Language: English Original: English
PROJECT: TECHNOLOGIES FOR AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION
COUNTRY: MULTINATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK SUMMARY
Date: June 2017
Team Leader: J. N. CHIANU, Agricultural Economist, OSAN.0 Team Members: E. ATTIOGBEVI-SOMADO, Agronomist, OSAN.2 D. IHEDIOHA, Agro-Industry Specialist, OSAN.1 B. ABDULAI, Procurement Specialist, ORNG/ORPF H. DJOUSSOU-LORNG, Agricultural Economist, OSAN.2 F. ONDOBO, Agribusiness Specialist, OSAN.2 R. BAKO, Disbursement Assistant, ORNG O. IKUFORIJI, Consultant, Environment & Climate Change, OSAN.3
Appraisal Team
Sector Manager: P.AGBOMA, OSAN.2 Sector Director: C. OJUKWU, OSAN Regional Directors: J. KOLSTER, ORNA A. BERNOUSSI, ORWA M. KANGA, ORCE E. FAAL, ORSA
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) SUMMARY
Project Name: TECHNOLOGIES FOR AFRICAN AGRICULTURE TRANSFORMATION
Project Number: P- Z1-A00-016 Country: MULTINATIONAL Department: AHAI Division: AHAI.2 Environmental Category: 2
1. Introduction
TAAT is a flagship program of the African Development Bank’s Feed Africa Strategy designed to mobilize proven agricultural technologies that will increase production and value addition of key agriculture commodities. The program aims to overcome two key challenges attributed to the adoption of agriculture technologies i.e., limited consideration of newly emerging agriculture technologies (required to boost agricultural production) by regional member countries (RMCs) causing them to fall short of their impact targets and poor commercialization of emergent technologies by private enterprises such that farmers are unable to access them.
The TAAT program is anchored on a knowledge and partnership framework that will demonstrate the applicability and sustainability of selected agricultural technologies and innovations in recommended agro-ecological zones with collaborative efforts of Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centers, Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA), Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, (AGRA), and national agricultural research and development systems. TAAT will identify new production technologies with proven benefits; engage a wide range of stakeholders (including public and private sector) in their dissemination and distribution; and incorporate this process into a spectrum of RMC’s Feed Africa investment projects that are designed to eliminate food insecurity and promote agricultural revenues.
Ultimately, TAAT will address Africa’s growing dependence on imported foods by identifying the agricultural production targets of key commodities and formulating the necessary conditions for achievement, particularly setting an enabling policy environment, innovative financing and ensuring needed capacity development. TAAT will catalyze investments into agro-chemical, biotechnical and allied industries, strengthening integrated skills development, marketing and entrepreneurial capacity. It will stimulate commercial financing of agribusiness, with emphasis on women and youth.
The TAAT program has been classified Environment Category 2 under the African Development Bank (AfDB)’s Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) with the requirement for the assessment and application of appropriate measures to manage the potential risks of TAAT activities. The program activities include promotion and demonstration of proven technologies in selected countries, which will potentially stimulate borrowing from these countries. These demonstration activities may result in unintended site-specific environmental consequences. More so, specific details of the scope, location and local environmental and social conditions are still largely unknown. Therefore, the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is the appropriate instrument that will identify the procedures for managing the potential known and unknown environmental and social consequences of the TAAT program. The goal of the ESMF is to identify the significant environmental and social impacts likely to result from the implementation of TAAT and thereby establish a process of environmental and social screening, which will permit the institutions in charge of the implementation of the program to identify, assess and mitigate the adverse consequences of the proposed interventions.
2. Description of Programme
The overall program development objective of TAAT is to execute a bold plan to achieve rapid agricultural transformation across Africa through raising agricultural productivity in selected Priority Intervention Areas (PIAs) targeting specific agricultural commodity value chains. The PIAs include:
Self-sufficiency in Rice Production; Cassava Intensification; Food Security in the Sahel – The priority value chains include Pearl Millet, Sorghum, Groundnut, Cowpea, Beef, Small Ruminant Meat and Poultry; Transforming African Savannahs into Breadbaskets- This PIA will focus on Maize, Soybean, Poultry, Yam, Dairy; Revitalizing Tree Plantations - This includes Oil Palm, Cashew, Coffee and Cocoa; Expanding Horticulture- This includes the Vegetable, Sweet Potato, Banana/Plantain and Beans; Increasing Africa’s Wheat Production; and Achieving Self-sufficiency in Inland Fish Production.
TAAT will support centrally managed activities and promotion of key technologies in select countries. The overall TAAT activities is proposed in 35 countries and 23 Commodity value chains albeit in three tiers1 and include program management and coordination, program services (including policy support, capacity development and outreach, youth in agribusiness support, and the services of the Clearinghouse), and core implementation activities of the agricultural commodity value chains.
1 Tier 1 activities will focus on 10 counties and nine (9) commodities The program will demonstrate the applicability of proven technologies in each PIA/ value chains to engender and catalyze downstream investments from the private and public sectors as well as development partners. It will be implemented through the following components:
Component 1: Productivity, Production and Competitiveness
IITA and the other CGIAR implementing centers and their relevant National Agricultural Research and Extension Systems (NARES) will work using a participatory approach to: (i) disseminate proven agricultural technologies and innovations that significantly increase productivity, production and competitiveness; (ii) value chain development, and (iii) ensure inclusivity.
This component will facilitate the dissemination of proven technologies and innovations to farmer organizations, youth agri-preneurs, and other value chain actors. The activities will include (i) deployment of technologies (planting materials, e.t.c) following well-defined recommendations domains and pathways, (ii) training on use of technologies and good agricultural practices (GAPs), and (iii) linking farmers to input and output markets, facilitate access to credit and insurance service by farmer organizations to reduce production and price fluctuation risks.
The proposed technologies were screened and selected by the AfDB and independent experts based on their proven advantages and capacity to address specific constraints along the value chains. Examples of selected technologies include improved crop/livestock varieties resistant to multiple stressors including climate change, integrated soil fertility management (ISFM), integrated pest management (IPM), biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), nutrient use efficient (NUE), and land use efficient (LUE) technologies among others (complete list of proposed TAAT technologies can be found in Annex 1).
Component 2: ENABLERS
This includes four sub-components namely Capacity Development and Outreach, Policy Support Services, ENABLE-TAAT, and the Clearinghouse.
i. Capacity Development and Outreach: FARA will lead this sub-component and assist training, outreach and promotional programs. To ensure demand-led capacity development interventions that cut across the eight PIAs, FARA will adopt a generic approach that can be customized to each PIA.
ii. Policy Support Services: Led by IFPRI, this subcomponent will ensure that technology dissemination takes place in an enabling environment and complemented by all necessary institutional and regulatory interventions.
iii. ENABLE-TAAT: IITA Agripreneurs shall lead work on ENABLE-TAAT. This subcomponent will execute promotional and demonstration activities to underpin the yield enhancing and other attributes of the technologies. ENABLE-TAAT includes activities of youth and women in target agribusinesses and focused mainly in the Competitiveness sub-component of Component 1 (e.g., issues related to processing and value addition). iv. Clearinghouse (C-House): The ‘C-House’ is an agricultural transformation incubation platform aimed at facilitating partnerships, program design/implementation to help reach millions of farmers with appropriate agricultural technologies, and reducing transaction costs. The objective of the C-House is to take proven agricultural technologies to scale in a commercially sustainable fashion through the establishment of a mechanism to facilitate partnerships and provide access to expertise required to design, implement, and monitor progress of crop, livestock, and aquaculture campaigns. The Clearinghouse will make sure that TAAT supported programs are accountable for targeted yield and productivity increases, environmental compliant and well tested.
The Clearinghouse activities include: . Conduct an assessment/mapping exercise of target value chain and the surrounding ecosystem, and make technological and non-technological offer to address at scale the constraints; . Propose a multi-stakeholders agricultural technology dissemination plan on how to go sustainably to scale; . In collaboration with the AfDB, advise the Governments and private actors on investment opportunities and financing mechanisms for going to scale; . Identify the optimal mix of partners - from CG and non-CG system, that will accompany the implementation backstopping and monitoring of the proposed plan; . Validate the design and plan with stakeholders for a buy-in and commitment; vi) In collaboration with the RMCs implement the plan and monitor milestones and Performance Indicators; . Working with FARA and others, build capacity in the public sector for project design, execution, and monitoring, and in the private sectors for value chain organization and governance; . Design and execution of a comprehensive communication strategy to effectively communicate the goals, activities, and benefits of the Agricultural Transformation Agenda.
Component 3: Project Management and Coordination
TAAT will coordinate the implementation, monitoring and evaluation as well as timely reporting of the project progress and impacts. This component activities will include: recruitment of project staff, implementation of project activities, project meetings, Project Steering Committee (PSC), monitoring and evaluation, impact studies, and external mid-term and final project reviews, among others.
2.1 Institutional and Implementation Arrangement
IITA shall be the Executing agency for the TAAT Program. In this capacity, IITA will sign memorandum of understanding (MoUs) and implementation agreements with each of the lead centers/institutions for the various initiatives within the program. IITA will act through a Program Management Unit (PMU) composed of staff competitively recruited with the responsibility to manage the whole program and report to the AfDB.
The CGIAR Centers responsible for activities within each commodity value chains will act through Project Implementation Units (PIUs) composed of relatively few competitively recruited staff. Each of the lead institutions shall in turn also establish sub-contract agreements with respective collaborating institutions within the initiative groups or set of agricultural commodity value chains. Each contract shall clearly state the expected deliverable, timelines and associated costs.
The Lead institutions and partners under TAAT include:
a) AfricaRice and IWMI shall lead the activities within the Rice Self-sufficiency; b) IITA leads Cassava Intensification activities; c) ICARDA is responsible for Wheat Self-sufficiency; d) World Fish and the IITA Youth Agripreneurs assume leadership in the fish initiative; e) International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) lead the Sahel Food Security; f) IITA and ILRI share responsibility within the Savanna Breadbasket; g) The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and IITA lead in restoration of tree plantations; h) The World Vegetable Center (AVRDC) and CIAT shall lead the various horticulture value chains. i) IFPRI will support the various institutions on policy issues that arise and could weaken successful implementation, working closely with AGRA and the African Technology Policy Studies (ATPS) Network. j) FARA shall undertake capacity building at all levels within partner institutions and in the PIAs and their constituent value chains. k) AGRA shall provide parallel financing, lead downstream delivery of TAAT technologies, and help strengthen policy dialogue with national governments and the private sector to shape and ensure a shared commitment to improving delivery systems. AGRA will also be involved in Capacity Development and Outreach work led by FARA. l) National partners will be responsible for technology campaigns within their own countries, but are expected to work closely with farmer organizations and the private sector.
At the country level, the C-House team will develop and deploy mechanisms for reaching millions of farmers and other stakeholders (along assigned ACVCs) with the proven technologies and technological packages, working with the available and most active national institutions and the ACVC leaders.
At regional levels, there will be a Coordinator based in one of the PIUs within the region. S/he will be responsible for coordinating the implementation of the project activities of all the ACVCs, and interfacing with relevant Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and the C- House team.
2.2 TAAT Principles and Approach
TAAT will operate along the following guidelines: a. It will mobilize only proven agricultural technologies relating to the selected key agricultural commodity value chains. b. Its activities are directed toward large-scale technology dissemination. It will conduct investigations relating to site-specific adaptation of these technologies, but not engage in other field research or pilot studies. c. TAAT is an open membership platform, especially with regard to independent technology providers and those seeking to commercialize proven technologies and innovations. The leaders of each PIA are expected to operate in an integrated and complementary manner and allocate Program resources accordingly. d. TAAT will assist AfDB's RMCs and their respective ministries as they respond to the Bank's call for agricultural transformation in Africa. While the TAAT has identified likely countries for a given agricultural commodity value chain within each PIA, ultimately country participation depends on each RMC’s buy-in based on their own priorities. e. Private sector participation is crucial to the success of TAAT and include production input manufacturers, input distributors and distribution networks, commodity buyers and exporters, and new and existing agro-processors. f. The Clearinghouse is intended to identify and advance proven agricultural technologies and innovations for consideration by RMCs in the development of their agricultural loan projects. Working with RMCs, the Clearinghouse will formulate and test these buy-in strategies, and monitor and communicate their performance.
3. Environmental and Social Baseline Information
The TAAT program has been proposed for 35 regional member countries of the AfDB through promotion and demonstration of proven agricultural technologies to farmers, agri-preneurs, private sector, e.t.c. The precise location and local context of these activities are unknown; as a result, the baseline information is derived from the broad regional perspective of the TAAT program. It is worthy to note that country baseline information will be ascertained when countries indicate interest in the TAAT interventions.
TAAT will focus on critical agricultural commodities and their related agro-ecological zones. In essence, these technologies are not country-specific, but rather based on recommended agro- ecological zones where the commodities are well suited. The figure below provides a pictorial representation of the priority value chains and their related agro-ecological zones. The main agro-ecological zones TAAT interventions will target include (i) Sahel, (ii) Guinea Savannah, and the (iii) Humid and Sub-humid forest zones.
Fig 1: Priority agricultural value chains and agro-ecological zones
Source: Feed Africa Strategy for African Agriculture Transformation (2016-2025)
Sahel Zone
The Sahel is the semi-arid and arid region of Africa, which depicts the transition between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south. It generally constitutes significant portions of Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, and the Sudan.
Topography: The Sahel is mainly flat; most of the region lies between 200 and 400 meters (660 and 1,310 ft) in elevation. Several isolated plateaus and mountain ranges rise from the Sahel, but are designated as separate ecoregions because their flora and fauna are distinct from the surrounding lowlands.
The Sahel is mostly covered in grassland and savanna, with areas of woodland and shrubland.
Climate: The Sahel is characterized by strong climatic variations and fluctuations with a highly irregular rainfall. Annual rainfall varies from around 100–200 mm (4–8 in) in the north of the Sahel to around 600 mm (24 in) in the south. The rains fall during a short single wet season that lasts for about 3– 4 months. Several major rivers flow through the region, fed mostly by the wetter regions in the south. Few of these rivers are perennial. Within the region there are also ephemeral streams, which flow only during and shortly after the rainy season.
Agriculture Systems: Agriculture is the predominant livelihood system, employing more than half of the working population and contributes nearly 40% of the Gross Domestic Product (Nyong et al, 2007). There is a visible north-south stratification of the livelihood systems; the northerly cultures tend towards pastoralism, while the southerly cultures largely practice sedentary arable rain-fed farming. According to Nyong et al (2007), only 8% of the land area in the Sahel zone is suitable for farming and irrigated agriculture currently occupies only about 5% of this land; thus, rain-fed agriculture is the dominant practice and is only possible in areas where the length of the growing season allows crop maturation. Irrigated agriculture is only possible around the flood plains of the few perennial rivers. The lack of water, in association with high temperatures is the most limiting factor for agricultural productivity in the region. Millet, sorghum, cowpeas and maize are the dominant food crops grown in the region. The main cash crops are cotton and groundnut.
Environmental Threats: Drought has been a recurrent feature in this zone, with early records dating back to the 1680s. Over-farming, over-grazing, over-population of marginal lands, and natural soil erosion, have caused serious desertification in the region.
Guinea Savanna Zone
The African Guinea Savanna zone covers about 600 million hectares, extending from western Senegal to southern Sudan, southern DRC, and trails down to cover portions of East Africa (Uganda, Burundi, and Tanzania) southern Africa (, Angola, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique).
Climate: The region features a warm tropical climate with 800–1,200 millimeters of rainfall annually, allowing for a growing period of 150–210 days. Rainfall, however, varies considerably from year to year, affecting agricultural activities.
Soils are typically low-activity clays and high-base saturation loam (lixisols), as well as acrisols (more acid soils with lower base saturation in more humid areas) and arenosols (acid sandy soils) in drier regions. Arenosols are easy to work, but nutrient-deficient and retain little moisture. Acrisols have low natural fertility and require lime and phosphate applications to increase yields. The variable annual rainfall and poor soil quality make this a challenging agro- ecological environment.
Agricultural Systems: The Guinea Savannah zone supports three main farming systems: (a) the root crop farming system, (b) the mixed cereal-root crop farming system, and (c) the maize mixed farming system. All have potential for increasing agricultural production. The Guinea Savannah zone is one of the major underutilized resources in Africa. It accounts for about one- third of the land area in Sub- Saharan Africa and underpins the livelihoods of more than one- quarter of all African farmers (World Bank, 2009). Commodities that are well suited to the Guinea Savannah zone include cassava, cotton, maize, rice, soybeans, yams and sugar. In areas less affected by trypanosomosis, livestock are prevalent, and the region as a whole sustains about 42 million head.
Environmental Threats: Climate change is likely to reduce the level of rainfall in Guinea Savannah zones in West Africa and significantly increase rainfall variability across the continent.
Humid and Sub-Humid Zones
The humid and sub-humid tropics include most of the area from Guinea through central Africa plus the southern part of East Africa. They cover 12 million km2 or 43% of the total land area and include the humid forest zone of central Africa. The sub-humid zone occupies some 5 million km2 or 23% of Africa.
Topography: The sub-humid zone consists of extensive platforms and plains generally at an altitude of 200 to 500 m above sea level.
Climate: The annual rainfall ranges from 1500 to 2500 mm, with some regions receiving rainfall in excess of 6000 mm per annum. The mean rainfall in the humid tropics is about three times the world average. Based on moisture regime and temperature, the humid tropics are also termed "warm humid tropics".
The sub-humid or moist savanna zone, on the other hand, lies further inland with a rainfall of between 900 and 1500 mm per annum between the 1500 mm and 900 mm and has a dry season of four to six months. Climatic factors, such as humidity and temperature, affect the distribution of disease vectors, most notably the different species of tsetse flies which carry human sleeping sickness and animal trypanosomiasis
Soils: The soils in the sub-humid region are dominated by alfisols and associated entisols and encitisols all of which are subject to compaction and erosion. Utisols and oxisols are less frequent.
The prevailing soils in the humid region are ultisols and oxisols (oxisols are the predominant soils of the humid tropics and occupy 35.3% of the total land area), which are characterized by dominance of low fertility kaolinic clays, high levels of iron and aluminum, low levels of phosphorus, calcium and sulphur and many micro-nutrients and organic matter.
Vegetation: The predominant vegetation of the humid tropics consists of tropical rain forest in the lowlands, moist deciduous forest in regions with a pronounced dry season, and montane forest in the high lands.
The sub-humid zone comprises of the woody vegetation, which ranges from semi-deciduous forest along streams in the savanna zone and in some undisturbed areas of the derived savanna to open tree savanna dominated largely by isolated trees. Tree savanna is very common in the more densely populated areas of Nigeria, Benin, Togo and Ghana. However, in most of the sub-humid zone savanna woodland predominates, in particular where shallow soils and tsetse infestation have prevented arable farming.
Agriculture System: The climate and the vegetation of the zone support a wide variety of food and cash crops and a sizable livestock population. The principal food crops in the humid and sub-humid zones include roots and tubers as well as a range of cereals including maize, rice and sorghum. The export crops in the humid zone are mainly perennial tree crops, Robusta coffee, cocoa, oil palm, rubber, fruits while in the sub-humid zones, they are annual or semiannual crops mainly cotton and sugar cane. In the sub-humid zone, there is limited ability to raise trypano- tolerant cattle, while in the humid zone; livestock comprises mainly of poultry, small ruminants (goats).
Environmental Threats: Soil erosion, unsustainable agricultural practices and declining rainfall patterns have resulted in continuing loss of biodiversity. Fertility loss, weed invasion and acidification of soils continue to threaten the natural resource base of this region. Overgrazing also contributes to the rate of ecological degradation in the northern area of the sub-humid zone.
4. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
The TAAT program targets regional member countries of the African Development Bank; and as such, this ESMF draws on applicable national and regional regulatory frameworks as well as international good practice guiding environmental and social management.
4.1 National Policies and Legal Frameworks for Environmental Regulation
African countries have – in varying degrees- put in place several policies and legislations to promote conservation of natural resources and sustainable development. The development of these legislations and/or polices have been inspired by Governments’ constitutions, regional polices, interventional conventions that have been ratified as well as requirements of donors and international development partners including the African Development Bank.
National constitutions generally serve as the legal basis for the right to clean and healthy environment and provides the legal framework for the conservation and management of environment and natural resources. National Environmental Polices or National Policies for the Environment, on the other hand, serve as the overarching policies for promoting environmental sustainability and provide the legal framework and guiding principles for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of development projects or activities. These policies impact positively on a wide range of resources and issues that are of great importance to the economic development and overall welfare of the countries. These resources range from fisheries to forestry, sustainable land use, wildlife protection, pollution abatement, solid waste management and waste disposal. Other policies and legislations relevant to this ESMF and overall TAAT activities include Agriculture Development Policies, Natural Resources Management Polices, Climate Change Polices (including Agriculture specific action plans under the National Determined Contributions), Forest Policies and Acts, National Wildlife Policies, National Land Policies, National Water Policies, Water Resources Acts, Fisheries Conservation and Management Acts, Pollution Acts, Pesticide use regulations, Gender Policies and Cultural heritage laws and policies.
4.2 Regional and Global Regulatory Frameworks
Aside the national policies and laws of RMCs, this ESMF also draws from regional environment and climate change policies that African countries have ratified or signed, such as those within the framework of the African Union and other sub-regional organizations. These include the AU Malabo Declaration, AU’s Africa Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, NEPAD environmental action plan (NEPAD-EAP), and those under the auspices of regional economic community (RECs)2. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) recognizes the importance of sustainable use and management of the environment in the fight against poverty and food insecurity. As part of its efforts to address sustainable development, SADC established three major environmental policy goals, which include; (i) protecting and improving the health, environment and livelihoods of the people of southern Africa with priority to the poor; (ii) preserving the natural heritage, biodiversity and life supporting ecosystems in southern Africa; and (iii) supporting regional economic development on an equitable and sustainable basis for the benefit of present and future generations. SADC’s Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Directorate initiated the development of an Environment Mainstreaming Manual in early 2010, which facilitates mainstreaming of environment into Socio-economic Development activities across the region. It complements and supplements national environmental and sectoral environmental impact assessment regulations and guidelines to ensure that all development efforts in the region consider environment dimensions to ensure the region’s sustainable development.
The Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), comprising Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Mauritania, and Libya has facilitated the development of several technical projects and projects such as URAP (under the regional action plan to fight desertification), studies on underground water sheets of the Sahara, and the elaboration of a Maghreb charter on environmental protection and sustainable development.
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) established its Environmental Policy in 2008. The objective of the policy is to reverse environmental degradation and depletion of natural resources, ameliorate the quality of the living environment, conserve biological diversity, with a view to ensuring a healthy and productive environment; thereby improving the well-being of the ecosystem and the population of the sub region.
The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Environment and Natural Resources Strategy seeks to enhance the integration of environmental and natural resources concerns into development frameworks for environmentally sustainable economic development in the region. The overall goal of the strategy is to assist and complement the efforts of its member states in environment and natural resources management through harmonization of compatible environmental governance systems, provision of reliable and readily available data and information, capacity building as well as research and adoption of appropriate and affordable technologies.
The East African Community (EAC) Treaty makes provision for cooperation on the environment and natural resources management (ENRM). Specifically, Partners States agree to take concerted measures to foster cooperation in the joint and efficient management and the sustainable utilization of natural resources within the prosperous, competitive, secure and politically united EAC for the mutual benefit of the Partner States. In particular, the Partner States shall
2 These include Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), East African Community (EAC), Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), Southern African Development Community (SADC), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CENSAD). cooperation in development, harmonization and adoption of common natural resources management. Key priorities for the environment and natural resources sector include climate change adaptation and mitigation, natural resource management and biodiversity conservation, disaster risk reduction and management, and pollution control and waste management. Relevant polices include the Protocols on ENRM, Protocol on Sustainable Development of the Lake Victoria Basin, Regional EIA guidelines for shared ecosystems, EAC climate change policy and the EAC social development policy framework.
African governments are also party to a host of global multilateral environmental agreements (MEA), which require country-level commitments and can be fostered through cooperative regional frameworks. Global issues addressed through these agreements range from loss of biodiversity to hazardous wastes.
Some of the relevant conventions that have been ratified by African countries include:
a) UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) that aims to improve the living conditions of vulnerable populations living in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas. b) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is in place to encourage sustainable development that considers biodiversity. This seeks to decrease the rate of loss of natural habitats, establish conservation areas, restore degraded areas and protect environments susceptible to human impacts. c) UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) recognizes the need to limit human activities contributing to climate change and to come up with solutions to curb the negative results of climate change. d) Stockholm Convention entered into force in 1994 to protect human health and the environment from chemicals that persist in the environment for a long period, known as Persistent Organic Pollutants. e) RAMSAR makes provision for international cooperation and national action to protect wetlands and their resources.
These policy and legal initiatives have been complemented by the development of institutions at the regional and sub-regional levels. The African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN3) is one such initiative, which increases opportunities for the development of collaborative approaches to environmental management.
4.3 African Development Bank Safeguards
The African Development Bank’s Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) underscores the Bank’s commitment to inclusive economic growth and environmental sustainability. The ISS sets out the basic tenets that guide the approach to environmental and social safeguards and consists of the (i)Integrated Safeguards Policy, (ii) Operational Safeguards (OS), (iii) Environmental and Social
3 The African Ministerial Conference on the Environment was established in 1985 to strengthen cooperation between African governments on economic, technical and scientific activities to halt the degradation of Africa’s environment and satisfy the food and energy needs of its people. AMCEN facilitates information and advocacy for environmental protection in Africa and ensures that the basic (material) human needs are met adequately in a sustainable manner, among others. Assessment Procedures (ESAP); and (iv) Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (IESIA) Guidance Notes.
The Operational Safeguards establishes the Bank’s requirements for borrowers and clients in terms of conducting best practice environmental and social assessments that may be financed or managed by the Bank, and identifying specific standards or risk management measures that should be adopted as a condition for Bank support. The Bank has five OSs guidelines.
In line with the requirements of the above policies and guidelines, this ESMF was formulated to cover the Environmental Assessment requirements for program operations to manage known and unknown environmental and social risks of TAAT activities. The TAAT program has been classified Category 2; indicating that the program activities have limited adverse environment and social impacts and may trigger the following safeguard policies presented in table below.
Safeguard Policies Triggered Yes No Environmental and Social Assessment (OS 1) X
OS1 is triggered as part of the mandatory ESAP process requiring screening of all project/program interventions. TAAT interventions will be based on the deployment of agriculture technologies leading to expansion and intensification of agriculture production across selected countries. These activities may pose environmental and social risks that can be readily managed with the application of mitigation measures elaborated in this ESMF and other safeguard instruments prepared during implementation.
Involuntary Resettlement: Land Acquisition, Population Displacement and X Compensation (OS 2)
No case of land acquisition is expected during this project since interventions will focus on only existing agriculture farmers and value chain actors. Similarly, no loss of assets or restrictions of access to assets, or loss of income sources are applicable to the TAAT program. OS2; is therefore not triggered.
Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services (OS 3) X
Operational Safeguards 3 is triggered because TAAT involves the deployment of a wide range of agricultural technologies that will exploit natural resources and may affect biodiversity and ecosystem services including aquaculture, livestock production, among others.
Pollution Prevention and Control, Hazardous Materials and Resources Efficiency X (OS 4)
OS 4 is triggered since the planned agricultural technologies will involve the use of improved application of fertilizers and agro-chemicals, as well as result in the production of agriculture wastes.
Labor Conditions, Health and Safety (OS 5) X
The TAAT interventions do not require the establishment of a permanent or temporary workforce hence OS.5 is not triggered.
5. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts, Climate Change and Mitigation Measures
The TAAT program will have significant environmental and social benefits; the introduction of improved agricultural practices, technologies including new strains of crops can enhance soil, land and water use efficiency. However, if not properly monitored, the introduction of yield enhancing technologies may also pose significant environment and social risks related to increased agriculture production and value addition.
Potential Positive Impacts
The promotion of proposed agricultural technologies will raise agricultural production and productivity, reduce postharvest losses, improve food self-sufficiency, socioeconomic status of farmers due to higher incomes and alleviate poverty. Potential positive impacts of TAAT interventions include: a) The promotion of improved management of improved crop varieties (resistant to climate variability, diseases and other stresses) integrated with soil conversation practices will lead to sustainable land management in the long-term and more efficient-use of scarce resources. b) Conservation Agriculture (CA): TAAT will introduce CA in all value chain activities. CA provides the opportunity to achieve the needed technological changes in areas of field crop production, and CA systems pose the best option for both adaptation to climate change and mitigation of the causes of climate change, while at the same time halting and reversing desertification. c) Increased resilience to climate variability and stress through the deployment of CSA technologies and innovations d) The adoption and adherence to good agricultural practices (GAPs) has environmental benefits in terms of reduced pesticide residues in the produce leading to health benefits for the grower and the consumers and sustainable eco-systems. e) The promotion of sustainable intensification will minimize the abandonment of farms and the need to clear virgin lands and the associated deforestation and environmental degradation. f) Import substitution for target commodities due to increased domestic production, leading to savings in foreign exchange due to reduced food importation g) Congenial policies and institutional frameworks that will support profitable and sustainable value chains development, h) Reduced vulnerabilities to market fluctuation due to agriculture product imports Improved soil, land and water management practices i) Increased household incomes from improved agricultural productivity: Use of high- yielding and stress resistant varieties will increase food supply and income to farmers and lower food prices to consumers. j) Employment opportunities: The value chain approach of the TAAT interventions will facilitate the linkage of different value chain actors (including farmers, marketers, processors and private sector partners) thereby creating employment opportunities. k) Youth and women empowered with improved technology interventions and entrepreneurial skills will significantly enhance their participation in the agriculture value chains. TAAT activities will develop gender sensitive planning and training procedures, and emphasize the importance of women and youth participation in each value chain. Gender-sensitive proven technologies can reduce the workload and hardship, especially for women.
TAAT will result in increases in production, processing and marketing of agricultural commodities that will simultaneously benefit all the target beneficiaries with substantial spillovers to others given the public goods nature of the planned deployment of technologies envisaged. This will be enhanced by innovative partnership among the national and international institutions, advanced research institutions, among numerous other partners as designed in TAAT.
Potential Negative Impacts
The introduction of yield-enhancing agriculture technologies may have environmental and social implications specific to the geographies of the participating TAAT countries if impacts and appropriate mitigation measures are not defined and implemented. Given that the nature and local context of the intervention areas are largely unknown, the potential environmental and social impacts likely to arise from TAAT interventions were analyzed based on related literature and studies conducted on agriculture technologies.
The main environmental and social risks envisaged from the TAAT interventions include those associated with increased agriculture production and value addition due to yield enhancing technologies, such as increased pressure on water and land resources, pollution from misuse of chemicals, and degradation in resource quantity or quality and damage human health. The available evidence and empirical findings of the environmental costs of yield enhancing technologies as well as possible mitigation measures are presented in the Table 1 below. It is noted that the magnitude of these negative impacts will vary with local environmental conditions, socio- cultural resources, commodities and production practices.
Mitigation Measures
According to Pingali (2012), the appropriate strategies to overcome the constraints and minimize environmental impacts of agriculture technologies vary widely based on factors such as local environmental conditions, production practices, etc., and lessons learned in one region may only be loosely applicable to the same crops grown in a different region with a different ecological and social context.
The TAAT program will minimize the negative impacts and enhance the overall environmental sustainability through the capacity building sub-component of the program that will ensure farmers and other value chain actors receive training on good agricultural practices (GAP) and efficient utilization of farm inputs and natural resources management, such as sound soil and water management.
More important, the Clearinghouse of the TAAT program (responsible for the dissemination of the proven technologies) will ensure information on the environmental footprint and natural resource implications of the proposed yield-enhancing technologies are understood and compliant to environmental regulations of respective countries before recommending their dissemination. This information will also form an integral part of the advisory services provided by TAAT to governments, private sector and other interested partners on making informed investment decisions about the adoption and multiplication of the proposed technologies.
Table 1: Potential Risks and Mitigation Measures of TAAT Interventions Technologies/Innovation/TAAT Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures agriculture practices
- May increase fertilizer, pesticide, and water needs - Provide training on good agriculture practices and of improved seeds that may negatively affect soil conservation agriculture New/Improved seed varieties conditions, water quality and quantity, and biodiversity.
- Reduces soil organic matter, leading to increased - Promote no-till agriculture practices. erosion and run-off. Intensive Tillage - Decline in nutrient cycling due to decline in soil micro-organisms
Monoculture - Reduces habitat for wildlife leasing to increased - Promote and use of crop rotations incorporating need to pest control legumes and through crop diversification.
- Contributes to soil acidification, resulting in - Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) will reduced amounts of essential nutrients Impair be promoted water quality. - Promote productive technologies and nitrogen-use - Concerns of ground and surface water pollution, efficient varieties encourages use of inputs and air pollution, crop damage, and damage to soils by improved management practices. destruction of the natural N-cycle resulting from - The intensification of cropping systems often lead excessive fertilizer application. to increased pest and disease issues, which can lead to increased reliance on synthetic management Fertilizer options. However, the combination of technologies proposed, aims to overcome and mitigate pest build up through the use of resistant material and the consistent generation of healthy planting material. - The ISFM technology includes increasing the use of synthetic fertilizer, but in manner that is targeted towards specific nutrient deficiencies, as opposed to blanket recommendations, to limit overuse and misuse.
Pesticides Pesticide abuse and misuse, and fertilizer residue is a - TAAT will promote appropriate Integrated Pest potential environment risk brought about by scaling up the Management (IPM) to reduce the misapplication of technologies. Excess pesticides can lead to surface and pesticides that are harmful to human, animal and ground water contamination, human health; decline of environmental health. beneficial soil microorganisms and on air and non-target - Training farmers on the use of appropriate pesticide vegetation or plants. spraying equipment, using genuine products, timing and dose of application and precautionary measures that are required (pre- and post-harvest) will minimize human exposure to pesticides and their potential adverse effects on the environment. - Technology such as micro-dosing would be encouraged under small holder system and where fertilizer is insufficient - Safety guidelines would be followed in the use and handling of agro-chemicals.
- Increase soil erosion and compaction due to - Promote sustainable practices overgrazing and hoof action, untreated livestock Intensive livestock systems waste degraded water quality, water usage competes with other needs
- Inadequate drainage and continuous flooding - Improved water management via improved causes waterlogging, salinization and nutrient irrigation systems. problems, degrades downstream ecosystems due to - Improved soil management including ensuring polluted run-off and over-extraction of water, farmers do not over-use fertilizers and promoting contributes to emissions due to anaerobic use of crop rotations, intercropping, reduced tillage, conditions in paddy fields. incorporating agricultural residues. - Irrigation for intensive rice production requires - Minimal tillage and retention of crop residues can large quantities of water and may leach chemicals reduce soil erosion, reduce GHGs and support soil Intensive rice production into downstream ecosystems. Areas lacking water fertility management institutions or efficient irrigation methods, may be at the risk of depleted water supplies. Environmental threats from extensive low productivity rice in Sub-Saharan Africa have been linked to degradation of fragile and erosion- prone uplands and ecologically important lowland/wetland ecosystems
Intensive maize, sorghum, millet, and potato/yams production - Promote good agriculture practices - The environmental impacts of maize cropping in - The OFSP technology to be promoted will rely on SSA largely relate to land degradation, soil use of organic manure. This improves the soil erosion, nutrient depletion and biodiversity loss. structure and fertility in the end. Sweet potato also - Environmental threats of the sorghum and millet improves soil cover reducing soil erosion that cultivation relate to nutrient depletion on marginal contributes to reduction to soil degradation. soils. Introducing the potato, sweet potato, and cereals - crop rotation will also improve the soil health.
- Soil and water depletion and pollution attributable - TAAT will incorporate the Waste to Energy Intensive cassava production and to intensive agriculture production practices. technologies in the value chain activities processing practices - Waster generation
- Over-exploitation of water resources, poor - These may be mitigated through technical solutions management of irrigation with negative impacts on and the social organization of producers, especially downstream ecosystems, and the emergence of around water users, to ensure that a community- new pests. based approach is adopted. - Properly managed irrigation systems will allow - Mono-cropping of wheat, risk of persistent weeds, irrigated wheat areas to provide provisioning diseases and insect pests, Land degradation, soil (food), regulating (climate adaptation), supporting erosion and declining soil fertility, Increased risk (primary production) and cultural (ecotourism) Intensive wheat production of abiotic stresses (drought, heat, climate change) ecosystem services to local communities. - Enabling institutional and governance arrangements for water allocation - Use of resistant wheat varieties, Integrated pest management (IPM), Crop rotations and diversification, - Risk management tools, climate smart technologies (drought tolerant and early maturing varieties, supplementary irrigation, conservation agriculture)
- Nutrient use efficient technologies: promote germplasm with multiple resistance to stresses.
- Soil fertility enhancing and water management - Land degradation Intensive beans production technologies including drought tolerant varieties. - Soil fertility issues - Use of biological nitrogen fixation technologies
particularly for climbing beans. - Use of cost effective and environmental technologies such as promotion and use of innovative staking materials for climbers and fast cooking varieties. - Promotion of precooked beans to reduce of use of energy (fuel for cooking)
- Processing operations and fish farms generate - Waste materials from processors can be converted waste streams such as fish carcasses, fish guts, fish into fishmeal or higher value products for use in mortalities that can cause problems if not disposed animal feeds or specialized nutritional products. of properly. - Waterbodies have a limited carrying capacity based - Discharges of N, P, and organic carbon into on the rate at which nutrients can be assimilated by surrounding ecosystems by pond-based systems the environment. The parameters behind this are Aquaculture well understood and can be modelled. These models will be used by regulatory authorities to set upper limits on production or the amount of feed that can be applied in a particular waterbody. Effective enforcement of these limits is essential. Training of aquaculture farmers will be facilitated.
Source: Author’s adaptation from PIAs’ project briefs, Killebrew K and Hendrik W (2010) Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Technologies; and Reynolds T.W et al (2015) Environmental Impacts and constraints associated with production of major food crops in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Climate Change: Climate Smart Agriculture
Reliance on rainfall makes the African agriculture sector highly vulnerable to variability in the amount and distribution of rainfall, with yields of some major crops fluctuating to as much as 50% year to year. Today, approximately 35% of global crop yield variability is explained by climate, with climate change projected to decrease the productivity of many different crops across Africa, whilst at the same time agriculture and livestock contribute 19-29% of global greenhouse gas emissions. One of the major challenges posed by climate change in some of the TAAT’s target agro-ecological zones is increased frequency and severity of drought events. Direct impacts of frequent persistent droughts include ecosystem desiccation through increased salinization in freshwater wetland and mangrove ecosystems, loss of productivity in croplands, saltwater intrusion, and loss of productivity and biodiversity in woodland ecosystems.
Future climatic projections in Africa suggest that extreme events will intensity and change the precipitation and temperature patterns. In the Sahel region, for instance, climate variability and change is expected to have overwhelming impact on agriculture and land (Nyong et al, 2007). The study suggest that climate change will elicit a significant change in agricultural production both in terms of the quantum of products as well as the location or area of production; the effect of climate on rainfall patterns will be accompanied by a shift in the traditional areas of production of certain crops with implications on the migration patterns of pastoralists, exacerbating conflicts and food insecurity. Indeed, the successful demonstration of the agriculture technologies in transforming Africa’s agriculture impacts of climate change.
The TAAT program is designed to align with the African Union’s Malabo Declaration of 2104 to scale up Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) as well as the agriculture-related climate change targets defined in African government’s National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). More so, the Feed Africa Strategy has emphasized the importance of up-scaling interventions that conserve natural resources and promote the use of CSA practices that will prepare farmers and other vulnerable population to climate risks. In that regard, the TAAT program will facilitate the integration of CSA in all value chain interventions and support the development of climate support tools that will enhance resilience to climate variability. The CSA related activities of TAAT shall be coordinated by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), who will bring expertise on designing climate resilient commodity value chains specific to recommended agro-ecological zones.
The mainstreaming of CSA throughout all intervention areas and value chains will promote climate resilience of all value chain actors. The activities include engaging with national governments to create the policy and program enabling environment, ensuring TAAT interventions and technologies for scaling are climate-proofed by targeting areas for scaling where the climate is best suited for success of TAAT interventions, and providing farmers with critical information about climate and weather allowing them to make informed management decisions for the success of TAAT. Specifically, the CSA enabling support to TAAT proposes three primary outputs:
1. Climate change risk and climate-smart opportunity profiles targeting of TAAT value chain interventions to inform and provide guidance to policy institutions;
To support the mainstreaming of climate into TAAT interventions, information is needed on systematically describe key climate vulnerabilities, entry points for CSA in the TAAT value chains, policy/institutional enabling conditions, and co-finance opportunities along the value chain. Using the widely used and promoted CIAT/CCAFS CSA Country Profiles as a basis, this output will increase national and sub-national stakeholders and institutions awareness on the need to mainstream climate change into agricultural programming, budgeting and policies. Ultimately this will provide and enabling environment for the scaling of TAAT interventions that help farmers increase their adaptive capacity to climate change.
2. Value chain interventions climate-proofed and targeted for CSA based on climate vulnerabilities, risks and potential impacts of near- to long- term climate change for implementation of TAAT interventions;
This output will provide information on the vulnerabilities, risks and potential impacts of near- to long- term climate change for implementation of TAAT interventions. Pathways for farmers to deal with these impacts will be assessed based on entry points for incremental, systemic and transformational adaptation. Based on current climate and future projections, areas will be mapped out where interventions by the various value chain technologies will have the greatest impact considering climate change and variability.
3. Climate services for resilient value chains implemented through national stakeholders providing site-specific targeted information enabling better decisions for farmers, extension staff, and others involved in scaling up of TAAT interventions: Nationally hosted and disseminated climate information and agro-advisory services are needed for farmers to maximize productivity in good years, while protecting their livelihoods from climatic extremes in bad years. Big data-driven and climate-informed agro-advisory services can provide site-specific targeted information to farmers enabling better decisions about what to plant (crop and varietal selection), when to plant (optimal planting dates), and how to plant (optimal management). This output will focus on engaging national institutions (e.g. meteorological agencies) to provide TAAT value chain farmers and stakeholders access to up-to-date forecasts of seasonal climate and agro- advisory services to improve the implementation of TAAT value chain interventions. These climate- and site- specific advisories will be provided to farmers through extension services, radio, and mobile phone ICT outreach. This output will include M&E activities to measure the impact of the climate service interventions.
6. Procedures to Assess Potential Environmental and Social Impacts and Develop ESMPs
TAAT will demonstrate proven yield-enhancing technologies to farmers, agro-processors, youth agri-preneurs and other value chain actors in priority intervention areas/value chains (PIA/VC), with the aim of stimulating borrowing from governments to scale up the technologies and adapt TAAT into future agriculture projects.
The purpose of this ESMF therefore, is to establish the procedures to screen TAAT activities and ensure effective monitoring of the potential impacts and implementation measures in compliance with national regulations and the AfDB’s safeguard policies. Specifically this ESMF was prepared as part of the design of the TAAT to address all relevant environment and social safeguards.
Environment and Social Screening
The procedures proposed to ensure the effective management of these impacts comprise screening of the agriculture technologies and PIA/VC demonstration activities, implementation of mitigation measures and monitoring. Screening will be developed for each demonstration site, once they have been identified and established during implementation of the TAAT. The screening process is a direct responsibility of the Clearing-House (which assists TAAT in the identification and deployment of proven technologies) and the lead institutions implementing the core PIA/VC activities.
The screening process will consider the alignment of the activities with existing national policies and plans on climate change and natural resources management, scale of the proposed interventions, intensity and the significance of potential impacts, local environmental and social conditions including presence of natural habitats, socio-cultural resources etc.
The main objectives of the screening process for TAAT interventions are to:
. Determine which agricultural technologies and demonstration activities have potential negative environmental and social impacts; . Determine the level of environmental analysis and follow-up environmental management work required according to the type/nature, location, sensitivity and scale of the demonstration activities; . Assess the climate vulnerability risks; . Determine appropriate mitigation and adaptation measures for addressing adverse impacts; . Incorporate mitigation/enhancement measures into proposed activities; . Facilitate the review and approval of the proposed demonstration activities . Provide guidance for environmental compliance and outcome monitoring of environmental parameters for the interventions of TAAT.
The proposed screening process for TAAT intervention is described below:
Step 1: Screening of Agriculture Technologies, Demonstration Activities and Sites
In order to ensure the effective identification, management and monitoring of the environmental and social risks of the TAAT interventions, two (2) stages of screening are proposed. The first stage will be at the level of the Clearing-House to ensure agriculture technologies are environmentally screened and vetted before approval and clearance for demonstration. The procedures for screening the technologies shall be consistent with agriculture technologies research standard practice. The Clearinghouse will make sure that TAAT supported programs are accountable for targeted yield and productivity increases, environmental compliant and well tested.
The second level of screening is proposed at the demonstration level to be undertaken by the CG- centers implementing the PIA/VC activities (promoting the agriculture technologies to a wide range of stakeholders in specific countries). A desk appraisal of all proposed activities and field assessment will be done by completing the Environmental and Social Screening Form and the Bank’s Climate Change screening manual. The implementing entities (through identified Safeguard consultants/technical assistant) in collaboration with the Clearing House will identify details of demonstration activities and sites to determine the applicability of country specific laws and regulations, the African Development Bank’s safeguard policies and the corresponding safeguard requirements.
Step 2: Review and Approval of the Screening Activities. The results and recommendations presented in the environmental and social screening forms and the proposed mitigation measures presented in the environmental and social checklists will be reviewed by safeguard specialists at the Bank, the Executing Agency (IITA), and the competent national authority.
Step 3: Carrying out Environmental and Social Review of Activities. The potential impacts and proposed mitigation measures described in this ESMF are generic and indicative. It is expected that the information provided in the environment and social screening form and the results of the climate change screening process will help elucidate the safeguard policies triggered, activities vulnerable to the impact of climate change, the appropriate mitigation and adaptation measures, and importantly determine the requirement for a further environmental assessment consistent with relevant national safeguard polices and the AfDB’s guidelines.
The review process will identify and assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed activities, evaluate alternatives, as well as design and implement appropriate mitigation, management and monitoring measures. Based on the findings from the screening exercise, an environment and social management plan (ESMP) may be prepared specific to the project intervention(s) if deemed necessary. Preparation of the ESMP shall be the responsibility of the implementation entities, ensure that the preparation takes place on time and provide coordination with relevant stakeholders as may be required.
The format for the ESMPs will follow the requirements of relevant national environmental legislation and the AfDB’s environmental policy procedures requirements. As part of the EA process, ESMPs will need to be prepared and implemented for Category 2 activities. The ESMP should include the following contents:
. Description of the possible adverse effects that the ESMP is intended to address, describing their nature, incidence, magnitude, reversibility, significance; . Identification of project design alternatives that would meet similar objectives, and a description of why these projects are not viable, especially if they have a lesser environmental or social impact; . Description of planned mitigation measures, and how and when they will be implemented . Program for monitoring the environmental and social impacts of the project, both positive and negative; . Description of who will be responsible for implementing the ESMP; and . Cost estimate and source of funds.
Step 4: Public Consultation: Public Consultation is a regulatory requirement that must be adhered as part of the environment and social impact assessment process. Public consultation is required for all AfDB operations to improve efficiency, transparency and public involvement in the proposed projects, which will enhance the compliance of the environmental laws and policies during the implementation of the project. During the screening and impact assessment, the respective PIU safeguard consultants are expected to consult with key stakeholders (government ministries in key sectors such as water, environment and natural resources management, farmer organizations, community based organizations etc.) to ensure that social and environment concerns are documented and used to inform and improve the environmental sustainability and climate resilience of the PIA/VC demonstration activities.
7. ESMF Implementation and Monitoring Program
The ESMF implementation requires detailed supervision, monitoring and reporting. The monitoring and reporting procedures will ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures and will furnish information on the progress and results of mitigation. Generally, monitoring is crucial to the effective management of the potential risks posed by the TAAT activities and essential to:
. Improve environmental and social management practices, . Check the compliance to national and regional regulations, . Check efficiency and appreciate the extent to which mitigation and adaptation measures are implemented, . Establish the reliability and credibility of the environment and social assessment of the program, . Provide the opportunity to report the results on the implementation of the impacts and proposed mitigation measures. . Recommend changes in project concept/design, as appropriate, as the project evolves or circumstances change; and . Identify the key risks to project sustainability and recommend appropriate risk management strategies to the Proponent.
7.1 Monitoring Program
Monitoring for compliance with environmental and social safeguards policies will be managed by the PIUs for each priority intervention area/value chain (PIA/VC). Hence, it is recommended that each implementing agency will have a focal person for Environmental and Social Safeguards for their respective activities. This person will be responsible for the management of environment and social safeguards for preparation, implementation, monitoring and reporting on safeguards management plans and compliance to the Clearing House.
Compliance monitoring will occur as a regular activity or based on frequencies stipulated in the project implementation schedule, and will include compliance monitoring of the ESMF, process reviews and reporting of status on implementation of ESMPs or risk management plans. More important, the frequency of monitoring should be sufficient to allow the PIUs to determine the environmental conditions and social context, the effectiveness of the mitigation measures, identify additional changes needed to improve environmental/social benefits of the program, and the overall sustainability of the interventions.
In addition to Bank requirements, the PIUs will also be responsible for ensuring the proper application of any national environmental or social requirements. PIUs must consult with stakeholders who have a legal mandate or a special interest securing the effective management of environment including national environmental authorities, local communities and leadership, and sectoral ministries (such as Ministry of Water) in respective countries to ensure program design and activities comply with regulations and requirements. The PIUs will collaborate with these agencies to monitor the implementation of mitigation measures (bi-annually) and asses the performance of the PIA/VC activities within the context of environment and natural resource management (annually).
The Safeguards focal person or consultant will compile and submit these progress reports to the Clearing House. The implementing agencies will be responsible for oversight of social and environmental issues, providing guidance, developing policies (if necessary) and coordinating with other relevant organizations to facilitate implementation of good practices.
The Forum for Agriculture Research in Africa (FARA) responsible for the TAAT capacity- building activities will work closely with the PIUs (and if necessary hire an independent technical assistance) to develop the training program on agriculture research and technologies. FARA will train the trainers and project specialists, as well as subproject beneficiaries and assist the PIU in designing a monitoring and evaluation program. The proposed activities will cover field demonstrations on good agriculture practices and appropriate use of technologies. The PIU will be the coordinator for the implementation of these activities and will work closely with the Ministry of Agriculture and their extension officers.
7.2 Reporting Program
The Clearing House will provide overall monitoring and oversight of the safeguards monitoring and supervision. The Safeguard focal point or consultant for each PIU is required to prepare appropriate monitoring plans, and develop monitoring indicators based on the mitigation measures and the management plans to ensure the successful implementation of the ESMF. Progress reports on these indicators and all other environmental and social issues relevant to each PIA/value chain activities will be submitted to the Clearing House. These reports will be prepared bi-annually and shared with the AfDB electronically to evaluate achievement of proposed mitigation measures. Consistent with the safeguard guidelines of the AfDB, the reporting process will include annual audits and supervision missions (field and/or desk support) by the Banks safeguard specialists.
Annual Audit
An independently commissioned environmental and social audit will be carried out on an annual basis. The audit team will report to the Clearing House, PMU and the AfDB, who will lead the implementation of any corrective measures that are required. This audit will ensure that: i) the ESMF and further environmental processes are being implemented appropriately; ii) mitigation measures are being identified and implemented in due time.
The audit will be able to identify any amendments in ESMF approach that are required to improve its effectiveness. The annual audit also provides a strong incentive aiming to ensure ESMF implementation and individual ESMPs executed. The annual audit report will include:
. A summary of the environmental performance based on EIAs, if required, and . ESMP; . a presentation of compliance and progress in the implementation of the ESMP; . Number of staff/officers trained in implementation of the ESMF; . Courses and workshops in ESMP and EIA; . A synopsis of the environmental monitoring results from individual subproject . Monitoring measures (as set out in the subproject ESMPs).
ESMF Supervision and Role of the AfDB
AfDB’s supervision missions (including annual field and desk supervision missions) will provide feedback and follow up on progress reports including progress on the development and implementation of the sub-project ESMPs and overall environmentally sound approaches of the TAAT activities.
The AfDB Environmental and Social Safeguards specialists will train the Safeguard Focal Points or Consultants (lead implementing institutions and Clearing House) on issues related to the environment and social performance of TAAT in line with the Bank’s safeguard requirements, the relevant authorities will be systematically involved throughout the project implementation process.
8. Institutional Arrangement for the Implementation of the ESMF
Program-Wide Institutional Arrangement a) The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) is the Executing Agency for TAAT. In that capacity, IITA will be responsible for the overall management, coordination, and implementation of the program. IITA will sign Memorandum of Understanding (MoUs) and implementation agreements with each of the Implementing Agencies. IITA will act through a PMU composed of staff competitively recruited with the responsibility to manage the whole program and report to the Bank. b) Clearing House (C-House) is the incubation platform that will facilitate partnerships, program design and implementation to help reach millions of farmers with appropriate agricultural technologies. The C-House will work closely with the lead PIA/VC implementing agencies to map each value chain and agro-ecology, and determine which technological and non-technical opportunities are greatest. Non-technical opportunities include policy, infrastructure, institutional and financial interventions. In this exercise, there will be a need to adjust the technological and non-technological offer to conditions of specific countries.
The structure of the C-House is organized along the following roles: i) Partner engagement, especially across the private sector and with governments; ii) Program design, implementation and monitoring; iii) Capacity building; and iv) Communication. Each of these roles will be led by a section head and staffed appropriately to carry out the pertinent functions. Necessary skills for these staff include: i) Head of partner engagement, an agricultural professional with at least a decade of working closely with Development Banks, National governments and the private sector on agriculture development projects and initiatives. ii) An agricultural scientist with in-depth knowledge of the CGIAR and other research and development (R&D) institutions with confirmed skills and experience in working in agricultural technology transfer involving public and private entities; iii) An outreach expert with a strong grasp of different mechanisms available for reaching millions of farmers with agricultural technologies and a solid background in training and capacity building; and iv) a communication expert with long experience in mass media dissemination of agricultural technologies. The C-House team will receive extensive training on AfDB operations including processes involved during projects cycles and the financing instruments at hand.
The Clearinghouse will be decentralized across the regions of Africa with one office for Central, North and West Africa and another for East and Southern Africa. To avoid conflict of interest, the Clearinghouse will be independent of the TAAT PMU and have a separate advisory mechanism.
The Clearing House will appoint an Environmental Management and Social Development safeguard focal person who will be responsible for monitoring/auditing the implementation of ESMF by the PIUs.
Priority Intervention Area/Value Chains Activities Institutional Arrangement
The Implementing Agencies include the institutions leading the target value chains. These lead institutions will act through Project Implementation Units (PIU) and establish sub-contract agreements with the collaborating institutions involved in the implementation of the value chain activities. Each contract shall clearly state expected deliverables, timelines and associated costs, and any other conditions that govern collaboration including environmental management. The lead institutions include:
a) AfricaRice AfricaRice is a CGIAR research center leading rice research in Africa, with the aim of increasing the productivity and profitability of the rice sector in ways that ensure the sustainability of the farming environment. AfricaRice will collaborate with and sub- contract International Water Management Institute (IWMI) to design the Rice self- sufficiency intervention area. IWMI leads multi-partner initiatives highlighting the enormous potential for investment in water resources management and irrigation that are fundamental to closing yield gaps and transforming African agriculture.
b) International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) IITA is a CGIAR that champions cassava value chains in Africa, offering improved varieties, adjustable management practices and innovative value-adding options. It also champions maize, soybean, banana, cocoa, coffee and other technologies through its Africa-wide networks. It offers special expertise in Integrated Soil Fertility Management. IITA hosts the IITA Youth Agripreneurs, a network of youth agribusiness incubations across Africa.
c) International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) ICARDA works in Africa to develop of high yielding, heat tolerant, disease resistant, and climate smart wheat varieties, and their accompanying management technologies.
d) World Fish World Fish is dedicated to reducing poverty and hunger by improving fisheries and aquaculture in Africa. It works closely with IITA in the rehabilitation of ponds in several countries and the IITA Youth Agripreneurs assume leadership in the fish initiative.
e) International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT ICRISAT is a CGIAR center that provides research support to agro-ecosystems development, plant biotechnology, crop improvement and management, and institutions. ICRISAT adopts integrated genetic and natural resources management as its overarching research strategy. Use crop improvement research as the basis to improve food availability in drought-prone areas
f) International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Working with a range of partners, including government, NGOs, private companies and financial institutions, ILRI facilitates the development of smallholder livestock production and dairying in Africa. Its technological innovation addresses breeds, feeds and animal health, and the formation of production and marketing hubs.
g) The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) ICRAF is a CGIAR center specializing in the sustainable management, protection and regulation of tropical forest and natural reserves. The Centre¹s mission is to generate science-based knowledge about the diverse roles that trees play in agricultural landscapes, and to use its research to advance policies and practices, and their implementation that benefit the poor and the environment.
h) The World Vegetable Center (AVRDC) AVRDC conducts research, builds networks, and carries out training and promotion activities to raise awareness of the role of vegetables for improved health and global poverty alleviation. The Center’s research and development work focuses on breeding improved vegetable lines, developing and promoting safe production practices, reducing postharvest losses, and improving the nutritional value of vegetables.
i) International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) CIAT center develops technologies, methods, and knowledge that better enable farmers in developing countries to enhance eco-efficiency in agriculture. This aims to make production more competitive and profitable as well as sustainable and resilient through economically and ecologically sound use of natural resources and purchased inputs. CIAT generates knowledge about climate change impacts, identifies adaptation options for the rural poor as well as options that can help mitigate climate change.
9. Requirements for Training and Capacity Building
The environmental sustainability of the TAAT program is highly dependent on the capacity of the partner institutions to effectively assess the environment, social and climate change concerns of TAAT agriculture development goals, elaborate the relevant mitigation and adaptation measures that will address these concerns, and coordinate the planning, mainstreaming, and supervision of these measures. The CGIAR centers leading the implementation of the TAAT program are well-established institutions experienced in conducting research on the environmental and social impact of agricultural production. They have required qualifications and adequate experience in their respective areas of expertise to manage and mainstream the environmental and social issues in the program activities.
The TAAT program will make provisions for technical assistance, training and awareness to support the capacity needs to ensure effective implementation of the ESMF throughout the life of the Program. It is worthy to note that the Capacity Development and Outreach component of the TAAT program led by FARA will incorporate environmental management and social development implications/requirements of the proposed agriculture technologies. It is recognized that each technology has associated trade-offs, which must be understood within the wider adoption process. FARA in collaboration with the Clearing House will assemble and disseminate a suite of communication tools that will disseminate this knowledge.
The implementing institutions have officers who act as focal points for environmental management and social development issues. However, there is limited knowledge of the safeguard requirement of the AfDB and capacity to screen, develop safeguard instrument and monitor implementation of the ESMF. Hence, an independent safeguards consultant(s) may be recruited to assist the institutions with coordinating and monitoring environmental management and social development requirements of the TAAT program.
This ESMF proposes a training workshop that will focus on various topics relevant to the environment and social management objective of the TAAT program including among others;
. Train Clearing House and PIUs’ safeguard consultants, extension teams and communities to identify, prepare, implement and manage the environmental and social aspects of their subprojects. . Risk assessment of agriculture technologies and TAAT activities . Mainstreaming of safeguard issues in the overall TAAT program . Public consultations (consultations on environmental and social safeguards to stakeholders such as government ministries, partners and other relevant institutions. . Design of appropriate monitoring indicators for the sub-projects mitigation measures. . Community mobilization/participation and social inclusion.
The training workshop will be delivered during the first year of program implementation and will provide trainees the basic approach to implementing the guidelines provided in the ESMF combined with the use of the appropriate tools, such as the screening and environment and social impact assessments.
Technical Assistance
Environmental and Social Technical Assistance will be provided to support the Clearing House and PIUs in order to support the ESMF implementation (and review, if required), especially where more detailed ESMPs may be required as well as for training, awareness and capacity building activities. The TA will be used for in-depth safeguards training led by the AfDB safeguards specialist and/or contracted out to professionals with the relevant technical skills and experience for environmental impact of agriculture technologies and preparation of ESMFs, ESMPs and relevant training modules.
10. Public Consultation and Disclosure
The formulation of the TAAT Program follows a trajectory of participatory and consultative processes starting with the Dakar High Level Conference in October 2015. This meeting was attended by numerous top Government officials and representatives of several international organizations including the World Bank, International Fund for Agricultural Development, United Nations Development Program, Rockefeller Foundation, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and United States Agency for International Development.
Other important meetings that contributed to TAAT Program formulation include the CGIAR Council meeting in Washington DC in February 2016, the Agropole Conference organized by AfDB in March 2016, several country dialogue meetings on TAAT advocacy, and the TAAT Preparation Workshop held at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 12-14 April 2016. The latter workshop attracted over 260 participants drawn from a complete spectrum of stakeholders. There was also a consultation with donors on 12 April 2016 at a side meeting during this workshop. Finally, there were in-depth consultations with each of the CG centers holding expertise on each of the seven PVCIs. There was also a preparation report-writing and fine-tuning meeting at IITA from 3–9 June 2016 that involved discussions on key elements of task including the consideration of environment and social safegaurds and climate change.
Potential partners were contacted to suggest proven agricultural technologies and innovations ready for scaling. These technologies were reviewed and most promising ones incorporated into TAAT planning. The shortlisted ones met the following criteria: a) technologies are demand- driven and user-led; b) technologies are accompanied by non-technical factors that favor their delivery and adoption; c) grassroots’ technologies are user-friendly and rely upon affordable, widely available inputs; and d) comprehensive field testing of the technology was already conducted, compiled and analyzed.
TAAT is a knowledge-based program that will require continuous process of consultations beyond the project cycle. Stakeholders will be informed about the ESMF requirements and the need for internalizing the environmental and social requirements in the design and implementation of the project activities.
The ESMF will be disclosed on the website of the African Development Bank and copies will be made available to the Executing and Implementing agencies.
11. ESMF Budget
The TAAT program has been conceptualized to ensure environment and social issues are captured and integrated in respective PIA/VC interventions. It should be noted that the preparation and implementation of environment and social safeguard aspects of TAAT is dependent on the country-specific information that have not been fully determined at this stage.
In order to facilitate the process of managing the environment and social concerns of the TAAT program, the ESMF budget will encompass costs for capacity building of key stakeholders, risk assessment studies (of the commodity value chain activities within the context of the proposed agriculture technologies) and monitoring aimed at ensuring that TAAT subproject activities align with the ESMF recommended procedures. The total cost is estimated at 600,000 USD as detailed in the following table.
Activity Description Participants Unit cost Number Total Cost
ESMF Capacity Training workshop (5- Executing 100,000 (1) 100,000 Building day) on screening, and mainstreaming Implementing environment and Agencies social management measures procedures into the PIA/ACVC activities.
Environment, Social Review of PIA/ACVC Implementing 20,000 20 400,000 and Climate Risk activities including Agencies Assessment for the assessment of PIA/ACVC activities environment and social risks that may be associated with the agriculture technologies in respective agro- ecological zones/countries
ESMF Monitoring Monitoring of ESMF Independent 50,000 2 100,000 procedures and Expert and Safeguard Process of Bank TAAT Safeguard Specialists
12. Conclusion
Agriculture technologies and innovations promoted through the TAAT program have significant benefits to socio-economic development and the environment. It is also recognized that there are associated environmental trade-offs, which have to be understood within the wider adoption process.
Environmental costs associated with the development of commercial agriculture can be reduced and managed through use of appropriate technologies combined with vigilant monitoring of environmental impacts and adherence to regulations and safeguard polices. This ESMF provides the guidance to facilitate the assessment and understanding of the potential environment, social and climate risks of the TAAT program. This is expected to advance knowledge and inform the development of appropriate tools and mechanisms on the dissemination of the technologies.
The program has been classified Environmental Category 2, which implies that the potential environment and social risks associated with the program are site-specific and can be managed with the application of identified mitigation measures. The ESMF has been prepared to ensure that the implementation of the TAAT program is undertaken in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner. It requires the TAAT implementation adheres to the procedures for environmental and social screening, risk assessment, as well as review and approval prior to implementation of value chain activities.
The ESMF recognizes the knowledge gaps of the implementing institutions with regard to the safeguard policies of the African Development Bank. Thus, strengthening and building the capacity in this area will be critical to the effective implementation of the ESMF. Capacity development will also provide an enabling environment to address environmental and social concerns of the TAAT program.
13. References and Contacts
References
1) African Development Bank Safeguard Policies.
2) International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 2017. Technologies for African Agriculture Transformation (Phase 1): Implementation Plan. Submitted to the African Development Bank.
3) Killebrew K and Wolff, H, 2010. Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Technologies. Evan School Policy Analysis and Research (EPAR) Brief No. 65. Evans School of Public Affairs
4) Nyong, A.; Adesina, F.; Osman-Elasha, B; 2007. The Value of Indigenous Knowledge in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies in the African Sahel. Mitig Adap. Strat. Global Change (2007) 12:787-797
5) Pingali, P. L. 2012. Green Revolution: Impacts, Limits, and the Path Ahead. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(31), 12302–12308.
6) Priority Intervention Areas’ project documents (prepared as inputs into the TAAT program document.
7) Reynolds T.W; Waddington S.R; Anderson, C.L; Chew, A; True Z; Cullen A; 2015. Environmental Impacts and constraints associated with production of major food crops in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Food Sec.(2015) 7:795-822
8) United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) African Environmental Outlook. UNEP
List of People Consulted
1. Godwin Aster, Communication and Knowledge Exchange Expert, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), g.aster@cgiar.org 2. Prof. Vasey Mwaja( PhD, MKNAS, FRSB), President Secure Capital Investments LTD, Kenya, +254205137033 3. Lian Wright, Deputy Director General-Integrated Sciences, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), [email protected] 4. Robin Buruchara , Director, Pan-Africa Bean Research Alliance, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), [email protected] 5. Debisi Araba, Director- Africa Region, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), [email protected] 6. Sidi Sanyang, Program Leader – Rice Sector Development, AfricaRice, [email protected] 7. Dr. Youssouf Camara, Programme Manager –Policy Institutions , Market and Trade, West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development [email protected] 8. Peter Setimela, Senior Scientist –Seed System Specialist, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), [email protected] 9. T, Olalekan Williams, Director Africa, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), [email protected] 10. Dr. Justus Ochieng, Agricultural Economist, The World Vegetable Center, [email protected] 11. Dr. Mohammed El Mourid, North Africa Regional Coordinator, ICARDA, [email protected]
ANNEXES
ANNEX I Agriculture Technologies and Innovations
Priority Intervention Ares (PIAs)/Value Chains (VCs) Technologies and Innovations Enabling Cassava as an Agro and Industrial Crop Improved Mineral Fertilizer Application Schemes Adjusted to Local & Weather Conditions (ISFM) Delivery of improved Varieties Mechanization of Cassava Production (Motorized weed control; Cassava equipment (planter, cultivator, stem cutter, root harvester, root loader, excavator) and Irrigation) Cassava Processing (Village Scale Mechanical Processing; Mechanical Peeling; Mechanical Drying Using Pneumatic Dryers) Cassava Pests and Disease Management (Integrated pest management (IPM), Pest and disease diagnostic services for commercialized cassava systems and biological control of cassava diseases) Improved Quality Cassava Products (High Quality Cassava Chips; High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF); Cassava Starch; Cassava based Foods) Cassava “waste to wealth” (Cassava peels as quality animal feed ingredients Cassava peel granules as substrates for aflasafeTM production, Production of mushrooms from cassava peel)
Self Sufficiency in Rice Improved Rice Varieties (Advanced Rice varieties for Africa, New Rice Varieties for Africa, Sub 1 Rice Varieties & Hybrid Rice varieties) Improved Crop Nutrition (Soil & Foliar micronutrients in rice; Localized nutrient application at crop establishment stage) Rice Mechanization (Laser Land Leveling; Motorized weeders; Axial Flow Thresher) Improved Access and Lifting of Water for Rice Irrigation Irrigation Services and Scheduling to improve Field Level Water Management Rice Processing and Products (The GEM Parboiling; Biomass Gasfication; Fortified Rice-Wheat Composite Biscuits; Mineral and Vitamin Fortified Rice and Rice Products; Rice based Pasta)
Expanding Wheat Production in Africa High Yielding, Heat tolerant and Disease Resistant Wheat Varieties Mechanizing Irrigated Wheat Production using the Raised-beds Accelerated Seed Multiplication & Delivery Systems Conservation Agriculture; Low cost No-till Planter
Achieving Food Security in the Sahel Pearl Millet Nutritious High Yielding Pearl Millet Varieties Augmentative Releases of Parasitoid Wasps for Biological Control of the Millet head miner Bio-reclamation of Degraded Land (BDL) Fertilizer Micro-dosing Sorghum Dual/Multi-purpose Sorghum Varieties Development and Use of Hybrid Sorghum Mobile Choppers - Efficient & Optimum Utilization of Crop Residues Small & Medium Scale Mechanization Groundnut High Yielding Multiple Stress Tolerant Groundnut Varieties Aflatoxin Management Technologies in Groundnut Cowpea Striga Resistant Cowpea Varieties Insect Pest Management in Cowpea Improved Storage of Cowpea Using Purdue Improved Crop Storage(PICS)4 bags Beef Improved Animal Health Improved Feeding Systems (drought tolerant forages; dual purpose crop varieties) Competitiveness of Beef Cattle Production Index based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) Small Ruminant (Meat) Improved Animal Health Systems (Small Ruminant Health; Risk-based vaccination program with integrated monitoring system) Improved feed systems (drought tolerant forages; dual purpose crop varieties) Community-based breeding programs Index-based Livestock Insurance Poultry Chicken genetics: Low Input Chicken Production Vaccine Technology: Poultry Input and Service Delivery System Cassava Peel as High Quality Poultry Feed Ingredients
4 PICS provide a simple low-cost method of reducing post-harvest cowpeas losses due to bruchid infestations in west and central Africa. It consists of two layers of polyethylene liners and third later made from woven polypropylene.
Transforming the Savanna Zone into Africa’s Bread Basket Maize Multi-stress Tolerant Maize Varieties (Drought-tolerant, quality protein maize (QPM) and pro-vitamin A-enriched, nitrogen-use efficient, combining tolerance to drought and resistance to Striga and Maize Lethal Necrosis [MLN]) Aflasafe and Aflatoxin Management System Integrated Management of Striga in Maize Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) Rural Mechanization for Tillage, Irrigation and Post-harvest processing Storage/Post harvest Technologies and Processing and Nutritional Quality Soybean Scaling out adoption and use of improved soybean varieties Integrated Soil Fertility Management in soybean-based systems across the savanna. NoduMax: A bio-fertilizer technology for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) enhancement and production in soybean Improved Processing Methods: Food to food fortification and product diversity Yam Improved Yam Varieties Improved Seed Yam Production & Delivery Improved Crop & Soil Management Packages Processing and post-harvetTechnologies in Yams Mechanization in Yams
Poultry Chicken genetics technology (more productive and adaptive chicken genetics) Animal health/vaccine technology Chicken feed technology Dairy Improved Feeding Systems (Improved planted forages, Seed/germplasm systems developed to deliver improved forage genetics, Improved use of crop residues & Small scale processing of local crop residues facilitated and scaled including cassava peel processing model facilitated and scaled Improved Dairy Cattle Genetics and Marketing Dairy Breeding Animals Improved dairy cattle genetics & Improved marketing dairy breeding animals) Improved Dairy cattle Health (Improved dairy cattle health & Improved access to and use of key vaccines)
Renovating Tree Crop Plantations Oil Palm Improved varieties for Oil Palm – Multiplying and Scaling out of Clean Germplasm Oil Palm harvesting technologies – introduction and scaling of motorized harvesters made from bamboo poles Value addition by multiproduct processing centres- Establishment of common processing centre for oil palm equipped with modern technologies for kernel and shell separation, and oil extraction equipment Mass release of oil palm pollinatore-artificial pollinators using insects Cashew Cashew rejuvenation with improved materials/genotypes (Brazilian jumbo seeds) Multiplying and scaling out of Clean Germplasm Integrated cashew management (ICM)/GAP Casher Value addition (improved processing, harvesting tool, apple juice and vinegar processing) Cashew-apiculture Cocoa Multiplying Clean Germplasm Integrated Crop Pest Management for Cocoa Cocoa Rehabilitation Techniques and Management Cocoa value addition Coffee Improved Coffee Varieties Integrated Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Coffee Production & ISFM Integrated Pest Management/Plantwise Advisory Service GAPs in out-scaling of coffee and banana intercropping practices Suitability maps as guide to help design climate smart agroforestry systems in climate sensitive areas or climate smart agroforestry where coffee will be viable in the future Coffee value addition
Expanding Africa’s Share of Horticultural Trade Vegetable Increased Availability of Elite Vegetable Seeds Health Seed & Seedling Systems Protected Cultivation System Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Irrigation Water Management Systematic Pest Surveillance System Reduced postharvest losses and increased Processing of Vegetables by Linking Smallholder Farmers to Processors
Sweetpotato/Potato Value Chain Sustainable Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato (OFSP) Planting Material Intensified OFSP Production Systems Sweet Potato for Animal Feed Products Nutrition Support Technologies Climate Smart Mid-Altitude Potato Varieties OFSP Processing Technologies Decentralized Seed Potato Multiplication Networks Disease Resistant HighYielding Highland Potato Iron and Zinc Biofortified Potato Varieties On-farm Seed Potato Quality Management The 3G Seed Potato Strategy Banana/Plantain VC Increased availability of elite hybrid germplasm’ Resistant to Prominent Pests & Diseases through Healthy Seedling System Tissue Culture as a rapid propagation technology of healthy planting material’ Sustained healthy seedling systems through macro-propagation and sucker sanitation’ Banana/Plantain processing and value addition into flour, wine and chips’ Integrated Soil Fertility Management & Improved Agronomic Practices for Elite Hybrids Resistant to Pests and Diseases Beans Green BeanTechnology Climbing and Micronutrient Rich Shelled Beans Precooked Beans Technology Canned beans Technology
Self-Sufficiency in Fish Production in Africa Pond-based Tilapia Aquaculture Cage-based Tilapia Aquaculture Pond & Tank-based Catfish Aquaculture Fish Processing - Smoking Kiln
ANNEX II Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF)
The Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF) is designed to avail information to the decision-makers and reviewers so that impacts and their mitigation measures, if any, can be identified and/or that requirements for further environmental analysis be determined. This Form will be completed for each PIA/ACVC activities
Name of sub-project (PIA/ACVC)…………………………………………………….
Countries in which the sub-project is to be implemented…………………………
Identified Country stakeholders (Government ministries, NGOs, private sectors) consulted …………………………………………
Name, job title, and contact details of the person responsible for filling out this ESSF:
Name: ……………………………………………………………………….. Job title:……………………………………………………………………… Telephone numbers:……………………………; E-mail address……………………….. Date: Signature:……………………………………………
PART A: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
Please provide information on the type and scale of the sub-project (country, value chain, agro- ecological zones, agriculture technologies and innovation proposed etc).
Provide information about activities needed during the subproject implementation
PART B: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SITUATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
Describe the project location, project site, surroundings (include a map if any) ______
Describe the land formation, topography, vegetation in/adjacent to the project area ______
Estimate and indicate where vegetation might need to be cleared. ______
Environmentally sensitive areas or threatened species Are there any environmentally sensitive areas or threatened species (specify below) that could be adversely affected by the project? (i) Intact natural forests: Yes ______No ______(ii) Riverine forest: Yes ______No ______(iii) Surface water courses, natural springs Yes ______No ______(iv) Wetlands (lakes, rivers, swamp, seasonally inundated areas) Yes ______No ______(v) How far is the nearest wetland (lakes, rivers, seasonally inundated areas)?______km. (vi) Area of high biodiversity: Yes ______No ______(vii) Habitats of endangered/ threatened, or rare species for which protection is required under national law/local law and/or international agreements. Yes ______No ______(viii) Others (describe). Yes ______No ______Rivers and Lakes Ecology. (ix) Is there a possibility that, due to the interventions of the PIA/ACVC, the river and lake ecology will be adversely affected? Attention should be paid to water quality and quantity; the nature, productivity and use of aquatic habitats, and variations of these overtime. Yes ______No ______Protected areas. (x) Does the project area (or components of the project) occur within/adjacent to any protected areas designated by government (national park, national reserve, world heritage site etc.) Yes ______No ______(xi) If the project is outside of, but close to, any protected area, is it likely to adversely affect the ecology within the protected area areas (e.g. interference with the migration routes of mammals or birds). Yes ______No ______(xii) Geology and Soils: Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas of possible geologic or soil instability (prone to: soil erosion, landslide, subsidence, earthquake etc.)? Yes ______No ______(xiii) Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas that have risks of large scale increase in soil salinity? Yes ______No ______(xiv) Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas prone to floods, poorly drained, low-lying, or in a depression or block run-off water Yes ______No ______(xv) Contamination and Pollution Hazards: Is there a possibility that the project will be at risks of contamination and pollution hazards (from latrines, dumpsite, industrial discharges etc.) Yes ______No ______(xvi) Landscape/aesthetics: Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the aesthetic attractiveness of the local landscape? Yes ______No ___ (xvii) Historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site. Based on available sources, consultation with local authorities, local knowledge and/or observations, could the subproject alter any historical, archaeological, cultural heritage traditional (sacred, ritual area) site or require excavation near same? Yes ______No ______(xviii) Resettlement and/or land Acquisition Will involuntary resettlement, land acquisition, relocation of property, or loss, denial or restriction of access to land and other economic resources be caused by project implementation? Yes ______No ______If “Yes” the AfDB’s Involuntary Resettlement OS.3 is triggered. Propose the appropriate mitigation measures to be taken. (xix) Loss of Crops, Fruit Trees and Household Infrastructure Will the project result in the permanent or temporary loss of crops, fruit trees and household infra-structure (such as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens, livestock shed etc.)? Yes ______No ______(xx) Noise and Dust Pollution during Operations. Will the operating noise level exceed the allowable noise limits? Yes ______No ______(xxi) Will the operation result in emission of copious amounts of dust, hazardous fumes? Yes ______No ______
(xxii) Degradation and/or depletion of resources. Will the operation involve use of considerable amounts of natural resources (water quantity, water spillage, land, energy from biomass etc.) or may lead to their depletion or degradation Yes ______No ______
(xxiii) Solid or Liquid Wastes Will the project generate solid or liquid wastes? (including agricultural waste).Yes ______No ______
(xxiv) If “Yes”, does the project include a plan for their adequate collection and disposal of wastes? Yes ______No ______
PART C: MITIGATION MEASURES For all “Yes” responses above, describe briefly the measures taken to this effect.