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Rotuma: Sprache Und Geschichte

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Rotuma: Sprache und Geschichte von Hans Schmidt i Inhaltsverzeichnis Liste der Tabellen v Liste der Karten viii Liste der Diagramme viii Erklärung der Abkürzungen ix 1. Vorwort 1 2. Einleitung 2 2.1 Geographie und Demographie 4 2.2 Soziolinguistik 7 2.2.1 Die soziolinguistische Situation auf Rotuma 7 2.2.1.1 Sprachen 7 2.2.1.2 Orte und Mittel der Kommunikation 9 2.2.1.3 Lesestoff in rotumanischer Sprache 11 2.2.2 Die soziolinguistische Situation der Rotumaner in Fiji 12 2.3 Veränderung und Zukunft der Sprache 14 2.4 Verschiedene Schreibweisen 15 3. Synchrone Phonologie des Rotuma 16 3.1 Das Phoneminventar des Rotuma 18 3.1.1 Konsonanten 18 3.1.2 Vokale und ihre Anzahl 20 3.2 Die Entstehung der sekundären Vokale 25 3.2.1 Die Bildung der Kurzform 26 3.2.1.1 Wörter mit unbetonter letzter Silbe 29 3.2.1.2 Metathese 41 3.2.1.3 Metathese innerhalb eines Wortes - Komposita 42 3.2.2 Wörter, die in zwei und mehr Vokale auslauten 43 3.2.3 Wörter mit langen Vokalen im Auslaut 45 3.2.4 Weitere vokalverändernde Prozesse 45 3.2.4.1 Teilweise regressive Assimilation 46 3.2.4.2 Velarisierung 46 3.2.4.3 Fernwirkende Assimilation 48 3.2.4.4 e-Formen 48 3.2.5 Varianten der mittelhohen Vokale 48 3.2.6 Sonstige Varianten 50 4. Etymologische Analyse des Rotumanischen Wortschatzes 50 4.1 Dialektformen 50 4.2 Lehnwörter 51 4.2.1 Lehngut aus europäischen Sprachen 52 4.2.1.1 Frühe Entlehnungen 53 4.2.1.2 Entlehnungen im kirchlichen Sprachgebrauch 57 4.2.1.3 Moderne Entlehnungen 58 4.2.1.4 Phonologische Einbürgerung englischer Lehnwörter 60 4.2.1.4.1 Konsonanten 60 4.2.1.4.2 Vokale 63 ii 4.2.1.4.3 Längung 64 4.2.1.4.4 Silben 65 4.2.2 Kontakte mit benachbarten Sprachen 67 4.2.2.1 Die Zeit der Entdeckung 67 4.2.2.2 Die Epoche der christlichen Mission 69 4.2.2.3 Fijianisch als Quelle und Vermittler von Lehnwörtern 70 4.2.2.4 Entlehnungen aus polynesischen Sprachen 72 4.2.2.4.1 Direkte und indirekte Vererbung 74 4.2.2.4.2 Mehrere polynesische Sprachschichten im Rotuma 75 4.2.2.4.3 Entlehnungen aus dem Tongischen 77 4.2.2.4.4 Entlehnungen aus anderen polynesischen Sprachen 82 4.2.3 Ausmaß und semantische Bereiche der Entlehnung 86 4.2.3.1 Das Ausmaß der Entlehnungen 86 4.2.3.2 Semantische Bereiche der Lehnwörter 86 4.2.3.2.1 Semantische Felder polynesischer Lehn- wörter in Melanesien und Mikronesien 87 4.2.3.2.2 Semantische Felder polynesischer Lehn- wörter in Rotuma 87 4.2.4 Zusammenfassung 99 5. Historisch-vergleichende Untersuchung der rotumanischen Phonologie 100 5.1 Konsonanten 100 5.1.1 Plosive 100 5.1.1.1 Rotuma /p/ 100 5.1.1.2 Rotuma /t/ 101 5.1.1.3 Rotuma /k/ 102 5.1.1.4 Rotuma /'/ 103 5.1.1.5 Zusammenfassung der Velare 104 5.1.2 Frikative 105 5.1.2.1 Rotuma /h/ 105 5.1.2.2 Rotuma /v/ 105 5.1.2.3 Rotuma /f/ 106 5.1.2.4 Zusammenfassung der Frikative 107 5.1.3 Sibilanten 107 5.1.3.1 Rotuma /s/ 107 5.1.3.2 Rotuma /j/ 108 5.1.3.3 Zusammenfassung der Sibilanten 110 5.1.4 Nasale 110 5.1.4.1 PCP *m > Rotuma Ø statt /m/ 110 5.1.4.2 PCP *g > Rotuma /n/ statt /g/ 111 5.1.4.3 Rotuma /g/ 111 5.1.5 Liquida 112 5.1.5.1 Rotuma /l/ 112 5.1.5.2 Rotuma /r/ 112 5.1.5.3 Zusammenfassung der Liquida 113 5.1.6 Fortgefallene Protophoneme 114 5.1.6.1 PEO/PCP *R 114 iii 5.1.6.2 PCP *§ 115 5.1.6.3 PCP *ñ 115 5.1.6.4 PCP *y 115 5.2 Vokale 116 5.2.1 Auslautverkürzung 116 5.2.2 Unregelmäßige Vokaländerungen 117 5.2.3 Vergleich 119 5.3 Der Lautwandel 120 5.3.1 Das th [q] 120 5.3.2 Regelmäßige Lautveränderungen im Rotuma 124 5.3.2.1 Vokale 126 5.3.2.2 Konsonanten 126 5.3.3 Lautentwicklung im Prä-Rotumanischen 127 5.3.3.1 Phonologische Prozesse 128 5.3.3.2 Zur Natur der Lautveränderungen 129 5.3.4 Unregelmäßige Veränderungen der Konsonanten 130 5.3.5 Die Reihenfolge der Lautverschiebungen 130 5.3.5.1 Velare und Postvelare 130 5.3.5.2 Palatale: PCP *y und *ñ 131 5.3.5.3 Labiale 132 5.3.5.4 Alveolare/Dentale 133 5.3.5.5 Zusammenfassung 134 5.3.6 Entwicklung des rotumanischen Konsonantensystems 137 5.4 Suprasegmentale Elemente 138 5.4.1 Wortakzent 138 5.4.2 Phrasenakzent 140 5.5 Phonologische Gemeinsamkeiten mit den Nachbarsprachen 142 6. Vergleich weiterer Teile der Rotuma-Sprache mit ihren Nachbarsprachen 144 6.1 Morphologie 144 6.1.1 Affixe 144 6.1.2 Pronomina 146 6.1.2.1 Selbständige Pronomina 146 6.1.2.2 Pronominale Suffixe 148 6.1.3 Possessivmarker oder Genetivpartikel 149 6.2 Syntax 150 6.3 Semantik 152 6.4 Lexikon 153 6.5 Phonotaktik 157 7. Die Abstammung der rotumanischen Sprache 161 7.1 Die ozeanische Sprachgruppe 161 7.1.1 Phonologische Abgrenzung der ozeanischen Sprachen 162 7.1.2 Unterteilung der ozeanischen Sprachfamilie 165 7.1.3 Lexikostatistik 166 7.1.4 Beibehaltungsrate des Wortschatzes 168 7.1.5 Lexikalischer Wandel im Rotuma 169 7.2 Rotuma und die ostozeanische Sprachgruppe 172 7.3 Proto Remote Oceanic (PRO) 174 iv 7.4 Die zentralpazifische Sprachgruppe 175 7.4.1 Das Konsonantensystem des PCP 175 7.4.2 Definition der zentralpazifischen Untergruppe 176 7.4.3 Rotumas Stellung innerhalb der zentralpazifischen Sprachgruppe 176 7.5 Die polynesische Sprachfamilie 177 7.5.1 Phonologische Abgrenzung der polynesischen Sprachen 178 7.5.2 Unterteilung der polynesischen Sprachfamilie 179 7.5.3 Polynesische Exklaven 181 7.5.4 Tonganischer Einfluß in Westpolynesien 182 8. Erkenntnisse anderer Fachgebiete zur Geschichte Rotumas 184 8.1 Archäologie 184 8.1.1 Die schnelle Besiedlung des Pazifik 184 8.1.2 Lapita-Töpferei 184 8.1.3 Die Besiedlung des Zentralpazifik 185 8.1.4 Die Besiedlung der polynesischen Exklaven 186 8.1.5 Archäologische Funde auf Rotuma 186 8.2 Geographie 187 8.2.1 Strömungen und Winde 187 8.2.2 Entfernungen 188 8.3 Reisen von und nach Rotuma 190 8.3.1 Reisen nach Rotuma 190 8.3.1.1 Die erste Besiedlung 190 8.3.1.2 Ankunft anderer Insulaner auf Rotuma 190 8.3.1.3 Fremde auf Rotuma in historischer Zeit 191 8.3.2 Reisen von Rotumaner auf andere Inseln 192 8.3.3 Isolation oder Kontakt? 193 8.4 Pazifische Geschichte 195 8.4.1 Geographische Kenntnisse der polynesischen Seefahrer 195 8.4.2 Nuklearpolynesischer (samoanischer) Einfluß im Zentralpazifik 195 8.4.3 Die polynesischen Exklaven 196 8.4.4 Tonganische Einflüsse in Rotuma und dem Zentralpazifik 196 8.4.5 Niuafo'ou 197 8.4.6 Übersicht über die historischen und archäologischen Daten 197 8.5 Ethnologie 198 8.5.1 Bootsbau 198 8.5.2 Orale Literatur 198 8.5.3 Übrige Bereiche 199 8.6 Humangenetik 199 9. Schlußfolgerung 200 10. Literaturverzeichnis 210 Liste der Tabellen Tabelle 1: Verteilung der rotumanischen Bevölkerung 5 Tabelle 2: Unterschiede in den Schreibweisen der zwei Konfessionen 15 v Tabelle 3: Frühe Quellen zur rotumanischen Sprache 17 Tabelle 4: Konsonanteninventar des Rotumanischen 18 Tabelle 5: Rotumanische Konsonanten in einer Merkmalsmatrix 18 Tabelle 6: Konsonanteninventar der Nachbarsprachen 20 Tabelle 7: Das Vokalsystem Rotumas nach Churchward 21 Tabelle 8: Vokalsystem des Rotuma nach Besnier 23 Tabelle 9: Längenunterschiede in einsilbigen Wörtern 24 Tabelle 10: Zählung der rotumanischen Vokale 24 Tabelle 11: Das rotumanische Vokalsystem 25 Tabelle 12: Merkmale rotumanischer Vokale 25 Tabelle 13: Endungen der Kurzformen 28 Tabelle 14: Endungen der Kurzformen in der heutigen Aussprache 28 Tabelle 15: Bildung der Kurzform nach Biggs 30 Tabelle 16: Milners Vorschlag zur Schreibung der Umlaute 34 Tabelle 17: Homographen als Folge von Milners Vorschlag 34 Tabelle 18: Fortfall des auslautenden Vokals nach Metathese 35 Tabelle 19: Umlautbildung durch Vokalverschmelzung 35 Tabelle 20: Semivokalbildung 37 Tabelle 21: Die Abfolge der Regeln zur Bildung der Kurzformendungen 39 Tabelle 22: Kurzformendungen, nach phonologischen Prozessen geordnet 40 Tabelle 23: Beispiele für nachträglich gebildete Zitatformen 42 Tabelle 24: Beispiele für poetische Formen 43 Tabelle 25: Dialektformen 51 Tabelle 26: Unterschiede im Ausdruck zwischen den Konfessionen 51 Tabelle 27: Frühe englische Lehnwörter im Rotuma 54 Tabelle 28: Entlehnungen im kirchlichen Bereich 57 Tabelle 29: Unterschiede im Lehnwortgebrauch zwischen den Konfessionen 58 Tabelle 30: Beispiele für unnötige Entlehnungen 59 Tabelle 31: Konsonantentsprechungen zwischen Quell- und Lehnwort 61 Tabelle 32: Konsonantenpaare im Inlaut von Lehnwörtern 62 Tabelle 33: Vokalentsprechungen zwischen englischem Quell- und rotumanischem Lehnwort 63 Tabelle 34: Integration von Lehnwörtern mit Konsonantenpaaren 64 Tabelle 35: Lange Vokale im Auslaut von Lehnwörtern 65 Tabelle 36: Echovokale im Auslaut von Lehnwörtern 65 Tabelle 37: Lehnwörter mit Umlaut in der Kurzform 66 Tabelle 38: Lehnwörter, die als Zitatform eingebürgert wurden 66 Tabelle 39: Frühe Entlehnungen via Nachbarsprachen aus dem Englischen 68 Tabelle 40: Unterschiede bei der Entlehnung in zentralpazifischen Sprachen 68 Tabelle 41: Lehnwörter aus der Zeit der Missionierung 69 Tabelle 42: Lehnwörter aus dem Fijianischen 71 Tabelle 43: Doubletten 72 Tabelle 44: Biggs' Kriterien-Phoneme zur Unterscheidung von direkt und indirekt vererbten Wörtern 74 Tabelle 45: Kriterien-Phoneme zur Unterscheidung von direkt und indirekt vererbten Wörtern 75 Tabelle 46: Kriterien-Phoneme zur Unterscheidung der Herkunft von polynesischen Entlehnungen im Rotuma 76 Tabelle 47: Lehnwörter mit /l/ 77 Tabelle 48: Lehnwörter mit s < TON h 79 vi Tabelle 49: Lehnwörter mit [§] 80 Tabelle 50: Lehnwörter mit ROT/NPN t und TON s 81 Tabelle 51: Lehnwörter ohne tonganischen Ablaut o/e < *a 81 Tabelle 52: Tonganische Lehnwörter in Rotuma und Fiji aus prähistorischer Zeit 82 Tabelle 53: ROT Ø < SAM Ø 82 Tabelle 54: Lehnwörter mit r < PNP *l (TON Ø, PPN *r) 83 Tabelle 55: Lehnwörter aus dem Samoanischen 84 Tabelle 56: Einige Lehnwörter aus verschiedenen westpolynesischen Quellen 85 Tabelle 57: Entlehnungen in der sog.
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    …….…………………………………………………....…. MAKE THE DIFFERENCE. BUY FIJIAN MADE! ……………………………………………………….…. Licensed Fijian Crafted Products Companies/Individuals Contact Detail Range of Products Emblems Amelia Yalosavu Sawarua Lokia,Rewa Saqamoli, Saqa Vonu Fijian Crafted Lesumai Ph:8332375 Mua i rua, Ramrama (Sainiana – daughter) Saqa -gusudua Cabe’s Creation 20 Marino St, Suva Jewelry - earrings, Bracelets, Fijian Crafted Ph: 3318953/9955299 Necklace, Belts, Accessories. [email protected] Fabrics – Hand Painted Sulus, Fijian Sewn Clothes, Household Items Finau Mara Lot 15,Salato Road,Namdi Heights,Suva Baskets Fijian Crafted Ph: 9232830 Mats Lolive Vana Lot 2 Navani Road,Suvavou Stage 1 Mat Fijian Crafted Votualevu,Nadi Kuta Fijian Crafted Ph: 9267384 Topiary Fijian Crafted Wreath Fijian Crafted Patch work- Pillow Case Bed Fijian Sewn Sheet Cushion Cover. Paras Ram Nair 6 Matana Street,Nakasi,Nausori Shell Jewelry Fijian Crafted Ph: 9049555 Coconut Jewelry and ornaments Seniloli Jewellery Veiseisei,Vuda ,Ba Wall Hanging Fijian Crafted Ph: 7103989 Belt Pendants Makrava Luise Lot 4,Korovuba Street,Nakasi Hand Bags Fijian Crafted Ph: 3411410/7850809 Fans [email protected] Flowers Selai Buasala Karova Settlement,Laucala bay Masi Fijian Crafted Ph:9213561 Senijiuri Tagi c/-Box 882, Nausori Iri-Buli Fijian Crafted Vai’ala Teruka Veisari Baskets, Place Mats Fijian Crafted Ph:9262668/3391058 Laundary Baskets Trays and Fruit baskets Jonaji Cama Vishnu Deo Road, Nakasi Carving – War clubs, Tanoa, Fijian Crafted PH: 8699986 Oil dish, Fruit Bowl Unik
  • Filling the Gaps: Identifying Candidate Sites to Expand Fiji's National Protected Area Network

    Filling the Gaps: Identifying Candidate Sites to Expand Fiji's National Protected Area Network

    Filling the gaps: identifying candidate sites to expand Fiji's national protected area network Outcomes report from provincial planning meeting, 20-21 September 2010 Stacy Jupiter1, Kasaqa Tora2, Morena Mills3, Rebecca Weeks1,3, Vanessa Adams3, Ingrid Qauqau1, Alumeci Nakeke4, Thomas Tui4, Yashika Nand1, Naushad Yakub1 1 Wildlife Conservation Society Fiji Country Program 2 National Trust of Fiji 3 ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University 4 SeaWeb Asia-Pacific Program This work was supported by an Early Action Grant to the national Protected Area Committee from UNDP‐GEF and a grant to the Wildlife Conservation Society from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (#10‐94985‐000‐GSS) © 2011 Wildlife Conservation Society This document to be cited as: Jupiter S, Tora K, Mills M, Weeks R, Adams V, Qauqau I, Nakeke A, Tui T, Nand Y, Yakub N (2011) Filling the gaps: identifying candidate sites to expand Fiji's national protected area network. Outcomes report from provincial planning meeting, 20‐21 September 2010. Wildlife Conservation Society, Suva, Fiji, 65 pp. Executive Summary The Fiji national Protected Area Committee (PAC) was established in 2008 under section 8(2) of Fiji's Environment Management Act 2005 in order to advance Fiji's commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)'s Programme of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA). To date, the PAC has: established national targets for conservation and management; collated existing and new data on species and habitats; identified current protected area boundaries; and determined how much of Fiji's biodiversity is currently protected through terrestrial and marine gap analyses.
  • Vuda and Waya Qoliqoli

    Vuda and Waya Qoliqoli

    Community initiative to create employment stability: Vuda and Waya Qoliqoli The communities of Vuda and Waya are the traditional resource owners of a large section of the Mamanuca and lower Yasawa islands, north of Lautoka town, predominant tourism development areas of Fiji. In the 1990s, community leaders, working in partnership with early local tourism pioneers such as Mr Dan Costello (Beachcomber Island), decided that in order to support sustainable development and employment in the area, they would declare no-fishing areas around resorts. Initially, in 1996, three islands were declared no-fishing areas by the traditional leader, the Tui Vuda, Ratu Sir Tavaiqia, who wrote an open letter saying "I confirm that the waters around the islands of Tai, Eluvuka and Kadavu Lailai in Nadi Bay are now either Fisheries Reserves or are to be designated Fisheries Reserves and therefore no fish, shell fish or octopus (sasala ni waitui) are to be taken from those waters in that area of sea being 400 m from the shoreline of those islands." These islands are now known as Beachcomber (Tai), Treasure (Eluvuka) and Bounty (Kadavu Lailai) Island Resorts. Aerial photograph of the protected reef within the Marine Protected Area at Treasure Island Resort. © Treasure Island Resort These first reserves were later joined by no-fishing areas fronting newer resorts at South Sea Island Resort (Vunivadra Island), Tivua Island Resort, and Vomo Island Resort. To the north, on Wayalailai and Kuata Islands, similar protected areas were formed at Wayalailai Ecohaven, Naqalia Lodge and Kuata Barefoot Island Resort (Fig. 1). Most of these reserves only cover shallow fringing reefs from beach to the deepwater drop off, but a new, larger area including an expanse of open sea and dolphin habitat was declared in February 2017.
  • Rapa Nui Journal 2#2 Summer 1988

    Rapa Nui Journal 2#2 Summer 1988

    Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation Volume 2 Article 1 Issue 2 Rapa Nui Journal Summer 1988 1988 Rapa Nui Journal 2#2 Summer 1988 Follow this and additional works at: https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj Part of the History of the Pacific slI ands Commons, and the Pacific slI ands Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation (1988) "Rapa Nui Journal 2#2 Summer 1988," Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation: Vol. 2 : Iss. 2 , Article 1. Available at: https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/rnj/vol2/iss2/1 This Commentary or Dialogue is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Hawai`i Press at Kahualike. It has been accepted for inclusion in Rapa Nui Journal: Journal of the Easter Island Foundation by an authorized editor of Kahualike. For more information, please contact [email protected]. et al.: Rapa Nui Journal 2#2 Summer 1988 • Vol 2, No 2. SUmmer 1988 •• P.O. Box 6774. Los Osos, CA 93412 USA •• U. S. $3.00. On Other Islands... Maria, Madre de The following article inaugurates a new feature for &pg Nui Jel1mlll1-On other Islands. Future issues will bring to our readers special events and projects Rapa Nui Revisited occurring on neighboring islands in the Pacific. Joan Seaver Rock Art in the "Anyway, if my mother has a dark com­ plexion and others see that as ugly, I will see - her as beautiful and it's the same with the Marquesas Islands HolyMother. Ifshedoesn'tlooknice, Iwould love (respect) her more." -Alberto Hotus, Sidsel N.