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Chemical Water Quality in Selenge River Basin in Mongolia: Spatial-Temporal Patterns and Land Use Influence

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Chemical Water Quality in Selenge River Basin in Mongolia: Spatial-Temporal Patterns and Land Use Influence Chemical water quality in Selenge River Basin in Mongolia: spatial-temporal patterns and land use influence DISSERTATION for the award of the degree “Doctor rerum naturalium” (Dr.rer.nat.) of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen within the doctoral program HIGRADE of the “Helmholtz- Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ” Submitted by Gunsmaa Batbayar (MSc) From Mongolia Göttingen, June 2018 Thesis Committee Prof. Dr. Martin Kappas Department of Cartography, GIS and Remote Sensing, institute of Geography, University of Göttingen Prof. Dr. Daniel Karthe Environmental Engineering Section, German-Mongolian Institute for Resources and Technology (GMIT) Members of the Examination Board Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Martin Kappas, Department of Cartography, GIS and Remote Sensing, Institute of Geography, University of Göttingen Second Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Daniel Karthe Environmental Engineering Section, German-Mongolian Institute for Resources and Technology (GMIT) Further members of the Examination Board PD Dr. Dr. h.c. Martin Pfeiffer, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research BayCEER, University of Bayreuth Prof. Dr. Daniela Sauer, Abteilung Physische Geographie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen Prof. Dr. Hans Ruppert, Georg-August-Universität, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Dept. Sedimentologie/Umweltgeologie Dr. Michael Schlund, Department of Cartography, GIS and Remote Sensing, Institute of Geography, University of Göttingen Date of the oral examination: 09.07.2018 Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my supervisors PD Dr. Dr. h.c. Martin Pfeiffer, Prof. Dr. Daniel Karthe, Prof. Dr. Martin Kappas, and Prof. Dr. Dietrich Borchardt for offering me this wonderful opportunity to join the UFZ community in Magdeburg and Georg-August University Göttingen in Germany. Thank you for your continuous supervision, support and advice which helped me to successfully complete this research and I would like to say that without your help it was not possible to finalize. I would like to express my special appreciation to my scientific advisor PD Dr. Dr. h.c. Martin Pfeiffer, as my teacher and mentor; you have been tremendous “Bagsh” for me. Your advice on both research as well as on my career have been precious. This research was financially supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Integrated Water Resources scholarship No.A/12/97034, Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) in Central Asia: Model Region Mongolia (MoMo) Project in its third phase (2013-2018) which was provided by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; grant no. 033L003A as well as the Helmholtz Interdisciplinary Graduate School for Environmental Research (HIGRADE).) I would be always appreciate to DAAD particularly Ms.Carolin Wax, for her full support and advice. I would like to express special gratitude to staff members of Department of the Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management (UFZ) and ARSOlux team (UFZ) for their complete support and special thanks goes to the Water Analysis and Chemometrics team of the River Ecology Department (UFZ) for sample analysis. My special gratitude goes to Dr.Wolf von Tümpling for his valuable advice and guidance. The field work in Mongolia was not possible to finalize without help as following Dr.Konrad Siegfried, Prof. Dr. Galbadrakh.R, Dr. Saulyegul.A, Dr. Enkhdol.T, Batchuluun.Ts, Irmuunzaya.Kh, Bolortuya.Kh, Khishigdelger B and Dr.Davaa for their valuable help and support. Thank you from the bottom of my heart to Irmgard Pfeiffer, Saame (Natsagsuren) and Katja Westphal for their endless help support and love which made me feels motivated and inspired. As well as I would like to send my big thanks to my friends and colleagues Oyudari Vova, Eva Hasikova, Valerie Wentzky, Jingshui Huang, Siqing Tao, Shauchien, Pei Ying, Erik Sartory, Munkhdavaa Munkhjargal I really appreciated and enjoyed our dinner nights, hiking days, coffee break and all precious time we shared together. Finally, I would like to express my deepest personal gratitude to my family, especially my parents, Batbayar Dashmagvan and Tuya Otgon and my sister, Densmaa Batbayar for their enduring love, help and support. Each of them has played a big role to stay motivated during my research until completion. 1 Dissertation content This doctoral thesis consists of a general introduction and four papers. The papers will be referred to by their Roman numbers (Papers I-IV). The published papers are reprinted by permission from the respective copyright holders. I. Pfeiffer, M., Batbayar, G., Hofmann, J., Siegfried, K., Karthe, D., Hahn-Tomer, S. (2015). Investigating arsenic (As) occurrence and sources in ground, surface, waste and drinking water in northern Mongolia Environ. Earth Sci. 73 (2), 649 – 662. II. Batbayar, G., Pfeiffer, M., von Tümpling, W., Kappas, M., Karthe, D. (2017). Chemical water quality gradients in the Mongolian sub-catchments of the Selenga River basin Environ. Monit. Assess. 189 (8), art. 420. III. Karthe, D., Chalov, S., Moreido, V., Pashkina, M., Romanchenko, A., Batbayar, G., Kalugin, A., Westphal, K., Malsy, M., Flörke, M. (2017). Assessment of runoff, water and sediment quality in the Selenga River basin aided by a web-based geoservice Water Resour. 44 (3), 399 – 416. IV. Batbayar, G., Pfeiffer, M., Kappas, M., Karthe, D. (2018). GIS based impact assessment of land use impacts on water quality in case of Kharaa River Basin. Submitted to Ambio. List of relevant book chapter, not included as part of this thesis Batbayar, G., Karthe, D., Pfeiffer, M., von Tümpling, W., Kappas, M. (2015). Influence of urban settlement and mining activities on surface water quality in northern Mongolia, In: Karthe, D., Chalov, S.R., Kasimov, N.S., Kappas, M., (eds.) Water and environment in the Selenga-Baikal Basin : international research cooperation for an ecoregion of global relevance Erdsicht : Einblicke in geographische und geoinformationstechnische Arbeitsweisen 23 Ibidem-Verlag, Stuttgart, p. 73 - 86 2 Author contributions The contributions from listed authors are divided as follows for each article: I. MP and GB led the writing with the help of all co-authors. GB, MP, JH, DK, KS acquired spatial and temporal data. All co-authors contributed to the data analysis and the design of the study. The writing was assisted by all co-authors. The study and related methods were designed by KS with help of MP and JH. The field data were collected by GB, MP, KS, and JH. II. GB, MP and DK led the writing with the help of all co-authors. GB acquired the spatial and temporal data. Data analysis was done by GB and MP. The writing was assisted by all co-authors. The study methods were designed by GB, MP, WT and DK. III. DK led the writing and all co-authors compiled the datasets and all co-authors did the data analysis. The water quality data analysis and chapter writing was done by GB and KW. The study and related methods were designed by all co-authors. All co- authors contributed to the field data collection. IV. GB and MP collected the field data and statistical analysis was done by GB and MP. Sub watershed delineation was done by GB and land use data was obtained by MOMO project. The study and related methods were designed by all co-authors. Writing was led by GB. 3 Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Dissertation content ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Contents ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Figures .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Tables ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 Chapter1. General introduction ................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Study region ................................................................................................................................ 10 1.2 Context and summaries of the papers ......................................................................................... 11 Chapter2. Investigating arsenic (As) occurrence and sources in ground surface, waste and drinking water in northern Mongolia …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..15 2.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 16 2.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Material and Methods ........................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.1 Study Region ...................................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.2 Sampling Procedure ........................................................................................................................... 19 2.3.3 Chemical Analyses ............................................................................................................................
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