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Kenya-Factsheet-2017.Pdf Agricultural R&D Indicators Factsheet | September 2016 KENYA Nienke Beintema, Lawrence Mose, Festus Murithi, Rosemary Emongor, and Titus Kibet AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SPENDING KENYA ETHIOPIA TANZANIA UGANDA 10,000 Million Kenyan shillings 8,000 (2011 constant prices) 9,400.4 6,000 4,000 Million PPP dollars 2,000 (2011 constant prices) 274.1 127.3 103.9 152.5 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 SPENDING INTENSITY 1.50 1.20 Agricultural research 0.90 spending as a share 0.60 of AgGDP 0.79% 0.24% 0.29% 0.97% 0.30 0.00 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCHERS 1,250 Full-time 1,000 equivalents 1,178.5 2,768.5 857.7 477.9 750 500 Share of researchers with 250 MSc and PhD degrees 80% 42% 70% 80% 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Notes: Data above are for 2014. Research conducted by the private for-profit sector is excluded from this factsheet due to lack of available data. Information on access to further resources, data procedures and methodologies, and acronyms and definitions are provided on Page 4. Seewww.asti.cgiar.org/kenya/directory for an overview of Kenya’s agricultural R&D agencies. Slower overall Improved Declining funding Dwindling capacity growth coordination to KALRO at KALRO Growth in agricultural research In efforts to improve the While declining government An internal evaluation deter- spending during 2000–2014 coordination and efficiency of funding to KALRO and its mined that, in order to fulfill mostly stemmed from increased resource use, KARI, KESREF, predecessors from 2011 its research potential, KALRO capacity at Kenya’s higher CRF, and TRFK were merged negatively affected research would need to increase agricul- education agencies and among to form KALRO in 2014. This overall, EAAPP funding tural researcher numbers by government organizations other change—which follows insti- strengthened KALRO’s human 40 percent. Yet capacity is than KALRO. Contractions in tutional structures in place in and institutional capacity in actually expected to decline government and donor contribu- other countries, such as Brazil, the area of dairy research. in the coming years because tions caused KALRO’s spending Mexico, Japan, and India—is The recent reallocation of a large number of (especially levels to stagnate during expected to improve integra- commodity tax revenues to PhD-qualified) researchers 2011–2013 and decline in 2014. tion between the government nonresearch-related activities are approaching retirement Agricultural research spending and higher education sectors will only exacerbate the funding age. By preventing KALRO as a share of AgGDP fell from and encourage closer collabo- shortfall KALRO experienced from replacing departing 1.33 in 2000 to 0.79 in 2014, ration among private, regional, in 2014–2015 as a result of its and retiring staff with young reflecting strong agricultural and international research restructuring. KALRO is endeav- scientists, the ongoing hiring growth, not declining research organizations in support of a oring to address this challenge freeze further complicates this spending. The total number of more dynamic, innovative, and by promoting the generation of challenge, creating a long-term agricultural researchers changed efficient agricultural research internal revenues through the impedi ment to the conduct and little during 2011–2014. system. sale of good and services. continuity of research. Kenya’s agricultural researchers by qualification level Kenya’s agricultural researchers by sector and qualification level The country’s total number of agricultural researchers increased only slightly during A large number of researchers with PhD degrees left KALRO during 2013–2014 to accept 2011–2014, mostly due to growth in the number of PhD-qualified researchers. The number positions with more attractive remuneration at local universities or other agencies. As a result, of BSc- and MSc-qualified researchers remained fairly stagnant during this timeframe. the number of PhD-qualified FTE researchers employed in the higher education sector has surpassed the number employed at KALRO. BSc MSc PhD 1,200 BSc MSc PhD PhD shares 2000 24% 90 294 124 383 427 424 900 410 339 233 2008 28% 126 300 163 KALRO 600 2014 28% 126 295 167 531 522 523 490 522 523 2000 47% 17 84 91 Full-time equivalents Full-time 300 2008 58% 16 80 131 180 222 187 210 232 Higher 129 education 0 2014 61% 30 104 211 2000 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Note: The government and higher education agencies employed a number of technical support staff qualified to the BSc- and MSc- Full-time equivalents level; these staff members do not have official researcher status. Note: The figure excludes other government agencies. Kenya’s agricultural researchers by age bracket Kenya’s share of female researchers Large shares of PhD-qualified researchers at most agricultural research agencies in Kenya The country’s share of female agricultural researchers increased from 25 percent in 2008 to are in their 50s or 60s. The situation is particularly serious at KALRO: three-quarters of PhD- 29 percent in 2014. As of 2014, female researchers were comparatively younger and less qualified researchers and about half of all BSc- and MSc-qualified researchers were more well-qualified than their male colleagues. than 50 years old as of 2014. 75% 25% <31 31–40 41–50 51–60 >60 2008 MALE FEMALE FTEs, 2014 PhD 167 5 20 67 8 MSc 295 23 25 44 8 2014 71% 29% KALRO MALE FEMALE BSc 126 2 21 29 45 3 PhD 211 11 30 40 19 By qualification level, 2014 MSc 104 7 36 38 17 3 Higher BSc 32% MSc 33% PhD 23% education BSc 30 9 60 24 6 <1 0 20 40 60 80 100 By age bracket, 2014 Share (%) < 41 44% 41–50 35% > 50 18% Note: The figure excludes other government agencies. Kenya’s MSc- and PhD-qualified agricultural researchers by discipline Socioeconomics, veterinary medicine, fisheries/aquatic resources, plant breeding/genetics, and soil sciences are strong disciplines in Kenya accounting for a combined 49 percent of the country's total number of MSc- and PhD-qualified agricultural researchers in 2014. Agricultural researchers, 2014 FTEs Share (%) Agricultural researchers, 2014 FTEs Share (%) MSc PhD MSc PhD MSc PhD MSc PhD Plant breeding/genetics (incl. biotechnology) 37 41 7 10 Forestry and agroforestry 5 8 1 2 Plant pathology 24 25 5 6 Fisheries and aquatic resources 63 21 12 5 Plant physiology 3 10 1 2 Soil sciences 33 43 6 10 Botany 2 4 0.4 1 Natural resources management 19 9 4 2 Seed science and technology 7 5 1 1 Water and irrigation management 3 1 1 0 Other crop sciences 79 54 15 13 Ecology 10 13 2 3 Animal breeding/genetics 7 7 1 2 Biodiversity conservation 2 2 0.4 0.5 Animal husbandry 14 4 3 1 Food sciences and nutrition 9 9 2 2 Animal nutrition 13 20 2 5 Socioeconomics (incl. agricultural economics) 78 47 15 11 Dairy science 2 4 0.5 1 Extension and education 13 2 2 0.4 Poultry 0.3 1 0.1 0.2 Other sciences 43 18 8 4 Veterinary medicine 40 62 8 15 Total 523 424 100 100 Zoology/entomology 15 16 3 4 Note: Data are estimates based on an agency sample representing 84 percent of the total number of FTE researchers. Other animal and livestock – – – – Institutional composition of Kenya’s agricultural research KALRO’s spending by cost category The number of agencies involved in agricultural research and their combined total number of On average, salaries accounted for 50 percent of total spending by KALRO and its former agencies FTE researchers increased in recent years due to expansion in the number and size of public (KARI, KESREF, CRF, TRFK), and remained fairly constant during 2009–2015; however, operating and private universities. KALRO still accounted for half of all FTE researchers in 2014. and program costs and capital investments fluctuated from year to year, and decreased substan- tially in 2015 due to funding contractions associated with the restructuring. KALRO Other Higher Salaries Operating and program costs Capital investments government education 1,400 2009 2,394 1,869 462 1,200 2010 2,388 1,777 349 1,000 345 228 2011 2,367 1,927 458 800 193 191 246 2012 2,449 1,982 466 600 185 2013 2,323 2,282 351 400 43 AGENCIES, 2014 590 588 508 2014 2,433 1,982 336 200 Government 5 Full-time equivalent researchers equivalent Full-time Higher education 38 2015 2,174 1,605 399 0 2000 2008 2014 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 Million Kenyan shillings (inflation adjusted; base year = 2011) Note: KALRO was established in 2014 through the merger of KARI, KESREF, CRF, and TRKF. Pre-2014 data for KALRO presented in this Note: Data for Kenya correlate with financial rather than calendar years; hence, 2012 represents data for the period July 1, 2011 to factsheet refer to these four agencies. June 30, 2012, and so on. KALRO’s funding sources KALRO’s funding and spending compared Government support to KALRO fell in inflation-adjusted terms from 2011, whereas donor The government funds salaries, a portion of staff benefits, and a small share of operating and contributions—including the World Bank loan associated with EAAPP—almost doubled capital expenses. Contract labor and the shortfall in staff benefits are funded through com- during 2009–2014. Funding fell considerably in 2015 as part of KALRO’s restructuring, and more modity tax and internally generated sales of goods and service revenues.
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