Boston College International and Comparative Law Review

Volume 3 | Issue 1 Article 5

12-1-1979 A Bibliography of English Sources on the Criminal Process in the People’s Republic of Eugene L. Shapiro

Follow this and additional works at: http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Criminal Law Commons, and the Criminal Procedure Commons

Recommended Citation Eugene L. Shapiro, A Bibliography of English Sources on the Criminal Process in the People’s Republic of China, 3 B.C. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 89 (1979), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol3/iss1/5

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. English Sources on the Criminal Process in the People's Republic of China

by Eugene L. Shapiro-

I. INTRODUCTION

For one wishing to trace the criminal process in the People's Republic of China (PRC) since the beginning of the , the problem of a scarcity of English materials has been compounded by the difficulty of their location. For the period prior to 1966, two major bibliographies, Fu-shun Lin's CHINESE LAw PAST AND PRESENT (1966) and that contained in Jerome Alan Cohen's THE CRIMINAL PROCESS IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, 1949-1963: AN INTRODUCTION (1968), are useful. This bibliography seeks to update those efforts, including both Chinese material which is available in English and recent non-Chinese commentary on the criminal process since 1949. In July of 1979, Chairman Ye J ianying of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress issued orders promulgating seven laws which had been adopted at the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Congress, including a comprehensive Criminal Law, a Law of Criminal Procedure, the Organic Law of the People's Courts and the Organic Law of the People's Pro­ curatorates. 1 These laws will become effective on January 1, 1980, sup­ plementing the new Regulations of the People's Republic of China Governing the Arrest and Detention of Persons Accused of Crimes, effective since February 23, 1979. While authoritative English translations of these new laws are not yet available, they may certainly be expected soon. Available commen­ tary concerning both the codification process and a renewed emphasis upon principles of legality is included below.

• Associate Professor of Law ,Memphis State University. The author wishes to thank Dr. Tao­ tai Hsia of the Library of Congress for his suggestions concerning this project. 1. Publirizing lhe New Laws, 22 REV. No. 29, at 3 (1979).

89 90 BOSTON COLLEGE INTERNATIONAL & COMPARATIVE LAW REVIEW [Vol. III, No. I

II. BASIC MONOGRAPHS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES j. COHEN, THE CRIMINAL PROCESS IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, 1949-1963: AN INTRODUCTION (1968). HSIA, TAG-TAl, GUIDE TO SELECTED LEGAL SOURCES OF MAINLAND CHINA (1967). LENG, SHAG-CHUAN, JUSTICE IN COMMUNIST CHINA: A SURVEY OF THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC (1967). V. LI, LAW WITHOUT LAWYERS (1978). LIN, FU-SHUN, CHINESE LAW PAST AND PRESENT: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ENACT­ MENTS AND COMMENTARIES IN ENGLISH TEXT (1966)_ III. CHINESE MATERIALS IN ENGLISH Notice by theJoint Committee of Kwangtung Revolutionary Rebels-Strengthen the Dic­ tatorship of the Proletariat and Suppress Counter-Revolutionary Activities, KUANG-CHOU JIH-PAO (Canton), Feb. 7, 1967, translated in SURVEY OF CHINA MAINLAND PRESS SUPP.2 No. 179 at 28 (1967). Vigorous?J Combat Anarchism, SURVEY OF CHINA MAINLAND PRESS SUPP. No. 184 at 1 (1967). SHOU-TU HUNG-WEI-PING (Metropolitan Red Guard, Peking) editorial. The Seven Point Agreement to Check Armed Clashes-Formulated by the Provincial Military Control Committee, KUNG-AN CHAN-PAO (Public Security Combat Bulletin, Canton), August 1, 1967, translated in SURVEY OF CHINA MAINLAND PRESS SuPP. No. 199, at 19 (1967). Selected Big-Character Posters, translated in SURVEY OF CHINA MAINLAND PRESS SuPP. No. 193 at 1-18 (1967) (accounts of Hunan disturbances compiled by Hunan University groups). Circular Order aunt 6, 1967) of CCP Central Committee, State Council, Central Com­ mittee's Military Commission, and Central Committee's Cultural Revolution Group, HSIN PEI-TA (New Peking University), june 14, 1967, translated in SURVEY OF CHINA MAINLAND PRESS SuPP. No. 195, at 1 (1967). Notice by Shanghai Municipal Public Securi9i Bureau on Smashing the Criminal Activi9i of Young Hooligans, WEN-HUI PAO (Shanghai), Dec. 27, 1967, translated in SURVEY OF CHINA MAINLAND PRESS SUPP. No. 220, at 1 (1968). Hsiang, Shih, New Problems in the Realm of Legal Studies, CHENG-FA YEN-CHIU No. 3, at 1 (1964), translated in 1 CHINESE L. & GOV'T No.2, at 3 (1968)_ A Symposium on the Objects of Legal Study, CHENG-FA YEN-CHIU No.3, at 39 (1964), translated in 1 CHINESE L. & GOV'T No.2, at 27 (1968).

2. Published by the U.S. Consulate-General in Hong Kong. Succeeded by SURVEY OF Pro. PLE'S REPUBUC OF CHINA PRESS SuPP. 1979) CRIMINAL PROCESS BIBLIOGRAPHY 91

Cheng, P'u, Thoroughly Destroy the Old Legal System and Eliminate Bourgeois Legal Thought (On Rereading the Central Committee's "Directive Concerning the Abolition of the Kuomintang Liuja Ch 'uan- shu and the Establishment of Judicial Pn'nciples in Liberated Areas"), CHENG-FA YEN-CHIU No. 2 (1964), translated in 1 CHINESE L. & GOV'T No.3, at 63 (1968). Ts'ao, Tzu-tan, On the Relationship Between Crime and Class Struggle, CHENG-FA YEN-CHIU No.1 (1964), translated in 1 CHINESE L. & GOV'T No.3, at 80 (1968). Ning, Han-lin, Voluntary Confession in the CrimiTlllI Law of the People's Republic of China, CHENG-FA YEN-CHIU No.4 (1957), translated in 2 CHINESE L. & GOV'T No. 1, at 16 (1969). On the People's Democratic Dictatorship and the People's Democratic Legal System (Com­ pendium on the Leap Forward in Scientific Studies at the Chinese People's University), 2 CHINESE L. & GOV'T No.2, at 3 (1969) (Extracts originally compiled by the State and Judicial Theory Teaching and Research Office of the Department of Law, Chinese People's University (Peking), 1958). Disagreements in Matters of Law, Public Security and Cadre Policy, 2 CHINESE L. & GOV'T No.4, at 3 (1968) (Five items taken from the July, 1968 issue of a Can­ tonese Red Guard style newspaper entitled Fan P'eng, Lo hei hsien, com­ menting upon the administration of justice). CONST. OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA (1969), reprinted in 12 PEKING REV. No. 18, at 36 (1969). Meeting for Passing Judgment Held by Canton Public Security Organ, NAN-FANG JIH­ PAO (Canton), April 13, 1969, translated in SURVEY OF CHINA MAINLAND PRESS SUPP. No. 250, at 23 (1969). Resolutely Exercise Dictatorship Over the Class Enemy, KUANG-CHOU KUNG-TAI-HUI (Canton Workers Congress) Aug. 6, 1969, translated in SURVEY OF CHINA MAINLAND PRESS SuPP. No. 257, at 1 (1969). Notice by Canton Revolutionary Committee to Consolidate and Strengthen Dictatorship of the Proletariat and Maintain Revolutionary Order, KUANG-CHOU KUNG-TAI-HUI (Can­ ton Workers Congress), Aug. 6, 1969, translated in SURVEY OF CHINA MAINLAND PRESS SuPP. No. 257, at 3 (1969). We Swear to Serve As Iron Fists of the Provincial and ltfunicipal Revolutionary Commit­ tees, KUANG-CHOU KUNG-TAI-HUI (Canton Workers Congress), Aug. 6, 1969, translated in SURVEY OF CHINA MAINLAND PRESS SuPP. No. 257, at 5 (1969). Blows Struck at the Corrupt Elements, Embezzlers and Speculators in K'aip'ing Rubber Plant, NAN-FANG JIH-PAO (Canton), Feb. 14, 1970, translated in SURVEY OF CHINA MAINLAND PRESS SuPP. No. 267, at 26 (1970). Investigation into a Group of Corrupt Element and Embezzlers by Revolutionaries in Tungfanghung Bazaar, KUANG-CHOU KUNG-TAI-HUI (Canton Workers Congress), translated in SURVEY OF CHINA MAINLAND PRESS SuPP. No. 267, at 28 (1970). 92 BoSTON COLLEGE INTERNATIONAL & COMPARATIVE LAW REVIEW [Vol. III, No.1

MilillJry Control Committee of Canton Public Security Organs Holds Public Trial, KUANG-cHou NUNG-TAI-HUI (Canton Peasants Congress), Feb. 2, 1970, transllJted in SURVEY OF CHINA MAINLAND PRESS SuPP. No. 268, at 27 (1970). CONST. OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA (1973), reprinted in 16 PEKING REV. Nos. 35-36, at 26 (1973). General Condition ofJudicial Work in T'ai-hang District, reprinted in 6 CHINESE L. & GoV'T No.3, at 7 (1973) (Department Director's Summary Report to the Judicial Conference ofT'ai-hang District). Chinese Supreme People's Court Grants Special Amnesty to and Releases All War Criminals in Custody, HSINHUA WEEKLY (Hong Kong) 5 (March 24, 1975). N. P. C. SlIJnding Committee Decision on Granting Special Amnesty to and Releasing All War Criminals in Custody, HSINHUA WEEKLY (Hong Kong) 5 (March 24, 1975). N.P. C. SlIJnding Committee Decides to Grant Special Amnesty to and Release All War Criminals in Custody, HSINHUA WEEKLY (Hong Kong) 3 (March 24, 1975). N.P. C. SlIJnding Committee's Decision: Granting Special Amnesty to and Releasing All War Criminals in Custody, 18 PEKING REV. No. 12, at 11 (1975). ChineseJudiciDl Organs Decide to Pardon and Release KuominllJng Personnel in Custody, HSINHUA WEEKLY (Hong Kong) 23 (December 29, 1975). CONST. OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (PRC) (1975), reprinted in 18 PEKING REV. No.4, at 12 (1975). Chang, Chun-chiao, Report on the Revision of the Constitution, 18 PEKING REV. No. 11, at 18 (1975) (Delivered onJanuary 13, 1975 and adopted on January 17, 1975 at the First Session of the Fourth National People's Congress). Liang, Hsiao and Lu, Pin, New Constitution: FuruiamenllJI Charter for Con­ solidating the DicllJtorship of the ProlellJritJt, 18 PEKING REV. No. 28, at 10 (1975). Hsia, Pi, Implement the New Constitution Seriously, Defend It Bravely, NAN-FANG JIH-PAO (Canton), Jan. 28, 1975, translated in SURVEY OF PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA PRESS SuPP.' No. 361, at 1 (1975). Cheng, Fa, Strengthen the FuntiamenllJI Sysl!m of Rules of ProlellJrian Dictatorship, KUANG-CHOU JIH-PAO (Canton), Feb. 6, 1975, translated in SURVEY OF PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA PRESS SuPP. No. 362, at 12 (1975). SELECTED LEGAL DOCUMENTS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA O. Wang ed. 1976) (Includes Constition of the People's Republic of China, 1954; Con­ stitution of the People's Republic of China, 1975; and other documents of the First Session of the Fourth National People's Congress; Documents of the Tenth National Congress of the Communist Party, 1973). CONST. OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA (1977), reprinted in 20 PEKING REV. No. 36, at 16 (1977).

3. Published by the U.S. Consulate-General in Hong Kong. 1979] CRIMINAL PROCESS BIBLIOGRAPHY 93

Hua, Kuo-feng, Political Report, 20 PEKING REV. No. 35, at 23 (1977) (Delivered on August 12, 1977 and adopted on August 18, 1977 by the Eleventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China). Yeh, Chien-ying, Report on the Revision of the Party Constitution, 20 PEKING REV. No. 36, at 23 (1977) (Delivered at the Eleventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China and adopted on August 18, 1977). CONSTITUTION OF THE PRC (1978), repn'nted in 21 PEKING REV. No. 11, at 5 (1978). Hua, Kuo-feng. Unite and Strive to Build a Modern, Powerful Socialist Country! Report on the Work of the Government delivered at the First Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on February 26, 1978, 21 PEKING REV. No. 10, at 7 (1978). Yeh, Chien-ying, Report on the Revision of the Constitution, 21 PEKING REV. No. 11, at 15 (1978) (Delivered on March 1, 1978 at the First Session of the Fifth National People's Congress). Socialist Legal System Must Not Be Played Around With, 21 PEKING REV. No. 24, at 28 (1978). Democracy and Legal System, 21 PEKING REV. No. 32, at 16 (1978). Major Criminals in Tibet Released, 21 PEKING REV. No. 47, at 3 (1978). A Released Tibetan Criminal, 21 PEKING REV. No. 48, at 30 (1978). People's Procuratorates Re-Established, 21 PEKING REV. No. 50, at 31 (1978). Strengthening Legal System, 21 PEKING REV. No. 52, at 18 (1978). Chang, Ching-wen, An Ana!Jsis of the Fifth National People's Congress of China, 20 FEI-CH'ING YUEH-PAO No.9, at 9 (1978), reprinted in 11 CHINESE L. & GOV'T Nos. 2-3, at 5 (1978). Wang, Hsiao-t'ang, An Evaluation andAna!Jsis of China's Revised Constitution, 20 CHUNG-KUNG YEN-CHIU No.3, at 33 (1978), reprinted in 11 CHINESE L. & GOV'T Nos. 2-3, at 34 (1978). Ho, Ming, On the Way to the Rule of Law: A Brief Discussion of the Features of the New Constitution, CH'I-SHIH NIEN-TAI NO.4 (1978), reprinted in 11 CHINESE L. & GOV'T Nos. 2-3, at 115 (1978). A Side-by-Side Comparison of the Texts of the 1978 and 1975 Constitutions of the Peo­ ple's Republic of China, 11 CHINESE L. & GOV'T Nos. 2-3, at 128 (1978). U.S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE4 No. 71366, RESPONSIBILITY OF COURTS, STRENGTHENING LEGAL SYSTEM AIRED 25 (1978). U.S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE No. 71366, TUNG PI-WU SPEECH ON LEGAL SYSTEM AT EIGHTH CCP CONGRESS 123 (1978).

4. Publications of the U.S. Joint Publications Research Service may be obtained from the Na­ tional Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va., 22161. 94 BOSTON COLLEGE INTERNATIONAL & COMPARATIVE LAW REVIEW [Vol. III, No.1

Speeding the Work of Law-Making, 22 BEIJING REV. No.9, at 3 (1979). Last Group of Tibetan Prisoners Taking Part in Rebellion Released, 22 BEIJING REV. No. 13, at 6 (1979). The People's Verdict - WeiJingsheng's Appeal Rejected, 22 BEIJING REV. No. 46, at 15 (1979). Premier Hua Reports on the Work of the Government, 22 BEIJING REV. No. 25, at 9 (1979). (A description of Premier Hua's report at the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on june 18, 1979). U.S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE No. 72962, ENFORCEMENT OF EQUAL TREATMENT UNDER THE LAW URGED 50 (1979). U.S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE No. 72972, "RENMIN RIBAO" AT­ TACKS ABUSES IN LEGAL SYSTEMS 38 (1979). Peng, Zhen, Explanation on Seven Laws, 22 BEIJING REV. No. 28, at 8 (1979). (Address by Director of Commission for Legal Affairs of N.P.C. Standing Committee, at Second Session of Fifth National People's Congress on june 26, 1979, which includes discussion of new drafts of Criminal Law, Law of Criminal Procedure, Organic Law of People's Courts and Organic Law ofthe People's Procuratorates). Ammdments to the Constitution, 22 BEIJING REV. No. 28, at 10 (1979). (Descrip­ tion of amendments adopted by Second Session of Fifth National People's Congress). Ling Yun on Counter-Revolutionary Offenses and Capital Punishment, 22 BEIJING REV. No. 28, at 16 (1979) (Description of a speech before the Fifth National People's Congress by the Vice-Minister of Public Security). Publicizing the New Laws, 22 BEIJING REV. No. 29, at 3 (1979). Excerptsfrom Peking Trial Transcript, N. Y. Times, Nov. 15, 1979, at 22, col. 1.

IV. RECENT COMMENTARY

R. BAO & E.R. CHELMINSKI, PRISONER OF MAO (1973). Bell, Inside China: Conformity and Social Change, 8 JURIS DOCTOR No.4, at 23 (1978). T. BOWDEN & D. GOODMAN, CHINA: THE POLITICS OF PUBLIC SECURITY (1973). Brown, Present-Day Law in the People's Republic of China, 61 A. B. A. j. 474 (1975). Chi & Chi, Crime and Punishment in China, N.Y. Times, Oct. 7, 1979,S 6 at 48. Chiu, Criminal Punishmmt in Mainland China: A Study of Some Yunnan Province Docummts, 68j. CRIM. L.C. & P.S. 374 (1977). Ch'iu, K'ung-yuan, Current Social Problems in Mainland China, 10 ISSUES & STUD. No.4, at 54 (1974). 1979] CRIMINAL PROCESS BIBLIOCRAPHY 95

Cohen, The Chinese Communist Party and "Judicial Independence": 1949-1959, 82 HARV. L. REV. 967 (1969). ___, Chinese Law: At the Crossroads, 59 A. B. A. J. 42 (1973). ___, Chinese Mediation on the Eve of Modernization, 54 CALIF. L. REV. 1201 (1966). ___, The Criminal Process in the People's Republic of China: An Introduction, 79 HARV. L. REV. 469 (1966). ___, Interviewing Chinese Refugees: Indispensable Aid to Legal Research on China, 20 J. LEGAL EDUC. 33 (1967). ___, The Party and the Courts: 1949-1959, CHINA Q. (LONDON) No. 38, at 120 (1969). ___, Reflections on the Criminal Process in China, 68J. CRIM. L.C. & P.S. 323 (1977). __, Will China Have A Formal Legal System?, 64 A. B. A. J. 1510 (1978). Crockett, Criminal Justice in China, 59 JUDICATURE 239 (1975). Crockett & Gleicher, Inside China's Prisons, 61 JUDICATURE 409 (1978). ___, Teaching Criminals a Lesson: A Report on Justice in China, 61 JUDICATURE 278 (1978). Douglas, Crime in Communist China, 23 FED. B. NEWS No.9, at 302 (1976). __, The Police in the PRC, 6 POLICE L. Q. No.3, at 36 (1977). Edwards, Reflections on Cn'me and Punishment in China, With Appended Sentencing Documents, 16 COLUM. J. TRANSNAT'L L. 45 (1977). Garbus,Justice Under China's New Legal System, 50 N.Y. ST. B.J. 577 (1978). ___, Justice without Courts: A Report on China Today, 60 JUDICATURE 395 (1977). Gayle, Law and Lawyers in China, 64 A. B. A. J. 348 (1978). Ginsburgs & Stahnke, The People's Procuratorate in Communist China: The Period of Maturation, 1951-54, CHINA Q. (LONDON) No. 24, at 53 (1965). ___, The People's Procuratorate in Communist China: The Institution in the As­ cendant, 1954-1957, CHINA Q. (LONDON) No. 34, at 82 (1968). ___, The Role of the Law, in CHINESE SOCIETY UNDER COMMUNSIM: A READER (W. Liu ed. 1967). K. HAUN, LEGAL SYSTEM IN THE PRC IN THE POST-CULTURAL REVOLUTION (1974) (Library of Congress Study). Herbst, The Chinese Criminal Process: Revolutionary Ideology and Human Rights, 30 STAN. L. REV. 469 (1978) (A review of Law without Lawyers by Victor H. Li). Hsiao, Communist China: Legal Institutions, 14 PROB. OF COMMUNISM No.2, at 112 (1965). 96 BOSTON COLLEGE INTERNATIONAL & COMPARATIVE LAW REVIEW [Vol. III, No.1

Hoffheimer, Law and Modernization in China: TheJuridical Behavior of the Chinese Communists, 7 GA.J. INT'L & COMPo L. 515 (1977). Hseuh, Cho-kiang, The Judicial System of the Peiping Regime, 2 CHINESE COM­ MUNIST AFF. (TAIPEI) No.2, at 21 (1965). Hsueh, Chun-tu, The New Constitution, 24 PROB. OF COMMUNISM No.3, at 11 (1975). Huan, Cheng, Law in China: Will the People Please Take the Stand?, 75 FAR EASTERN ECON. REV. No.4, at 14 (1972). Jones, A Possible Modelfor the Criminal Trial in the People's Republic of China, 24 AM.J. COMPo L. 229 (1976). Kim, ChanJin, The Procuracy in Communist China, 2 ASIAN F. 31 (1970). Lamb, An Interview with Chinese Legal Officials, CHINA Q. (LONDON) No. 66, at 323 (1976). Leng, Shao-chuan, Post-Constitutional Development of "People'sJustice" in China, 6J. INT'L COMM.JURISTS 103 (1965). ___, Pre-1949 Development of the Communist Chinese System ofJustice, CHINA Q. (LONDON) No. 30, at 93 (1967). ___, The Role of Law in the People's Republic of China as Reflecting Mao Tse­ tung's Influence, 68 J. CRIM. L.C. & P.S. 356 (1977). Li, Hwei-min, Chinese Communist Labor Reform Policy and Measures, 2 CHINESE COMMUNIST AFF. (TAIPEI) No.1, at 19 (1965). Li, The Evolution and Development of the Chinese Legal System, in CHINA: MANAGE­ MENTOF A REVOLUTIONARY SOCIETY O. Lindbeck ed. 1971). ___, The Role of Law In Communist China, CHINA Q. (LONDON) No. 44, at 66 (1970). Lowe, The Trial of Ran Kao-chien, 8 JURIS DOCTOR No.4, at 12 (1978). Lubman, Form and Function in the Chinese Criminal Process, 69 COLUM. L. REV. 535 (1969). ___, Mao and Mediation: Politics and Dispute Resolution in Communist China, 55 CALIF. L. REV. 1284 (1967). ___, On Understanding Chinese Law and Legal Institutions, 62 A. B. A. J. 597 (1976). Luk, Abortion in Chinese Law, 25 AM. J. COMPo L. 372 (1977) (Discussion of abortion in the People's Republic at 389). McKee, Commentary on the Chinese People's Procuratorates, 7 J. INT'L L. & ECON. 71 (1972). Mei, Ko-wang, Police System Under the Chinese Communist Regime, 2 ISSUES & STUD. No.2, at31 (1965). 1979) CRIMINAL PROCESS BIBLIOGRAPHY 97

Paragon, The Administration ofJustice and Law in New China, 49 N.Y. ST. B.J. 577 (1977). Pepinsky, 'On the Correct Handling of Contradictions , 8]URIS DOCTOR No.4, at 16 (1978). ___, The People v. The Principle of Legality in the People's Republic of China, 1]. CRIM.]UST. 51 (1973). Perlov, The Departure from Democratic Principles ofJustice in the Chinese People's Republic, 1 CHINESE L. & GOV'T No.3, at 23 (1968) (Trans!. from Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, No.1 (1968». Public Trial Rallies in People's China, BULL. INT'L COMM. JURISTS No. 35, at 25 (1968). Rickett, Voluntary Surrender and Confession in Chinese Law: The Problem of Continu­ ity, 30]. ASIAN STUD. 797 (1971). A. RICKETT & A. RICKETT, PRISONERS OF LIBERATION: FOUR YEARS IN A CHINESE COMMUNIST PRISON (1973). Ruge, An Interview with Chinese Legal Officials, CHINA Q. (LONDON) No. 61, at 118 (1975). Stahnke, The Background and Evolution of Party Policy on the Drafting of Legal Codes in Communist China, 15 AM.]. COMPo L. 506 (1967). Tao, Lung-sheng, Communist China's Criminal Jurisdiction Over Aliens, 19 INT'L & COMPo L.Q. 599 (1970). ___, The Criminal Law of Communist China, 52 CORNELL L.Q. 43 (1966). ___, Politics and Law Enforcement in China: 1949-1970, 22 AM.]. COMPo L. 713 (1974). Tay, Gemeinschaft, Gesellschaft, Mobilization and Administration: The Future of Law in Communist China, ASIA Q. No.3, at 257 (1971). ___, Law and Society in the People's Republic of China, 2 LAWASIA 135 (1971). ___, 'Smash Permanent Rules': China as a Model for the Future, 7 SYDNEY L. REV. 400 (1976). Tsai, Hsuan, An Anarysis of Peiping's "People's COUTts", 3 ISSUES & STUD. No.8, at 15 (1967). VanDer Valk, Voluntary Surrender in Chinese Law, in 14 LAW IN EASTERN EUROPE (1967). Watson, The People versus Tai Hung-sheng, CHINA Q. (LONDON) No. 78, at 360 (1979). Whyte, Corrective Labor Camps in China, 13 ASIAN SURVEY 253 (1973).