and animal nutrition and use of • Report to annual duration of feed systems and participatory approaches in different meeting project respond to local needs countries. • Assessment of • Core groups are • Directors at partner institutions have effectiveness of recognized as organized participatory R&D works. core groups on agents for • DMCs extend new technologies to bringing about change in local areas outside project. organizational structures • Each focus site will have expertise to change produce forage seeds.

4. Comparison of At focus sites: • Semiannual reports • Secondary data development • Constraints for agroenterprise • Cross-site study made available opportunities and development identified by 2004 • Studies on market market and logistic • Significantly Improved market opportunities and constraints for awareness among farmers at focus constraints across intensification of sites by 2005 sites smallholder livestock • Profitability of beef production • Final report systems across sites in increased by 10% due to more the five countries efficient marketing in Indonesia, Philippines, and Viet Nam by 2005

5. Improved regional • Each year a reporting and planning • Workshop • Countries share interaction and linkages workshop held proceedings their results and with national and • Joint ILRI-CIAT regional network on • Semiannual reports experiences externally funded forage and feed systems • Website • Development development projects An improved feed system adopted by projects express that ensure synergistic a development project in each interest in and multiplier effects country working with project GIS = geographical information system, R&D = research and development, CIAT = International Center for Tropical Agriculture. 24 Appendix 2

Performance Monitoring Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Mechanisms and Risks D. Activities

Output 1. Integrated feeding systems for livestock that optimize use of improved and indigenous fodders, and crop residues, and farm labor

• Carry out botanical survey with farmers of indigenous fodders and Participatory M&E: collect samples for identification and nutritive analysis. • Farmers' focus groups, facilitated by researchers, identify, • Indicators as quantify, and qualify feed resources for strategic use during selected and different seasons. monitored by • Train interested target farmers methods to evaluate legumes. farmer focus • Monitor and evaluate adoption of new feed systems with farmers, groups (facilitated and expansion of areas of forages planted over time at sampled by district staff) farms. • Develop feed budgets for most important livestock types at each • Reports site, for use by farmers and field workers. • Carry out livestock growth trials at each site with improved and • Feedback from relevant feed budget options, on-station or on-farm. supervisors • Carry out case studies of the dynamics of labor use in the whole household. • Reports • Provide support to national researchers and development workers. • Data reports • Document successful forage technologies and feed systems. available for project • In representative households, record data of the impact of forage staff technologies on productivity, labor, and outcomes, disaggregating data for men and women.

Output 2. Improved methods for dissemination of forage and feed technologies

• Select new sites for dissemination activities through secondary • M&E mechanism information, visits, and meetings with stakeholders. set up in each • Plan strategies for local adaptation and adoption with district district officers and key farmers at new sites. • Facilitate training of farmers who can become farmer-extensionists • Effectiveness and provision of training. assessed during • Facilitate field days, cross visits, and farmer-to-farmer extension field visits by using farmers from focus sites. project staff • Facilitate group and individual forage multiplication systems at new sites. • Produce and distribute information on forages and feeding systems • Draft manual to farmers. available in 2003 • Train district officers to carry out M&E. • Modify M&E systems to improve management practices at the community level. • Use M&E information as one tool in planning district activities. • Produce and publish a practical manual on M&E for use by district officers. • Revise manual on dissemination and translate into national • Manual available languages. in 2005 • Gather available socioeconomic and biophysical data at district • Semiannual report level and enter into GIS database. • Undertake spatial analysis studies to predict potential areas for • Publication forage adoption in association with ILRI and IRRI.

IRRI = International Rice Research Institute. Appendix 2 25

Performance Monitoring Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Mechanisms and Risks

Output 3. Increased capacity for dissemination of potential technologies

• Conduct training for NARSs personnel in forage agronomy, • Semiannual animal nutrition, use of participatory approaches, and managing reports to ADB information from M&E. • Establish a key group of “trainers-of-trainers” in each country through formal and on-site training. • On-site mentoring of national coordinators and other personnel to • Site visits strengthen skills • Set up and monitor core “learning groups’ within district/ provincial offices to assist in institutionalizing use of participatory approaches. • Evaluate use of this core group approach. • Reports • Conduct training courses for farmer seed production systems in • Semiannual each country using expertise from Thailand. reports

Output 4. Increased awareness of development and market opportunities

• Conduct studies of market opportunities and constraints at each • Consultants’ and site. regular reports • Establish mechanism for providing market information on livestock • Field visits products to farmer groups. • Conduct training in market awareness of the potential for livestock • Semiannual products. reports to ADB • Assess options for agroenterprise development. • Reports • Undertake socioeconomic study of livestock systems and their contribution to livelihoods.

Output 5. Enhanced regional interaction and linkages

• Conduct annual workshops involving all member countries for • Proceedings project and selected other participants. • Support effective communication by e-mail and publication. • Copies of • Facilitate sharing of information within countries. communication, • National coordinator produces and distributes information in newsletters, national language. books, and • Publish and distribute regional newsletter with ILRI. brochures • Interact with ADB rural loan projects through information sharing, • Field visits visitation, advice, and on-site training. • Semiannual • Provide feedback to institutional leaders and policymakers reports to ADB through progress reports, site visits, and presentations. • Exchange of personnel and materials with development projects

NARSs = national agriculture research systems. 26 Appendix 2

Performance Monitoring Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Mechanisms and Risks E. Inputs

1. Research Personnel • International resource specialist in forage agronomy ($240,000 for • ADB reviews 36 months) • International short-term experts (monitoring and impact • Progress reports assessment, agroenterprise development, GIS) ($60,000 for 6 months) • Local project support staff (administrative and technical assistance) ($40,000 for 108 months)

2. Equipment • Office equipment (computers, printers, scanners) • Field testing equipment

3. Research, support, training, and workshops • Contracts with national partners to undertake research, dissemination, and training activities

4. Administration costs • Supplies and services • Communication and networking • Overhead

Appendix 2 27

Table A2.2: Cost Estimates and Financing Plan (CIAT) ($'000)

Foreign Local Total Item Exchange Currency Cost

A. Asian Development Bank Financinga 1. Staff and Consultants a. Remuneration and Per Diem i. International Resource Specialist 240.0 0.0 240.0 ii. International Consultants 60.0 0.0 60.0 iii. Local Support Staff 40.0 0.0 40.0 b. International and Local Travel 90.0 0.0 90.0 c. Reports and Publications 15.0 0.0 15.0 2. Equipment 30.0 0.0 30.0 3. Research Support, Training, Workshops a. Research Support to NARSs 160.0 0.0 160.0 b. Training Support to NARSs 90.0 0.0 90.0 c. Workshops 55.0 0.0 55.0 4. Administration and Support Costs a. Supplies and Communications 45.0 0.0 45.0 b. Administrative Support 125.0 0.0 125.0 Subtotal (A) 950.0 0.0 950.0

B. In-Kind Support from CIAT 1. Staff and Specialist Support a. Remuneration and Per Diem i. CIAT Regional Coordinator 80.0 0.0 80.0 ii. Visiting Specialists 90.0 0.0 90.0 iii. Technical Support 60.0 0.0 60.0 b. International and Local Travel 30.0 0.0 30.0 2. Equipment 20.0 0.0 20.0 3. Research Support and Training 0.0 0.0 0.0 4. Administration and Support Costs (supplies and communications) 20.0 0.0 20.0 Subtotal (B) 300.0 0.0 300.0

C. Government Financing 1. Staff Support and Per Diem a. Staff 0.0 500.0 500.0 b. Travel 0.0 35.0 35.0 2. Equipment and Offices 0.0 40.0 40.0 3. Research, Extension, and Training a. Research and Extension 0.0 120.0 120.0 b. Training 0.0 30.0 30.0 c. Extension Support 0.0 70.0 70.0 4. Administration and Support Costs (supplies and communications) 0.0 60.0 60.0 Subtotal (C) 0.0 855.0 855.0 Total 1,250.0 855.0 2,105.0 NARSs = national agriculture research systems, CIAT = International Center for Tropical Agriculture. a Financing will come from ADB’s TA funding program. Source: CIAT estimates.

28 Appendix 2

Table A2.3: Implementing Agencies (CIAT)

Country Implementing Agency Contact Person

A. Collaborating Countries

1. Cambodia National Animal Health and Production Dr. Sorn San Investigation Centre Department of Animal Health and Production Monivong Blvd. No. 74 Sangkat Wat Phnom, Khan Doun Penh Phnom Penh

2. Indonesia Dinas Peternakan Ir. Ibrahim Jalan Bhayangkara No. 54 Samarinda, East Kalimantan 751’21

3. Lao People’s Democratic NAFRI Dr. Bounthong Bouahom Republic P.O. Box 6766 Vientiane

4. People's Republic of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Mr. Yi Kexian China Sciences (CATAS) Danzhou 571737, Hainan

5. Philippines Philippine Council for Agriculture Mr Edwin Villar Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) Paseo de Valmayor, Los Baños Laguna 4030

6. Thailand Department of Livestock Development Mrs. Chaisang Phaikaew Phya Thai Road Bangkok 10400

7. Viet Nam National Institute of Animal Husbandry Mr. Hoang Kim Giao Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAFI) Thuy Phuong, Tu Liem Hanoi

B. Executing Agencies International Center for Tropical Agriculture Dr. Rod Lefroy Regional Office P.O. Box 783 Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic

CIAT Office Dr. Ralph Roothaert c/o International Rice Research Institute Los Banos, Philippines

Appendix 3 29

PARTICIPATORY WATERSHED MANAGEMENT FOR REDUCING POVERTY AND LAND DEGRADATION IN THE SEMIARID TROPICS

(International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics)

A. Introduction

1. The developing countries of Asia are characterized by high demographic pressure on rural areas (70%) coupled with major dependency on land as the means of livelihood. About 700 million hectares (ha) of rain-fed areas in Asia are prone to severe land degradation and face severe water scarcity for growing crops. The result is low productivity, poverty, and degradation of natural resources. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) provided technical assistance (TA) to the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and three developing country members—India, Thailand, and Viet Nam—for a project on “Improving Management of Natural Resources for Sustainable Rainfed Agriculture” (under RETA 5812.)01 The ICRISAT scientists and participating country partners have developed and successfully evaluated a “consortium model” for sustainably managing natural resources in the watersheds through full farmer participation beginning with problem analysis. The consortium model has been developed as an information exchange and interactive network among scientists who are working on similar issues in different countries, so that efforts are not duplicated, cross learning is facilitated, and the knowledge pool is built up. The results at the selected five benchmark sites (120–10,000 ha) demonstrated that farmers’ crop yields increased substantially (27–286%), cropping intensity increased by 13–25% (mainly due to increased groundwater availability), ground cover improved (18–25%), soil erosion was reduced by 1/3, and rainwater use efficiency increased (from 33 to 67%).

2. The participating country partners and ICRISAT have requested ADB’s assistance for a follow-up proposal to consolidate the learnings and benefits of the ADB-supported project (RETA 5812) and demonstrate to a larger community of farmers, scientists of the national agriculture research systems (NARSs), and other stakeholders the best techniques of the integrated watershed management approach. The first phase developed the model at five benchmark sites and it is proposed to extend the benefits by scaling it up to 25 benchmark watersheds in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), India, Thailand, and Viet Nam. The integrated watershed management approach that will be applied will focus on increasing incomes of farmers through other livelihood sources such as livestock-based activities. Increased biomass production with improved water availability in rain-fed areas would support livestock-based activities for generating additional incomes.

3. The participating countries were selected based on the target ecoregion of assured annual rainfall (800–1,300 millimeters [mm]) with medium to high water-holding capacity soils (150–200 mm) in Asia. India, Thailand, and Viet Nam were selected for RETA 5812 because of the large areas of rain-fed systems in these countries. These will be continued and the PRC has been included because many parts of the country, particularly in the south (provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Hainan) have large rain-fed tracts and possess similar agroecological project areas as the other countries. About 5,000 farm families, corresponding to about 30,000 rural people, in the selected benchmark sites will be the direct beneficiaries of the project, but benefits and beneficiaries will multiply several-fold as the technologies spread and their adoption by the farmers is facilitated by trained staff of the NARSs and other partners.

1 ADB. 1998. Regional Technical Assistance for the Third Agriculture and Natural Resources Research at CGIAR Centers. Manila. 30 Appendix 3

B. Issues

4. The “green revolution” in Asia led to major production gains in well-endowed areas; however, it bypassed development of vast dryland areas. Of late a realization has come that future increases in food production to meet growing needs have to come from the hitherto rain- fed lands. Recent research findings on efficient rainwater management and improved crop production technologies through integrated watershed management have shown good promise. The research at the International Food Policy Research Institute has shown that increased investments in many rain-fed areas, particularly in agricultural technology, human capital, and infrastructure, have had a much larger impact on poverty.2 5. The rain-fed areas of Asia are home to about 237 million poor people and suffer from widespread land degradation, water shortage, and dropping groundwater table. Global warming as a result of climate change may further degrade these drylands, leading to reduced productivity and desertification. Increased productivity and reduction of poverty could be achieved through minimizing the degradation of natural resources by adopting a farmer- participatory comprehensive watershed management approach. These areas are priority areas of ADB, which has identified agricultural research as a key element in reducing rural poverty in Asia with emphasis on land- and water-saving innovations that permit growth in food production from already cropped lands.2 Rosegrant and Hazell3 argued in the same ADB publication that, on poverty and environmental grounds alone, more attention will have to be given to less favored lands in setting priorities for policy and public investments. 6. The important lessons from the work carried out at five benchmark sites in three countries supported through RETA 5812 revealed that strengthening of community-based organizations and collective action by the community are critical for managing natural resources in watersheds sustainably. Further, technical backstopping of watersheds through a consortium model increased crop yields substantially (27–286%) by adopting environment-friendly integrated soil, water, nutrient, and pest management options.

7. Increased rainwater harvesting measures resulted in increased water availability, increased biomass production through increased resource use efficiency, and increased cropping intensities. Farmers could diversify their sources of incomes by increasing crop- livestock-based activities and intensify land use through multiple cropping. Improved soil, water, and nutrient management (SWNM) options reduced runoff (25% to 14%), increased rainwater use efficiency (33% to 67%), and reduced soil loss (6.4 tons (t)/ha/year to 1.5 t/ha/year). Carrying capacity of drylands increased by 2–4 times by adopting an integrated watershed management approach. Long-term studies at ICRISAT revealed that improved watershed management along with increased productivity also resulted in increased sequestration of carbon (7.4 t/ha) in soil and improved soil quality during the last 22 years as compared with the traditional system followed by the farmers.

8. Legumes derived 42–90% of their nitrogen requirements through biological nitrogen fixation. Loppings of Gliricidia planted on bunds provided 30–50 kilograms of Nitrogen/ha/year in

2 Hazell, P.B.R. and S. Fan. 1998. Balancing regional development priorities to achieve sustainable and equitable agricultural growth. Presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association International Conference on Agricultural Intensification, Economic Development and the Environment, 31 July–1 August 1998, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. 3 ADB. 2000. Rural Asia: Beyond the green revolution. Manila. 4 Rosegrant, M.W. and P.B. Hazell. 2000. “Transforming the rural Asian economy: The unfinished revolution: Summary.” Appendix 2. Pages 97–115 in Rural Asia: Beyond the green revolution. Manila: ADB.

Appendix 3 31

India and Viet Nam. Organic residues could be converted into valuable manure using earthworms, which increased crop yields through improved soil fertility. Integrated nutrient management and diversification of cereal-based systems using legumes such as soybean, pigeonpea, chickpea, swordbean, ricebean, groundnut, and greengram have caught the attention of farmers in the benchmark sites. At the Thanh Ha watershed in Viet Nam, maize area decreased from 75% to 50% after the interventions with the concomitant increase in area under legumes. In the Adarsha watershed in India pigeonpea area increased from 50 ha to 180 ha. In Viet Nam mungbean-groundnut-watermelon, mungbean-soybean-watermelon, and groundnut-watermelon systems gave 51–268% more income than the traditional maize-based systems.

9. The impact of watersheds increased substantially when such programs became livelihood programs by involving youths, women, and landless people in the income-generating activities. Capacity building for NARSs and farmers is critical for sustainability of watersheds, and appropriate social, institutional, and policy arrangements are needed. Successful watershed management models at benchmark sites generate public goods through reduced soil degradation, increasing biodiversity, increased carbon sequestration, and improved water availability.

10. There is a need to strengthen and consolidate the promising results and the gains already made in the area of natural resources management during implementation of the ongoing project (RETA 5812) and develop a framework/mechanism for scaling up the benefits of improved technologies at the ecoregional scale (Table A3.1), and for sustainable management of watersheds by local stakeholders. Increased availability of water through watershed management could lead to changes in cropping patterns and increased withdrawal of groundwater. There is therefore need to develop social, institutional, and policy mechanisms for sustainable use of groundwater resources, and considering the dynamics of resource use, the need for evaluating long-term impacts of watershed development on natural resources.

C. The Proposed Technical Assistance

1. Purposes and Outputs

11. The proposed research project seeks to scale up and sustain the benefits of improved watershed management by establishing 25 nucleus watersheds in four countries. The project will also evaluate improved institutional and technological options to manage natural resources sustainably in the watersheds. The benefits will be assessed by assessing the on-site impacts of improved watershed management in the target ecoregion. The goal is to reduce rural poverty by increasing incomes and minimizing environmental degradation through integrated watershed management in the rain-fed areas of Asia.

12. The specific outputs of the proposed project will be:

(i) improved policy, institutional, and technological options and strategies for community watershed management, improved utilization of agrotechnical and bioeconomic models and participatory methods, and knowledge sharing of viable watershed management with NARSs and other stakeholders; and (ii) on-farm participatory evaluation of land, water, nutrient, and crop management options for improving and sustaining productivity of watersheds and strengthened capacity to assess on-site impacts of improved management .

32 Appendix 3

2. Methodology and Key Activities

13. The project focuses on the intermediate rainfall ecoregion (800–1,300 millimeters [mm] per annum) where soils have medium to relatively high water-holding capacity (150–200 mm). The proposed project will be implemented at the five ongoing benchmark sites (nucleus watersheds) in India, Thailand, and Viet Nam, where scaling up will be achieved by establishing 18 additional nucleus watersheds. Further expansion in the target ecoregion will be achieved by expanding the activities to the PRC, where two nucleus watersheds will be established. The scaling up from 5 to 25 nucleus watersheds in four countries will ensure that the benefits of improved watershed management research reach many small and poor households in the rain- fed areas of Asia.

14. The lessons from RETA 5812 will be used to develop a strategy for scaling up the benefits obtained at the nucleus watershed to satellite watersheds in the ecoregion. These include farmer participatory planning and implementation, convergence of various livelihood activities using the consortium model, and the new approach of linking nucleus watersheds with satellite watersheds to ensure faster flow of technological options from farmers to farmers. These were found very effective in India and will be further evaluated, refined, and adapted in all four countries. The project will also characterize technological, social, institutional, and economic constraints at the watershed level in the target ecoregion and suggest remedial measures. With the increased productivity of biomass and increased groundwater availability, the systems will be diversified by evaluating crop-livestock water management systems. To scale up the benefits from nucleus watersheds to larger areas, new approaches and institutional needs will be worked out and evaluated. Adoption of improved options to manage watersheds will result in identifying technological and institutional options to minimize environmental degradation.

15. The project will include the following activities: (i) identification, evaluation, and development of remedial measures to technological, social, and economic constraints at the watershed implementation level; (ii) refinement and adaptation of improved technologies, policy options, and institutional strategies to upscale community-scale watershed management; (iii) development and evaluation of crop-livestock and water management systems for efficient utilization of water resources at the watershed scale; (iv) identification of policy and institutional needs for scaling up the benefits of watershed management and strategies for sustaining watersheds beyond the project; (v) organization and strengthening of watershed association and users’ groups including special interest groups such as women for sustainable management of watershed at benchmark sites; (vi) knowledge sharing and capacity building through development of the skills of NARSs scientists, technology transfer agents, and farmers for scaling up the benefits of watershed technology; (vii) monitoring and quantification of on-site impacts of improved watershed management technologies on rural livelihoods, on the natural resource base, and on the markets for specific commodities being produced through new crop rotations that have been introduced in the watersheds; and (viii) development and adoption of new science tools for implementing and assessing the long-term impacts of watershed management programs.

16. In the capacity-building component the project will adapt the concept of “learning sites” on the farmers’ fields. The nucleus watersheds will become the sites of learning for the farmers, nongovernment organizations, and other stakeholders. Through capacity building the farmers will become the “master trainers” for the farmers in the satellite watersheds. Specialized skill groups including women will be trained in income-generating activities for improving the livelihoods of the landless and other specific groups such as women and youths. Appendix 3 33

17. The component for assessing the on-site impact will involve continuous monitoring and quantification of impacts of improved technologies on rural livelihoods and the natural resources. The knowledge about impacts on rural livelihoods and natural resources will help in sensitizing the NARSs, policymakers, and development investors about the need to manage natural resources sustainably. The project will also develop and adapt new science tools for managing natural resources in the watersheds.

3. Cost and Financing

18. The total cost of the project is estimated at $2.8 million equivalent, including contingencies (Table A3.2). It is proposed that ADB provide a grant of $1.3 million (46.4% of the total cost) from the ADB-funded TA program. ICRISAT will provide $700,000 (25%), while the NARSs will provide $800,000 equivalent (28.5%), primarily as in-kind contribution (local staff, laboratory space and equipment, and watershed development funds in the case of India).

4. Implementation Arrangements

19. ICRISAT, which has provided excellent coordination and leadership in implementing phase I (RETA 5812), will be the Executing Agency. The NARSs will be the implementing agencies (IAs) (Table A3.3). ICRISAT will continue to be responsible for the overall technical and financial management of the study, including providing technical backstopping for participating NARSs. A multidisciplinary team of scientists from ICRISAT, consisting of an agronomist, soil biologist, soil fertility specialist, resource economist, socioeconomist, soil physicist, soil and water management scientist, entomologist, technology exchange specialist, and crop modeler, will provide technical support. The steering committee, consisting of existing country coordinators and the project team manager of ICRISAT, will meet annually to approve the yearly workplans and budgetary allocations to the NARSs. The Executing Agency, in consultation with the IAs and other stakeholders, will determine, during the first project planning workshop, the schedule of activities, the key milestones, and clearly measurable performance indicators and submit the same to ADB immediately thereafter. The project will be managed and supervised by the same project manager who has successfully implemented phase I.

20. The project will be implemented over 3 years beginning on 1 January 2003. ICRISAT will organize one project planning and two review workshops and one final symposium to disseminate the research results and provide a forum for discussion with institutions, policymakers, and aid agencies working on such issues in the project areas. Results from the 25 benchmark sites will also be widely disseminated through audio, video, and print media, and on ICRISAT’s website. ICRISAT will submit the following reports to ADB: (i) semiannual progress report, (ii) semiannual financial statements accounting for the use of study funds; and (iii) an annual audited financial statement. Funds will be drawn-down in semiannual installments based on ICRISAT’s estimate of the forthcoming 6-months expenditure, and ADB will disburse TA funds for the project subject to satisfactory liquidation of past expenditures by ICRISAT. ICRISAT will procure goods and services and recruit short-term specialists in accordance with ADB’s Guidelines for Procurement and Guidelines on the Use of Consultants as appropriate, or through other arrangements satisfactory to ADB. Within 3 months of completion, ICRISAT will submit to ADB a comprehensive project completion report.

5. Potential Project Impact

21. The on-farm participatory integrated watershed management research supported by ADB through RETA 5812 in India, Thailand, and Viet Nam has showed very promising results in 34 Appendix 3 terms of improved natural resources, improved environment quality, sustainable crop yields, and increased incomes of the rural people at benchmark sites. Farmers’ participatory watershed management at benchmark sites showed increased groundwater (up to 5.5 meters) and surface water availability. As an example, benefits from two technologies: improved land management option (e.g., planting on contour, ridges, and furrows) and in-situ generation of Nitrogen-rich organic material through loppings of Gliricidia planted on bunds for soybean crop grown in India (5.6 million ha), Thailand (0.6 million ha), and Viet Nam (0.15 million ha) were calculated, and it was found that an ex-ante impact of proposed investments in terms of economic value would be $781 million in 10 years. This value is a conservative estimate, as the benefits for other rain-fed crops, such as maize, sorghum, pigeonpea, mungbean, and groundnut, and also from other technologies such as integrated nutrient management, integrated pest management, and increased water availability would be far more.

22. In addition, benefits such as improved water quality owing to reduced pollution of water bodies due to less use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, reduced siltation of waterbodies, reduced risk of downstream flooding, and increased water availability in the watersheds will be achieved, which will improve environmental quality. Reduced soil erosion and improved water availability, along with increased productivity of rain-fed areas, will help sustain productivity and increase incomes for the rural people. Improved natural resources such as soil and water will have a good impact on the livelihoods of women through improved water availability, reduced drudgery, and improved health. The most important impact will be in terms of empowered stakeholders in the project area who are well trained in the sustainable management of natural resources and who will act as agents to sensitize other farmers, researchers, and policymakers for managing watersheds sustainably.

23. Most importantly, the farming community of the project area will learn new methods of managing natural resources, will be endowed with new knowledge, and will be empowered to take informed decisions for managing natural resources. Technology dissemination will be faster and wider, as farmers themselves will be the trainers for their peers. They will gain self- confidence through increased awareness. Strengthening community-based organizations will also assist in sustainably managing the natural resources in the project area. The benefits of increased productivity and increased incomes by farmers will be realized on a larger scale in the ecoregion through adoption of improved soil, water, nutrient, crop, and pest management options. Improved water availability in the project area will result in increased cropping intensity and also improved drinking water availability with reduced drudgery for women. Adoption of improved SWNM options on their farms and improved management of common property resources at the community level will result in an improved natural resource base, which is a key for their livelihood. Improved livelihood opportunities will result in increased incomes, less migration from the villages, and improved living standards by achieving food security, improved health, and better socioeconomic status.

Appendix 3 35

Table A3.1: Technical Assistance Framework, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

Performance Monitoring Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Mechanisms and Risks

A. Goal

1. To arrest environmental • Increased incomes of rural • Impact assessment • Conducive social, degradation households reports and government economic, and political 2. To reduce rural poverty • Increased water resources statistics of agricultural policies of governments through integrated in watersheds productivity • Commitment of watershed management • Increased productivity of • Project completion participating NARSs in Asia rain-fed farms report • Disastrous conditions for agricultural production

B. Purpose

To strengthen, consolidate, • Environment-friendly • Progress reports and • Availability of trained and scale up the gains made integrated watershed country reports researchers and in the area of integrated management options • Availability of extension staff to scale watershed management for evaluated/adopted by benchmark site reports up the results sustainable natural resource NARSs and GIS-aided maps • An enabling policy management, and increased • Efficient water • Reports of increased environment for agriculture productivity management and use farm productivity and conservation of natural systems identified feedback from the resources • Improved soil, nutrient, NARSs, and scientific • Existence of community and crop management reports development options for increasing organization productivity of target • Political commitment of ecoregions in Asia participating governments

C. Outputs 1. Development of • Set of policy guidelines • Policy guidelines • Needs for watershed improved policy, and institutional needs for highlighted development institutional, and community watershed • A report on cross-site documented technical options and management available comparison, and • Support from NARSs strategies for • Institutional and technical identification of suitable and respective management of modules for sustainable watershed development governments community watersheds management of model watersheds refined and • A report on existing adopted guidelines and • Exit guidelines and institutional needs minimum support for • ADB progress reviews sustaining watersheds • Semiannual progress available reports

2. Participatory • Participatory management • NARSs partners and agrotechnical and of watersheds scaled up communities implement bioeconomic models to 25 nucleus watersheds the integrated developed for scaling up watershed management the benchmark sites in their respective countries • Progress reports

NARS = national agriculture research system, GIS = geographical information system, ADB = Asian Development Bank. 36 Appendix 3

Performance Monitoring Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Mechanisms and Risks

3. Participatory evaluation • On-site and off-site • Country reports on the • Qualified personnel options to evaluate on- impacts of watershed on-site and off-site available and willing site and off-site impacts management impacts for project of improved characterized and • Progress reports implementation and management qualified • ADB review missions monitoring strengthened

D. Activitiesa

1. Implement remedial • Constraints and remedial • Reports on constraints • Continuity of trained measures at watershed measures at operational and remedial measures researchers and level based on watershed level identified for benchmark sites. development workers characterization of at benchmark sites potential of natural resources and identification of constraints.

2. Organize and • Model watersheds • Initiation of • Commitment, interest, strengthen watershed established in each developmental research and willingness of association and users’ participating country at benchmark sites partners groups including special • Watershed management • Reports from NARSs interest groups such as options evaluated by and project progress women for sustainable partners reports management of watersheds at benchmark sites.

3. Develop and evaluate • Increased farm • Reports and satellite • Enabling government improved systems such productivity through imagery on cropping policies and as landforms; cropping adoption of improved intensity, ground cover, infrastructural support systems; crop-livestock management options and productivity from and supporting prices and water management on-farm experiments for inputs and outputs systems; and soil, water, are available. and nutrient management options for efficient utilization of water resources at watershed scale.

4. Quantify on-site impacts, • Changes in biophysical • Impact assessment • Interest and e.g., groundwater, and socioeconomic reports indicating willingness of partners cropping intensity, environment at watershed changes in the to work with farmers reduced soil loss, level resources at watershed improved soil fertility, scale and increased incomes of improved watershed management technologies.

5. Introduce new science • Set of new tools for • Research reports and tools to assess long- watershed implementation feedback from NARSs term impacts of and long-term impact watershed management. assessment available a Measurable performance indicators will be determined by the executing agency and implementing agencies during the first Project planning workshop. Appendix 3 37

Performance Monitoring Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Mechanisms and Risks

6. Refine and adapt • Institutional and technical • Report on cross-site appropriate models, and models for sustaining comparisons, and identify guidelines and management of identification of suitable policy and institutional watersheds refined and watershed development needs for sustainable adapted model management of watersheds for improved watershed management

7. Provide watershed • A set of guidelines and • Report on existing management training to institutional needs guidelines and NARSs, NGOs, and available for partners institutional needs farmers in the target • Existing guidelines and project areas. minimal organizational support for sustaining watersheds available • Trained NARSs personnel • Number of NARSs and farmers available in scientists, extension the target ecoregion personnel, and farmers trained • Number of training courses/workshops held • Training material/brochures prepared and distributed

E. Inputs

1. Research personnel • Research personnel (international and national): • ADB reviews Strengthening NARSs (through collaboration, e.g., project manager and short-term placement of ICRISAT staff at NARSs research station) [$200,000] • Progress reports • Remuneration and per diem of counterpart staff [$150,000]a • Remuneration to staff [$600,000]b • Visiting scientist and scholars [$70,000] 2. Equipment • Office equipment and field equipment [$130,000] 3. Research, support, training, and workshops • International and local travel ($80,000] • Scaling up on-farm evaluation and validation of research in partnership with NARSs [$170,000] • Training, seminars, and conferences [$120,000] • Surveys (baseline and impact monitoring) [$70,000] • Scaling-up watershed development [$600,000) 4. Administration costs • Supplies [$170,000] • Communications ($20,000] • Contingencies [$100,000] • Miscellaneous administration and support cost (15%) [$170,000] • Office accommodation and transport [$50,000]a • Office accommodation and transport [$100,000]b NGO = nongovernment organization. a Contribution of NARSs. b Contribution of ICRISAT. 38 Appendix 3

Table A3.2: Cost Estimates and Financing Plan (ICRISAT) ($'000)

Foreign Local Total Item Exchange Currency Cost

A. Asian Development Bank Financinga 1. Research Personnel (international and 200.0 0.0 200.0 national) 2. International and Local Travel 80.0 0.0 80.0 3. Scaling up On-Farm Evaluation and 170.0 0.0 170.0 Validation of Research in Partnership with NARSs 4. Suppliesb 170.0 0.0 170.0 5. Equipmentc 130.0 0.0 130.0 6. Training, Seminars, and Conferences 120.0 0.0 120.0 7. Surveys (baseline and impact monitoring) 70.0 0.0 70.0 8. Visiting Scientist/Scholars 70.0 0.0 70.0 9. Communications 20.0 0.0 20.0 10. Contingencies 100.0 0.0 100.0 11. Miscellaneous Administration and Support 170.0 0.0 170.0 Costs (15%) Subtotal (A) 1,300.0 0.0 1,300.0

B. Government Financing (NARSs) 1. Office Accommodation and Transport 0.0 50.0 50.0 2. Remuneration and Per Diem 0.0 150.0 150.0 of Counterpart Staff 3. Others (scaling up watershed development) 0.0 600.0d 600.0 Subtotal (B) 0.0 800.0 800.0

C. ICRISAT 1. Office Accommodation and Transport 100.0 0.0 100.0 2. Remuneration to Staff 600.0 0.0 600.0 Subtotal (C) 700.0 0.0 700.0

Total 2,000.0 800.0 2,800.0 NARSs = national agriculture research systems, ICRISAT = International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics. a Financing will come from ADB’s TA funding program. b Essential supplies for field experiments (e.g., N fertilizer, biological and chemical analysis of soil and plant samples, equipment, fuel, labor, computer software, laboratory supplies, seed, fertilizers). c Field equipment for data logging for soil moisture, deep drainage, climate, and crop growth. Laboratory equipment such as electronic balances, portable weather stations, and equipment for chemical analysis and computers for strengthening the laboratories d Drought Prone Area Program (DPAP) of Government of India’s contribution for developing watersheds. Source: ICRISAT estimates.

Appendix 3 39

Table A3.3: Implementing Agencies (ICRISAT)

Country Implementing Agency Contact Person

India Central Research Institute for Dryland Dr. H.P. Singh, Country Coordinator and Director, Agriculture (CRIDA) CRIDA BAIF Research and Development Foundation Dr. N.G. Hegde, President, BAIF Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Dr. R.K. Gupta, Director of Research, JNKVV (JNKVV) Indian Institute of Soil Science (IISS) Dr. C.L. Acharya, Director, IISS M. Venkatarangaiya Foundation (MVF) Mrs. Shanta Sinha, Director, MVF Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) Ms. Shailaja Rama Iyer, Project Director, DPAP Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihood Project Mr. S.P. Tucker, Project Coordinator, APRLP (APRLP) Viet Nam Vietnam Agricultural Sciences Institute (VASI) Dr. T.D. Long, Country Coordinator & Deputy Director General, VASI Thailand International Water Management Institute Dr. Amado Maglinao, Project Coordinator, (IWMI) Management of Soil Erosion Consortium, IWMI Department of Agriculture (DOA) Dr. Narongsak Senanarong, Country Coordinator & Deputy Director General, DOA Khon Kaen University (KKU) Dr. Banyong Toomsen, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, KKU People’s Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Dr. Dongyu Qu, Vice-President of and In-charge, Republic of (CASS) International Cooperation, CASS China Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Ms. Bao Shiying, Associate Professor, Head of (YASS) Legume Crops Research Institute, YAAS Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Mr. Wen Chengxiao, Director, Soil and Fertilizer (HAAS) Research Institute, HAAS USA University of Georgia Dr. E.T. Kanemasu, Regents Professor and Coordinator of International Agriculture Dr. Gerrit Hoogenboom, Professor, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering

40 Appendix 4

POVERTY REDUCTION THROUGH ADVISORY NETWORK, POLICY RESEARCH, AND CAPACITY STRENGTHENING IN SOUTH ASIA

(International Food Policy Research Institute)

A. Introduction

1. To address the high levels of poverty through policy dialogue, policy research, and capacity strengthening, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) has undertaken a multicomponent project in South Asia entitled the South Asia Initiative (SAI). SAI involves three programmatic approaches—policy analysis and advisory network, applied research, and capacity strengthening—and six countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). The Policy Analysis and Advisory Network of South Asia (PAANSA) builds synergy through a network of policymakers, advisors, and analysts for effective policy dialogue. The applied research component allows quality research to be undertaken on critical policy issues facing the food, agriculture, and rural sectors of the region. The capacity strengthening component develops local capacity by conducting collaborative research, training, and exchange programs with local institutions, government agencies (national planning commissions and ministries of agriculture), nongovernment organizations (NGOs), and the private sector. Since its inception in January 2002, SAI has held one PAANSA consultative meeting, one country meeting in India, and one regional training workshop on methodology for assessing market reforms on food security. SAI is holding a regional training in November 2002 on the World Trade Organization (WTO), trade, and agriculture in South Asia; and a workshop on agricultural diversification. In response to a request from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to prepare a technical assistance (TA) proposal, IFPRI proposes to work in four countries— Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. ADB will play a role in expanding the activities and size of the SAI and the network. Although this project will complement other funding sources for sustaining the above program activities in South Asia, the majority of the currently available funding is for India. ADB funding will support SAI activities primarily in Bangladesh and Pakistan.

B. Issues

2. South Asia remains a hot spot on the global poverty map. More than 40% of the poor in the world are living in South Asia. In fact, Bangladesh and eastern India alone have more poor people living on under a dollar a day than sub-Saharan Africa. The decline in poverty that was witnessed during the 1970s and 1980s as a result of the green revolution seems to have slowed down during the 1990s. In absolute terms, the number of people living below the poverty line was higher by the end of the 1990s than 30 years ago. Therefore, reducing poverty in South Asia remains a daunting challenge to national governments, international development agencies, and aid agencies. In November 1999, ADB adopted a new poverty reduction strategy,1 which declares poverty reduction as ADB’s main goal. This project aims at supporting this objective through collaborative policy research, policy dialogue, and capacity strengthening of policymakers and policy researchers in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan.

3. IFPRI’s interaction with policymakers, advisors, and researchers in South Asia during past research projects has resulted in several lessons regarding increasing the relevance of the research to policymakers in their efforts to reduce poverty. First, there was the need to develop an effective mechanism for continued interaction among researchers, policy advisors, and

1 ADB. 1999. Fighting Poverty in Asia and the Pacific: The Poverty Reduction Strategy. Manila. Appendix 4 41 decision makers. This demand-driven need comes from both the researchers and policymakers. Researchers demand the network because they often lack full understanding of key issues, and of the political constraints under which agricultural policy decisions are made. Policymakers demand this mechanism because the agricultural policy research produced continues to be abstract and does not meet the information needs of the decision maker. In response to this demand, IFPRI filled the vacuum by developing PAANSA, a network of policy researchers and decision makers who come from institutions within the government (planning or policy analysis units of ministries of planning/ economic development/agriculture) and outside the government and meet formally to exchange research information and feedback on research needed to address poverty reduction. Since PAANSA is demand-driven, and local researchers and policymakers are partaking in activities without monetary incentives, it is expected that the mechanism will remain active upon the withdrawal of IFPRI after 5 years of intense involvement and support. Also, linkages between SAI and other existing South Asia professional associations such as the South Asian Network of Economic Institutes, the Asia Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions, and the South Asian Economic Association are being explored. Linking SAI with an existing, relevant, but not identical association will increase its sustainability after IFPRI. Second, the quality of policy research remains a concern, given the low level of human capital available in many of these research organizations. As a result, decision makers feel reluctant to base their policy decisions on abstract or low quality research, and therefore there is wide gap between the researchers and policymakers. This gap needs to be bridged in order for research to create an impact on poverty reduction through policy changes. Also, improving the quality of research depends on better use of analytical tools and the existing stock of human capital through collaborative research, training, and exchange programs. The research component of this proposal will accomplish this task through collaborative research. Third, to ensure the sustainable generation of high quality and meaningful research for policymakers to use, there is a need for continuous strengthening of local policy research capacity. This need will be met by this proposed TA through the training of trainers in selected centers of excellence in South Asia.

4. Creating a mechanism for policy dialogue, generating high quality research information, and strengthening the capacity of researchers and policymakers are needed for designing and implementing appropriate policies and programs to reduce poverty and hunger. In-country capacity to undertake policy research and communications among the policy researchers, analysts, and policymakers will help in achieving two of the three pillars of ADB’s poverty reduction strategy: pro-poor sustainable economic growth through policies and programs (pillar 1) and facilitation of good governance through TA, capacity building, and policy dialogue (pillar 3).

5. This project is designed to address the above challenges by increasing policy and institutional competence for addressing the poverty reduction agenda. The collaborative policy research component aims to generate high-quality information that will result in policies and programs that facilitate pro-poor, sustainable growth. Strengthening the capacity of researchers and analysts in market reforms, trade, and quantitative methods will improve the quality of evidence-based research needed to make effective pro-poor policy decisions. Moreover, this stronger capacity will allow in-country researchers to undertake research on emerging country- relevant issues. For example, market reform research could lead to policies that would reduce transaction costs associated with the production and marketing of agricultural commodities, and ultimately improve incomes. Also, capacity in understanding markets and trade issues will lead to research-based policies that could induce private sector development through proper decentralization and trade policies that benefit the poor. The research and capacity- strengthening components are in line with the first pillar of ADB’s poverty reduction strategy. 42 Appendix 4

6. In addition to high-quality research and strengthening capacity, good governance is needed for effective policies and institutions. One way to ensure good governance is through a participatory process that involves researchers, policymakers, and policy advisors. The proposed project aims to promote better integration among policymakers and advisors in the ministries of agriculture, food, and finance; planning commissions; policy researchers in research organizations; the private sector; and other stakeholders in NGOs. This process will lead to a better flow of evidence-based knowledge from research institutions to policymakers, enhancing the impact of policy decisions on reducing poverty. This approach is in line with the third pillar of ADB’s poverty reduction strategy. It is also in accordance with the strategies and priorities of the selected countries in South Asia

7. IFPRI’s consultation with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), several state agricultural universities, national researchers, and policymakers highlighted the following thematic areas where research and capacity are needed: (i) understanding the determinants of agricultural growth, (ii) strengthening institutions for agricultural development; (iii) enhancing input supply systems, (iv) improving water management, (v) providing rural infrastructure; (vi) understanding how agricultural markets behave under various liberalization policies, and (vii) grasping the implications of WTO on Indian agriculture. Furthermore, IFPRI’s memorandum of understanding with ICAR also highlights these issues in India.

8. Pakistan faces several challenges in reducing poverty and malnutrition: poor physical infrastructure and facilities, fluctuations in food availability, high population growth, stagnant agricultural growth, and fragmented land holdings. To take advantage of the opportunities for reducing poverty, food insecurity, and malnutrition, research and capacity strengthening are needed in rural industry development, infrastructure development, land reform, credit access, expansion of trade, and private sector development. The Pakistani policymakers in a regional meeting of PAANSA in April 2002 highlighted these issues.

9. Bangladesh faces specific challenges: increasing inequality, inadequate mechanisms to cope with nutritional needs, lack of assets, lack of communication between decision makers and the poor, ineffective institutions, and polluted groundwater. Over the past 20 years, the Government of Bangladesh has invested in infrastructure, agricultural research, and extension as well as provided incentives for private investment in irrigation, fertilizer, and seed technologies. These investments and policies have lead to substantial rural economic growth, but poverty and food insecurity still exist. Based on IFPRI’s work in collaboration with the Ministry of Food for the past 4 years, opportunities exist for poverty reduction through continuing market reform, diversifying agricultural production, increasing access to credit, taking advantage of globalization, developing pro-poor growth strategies, promoting the role of women in rural development, developing infrastructure, linking institutions, and inducing technical change.

10. Nepal also faces many challenges in reducing poverty, food insecurity, and malnutrition including inadequate targeting programs; centralized decision making; lack of monitoring and evaluation; political instability; poor social and economic infrastructures; and low levels of technology, transparency, and accountability. However, underlying such challenges are opportunities to strengthen capacity in monitoring and evaluation, encouraging private sector growth, involving stakeholders in a consultative process, increasing smallholder farm productivity, providing access to basic services, and expanding trade opportunities.

11. An initial consultative process under SAI on policy research priorities indicated that managing trade liberalization and market reforms to reduce poverty and achieve food security for all is the major common and immediate challenge to the countries in South Asia. This TA Appendix 4 43 activity will pursue managing trade liberalization and market reforms to achieve food security and poverty reduction as a major thematic issue for policy dialogue, policy research, and capacity strengthening of policy researchers in South Asia.

C. The Proposed Technical Assistance

1. Purposes and Outputs

12. This project aims to bring together policymakers and policy researchers, generate information through policy research, and strengthen local capacity for policy research and analysis in South Asia. The objectives are (i) to create synergy among policymakers and policy researchers in South Asia so they may make more rational and effective decisions to reduce hunger and poverty; (ii) to conduct quality research on applied policy issues for poverty reduction in collaboration with local institutions and researchers; and (iii) to strengthen the capacity of local institutions to carry out analytical studies and to further increase capacity for policy research and analysis.

13. There will be six major outputs from the TA:

(i) a mechanism for linking decision makers and researchers to identify emerging policy research priorities and for policy dialogue; (ii) collaborative research studies on emerging policy issues that will generate researcher-based information for policy dialogue; (iii) informed policy decisions based on the results of the collaborative research; (iv) centers of excellence for policy research and capacity strengthening in South Asia; (v) a core set of training materials for strengthening the methodological, thematic, and communication capacities of trainers, policy researchers, and analysts in policy analysis, implementation, and communication of policy recommendations; and (vi) sustained capacity even after the expiry of the current project through a series of capacity-strengthening activities.

2. Methodology and Key Activities

14. Five main activities identified under this TA will help fulfill the above objectives and outputs.

(i) Four PAANSA consultative workshops will be held each year for 2 years in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. This activity will bring policymakers and policy researchers together to discuss policy, research priorities, and results that will enable policy changes (objective i in para. 12). (ii) Two policy research studies over the next 2 years will be conducted by local researchers to understand the effects of trade liberalization and market reforms on food security in Pakistan and Bangladesh (objective ii). These studies will complement similar studies being conducted in India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka under SAI. IFPRI will play a supervising and advisory role to the lead local researchers who will be the primary authors. Other major areas of research funded by other agencies include:

44 Appendix 4

(a) diversification of agriculture to high-value products and agroprocessing (vertical integrations of farmers, processors, and retail distributions); (b) water resources management; and (c) agricultural technology including biotechnology.

(iii) There will be an exchange of two research collaborators over 2 years between IFPRI and collaborating institutions in Bangladesh and Pakistan to undertake the studies mentioned above. This exchange will increase the capacity for policy analysis and implementation in food production, marketing, distribution, trade, and consumption policies. The outputs will be jointly authored, and seminars and dissemination activities will be done in the country of research (objective iii). (iv) Four centers of excellence will be developed for strengthening capacity for policy analysis by working with key institutions and researchers in South Asia through offering policy-related courses (objective iii). (v) Four 1-week workshops will be held for training of trainers over 2 years. The workshops envisaged are (a) Analysis of Trade and Macro Policies for Poverty Reduction, (b) Quantitative Methods for Policy Analysis in Crop Diversification and Agroprocessing, (c) Analysis of Market Reforms in South Asia for Poverty Reduction, and (d) Communicating Policy Research (4 workshops, 2 each year) (objective 3). It is expected that the trainers from the six countries will return to their countries and offer similar courses through their institutions. This model has paid rich dividends and helps in effective transfer of technology. The idea is to create enough human capital for policy research and analysis through the interaction and training programs, such that the local collaborators will be able to carry on with research and training even after the formal collaboration is over. The TA framework described above is given in Table A4.1.

3. Cost and Financing

15. The total cost for SAI is estimated at $1,352,224. It is proposed that ADB provide a grant of $567,500 for this TA, equivalent to 42% of the project cost. The remaining 58% will be financed by the Ford Foundation ($250,012), IFPRI ($257,000), United States Agency for International Development (USAID)-Global Bureau ($110,746), USAID-Delhi Office ($99,973.9), and the European Commission ($67,019). The cost estimates and financing plan are given in Table A4.2. IFPRI has deliberately avoided asking the recipient countries for explicit financial contributions for this program, since they already contribute to IFPRI core accounts. For example, in 2001, the Government of India gave over $30,000 to IFPRI. Further, the local collaborating institutions contribute their staff time for their work under SAI, while funds from the project are used to cover the research costs. Also, IFPRI has signed a memorandum of understanding with key institutions in the region such as the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and the Bhutan Ministry of Agriculture to ensure their in-kind contributions to the activities of SAI.

4. Implementation Arrangements

16. IFPRI will be the Executing Agency for this proposed TA, collaborating with several government, academic, and nongovernment institutions.

17. IFPRI has considerable experience in implementing ADB RETA activities. Two senior researchers of IFPRI will lead the project activities—the director of the Markets and Structural Studies Division as the international expert on strategic alliances for policy impact (2 months per Appendix 4 45 year for 2 years), and the head of the Strategic Training and Policy Communication Program (2 months per year for 2 years)—with the assistance of a full-time senior research assistant (10 months per year for 2 years). IFPRI will be responsible for the development of PAANSA; implementing, supervising, and advising the collaborative research studies on trade liberalization, market reforms, and food security that will be carried out in collaboration with and Bangladeshi and Pakistani institutes; coordinating the capacity strengthening activities in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan, the visitor exchange program (2 visits each year for 2 years), and carrying out three short-term thematic and methodological workshops and a workshop on policy communications.

18. The Nepal Agriculture Research Centre; Tribhuvan University, Nepal; the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics; and Lahore University of Management Sciences, Pakistan will collaborate on policy research and in implementing the workshop on Trade and Macroeconomics Policies for Poverty Reduction.

19. The Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi; ICAR; and the Centre for Economic and Social Change, will be the collaborating institutes in India for policy research, policy dialogue, and the implementation of the workshop on Econometric Analysis for Policy Formulation and Quantitative Analysis for Developing Poverty Reduction Strategies.

20. The Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India will be a collaborating institute for policy research and for implementing the workshop on Analysis of Market Reforms in South Asia for Poverty Reduction.

21. The Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies is the lead collaborating institute on policy research in Bangladesh and for implementing the workshop on Communicating Food Policy Research. The implementing and collaborating institutions and members are listed in Table A4.3.

22. The proposed TA will be monitored for its impact as part of IFPRI’s institutionalized impact assessment activities. The outputs and progress indicators will be monitored as part of this impact assessment activity. The Executing Agency, in consultation with the implementing agencies and other stakeholders, will determine, during the first project planning workshop, the schedule of activities, the key milestones, and clearly measurable performance indicators and will submit the same to ADB, immediately thereafter. At IFPRI, the TA will form a major component of the global and regional program titled Strategic Alliances for Policy Impact. Thus the TA will be directly monitored for its contribution to poverty reduction. Further, the senior management team of IFPRI will periodically review the progress made through the TA in terms of its outputs and outcomes. The quarterly progress report that will be submitted to ADB will include indicators of progress. There will be several outputs, which are listed in the TA framework given in Table A4.1. Specifically, the proceedings from each workshop will be published on IFPRI’s website and disseminated widely to participants and appropriate policymakers and policy researchers in the South Asian region. The results of the two research projects will be published as IFPRI discussion papers and submitted for publication to regional journals for reaching wider audiences. The training manuals prepared under the TA will be used in SAI workshops, shared widely with the trainers in the region, posted on IFPRI’s website, and announced in IFPRI’s training newsletter.

46 Appendix 4

Table A4.1: Technical Assistance Framework, International Food Policy Research Institute

Performance Monitoring Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Mechanisms and Risks A. Goal

To develop appropriate food • Development of policy • The use of SAI policy and agricultural policies and options aimed at options in designing and policy research institutions in reducing the number of implementing rational South Asia poor, food insecure, and and effective policies for malnourished in South reducing hunger and Asia poverty in DMCs

B. Purpose

1. Create mechanisms for • 30–40 member regional • Interaction with • Reduction of poverty synergy among network established policymakers/advisors remains a priority in policymakers and policy consisting of in-country for policy changes Bangladesh, India, researchers in South groups of 6–10 through research- Nepal, and Pakistan. Asia. members based information • Information generated • Number of key through SAI will not be policymakers and used effectively. policy researchers who attend the consultative workshop

2. Conduct quality research • Conduct 2 research • Annual reports on the • Policymakers and on applied policy issues studies (1 in progress of the policy researchers will for poverty reduction in Bangladesh and 1 in collaborating research. cooperate with each collaboration with local Pakistan dealing with • Delivery of policy- other in defining institutions, which are the policy options for food relevant publications priorities and lead researchers. security) disseminating policy- relevant information.

3. Build capacity of local • Institutional • Number of institutions • Collaborating institutions to carry out strengthening for policy and policy researchers institutions have analytical studies and to research by establishing strengthened and enough enthusiasm generate sustained 4 centers of excellence trainers trained and capacity for capacity. • Training of trainers for • ADB reviews continuing this effort. capacity strengthening by conducting 3 thematic and methodological workshops and 1 communication workshop

C. Outputs

1. Priorities for policy • Policy research • Reports of the • Agreements among research agreed upon by priorities clearly consultative meetings policymakers and PAANSA identified over the with documented policy researchers project period priorities • PAANSA as an adequate mechanism to prioritize policy needs

SAI = South Asia Initiative, DMC = developing member country, PAANSA = Policy Analysis and Advisory Network of South Asia. Appendix 4 47

Performance Monitoring Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Mechanisms and Risks

2. Policy options to be • Suitable policy options • Documented set of • Agreements among generated for each set of generated over the policy outcomes in policymakers and policy issues project period each country policy researchers • PAANSA as an adequate mechanism to develop policy options

3. Policy research studies in • 2 major research • Annual reports on the Bangladesh and Pakistan reports and associated progress of the publications collaborating research. • Delivery of policy- relevant publications

4. Exchange of researchers • 1 collaborator each per • Number of • Chosen collaborators between IFPRI and year for 2 years from collaborators that visit and IFPRI researchers collaborating institutions Bangladesh and IFPRI will visit each other’s Pakistan (a total of 4 • Number of visits made institutes. researchers) by IFPRI researchers to collaborating institutions • Their role in their country for policy research and policymaking • Number of publications generated through the one-on- one training

5. Centers of excellence for • 4 centers of excellence • Number of centers of • Research centers specific policy analysis for policy research and excellence created in approached will want to training capacity strengthening each country become centers of in the region • Annual progress report excellence for policy on the development of research and capacity the centers capacity- strengthening strengthening activities

6. Training manuals • 4 training manuals (1 • Number of manuals • In-country resource manual for each training produced persons will want to workshop) • Progress reports collaborate in designing the manuals

7. Courses conducted on • 15–20 participants • Numbers of trainers • Policy analysis in trade trade and macro policies trained in each training trained and macro policies for for poverty reduction, workshop • Number of policy poverty reduction, quantitative methods for researchers and econometric analysis policy analysis, crop analysts trained for policy formulation diversification and agro • Number of training and quantitative processing, policy manuals developed analysis for developing analysis of market • Evaluation reports of poverty reduction reforms in South Asia for training on the use of strategies, policy poverty reduction, and materials and capacity analysis of market communicating policy attained reforms in South Asia research • ADB reviews for poverty reduction, and communicating policy research attractive to trainers

IFPRI = International Food Policy Institute, ADB = Asian Development Bank. 48 Appendix 4

Performance Monitoring Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Mechanisms and Risks D. Activities

1. Establishing network of • 4 PAANSA consultative • Number of • Policymakers and policy policymakers, policy workshops each year consultative meetings researchers will researchers, and analysts for 2 years in held in individual organize themselves at working on food security Bangladesh, India, countries the country level with Nepal, and Pakistan (Bangladesh, India, limited input from IFPRI Nepal, and Pakistan) in engaging in policy • Number of regional dialogue conferences

2. Conducting collaborating • 2 research projects in • Number of discussion • Quality of research will research studies in Bangladesh and papers, research be credible to meet the Bangladesh and Pakistan Pakistan on food reports, policy briefs, needs of the security issues journal papers, and policymakers policy memorandums for policymakers

2.1 Exchange of • One visitor each year • Research outputs from • In-country collaborator researchers for 2 years from collaboration of visiting is able to come to collaborating institutes researchers to IFPRI IFPRI working on research studies in Bangladesh and Pakistan

3. Strengthening the capacity of local researchers and institutions for policy research

3.1 Developing centers of • 4 centers of excellence • Number of centers of • Research centers excellence for policy research and excellence for policy approached will want to capacity strengthening research and capacity become centers of in Bangladesh, India, strengthening created excellence Nepal, and Pakistan • Number of centers that hold similar capacity strengthening activities in the future • An annual progress report on the activities supported by the centers

3.2 Developing a • 1 manual for each of the • Number of training • Trainers will take an core set of training 4 workshops manuals used by the active participation in materials that will be trainers developing the training used for future training • Progress reports manual in the regions

Appendix 4 49

Performance Monitoring Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Mechanisms and Risks E. Inputs

1. Research Personnel – $187,480 • International specialist in strategic policy alliances • ADB reviews ($51,948. for 2 months each year over 2 years) • International expert (strategic training and policy communications) ($41,690 for 2 months each year • Progress reports over 2 years) • Research assistant (technical assistance) ($93,841 for 10 months each year over 2 years)

2. Equipment • Office equipment (computers, printers, scanners) • Field testing equipment

3. Research, support, training, and workshops – $247,500 • Research studies by local collaborators, $50,000; visitor exchange program, $18,000; regional capacity strengthening workshops, $118,500; in- country consultative workshops, $40,000; and international travel, $21,000

4. Administration Cost – $132,078 • Supplies and services for 20 months total over 2 years ($52,167) • Communication and networking ($3,600) • Overhead (15.55%) ($76,311)

50 Appendix 4

Table A4.2: Cost Estimates and Financing Plan (IFPRI) ($'000)

Foreign Local Total Item Exchange Currency Cost A. Asian Development Bank Financinga 1. Consultants a. Remuneration and Per Diem i. International Consultants 188.0 0.0 188.0 ii. Domestic Consultants 50.0 0.0 50.0 b. International and Local Travel 21.0 0.0 21.0 c. Reports and Communications 3.6 0.0 3.6 2. Equipment 0.0 0.0 0.0 3. Training, Seminars, and Conferences a. Facilitators 0.0 0.0 0.0 b. Training Programsb 176.5 0.0 176.5 4. Surveys 0.0 0.0 0.0 5. Miscellaneous Administration and Support 128.5 0.0 128.5 Costsc 6. Representative for Contract Negotiations 0.0 0.0 0.0 7. Contingencies 0.0 0.0 0.0 Subtotal (A) 567.6 0.0 567.6

B. Ford Foundation Financing 1. Consultants a. Remuneration and Per Diem i. International Consultants 94.5 0.0 94.5 ii. Domestic Consultants 20.0 0.0 20.0 b. International and Local Travel 12.5 0.0 12.5 c. Reports and Communications 26.0 0.0 26.0 2. Equipment 0.0 0.0 0.0 3. Training, Seminars, and Conferences a. Facilitators 0.0 0.0 0.0 b. Training Program 63.0 0.0 63.0 4. Surveys 0.0 0.0 0.0 5. Miscellaneous Administration and Support 34.0 0.0 34.0 Costs 6. Representative for Contract Negotiations 0.0 0.0 0.0 7. Contingencies Subtotal (B) 250.0 0.0 250.0

C. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Financing 1. Consultants a. Remuneration and Per Diem i. International Consultants 163.0 0.0 163.0 ii. Domestic Consultants 0.0 b. International and Local Travel 14.0 0.0 14.0 c. Reports and Communications 43.3 0.0 43.3

Appendix 4 51

Foreign Local Total Item Exchange Currency Cost

2. Equipment 0.0 0.0 0.0 3. Training, Seminars, and Conferences a. Facilitators 0.0 0.0 0.0 b. Training Program 0.0 0.0 0.0 4. Surveys 0.0 5. Miscellaneous Administration and Support 36.7 0.0 36.7 Costs 6. Representative for Contract Negotiations 0.0 0.0 0.0 Subtotal (C) 257.0 0.0 257.0

D. USAID – Global Bureau Financing 1. Consultants a. Remuneration and Per Diem i. International Consultants 29.7 0.0 29.7 ii. Domestic Consultants 40.0 0.0 40.0 b. International and Local Travel 6.0 0.0 6.0 c. Reports and Communications 6.0 0.0 6.0 2. Equipment 0.0 0.0 0.0 3. Training, Seminars, and Conferences a. Facilitators 0.0 0.0 0.0 b. Training Program 14.0 0.0 14.0 4. Surveys 0.0 0.0 0.0 5. Miscellaneous Administration and Support 15.0 0.0 15.0 Costs 6. Representative for Contract Negotiations 0.0 0.0 0.0 7. Contingencies Subtotal (D) 110.7 0.0 110.7

E. USAID – Delhi Office Financing 1. Consultants a. Remuneration and Per Diem i. International Consultants 0.0 0.0 0.0 ii. Domestic Consultants 20.0 0.0 20.0 b. International and Local Travel 19.8 0.0 19.8 c. Reports and Communications 3.4 0.0 3.4 2. Equipment 0.0 0.0 0.0 3. Training, Seminars, and Conferences a. Facilitators 0.0 0.0 0.0 b. Training Program 42.8 0.0 42.8 4. Surveys 0.0 0.0 0.0 5. Miscellaneous Administration and Support 14.0 0.0 14.0 Costs 6. Representative for Contract Negotiations 0.0 0.0 0.0 7. Contingencies Subtotal (E) 100.0 0.0 100.0 USAID = United States Agency for International Development.

52 Appendix 4

Foreign Local Total Item Exchange Currency Cost

F. European Commission Financing 1. Consultants a. Remuneration and Per Diem i. International Consultants 0.0 0.0 0.0 ii. Domestic Consultants 40.0 0.0 40.0 b. International and Local Travel 0.0 0.0 0.0 c. Reports and Communications 0.0 0.0 0.0 2. Equipment 0.0 0.0 0.0 3. Training, Seminars, and Conferences a. Facilitators 0.0 0.0 0.0 b. Training Program 18.0 0.0 18.0 4. Surveys 0.0 0.0 0.0 5. Miscellaneous Administration and Support 9.0 0.0 9.0 Costs 6. Representative for Contract Negotiations 0.0 0.0 0.0 7. Contingencies Subtotal (F) 67.0 0.0 67.0

Total 1,352.3 0.0 1,352.3 a Financing will come from ADB’s TA funding program. b Includes visitor exchange, regional capacity strengthening, and in-country consultative workshops. c Includes supplies and services, and overhead. Source: IFPRI estimates.

Appendix 4 53

Table A4.3: Implementing/Collaborating Agencies (IFPRI)

Country Implementing Agency/ Contact Person Collaborating Agency

Bangladesh Bangladesh Institute of Development Dr. Quasi Shahabuddin Studies (BIDS) Research Director – BIDS

India Planning Commission Government of Mr. Sompal India Member (Agriculture)

Indian Council for International Dr. Isher Judge-Ahluwalia Former Economic Relations (ICRIER) Executive Director – ICRIER

Indian Council of Agricultural Research Dr. Panjab Singh (ICAR) Director General – ICAR

Ministry of Agriculture Government of Mr. R.C.A. Jain India Additional Secretary

Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Dr. R. Radhakrishna Research (IGIDR), India Director – IGIDR

The Centre for Economic and Social Dr. C. H. Hanumantha Rao Change (CESS), India Chairman – CESS Dr. Mahendra Dev Director and Professor – CESS

Nepal Nepal Agricultural Research Centre Dr. Dhruva Joshy (NARC) Chairman of Asian and Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions and former Executive Director of NARC

Tribhuvan University Dr. Bishwambher Pyakuryal Professor – Tribhuvan University

Pakistan Pakistan Institute of Development Dr. Sarfraz Khan Qureshi Economics (PIDE) Former Director – PIDE

Lahore University of Management Dr. Mushtaq Khan Sciences Lahore University of Management Sciences

54 Appendix 5

PROMOTING UTILIZATION OF INDIGENOUS VEGETABLES FOR IMPROVED NUTRITION OF RESOURCE-POOR HOUSEHOLDS IN ASIA

(Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center)

A. Introduction

1. This project, Promoting Utilization of Indigenous Vegetables for Improved Nutrition of Resource-Poor Households in Asia, is proposed for technical assistance (TA) as a second phase of the RETA 5839—Collection, Conservation and Utilization of Indigenous Vegetables. A phase II for RETA 5839 is proposed because the wealth of materials (2,800 new accessions of indigenous vegetables in Asia, 50 leafy vegetables identified as promising for wider adoption including 12 accessions in three species identified as health promoting because of their high antioxidant activity) and related information assembled in Phase I provides a great opportunity to exploit a diverse array of plant species that are not well studied and yet have been part of traditional agriculture for a long time and continue to be used because of their special culinary and nutritional value. In the proposed phase II, the materials will be evaluated for their potential contribution to human nutrition and promoted for inclusion in production systems, and a sustainable management system will be developed to promote their conservation and utilization.

B. Issues

2. The TA will address the problem of food security, particularly nutritional security and loss of biodiversity, through promotion of utilization of indigenous vegetables. Indigenous vegetables can alleviate the micronutrient deficiency that afflicts more than two billion people worldwide; the mild vitamin A deficiency in 40 million preschool children; as well as the iron deficiency that afflicts about 1.5 billion, particularly pregnant women and children. Nutritionists and social scientists believe that integration of food rich in micronutrients, like vegetables, in the diet is the only sustainable way to improve micronutrient status in the human body. Vegetables can also provide additional health benefits as good sources of antioxidants, which counteract oxidants— highly reactive compounds that can sequester metabolites that cause damage in cells, which may lead to disease.

3. Malnourished workers have lower productivity, which hampers overall economic growth. A healthy diet can improve productivity. A study conducted by Dr. Katinka Weinberger of the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), in collaboration with the India National Agricultural Research System (NARS), on 5,800 rural laborer households shows that wage levels would rise an average of 3.5–5.5% if households consumed recommended levels of micronutrients, such as iron and vitamin A. This positive effect on income was significant and surprisingly large compared with the return associated with increasing primary education.

4. Despite the recognized importance of indigenous vegetables in supplementing the food and nutritional needs of people, they are underutilized. Possible reasons are lack of available germplasm for widespread use, lack of seeds, lack of information on use and importance, lack of information about their performance and input requirements, and lack of information on how they can fit into production systems. Unlike the major cultivated species such as cabbage, tomato, pepper, and eggplant, whose improvement and seed production are taken care of by the private sector as well as by government institutions, indigenous vegetables are a neglected lot. National programs tend to put priority on new high-yielding improved varieties of a few crop species. The underutilization of indigenous vegetable is also endangering genetic resources. Disuse along with the pressures of development, increasing population, and vigorous marketing Appendix 5 55 of modern cultivars, representing only a few species by seed companies, are resulting in the rapid disappearance of local varieties and indigenous species that may carry valuable characteristics and contribute to the country’s biodiversity.

5. Phase I of RETA 5839 addressed the issue of food and nutritional security and loss of biodiversity. It assembled more than 2,500 accessions of indigenous vegetables. These germplasm materials are conserved at AVRDC and in the genebanks of its member countries. In addition to the activities in Asia, AVRDC has complementary activities on leafy vegetables in Africa, done in collaboration with the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) and the German Technical Assistance. AVRDC also has collaborative activities with the Council of Agriculture, Taipei,China on the indigenous vegetables of Taipei,China. The available material for utilization is therefore expected to reach more than 3,000 accessions. The new materials will increase the collection available at AVRDC to more than 6,000.

6. After 2½ years of implementation, 50% of the collected material has been regenerated and characterized through the project. Seeds of these are available for further evaluation. Characterization data served as the basis for preliminary selection, and about 50 accessions of leafy vegetables have been identified as promising for wider adoption and are ready for evaluation in the periurban production system and for national preferences in the Philippines and Thailand. A selection of Amaranthus sp. from Indonesia was found to have a very rapid growth phase and can yield twice as much as the popular pale green amaranth. Four accessions of Amaranthus were identified as promising for use as sprouts. Evaluation for ethylene sensitivity, which is associated with longer shelf-life, and photoperiod sensitivity is also being done. The NARS in Thailand has identified four promising accessions of basil for commercial production.

7. The project also provided training to NARSs. A total of 29 person-months of training at AVRDC headquarters was provided to eight national staff. Hands-on training in exploration and collecting indigenous vegetable germplasm was also given to five national staff from each of the participating countries. The training strengthened skills in germplasm documentation, seed preservation, germplasm characterization, and evaluation including molecular characterization and biochemical evaluation. These are skills necessary to conserve indigenous vegetable germplasm and enhance their utilization.

8. However, the work is incomplete if it stops at assembly, conservation, and preliminary evaluation of the collected material. Utilization has to be promoted and sustainable management system developed to promote conservation and utilization.

9. Other countries not directly involved in the first phase of the project have signified interest and would like to join the collaborative activity. In 24–26 September 2001, the Forum of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)-AVRDC Regional Network (AARNET) on Vegetable Research and Development was held. AARNET is a country initiative meant to promote sustainable and improved production of quality and safe vegetables, especially in the urban areas, and to enhance vegetable research and development cooperation in the ASEAN region in collaboration with AVRDC. One of the projects discussed and approved by the ASEAN country ministries, leading to collaborative efforts, was Collection, Conservation and Evaluation of Indigenous Vegetables in the ASEAN. This was in recognition of the need to improve the collection, conservation, and utilization of indigenous vegetables in Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, and Myanmar. The countries were chosen on the basis that they are within the area where genetic erosion is fast taking place. One of the constraints identified in the implementation of the activities on collection and evaluation of indigenous 56 Appendix 5 vegetables in ASEAN is the lack of financial support. It was therefore suggested that request for a phase II of RETA 5839 include complementary activities in other ADB developing member countries (DMCs) not covered by phase I, viz. Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Malaysia. Myanmar and Brunei will join the collaborative activity on indigenous vegetables but will get their funding elsewhere.

10. Under the proposed project, evaluation and promotion for utilization of indigenous vegetables will be pursued. In the proposed phase II, eight Asian Development Bank (ADB) DMCs will participate in the project—Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Bangladesh, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam are participants in phase I. Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Malaysia are members of AARNET, and the former two are part of the Hanoi Periurban Project of AVRDC. Coordination of activities in these countries will be easier, and the chances of success are high.

11. This project is part of the global effort to face the challenge of poverty, dwindling natural resources, food security, and health. The proposal is in line with the Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. It complements the proposed Global Challenge Program of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research on Global Genetic Resources: Conservation Management and Improvement for Food and Nutritional Security, Agrobiodiversity and Sustainable Livelihood; and the Challenge Program of IPGRI, AVRDC, and the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas on Underutilized Crops to Enhance Nutrition and Diversification of income.

C. The Proposed Technical Assistance

1. Purpose and Outputs

12. The purpose of the proposed TA is to promote food security and good health in rural households of Asia. The TA will improve the nutrition of resource-poor households in Asia through enhanced utilization of indigenous vegetables.

13. The expected outputs are (i) maintenance of collected germplasm and related information to support research and utilization strengthened in the five participating countries of phase 1 and collection of indigenous vegetable germplasm promoted in three new participating DMC's; (ii) a participatory approach to select accessions of indigenous vegetables for utilization developed and applied; (iii) nutritional value of selected accessions of indigenous vegetables evaluated; (iv) women members of households empowered through training in home gardening schemes, seed production, and nutrition education; and (v) utilization of indigenous vegetables in the school garden curriculum of elementary schools in selected pilot countries institutionalized.

2. Methodology and Key Activities

14. Under the project, the maintenance of over 3,000 collected germplasm accessions and related information will be strengthened to support research and utilization. The following activities undertaken in phase I will be implemented in the new member countries: (i) collecting of indigenous vegetable germplasm, their characterization, conservation, and multiplication for exchange and utilization; and (ii) training in genetic resources conservation and evaluation. The target is collection of 500 new accessions from each of the new participating countries. Evaluation to identify promising selections will be intensified. Because of the strong individual Appendix 5 57 preferences that operate in the choice of vegetables to grow, market, and consume, a participatory approach to the selection of species and lines within species will be developed for indigenous vegetables. Selection criteria will be identified and applied in the identification of selections for promotion. This will be complemented with evaluation for Vitamin A, iron, and antioxidant activity. A household-based seed production scheme will be developed for sustained use of indigenous vegetables. Women will be trained in home gardening, seed production, and nutrition. Observations during collecting expeditions in Phase I showed that women play a major role in home gardens. Dr. Weinberger of AVRDC found that women-headed households in India had better diets than male-headed households. As women show greater concern for the diets of their families, they seem to be a receptive audience for nutrition education. The use of school gardens as a vehicle to promote use of indigenous vegetables and improve the health of schoolchildren will be assessed. The expertise of each participating NARS will be tapped in the implementation of the project. Success of the project is dependent on continued government support to germplasm conservation and utilization; effective design of evaluation schemes; willing participation of growers, vendors, and consumers in the evaluation process; willingness of women members of households to undergo training; and commitment of selected schools to the garden project.

3. Cost and Financing

15. The total cost of the proposed project, including contingencies, is estimated at $3.0 million equivalent. It is proposed that ADB provide a grant of $1.0 million to finance about 33% of the total cost of the study. The remaining 67% will be financed by AVRDC ($1.0 million), and NARSs ($1.0 million equivalent). NARSs will provide mostly in-kind contribution through local staff, research laboratory, office, and training facilities. The cost estimates and financing plan are in Table A5.2.

4. Implementation Arrangements

16. AVRDC, which has performed satisfactorily in implementing the phase 1 project will serve as the Executing Agency for the proposed project. It will administer and coordinate the project through its headquarters located in Shanhua; Tainan; Taipei,China. Each participating NARS will designate a national project manager to implement the study and prepare reports. The project will link with other AVRDC projects on indigenous vegetables: the Manila Periurban Project, the Hanoi Periurban Project, the AVRDC-Agriculture Research Center school garden project in Thailand, AARNET, and the AVRDC Africa Regional Center project with IPGRI on African leafy vegetables. It will also link with related current activities of NARSs, e.g., Development of Production Strategies for Biointensive Home Gardens (Philippines) and the school garden projects in Thailand. This will promote project complementarity and synergy.

17. Backstopping by AVRDC will be provided in germplasm collecting, characterization, multiplication, and conservation as well as participatory evaluation, nutritional analysis, and socioeconomic analysis. A consultant who will act as project manager will be hired.

18. The project will be implemented over 3 years (2002–2004). The Executing Agency, in consultation with the implementing agencies and other stakeholders, will determine, during the first project planning workshop, the schedule of activities, the key milestones, and clearly measurable performance indicators; and will submit the same to ADB immediately thereafter. AVRDC will submit to ADB semiannual progress reports, semiannual financial statements accounting for the TA funds, and the audited financial statements. Funds will be drawn down every 6 months based on AVRDC’s estimate of the 6 months’ activities, subject to satisfactory 58 Appendix 5 liquidation of expenditures every 6 months. AVRDC will submit a comprehensive TA completion report to ADB within 3 months of completion of the project.

19. At ADB, the project will be assigned to a project officer with appropriate expertise in the Regional and Sustainable Development Department’s Agriculture, Natural Resources and Socials Sectors Division. The project officer will monitor the progress of implementation and will conduct reviews as appropriate.

20. Results from the TA will be disseminated through capacity building and training of researchers, participating women, teachers, and schoolchildren during TA implementation. Through a participatory approach, farmers and consumers of vegetables will directly evaluate indigenous vegetables for utilization. A socioeconomic survey and analysis will be conducted to evaluate the outcome of training of women.

Appendix 5 59

Table A5.1: Technical Assistance Framework, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center

Performance Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Monitoring Mechanisms and Risks

A. Goal

• • Household food security Health/nutrition statistics National statistics and better health for • Socioeconomic surveys resource poor households in Asia

B. Purpose

To enhance role of • Increased consumption • Project completion report • Commitment of national indigenous vegetables for of indigenous • Semiannual progress agricultural research system diversified farm income vegetables for healthy reports to promote use of diverse and nutrition of resource- diet • ADB review mission reports vegetables poor farmers • Increased share of • Strong national support to indigenous vegetables vegetable research in agricultural production • Effective training courses on targeted vegetable • Effective promotion schemes farms • At least 10 accessions selected for promotion and utilization by 2004 • A technoguide each on household-based seed production, seed processing, seed preservation, and food preparation and home- gardening schemes produced

C. Outputs

1. Biodiversity of major • Over 3,000 accessions • Semiannual progress • Continued government indigenous vegetables conserved and reports support to germplasm in targeted countries maintained to support • ADB review mission reports conservation and utilization safeguarded for research and utilization • Documentation of • Effective design of evaluation supporting research of indigenous participatory approach scheme and utilization vegetables • Socioeconomic surveys • Growers, vendors, and • 1,500 accessions consumers willing to collected in new participate in the evaluation participating countries procedure • Participatory approach in the selection of indigenous vegetables designed • Selection criteria identified and applied in vegetables to be promoted. • Training in germplasm maintenance, evaluation, or home gardening equivalent to 45 person-months provided to NARS ADB = Asian Development Bank. 60 Appendix 5

Performance Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Monitoring Mechanisms and Risks

• CD-ROM listing accessions collected, passport data, and characterization data

2. Nutritional value of • Evaluation data for selected accessions of vitamin A, iron, and indigenous vegetables antioxidant activity assessed and available distributed

3. Human capacity of • Training modules • Women members of women members of designed households willing to undergo rural households, for • 16 women’s groups training home-gardening trained in home schemes, seed gardening schemes, production, and nutrition seed production, and enhanced nutrition • Information leaflets for awareness building produced and distributed by 2004

4. Utilization of indigenous • Three pilot school • Commitment of selected vegetables in the school gardens using school to the garden project garden curriculum of indigenous vegetables elementary schools in designed selected pilot countries • Effect of the school institutionalized garden on health of schoolchildren assessed

5. Profitability of • Socioeconomics of indigenous vegetable indigenous vegetable production and income production and effect on generation on farm level income of vegetable assessed farmers assessed

D. Activities

1. Collecting • 500 new accessions • Semiannual progress report • Full access to germplasm collected each in • ADB review missions provided by the government Cambodia, Lao PDR, • Genebank databases and Malaysia

2. Germplasm • 3,000 accessions • Collected accessions have characterization characterized in adequate seeds and high participating countries in germination percentage AVRDC • Climatic factors favorable for seed characterization

3. Germplasm • 3,000 accessions • Collected accessions have multiplication multiplied to produce adequate seeds and high enough seed for long- germination percentage and medium-term • Climatic factors favorable for storage seed characterization

NARS = national agriculture research system, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic, AVRDC = Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. Appendix 5 61

Performance Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Monitoring Mechanisms and Risks

4. Germplasm • 3,000 accessions conservation properly conserved in long-term conditions at AVRDC and in at least medium-term condition in participating countries

5. Documentation • Collecting passport, • None characterization information of collected materials collated, computerized and centralized at AVRDC

6. Training in germplasm • At least 2 individuals • Suitable candidates are collecting, from each of the available for training at conservation, participating countries AVRDC for at least 3 months characterization, and trained in conservation, each. evaluation and evaluation of indigenous vegetables • In-country training in indigenous vegetable gemplasm collecting held in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Malaysia

7. Participatory evaluation • Grower, vendor, • No major logistic problem in of selected accessions consumer evaluation of the conduct of the at least 10 crop groups participatory evaluation in participating countries and AVRDC

8. Nutritional analysis • 1,000 accessions evaluated for vitamin A, iron, and antioxidant activity

9. In-country training of • At least 2 in country • No major logistic problem in women training held in the conduct of the in-country participating countries training on home gardening schemes, seed production, and/or nutrition

10. Pilot school garden • 3 pilot school gardens • Selected schools operate the developed in 3 countries school garden properly • School officials fully cooperate in the pilot school garden • Participating schoolchildren fully cooperate in the pilot school garden

11. Socioeconomic • Socioeconomic survey • No major logistic problem in survey and analysis and analysis on the the conduct of survey effect of the 3 pilot schoolgardens on health of schoolchildren 62 Appendix 5

Performance Assumptions Design Summary Indicators/Targets Monitoring Mechanisms and Risks

E. Inputs

1. Research Personnel • Project manager ($108,000 for 36 months) • ADB reviews • Short-term resource specialist ($36,000 for 12 months) • Local project support staff (administrative and • Progress reports technical assistance) ($104,000 for 36 months) • AVRDC and NARSs contribution (in services) ($970,000)

2. Travel • International and domestic travel ($56,000) • NARS contribution ($100,000)

3. Equipment • Laboratory, office, field seed conservation equipment ($32,000)

4. Research Operation and Supply • Surveys, field experiments, contracts with NARS to conduct research and other activities in the project ($128,000) • AVRDC contribution (facilities, miscellaneous supplies) ($350,000) • NARSs contribution (facilities, miscellaneous supplies) ($300,000)

5. Training • NARS scientists ($76,000) • In-country training ($96,000) • Facilitator ($32,000) • AVRDC contribution in technical support ($80,000) • NARSs contribution (in facilities and services ($100,000)

6. Dissemination of Results, Networking, and Technical Support • Annual meetings ($60,000) (AVRDC contribution in logistic support for annual meetings, $30,000) • Publication of workshop proceedings ($10,000) (AVRDC contribution in publication production support, $10,000) • Production of technoguides, CD ROMs ($10,000) (AVRDC contribution in technoguide and CD-ROM production services, $10,000) • Technical backstopping ($24,000)

7. Administrative Support • Overhead ($136,000)

8. Contingencies • ADB contribution ($92,000) • AVRDC contribution ($50,000)

Appendix 5 63

Table A5.2: Cost Estimates and Financing Plan (AVRDC) ($'000)

Foreign Local Total Item Exchange Currency Cost

A. Asian Development Bank Financinga 1. Consultants and Research Personnelb 248.0 0.0 248.0 2. Travel a. International Travel 40.0 0.0 40.0 b. Domestic Travel 16.0 0.0 16.0 3. Equipment 32.0 0.0 32.0 4. Research Operation and Supply 128.0 0.0 128.0 5. Training a. NARSs Scientists 76.0 0.0 76.0 b. In-Country Training 96.0 0.0 96.0 c. Facilitator 32.0 0.0 32.0 6. Dissemination of Results, Networking, and Technical Supportc 104.0 0.0 104.0 7. Administrative Support 136.0 0.0 136.0 8. Contingencies 92.0 0.0 92.0 Subtotal (A) 1,000.0 0.0 1,000.0

B. Government Financing (NARSs) 1. Research Personnel (Local Project Staff) 0.0 500.0 500.0 2. Travel (Domestic/Travel) 0.0 100.0 100.0 3. Equipment 0.0 0.0 0.0 4. Research Operation and Supply 0.0 300.0 300.0 5. Training (In-Country Training) 0.0 100.0 100.0 6. Dissemination of Results, Networking, and 0.0 0.0 0.0 Technical Support 7. Administrative Support 0.0 0.0 0.0 8. Contingencies 0.0 0.0 0.0 Subtotal (B) 0.0 1,000.0 1,000.0

C. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center Financing 1. Consultants and Research Personneld 470.0 0.0 470.0 2. Travel 0.0 0.0 0.0 3. Equipment 0.0 0.0 0.0 4. Research Operation and Supply 350.0 0.0 350.0 5. Training a. NARSs Scientists 30.0 0.0 30.0 b. In-Country Training 50.0 0.0 50.0 6. Dissemination of Results, Networking, and 50.0 0.0 50.0 Technical Supporte 7. Administrative Support 0.0 0.0 0.0 8. Contingencies 50.0 0.0 50.0 Subtotal (C) 1,000.0 0.0 1,000.0 Total 2,000.0 1,000.0 3,000.0 a Financing will come from ADB’s TA funding program. b Includes project manager (36 person-months), resource specialist (12 person-months), principal research assistant (36 person-months), and local project support staff. c Includes annual meetings, publication of workshop proceedings, production of technoguides and CD-ROMs, and technical backstopping. d Includes project coordinator (15 person-months), research associate socioeconomist (10 person-months), and core research staff. e Includes annual meetings, publication of workshop proceedings, production of technoguides and CD-ROMs, and technical backstopping. Source: AVRDC estimates.

64 Appendix 5

Table A5.3: Implementing Agencies (AVRDC)

Country Implementing Agency Contact Person

Bangladesh Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute Dr. Shahidul Islam Director General Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute

Dr. Mamtazul Haque Head, Plant Genetic Resources Center Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute

Cambodia Kbal Koh Vegetable Station Mr. Mong Vanndy Vice Chief Kbal Koh Vegetable Station Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Indonesia Research Institute for Vegetables Ir. Agus Muharam, MSc Director Research Institute for Vegetables

Lao PDR Hatdokkeo Horticulture Research Center Mr. Souvimonh Bounkong Deputy Director Hatdokkeo Horticulture Research Center

Malaysia Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Dr. Abd Shukor Abd Rahman Institute Assistant Director Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute

Philippines National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory, Mr. Nestor C. Altoveros University of the Philippines Assistant Director for Plant Genetic Resources

Bureau of Plant Industry Ms Adoracion A. Virtucio Los Banos National Crop Research and Development Supervising Agriculturist Center BPI-LBNCRDC

Thailand Tropical Vegetable Research Center, Dr. Sutevee Sukprakarn Kasetsart University Director Tropical Vegetable Research Center

Viet Nam Vietnam Agriculture and Science Institute Dr. Tranh Dinh Long Deputy Director General Vietnam Agriculture and Science Institute

Dr. Luu Ngoc Trinh Director Plant Genetic Resources Center Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute

Research Institute for Fruits and Vegetables Dr. Tran Van Lai Director Research Institute for Fruits and Vegetables

Appendix 6 65

COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCING PLAN ($’000)

Financed by CGIAR and Other Study ADBa Non-CGIAR NARSs Total Sourcesb Centers

1. Asian Vegetable Research and 1,000 1,000 1,000 0 3,000 Development Center (AVRDC)

2. Centro Internacional de Agricultura 950 300 855 0 2,105 Tropical (International Center for Tropical Agriculture) (CIAT)

3. International Crops Research 1,300 700 800 0 2,800 Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

4. International Food Policy Research 568 257 0 527 1,352 Institute (IFPRI)

Total 3,818 2,257 2,655 527 9,257 Percent 41 24 29 6 100

ADB = Asian Development Bank, CGIAR = Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, NARSs = national agriculture research systems. a Financing will come from ADB’s TA funding program. b Ford Foundation, US Agency for International Development, European Commission.