Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950: j Summary and Legislative History by WILBUR J. COHEN and EVELYN F. BOYER*

The Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 raises many important sary coordination and guidance; shall problems relative to the administration of health and welfare be responsible for the operations of services and the future development of such services in this the Federal Civil Defense Administra- country. Because of the responsibility that the Federal Security tion as set forth in this Act; and shall Agency has for health and welfare services in the , provide necessary assistance as here- the following summary of the new law has been prepared for inafter authorized. the information of Agency personnel and other persons con- nected with the administration of health and welfare services. Section 3 defines seven terms used A brief legislative history of the new law is also given. in the new law. The two most essen- tial definitions are those for the terms N JANUARY 12,1951, President that will allow the people to go about “attack” and “civil defense.” “Civil Truman approved H. R. 9798, their business, if those same people defense” is broadly defined and spe- 0 the Federal Civil Defense Act are needlessly uprooted from their ciilcally includes “measures to be of 1950 (Public Law 920, 81st Con- homes, separated from one another, taken following attack (including gressl . The new law, according to and moved to strange surroundings. . . . , emergency medical, health President Truman, “affords the basic Moreover, while it might be possible and sanitation services; monitoring framework for preparations to min- to evacuate thousands of people, it for speciilc hazards of special weap- would be clearly impossible to evacu- ons . . . Candl emergency welfare imize the effects of an attack on our ate the factories where they earn their civilian population, and to deal with measures. . . .J’ living. If the plants stay, the people Title I establishes a Federal Civil the immediate emergency conditions must also stay. If the people stay, which such an attack would create.” then they and their homes and our Defense Administration to be headed The basic reason for the new, law factories must be ready to Aght back by an Administrator, appointed by the was summed up in the report of the through a sound civil-defense pro- President, by and with the advice and House Committee on Armed Services. gram.= consent of the Senate. A Civil De- fense Advisory Council is created to Production capacity demands man- Summary advise and consult with the Admin- power, and factories in which that istrator on general or basic policy mat- manpower can operate. But produc- The Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 consists of four titles. Sections ters relating to civil defense. The tion capacity depends utterly upon the Council is to consist of the Admin- community in which it thrives. In the 1, 2, and 3 of the Act precede title I and give the short title, declaration istrator, as chairman, and 12 addi- community sense, production capacity tional members to be appointed by the also demands houses within reach of of policy, and definitions. The titles the factories, and transportation are: I, Organization; II, Powers and President. Three members of the facilities by which people can get to Duties; III, Emergency Authority; and Council must be representative of and from their work. It demands IV, General Provisions. State Governments, three must be wives at home to cook dinner when The declaration of public policy in representative of the localities, and the shift is over and food for them to section 2 of the law sets forth the gen- six are to be citizens of the United cook. It demands families to be cared eral principles on which the adminis- States (other than Federal employees) for, and places for those families to of broad and varied experience in live in, and enough light and heat tration of the Act is to be based; it reads as follows: matters affecting the public interest. and water to make their homes hab- A novel provision in the law is the re- itable. It demands schools for the It is the policy and intent of Congress quirement that the six members rep- children, and medical care for the old to provide a plan of civil defense for resenting the States and localities and in&m. the protection of life and property in shall be selected by the President from All these human needs are prime con- the United States from attack. It is Panels of names established by the cerns of the local, State, and National further declared to be the policy and Council of State Governments, the civil-defense authorities. They can- intent rof Congress that this respon- Governors’ Conference, the American not be supplied in a workable pattern sibility for civil defense shall be vested primarily in the several States and Municipal Association, and the United their political subdivisions. The Fed- States Conference of Mayors. The l Mr. Cohen is Technical Adviser to the eral Government shall provide neces- Council must meet at least once a Commissioner for Social Security: Mrs. year and at such other times as the Boger is in the Legislathe Services Unit, Offlce of the Surgeon aeneral, Public 1House Report No. 3209 to accompany Administrator may request. The Ad- Health Service. H. R. 9798,Dec. 10, 1950,pp. 8-9. ministrator is authorized to appoint

Bulletin, April 1951 ’ 11 fen.% activities of Federal agencies; (3) provision for civil defense com- Emergency Welfare Service munications and dissemination of warnings of enemy attacks; (4) de- Under wartime disaster conditions, many self-sustaining families velopment of measures to afford ade- and individuals may suddenly And that they have to depend temporar- quate protection of life and property, ily on others for even the simplest essentials of life. After a disaster, including development of shelter de- a family may be left on the street without housing or adequate cloth- signs, equipment, and facilities; (5) ing, with no place to eat, wash, or sleep, with no means of transporta- provision for training programs; (6) tion and perhaps without money or the ability to care for immediate dissemination of information; (7) as- needs. sistance and encouragement to the An emergency welfare service will be necessary in the civil defense States to enter into interstate com- program to help reestablish families, provide emergency housing, food pacts; 18) construction, lease, and dis- and clothing, locate missing persons, and care for infants, children, tribution of materials and facilities; the aged, and the sick. (9) administration of Federal grants- In atomic disasters, thousands of families may be affected. Welfare m-aid to the States; and (101 pro- services are essential in order to restore civilian morale as quickly as vision for sale of surplus materials. possible. Title III gives the basis for the use Families or parts of familes may have to be evacuated and helped of certain emergency powers. Section in adjusting to strange households and communities. The community 301 stipulates that the provisions of which receives evacuees will need to assess its social services and ex- title III shall be operative only during pand them to support the morale of the evacuees and the receiving the existence of a state of civil de- households. Continuing enemy attack may necessitate extensive mass fense emergency and that the “exist- feeding, clothing, and shelter, but every effort should be made to move ence of such emergency may be pro- as rapidly as possible to individualized treatment of personal or family claimed by the President or by con- needs. To do this, every community should prepare, in advance, its current resolution of the Congress if family welfare-service program for civil defense . . . the President in such proclamation, Services for individuals and families.-The term “welfare service” or the Congress in such resolution, is used to cover the essential activities involved in providing material finds that an attack upon the United assistance and other help on a temporary basis to individuals or States has occurred or is anticipated families until they can reestablish themselves and take up their normal and that the national safety there- activities in home and industrial life. fore requires an invocation of the Material assistance in civil defense is a temporary, emergency pro- provisions of this title. Such emer- gram designed to provide civilians with food, clothing, shelter, fuel, gency also shall exist with respect to cash, household equipment and supplies, transportation, medical care, any designated geographic area or and other items required to enable people to return promptly to pro- areas of the United States when the ductive activity. President determines that any such Other welfare services include: attack has been made upon or is an- (a) Providing for rehousing or settlement for individuals and fam- ticipated within such area or areas, ilies uprooted from their homes. and directs the Administrator to pro- (b) Furnishing information to individuals on help that is available ceed pursuant to the provisions of this to them, and where it may be obtained. title with respect to such area or (cl Assisting persons to take advantage of insurance or other bene- areas. Any such emergency shall ter- fits to which they are entitIed. minate upon the proclamation of the (d) Referring persons to available employment, retraining, voca- termination thereof by the President, tional rehabilitation, medical services, and specialized child welfare or the passage by the Congress of a services. concurrent resolution terminating (e) If necessary, providing for children to be separated from their such emergency.” parents on the best basis possible and with the least shock. During the period of such emer- Source: National Security Resources Board, United States Civil Defense, gency, Federal agencies are authorized chapter 17, pp. 80 and 74. to make their personnel, materials, and facilities available to the Ad- ministrator for the aid of the States; provide emergency shelter; and make other advisory committees as he deems make financial contributions to the repairs to, and temporary replace- necessary. States. The law authorizes the Ad- ment of, communications, hospitals, Title II relates to the power and ministrator to undertake ten func- utilities, transportation facilities, or duties of the Administrator; it de- tions: (11 preparation and sponsor- public facilities damaged or destroyed scribes the Administration.‘s functions ship of national plans and review of by attack. Among other things, the in detail and sets forth the basis upon and report‘ on State plans and pro- Administrator is authorized by sec- which the Federal Government will grams: (21 coordination of civil de- tion 303(e) to “provide financial as-

12 Social Security sistance for the temporary relief or aid of any civilian injured or in want 8s the result of any attack.” The Health Services emergency provisions of title III ter- Maintenance of usual health services during wartime is the reSPOXXi- minate on June 30. 1954, or on such bility of existing health agencies and individual professional and tech- earlier date as may be prescribed by nical health experts. The relief of suffering immediately after a civilian concurrent resolution of the Congress. wartime disaster, the provision of emergency lifesaving measures, the Title IV. contains various general preservation or restoration of health services normally existing in provisions, including provisions relat- peacetime, are the responsibilities of civil defense. ing to administrative authority, secu- In view of technical and professional requirements. the civil defense rity regulations, and utilization of health and medical measures and services must continue to remain a existing facilities. Section 409 author- responsibility of existing health agencies and individuals. These izes the Reconstruction Finance Cor- agencies and individuals will perform their wartime functions under poration to purchase securities or civil defense rules and regulations. make loans for the purpose of aiding Close liaison between civil defense organixations and peacetime in fmancing civil defense projects. health services is therefore imperative. Existing health agencies The total amount of loans outstand- should, in wartime, be responsible for civil defense health requirements ing at any one time can never exceed so that creation of new duplicating agencies will be avoided. $250 million. This principle has been followed in the planning of Federal civil defense health services. The United States Public Health Service has Significant Provisions agreed to provide medical and other ofacers to staff Federal civil There are a number of signiilcant defense central and regional ofllces. provisions of the new law that diifer Initially this function may be carried out through the health per- from those that governed civil defense sonnel assigned to existing Federal Security Agency regional offices. activities during World II. Some Later the function will be moved to wherever the Federal regional civil of these provisions are of special in- defense offices are established. terest to persons concerned with In each State, the State health officer should be placed in charge health and welfare. of all State civil defense health and medical services; and cities should A most important difference is that appoint local health officers in the same manner. during World War II the entire civil These officers should be integrated into the State and State area defense program, including civilian civil defense organizations. In addition, the State civil defense ad- war assistance, benefits, and medical visory council, if created, should include representatives of each of the care, was established by Executive major State organizations of professional health experts. The mem- orders.2 The new legislation is the bers of these organizations would contribute personal services exten- first law dealing with civil defense sively in time of a disaster, and their advice and assistance during the matters that Congress has ever planning stage will be invaluable. passed. An enemy attack on American cities using new technological wea- Federal Grants to States pons might introduce some new medical and health problems from such effects as radiation and chemical and bacteriological contamina- The new law clearly places major tion. In the majority of cases however, such an attack would only responsibility on the States for shar- multiply many times the recurrence of familiar problems. ing the cost of civil defense. It is es- Training for professional, technical, and auxiliary lay personnel timated that the cost for the whole will be necessary to prepare for the new problems. Thorough organiza- program will be approximately $3.0 tion will be necessary to provide adequate professional and technical billion over a period of 3 years, of personnel; and also the supplies, hospitals, and related facilities for which about $1.7 billion or 54 percent the care of the many thousands of casualties which could occur among will be borne by the Federal Govern- the civilian inhabitants of a large city. ment.3 This increase in casualties will require many auxiliary volunteer James J. Wadsworth, then Acting workers to be recruited and trained, in order to supplement the serv- Deputy Administrator of the Civil De- ices of available professional and technical personnel. fense Administration, 4 pointed out at the Senate hearings that the para- Source: National Security ResourcesBoard, United States CiviZ Defense, mount consideration in planning and chapter 16, pp. 59-60. “For 8 summary of the various civilian assistanceprograms established by Execu- tive order see “War Civillen Security Program.” So&al Security Bulletin, June financing civil defense was that “ade- quires substantial financial outlays 1943. quate preparation against the loss of by State and local governments.” *Senate Report No. 2683 to accompany life and property is of primary con- The plan for financing that was finally 5. 4268, Dec. 19. 1960,p. 6. 4The Administration was created by Bx- tern to the affected community” and developed and included in the law, ecutive order, Dec. 1, 1960. that the plan for civil defense “re- with minor changes, provides:

Bulletin, April 1951 13 1. That the cost of local personnel recruit and pay their own staffs to as a consequence of any enemy attack.? and administration, together with the emphasize the fact that civil defense During World War II a program of cost of supplies and of personal equip- is their program and not one imposed financial assistance was established ment needed by volunteer workers, upon them by the Federal Govern- by Executive allocations providing for be the financial responsibility of the ment. compensation to or on behalf of civil- States and local communities. In general, the law permits the Ad- ian defense workers and civilians dls- 2. That the Federal Government ministrator to make Federal financial abled or killed as a result of enemy share with the States and local com- contributions to the States “on such action. A single schedule of com- munities the cost of procuring such terms or conditions as the Administra- pensation was used for both groups heavy equipment as may be necessary tor shall prescribe,” except that cer- of persons. Extensive hearings were for augmented fire services, engineer- tain aspects--such as the method of held on proposals embodying such a ing services, transportation services, sharing the cost of shelters and other program in legislative form, 8 but the communications services, and rescue protective facilities-are specifically legislation was never enacted and the services. written into the law. For such shel- Program continued throughout the 3. That the Federal Government ters and protective facilities, the Fed- duration of World War II under tem- match equally the expenditures of the eral contribution must be equally porary Executive allocations or annual States and cities for the construction matched by the State. Federal funds appropriations. of communal-type shelters. for this purpose are to be apportioned Section 304 of the new law provides 4. That the Federal Government among the States in the ratio that the that the Federal Government is not provide regional stdckpiles of crit- urban population of the critical target liable during the period of an emer- ically needed materials, particularly areas in each State bears to the total gency for death, injury, or property of those types that would not other- urban population of the critical tar- damage resulting from the actions of wise be available in the event of an get areas of all States. The critical any Federal agency or employee in emergency. (Such materials would target areas are to be determined by carrying out the provisions of title include engineering supplies, blood the Administrator after consultation III. This provision does not, however, plasma, medical supplies, and evacuee with the Secretary of Defense. affect the right of any person to re- supplies.) ceive any benefit or compensation to 5. That the communications and Health and Welfare Aspects which he might otherwise be entitled communication control centers neces- It has already been noted that the under the Federal Employees Com- sary to distribute timely and adequate definition of the term “civil defense” pensation Act or any other law pro- warning of an enemy attack be pro- includes “emergency” health and wel- viding for any pension or retirement. vided by the Federal Government.6 fare services and that the emergency The development and administra- Section 201 (i) of the law lists the powers of the Administrator author- tion of the civil defense program in- conditions on which the Federal Gov- ize him to “provide financial assist- volve dependence on existing agencies ernment will make financial contribu- ance for the temporary relief or aid responsible for health, education, so- tions to the States for civil defense of any civilian injured or in want as cial security, welfare, and related programs and projects. A significant the result of any attack.” The Act programs. The Act recognizes the feature is that none of the Federal also provides that during the period role of existing Federal, State, and Government’s contribution “shall be of an emergency the Administrator other agencies by speclflcally provid- made for State or local personnel and shall “coordinate and direct, for civil ing in section 405 (2) that the Ad- administrative expenses, or for items defense purposes, the relief activities ministrator shall “utilize to the maxi- of personal equipment for State or of the various departments and agen- mum extent the existing facilities and local workers” with the exception of cies of the United States as provided “compensation paid to and the trans- in section 302.” ’ For a detailed report and an evaluation portation, subsistence, and mainte- The Act is silent with respect to of the effects of World War II on health nance expenses of any employees while work accident compensation for State and welfare services in Great Britain, see engaged in rendering civil defense aid Richard M. Titmuss, PTObk77Zs of Social employees B or a long-run program of Policy, , 1950. outside the State” during the period financial assistance, medical care, or of an emergency. The reason for this rehabilitation for the relief or aid, 8 Hearings Before a Subcommittee of provision is that civil defense is re- the Senate Committee on Educatton and after the termination of “temporary” Labor on S. 2412 (77th Cong., 26 sess.) garded as primarily a responsibility aid, of civilians injured or still in want 1942; Senate Report No. 1448 to accom- of the State and local communities; it pany S. 2412, June 8.1942. (The provision is felt that State and local govern- of S. 2412 relating to civilian war bene- ments should assume as much of the

14 Social Security rf2mw.m of the Federal Government, Action in the House of Repre- in the Senate. Six were adopted-all and. with their consent, the facilities sentatives by a voice vote-and two were with- and resources of the States and local drawn.‘~ political subdivisions thereof, and of H. R. 9798 was introduced by Rep- The ilrst amendment adopted was other organizations and agencies.” resentative Durham. Hearings were offered by Senators Ives and Flanders. The law also specifically provides in held by a subcommittee of six mem- It provided for certain procedures to section 405 (3 1 that the Administrator bers of the Committee on Armed be followed in compensating for Pri- shall “refrain from engaging in any Services, three of whom were also vate property acquired. The amend- form of activity which would duplicate members of the Joint Committee on ment added the substance of the or parallel activity of any other Fed- Atomic Energy.12 A new bill, in the provisions included in title II of the eral department or agency unless the nature of a substitute, was reported Defense Production Act of 1950. Administrator, with the written out on December 19. 1950. The bill The second amendment adopted approval of the President, shall de- was considered and passed by the was proposed by Senator McMahOn. termine that such duplication is House of Representatives on December Chairman of the Joint Committee on necessary to accomplish the purposes 20, 1950.15 Four amendments were Atomic Energy. His amendment pro- of this Act.” proposed, two of which were adopted. vided that in the selection of critical An amendment offered by Represen- target areas the Civil Defense Admin- tative El&on was adopted that pro- Legislative History istrator should make his determina- vided for termination of the program tions after consultation with the It required nearly 4 months to enact on June 30,1954, or on adoption at an Secretary of Defense. Senator McMa- the bill into law. The ihst version of earlier date by Congress of a con- hon justifled his amendment on the the bill was introduced on September current resolution. Representative grounds that “the Administrator 18, 1950, and the final version was Judd proposed an amendment, which might find it easier to execute the approved by President Truman on was adopted, requiring security clear- decisions made if the decisions rested January 12, 1951. ance of employees by the Administra- not only upon his judgment of the On September 18, 1950, President tor “in writing.” An amendment by situation, but upon the considered Truman transmitted g to the Congress Representative Javits was rejected; it advice of the Secretary of Defense, the national civil defense plan pre- would have stricken out the prohibi- who, of course, will be in consultation pared by the National Security Re- tion of Federal financial participation with the Joint Chiefs of Staff.” sources Board.‘O The President urged in the cost of self-liquidating projects. An amendment offered by Senator “the members of Congress to consider An amendment that would have pro- Bridges was adopted; it provided for this legislation in the near future.” vided for the establishment of a vol- a check by the Civil Service Commis- The bill prepared by the National untary home-front army, proposed by sion of the loyalty of civil defense per- Security Resources Board was intro- Representative Edwin Arthur Hall, sonnel, to be followed by a full inves- duced on the same day into the House was rejected. The bill passed the tigation by the Federal Bureau of of Representatives (H. R. 9689) and House, 247 to 1. Investigation if there should be any on September 19. 1950, in the Senate indication that the individual might (S. 4162). During October and No- Action in the Senate be of questionable loyalty or relia- vember, detailed suggestions for re- S. 4268 was introduced December bility. visions were received from many A fourth amendment was offered different groups. A revised bill was 19, 1950, by Senator Chapman (for Senator Kefauver) of the Senate by Senator Taft with respect to the introduced on November 30, 1950, time that a state of civil emergency in the House (H. R. 9798) and on Committee on Armed Services. The bill was the same as H.R. 9798 as re- would begin and continue in effect. December 1, 1950, in the Senate The Taft amendment was adopted el. 42191.= ported out by the House Committee.14 Eight amendments were considered as amended by Senator Holland so that declaration of a state of emer- QCongressional Record, Sept. 18, 1960, 12Subcommittee HearZngs on H. R. 9798, gency shall apply only to any “exposed p. 15245. to Authorize a Federal Civil Defense Pro- area or areas, as, for instance, in ‘0 National Security Resources Board, gram (No. 224). Dec. 6, 1950; and FUZZ Alaska, , or at the Canal Zone.” United States Civil Defense, 1950. The Committee Hearings on H.R. 9798 (No. The amendment would not require Federal Security Agency assisted in the 225), Dec.16,1950. preparation of the chapters dealing with l*CongressionaZ Record, Dec. 20. 1950, any public proclamation by the Presi- health and welfare services. See also two pp. 16997-17020. dent but would require that the Armed eaklier reports on civil defense: War De- ‘“Hearinas on civil defense were held Services Committees of Congress be partment Civil Defense Board, A Study of .by the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy advised of the determination. CivtZ Defense, February 1948; and Office of in March and April 1950. Hearings on S. by Civil Defense Planning, CiviZ Defense for 4217 and S. 4219 were held in December A Afth amendment was offered NatinaZ SecurUy, A Report to the Secre- 1950 by a subcommittee of the Senate Senator McCarran to strike out the tary of Defense, 1948. Committee on Armed Services. These bills section of the bill relating to im- “For a brief chronology of the steps were referred to the Committee on Armed munity from suit because of death, in- taken in civil defense matters since 1916, Services rather than the Joint Committee as well as the history of civil defense on Atomic Energy by decision of the Vice legislation in 1950, see House Report No. President. (Congressional Record, Dec. 4, 1bCongressional Record, Dec. 22, 1950, 3209 to accompanyH.R. 9798,pp. 10-13. 1950, pp. 16192-16193.) pp. 17136-17163.

Bulletin, April 1951 15 jury, or property damage resulting law already provided that the Re- Approvtil by the President from civil defense during an emer- construction Finance Corporation gency, and the section relating to the couid make loans only to self-liqui- The President approved the bill on waiver of the Administrative Pro- dating projects. January 12,195l. When he signed the cedures Act. Senator Kefauver, in Upon completion of amendments to bill, the President issued the follow- charge of the bill on the floor, first S. 4268, the Senate took up H. R. 9798, ing statement: opposed the McCarran amendment as passed by the House, and struck The Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950, but later agreed to take it to confer- out all of the House bill and substi- which I have signed today, is designed ence for further study. tuted the language of the Senate bill, t.o protect life and property in the The sixth amendment was offered as amended. The bill then passed the United States in case of enemy as- by Senator Kefauver for Senator Cor- Senate on December 22, 1950, and sault . . . don. It amended the provision of went to conference. The act will permit the Federal Gov- paragraph (f) of section 303 of S. 4268 ernment to provide matching grants to read “and to incur such obligations Action of the Conference Com- of funds to the states for constructing on behalf of the United States as may mittee air raid shelters. The act also allows be required to meet the civil defense The Conference Report was adopted certain measures to be taken by the requirements of an attack or imminent in the House on January 1, 1951, and Federal Government directly, such as attack.” in the Senate on January 2. There the procurement and stockpiling of Both amendments that were with- were no record votes in either cham- necessary medical and other materials drawn had been offered by Senator ber. and supplies and the provision of suit- Taft. The first related to a termina- A number of important decisions able warning systems . . . tion date for the program, while the were made by the Conference Com- The Federal Government can and will second related to the section in the mittee in reconciling differences be- provide the necessary coordination bill authorizing the Reconstruction tween the bills passed by the House and guidance for the civil defense Finance Corporation to make loans and Senate. The Conference Report program . . . It is the expressed policy lists 16 instances in which the Senate and intent of Congress, however, that for self-liquidating projects. The ter- the responsibility for civil defense minal-date amendment was with- bill differed in substance from the House biLla should be vested primarily in the drawn so that the conference could states and their political subdivisions. work out a compromise solution. The lBHouseConference Report No. 3235 to I, therefore, call upon all citizens to other amendment was withdrawn in accompany H. R. 9798, Jan. 1, 1951, pp. lend their support to civil defense in view of the explanation that existing 15-19. their own communities . . .

as the relative number who fall into neither group. Such data furnish a A6te.s and Brief Reports basis for estimates of the number of Workers and Dependents insurance contributions are based on persons with potential social insur- in the Population, 1940-50 current earnings, and benefits on past ante protection under universal cov- earnings or on dependence upon an erage, and in conjunction with other The make-up of a country’s popu- earner, it is useful to know the rela- data they provide basic information lation is an important frame of ref- tive number of workers and depend- for analysis of the relation of social erence for its social insurance pro- ents (as defined for social insurance insurance programs to the Nation’s grams. When, as in the United States, purposes) in the population as well economy.

Workers and primary dependents in the civilian population, 1940 and 1947-50’

Percentage Number (in millions) Percentage distribution increase, Population groups - 1950 1840 1947 1948 1949 1950 1940 1947 1 1948 ! 1949 1 1956 *E

Total civilian population p-- ______131.7 142.1 145.1 147.4 150.2 100 100 1 100 I loo I IM) I 14 I- Workers and primary dependents ______108.4 120.8 123.2 125.6 126.7 85 85 ii 2: 17 Workers 13._------__---_-_------51.3 57.6 59.3 59.4 60.8 3”; Primary dependents. _. . .______57.1 fi3.2 63.9 66.2 65.9 43 :: ii 45 44 :z Wives (----.---_------22.9 25.4 25.1 25.8 25.3 Children under 18 years 5.. ______34.2 37.8 38.8 40.4 40.6 4: ;; :: k:: ;: :; Others.....-..---.------23.2 21.3 21.9 21.9 23.5 18 15 15 15 16 1 Ainaru dependents per 1W Worker8.. .______111 110 108 Il.9 108 ____-._-_ __-_-_.__ __------__------______- 1 Figures may not add to total because of rounding. Percentages are computed 8 Persons in the civilian labor force, excluding unpaid family workers. on basis of unrounded Bgures. 4 Nonworkers, married to and living with workers. 2 Data for 1940 include 0.3 million members of the Armed Forces stationed in 5 Nonworkers, living with a worker parent. the United States. Data for other years include the following number of persons Source: Estimated from published and unpublished data of the Bureau of the in the Armed Forces living off post or with families on post: 1947, 0.3 million; Census. Source data are for the month of March for 1940 and 1950 and for the 1948. 0.5 million; 1949, 0.4 million; 1950, 0.5 million. month of April for other years.

16 1 Social Security