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We Hold These Truths to Be Self-Evident: the Need for Animal Rights in the United States of America

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We Hold These Truths to Be Self-Evident: the Need for Animal Rights in the United States of America WE HOLD THESE TRUTHS TO BE SELF-EVIDENT: THE NEED FOR ANIMAL RIGHTS IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA A thesis submitted to the Kent State University Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for University Honors by Joseph M. Sabo May, 2012 Thesis written by Joseph M. Sabo Approved by ________________________________________________________________, Advisor _______________________________________________, Chair, Department of English Accepted by _____________________________________________________, Dean, Honors College ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES. .v LIST OF TABLES. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. .vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. .1 My Personal Opinion, Not That It Matters. 3 A Slow Process. 7 The Importance of Emotion. .9 Personal Bias. 14 What This Thesis Will Not Cover. .16 What This Thesis Will Cover. 21 II. ANIMAL REPRESENTATION: WHAT IT MEANS TO BE NONHUMAN. 24 Moral Schizophrenia. 25 The Power of Language. .29 Anthropomorphism: The Good. 30 Anthropomorphism: The Bad. 34 Anthropomorphism: The Ugly. .41 The Animal. 46 III. FACT VERSUS FICTION: UNDERSTANDING THE ACTUAL ANIMAL. 56 iii Animal Intelligence: Vertebrates. .59 Animal Intelligence: Invertebrates. .64 Sentience. 65 Mankind’s Modern Treatment of Nonhumans. 68 IV. THAT ALL ___ ARE CREATED EQUAL. 72 Discriminating Factors. .74 Animals as Property: Ohio Law. .76 Animals as Property: Federal Law. .78 Animals as People. 80 V. CONCLUSION. 83 WORKS CITED. 87 WORKS CONSULTED. 97 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The Modern Dairy Cow. .6 Figure 2. Charlie the Tuna. .35 Figure 3. Buzz, the Honey Nut Cheerios Bee. .36 Figure 4. Seductive Chicken Skin. .37 Figure 5. Mad Cow Commercial. .38 Figure 6. Happy Cow Commercial. 39 Figure 7. Swine Salvation. .40 Figure 8. Local Restaurant Advertisement. 41 Figure 9. Colonialism in Africa. .50 Figure 10. Second Chances. .86 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Morton Race Table. 52 Table 2. Annual Animal Death Statistics, By the Million. .70 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For the past twenty-two years, I have been blessed with outstanding teachers, caring advisors, supportive friends and, most importantly, a loving family. This Senior Honors Thesis is the product of their efforts. I want to thank my family for showing me the importance of compassion. We must do what is right because it is right, not because there is the possibility for personal gain. Thank you mom for loving everyone, despite the fact that the world contains many unlovable individuals. Thank you dad for protecting us, and, in doing so, teaching us to protect the planet. Thank you Julie for being my inspiration. Your selfless actions have helped this family to realize that all sentient beings deserve equal consideration. No matter what changes may occur in my life, I will always look to you for guidance, just as I did fourteen years ago. A very special thanks to Romeo for being my friend. For as long as I live, I will never forget about you. I hope we will meet again someday. I would like to thank Brian for continually reminding me why animals deserve rights. Everyone should be more like Brian. I am also extremely grateful for all of my human friends. Thank you Matt Gilly for making life fun. I truly believe that our friendship will one day become legend. Thank you Todd Zelasko for teaching me the importance of self-discipline. You had the biggest influence on my transition from a vegetarian diet to a vegan lifestyle. You are a great human being, and the world is in dire need of men like yourself. I am honored to be considered your friend. vii I thank Kent State University, the Honors College and my defense committee members for helping me complete this project. Specifically, I would like to thank Donald Williams, Vicki Bocchicchio, Mark Tepsich, Vera Camden, Susan Roxburgh, Daniel Berardinelli, Wesley Raabe and every other faculty member at KSU who has aided me in exploring this important subject. I owe my deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor, Sara Cutting, for her unwavering support during every stage of the writing process. Without her assistance, this thesis would not have been possible. Of course, there will always be individuals who are opposed to the idea of equal consideration when regarding nonhumans. Such resistance has motivated me to pursue a career in law. When empathy is absent, the legal system is needed to ensure that equality is maintained. This thesis has given me the opportunity to begin my long and, hopefully, fruitful endeavor into the animal rights movement. I am eternally grateful to everyone who helped make this first step a success. viii I dedicate this thesis to every animal who has needlessly suffered and died at the hands of human beings. I dedicate my life to protecting their children. May we someday learn from our mistakes. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION “Whenever people say ‘We mustn’t be sentimental,’ you can take it they are about to do something cruel. And if they add ‘We must be realistic,’ they mean they are going to make money out of it.” - Brigid Brophy (“Vegan”) We live in a world where poverty is prevalent, disease is widespread and war is common. Recently, both the environment and the global economy have taken a turn for the worse, and, all the while, many humans still suffer under political systems that provide few rights for their citizens. Whether it is genocide, a natural disaster, or illegal drugs within a small community, there are an endless number of international and local issues that need solutions. It is undeniable that these problems require our full attention, but, in an effort to prioritize, we have wrongfully neglected a silent voice that continues to suffer under the most extreme conditions of cruelty and destruction. Animal exploitation regularly occurs on American soil, and it is even protected by the law. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, for the year 2010, 10.153 billion land animals were raised and slaughtered for food in the United States of America alone. Furthermore, the U.N Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that over 65 billion land animals are slaughtered each year for worldwide consumption (“Report”). These figures do not include aquatic wildlife, nor do they consider the countless number of animals who die each year as a result of dairy farming, biomedical experiments, hunting, extermination, euthanasia, fur production and leather manufacturing. 1 2 What do numbers like 10.153 billion and 65 billion even mean, and why should these deaths be considered significant, especially when compared to other serious dilemmas throughout the world? After all, the victims are just animals. Imagine, however, if the circumstances were different, and the details instead involved the raising, processing and destruction of 10.153 billion humans in the U.S. and 65 billion humans worldwide. If Homo sapiens assumed this role, then we would undoubtedly be faced with a situation similar to that of slavery and genocide. In fact, the number of fatalities would easily surpass every violent and devastating atrocity in human history. Of course, the public outcry would be monumental and our government would be forced to take immediate action in order to prevent further crimes against humanity. Although the victims are not human, how is it any less wrong that animals be subjected to suffering and slaughter? Does it make sense from a logical, moral and legal standpoint to treat other living beings differently simply because they are not psychologically as complex as their human counterparts? The early history of the United States was plagued by the presence of inequality against others based on a non- exhaustive list that included, but was not limited to, race, color, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age and disability. Could the exploitation of animals be another form of unjust inequality? The concept may sound absurd now, but, prior to 1865, so too was the idea of abolishing slavery in America. George Santayana, a Spanish American philosopher, once said, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it” (Santayana 284). Most individuals are familiar with Santayana’s famous words, but I believe that few comprehend their true 3 meaning. Rather than simply recalling the events of the past, we must recognize why it would be wrong to repeat certain actions. This recognition requires a full understanding of the characteristics that defined America’s history and the qualities that define us today. Will our country’s future reflect a progressive society or one that has always remained static? In other words, has the slaveholder truly gone away or does he endure, just in a different form? In the 21st century, U.S. society still contains instances of prejudice and discrimination; however, we have made great progress as a nation because many of the most recognized forms of inequality have been remedied through the law. Does the existence of egalitarian laws mean that we have adequately applied the wise words of Santayana to our own lives, resulting in a civilization that has learned from its most atrocious mistakes? My thesis intends to answer this question with a resounding NO, because while it may appear as though America has achieved a system that appropriately grants inalienable rights to all persons, we have consciously and unjustifiably omitted animals from this protected status. My Personal Opinion, Not That It Matters The argument in support of animal rights seems so clear and convincing from my perspective that I am oftentimes perplexed at how greatly opposed many humans are to the movement. My belief in extending basic rights to all forms of sentient life most likely stems from my personal experiences. One of my most vivid childhood memories was during my sister’s twelfth birthday party because it was the first time that I became aware of the ethical dilemma surrounding the consumption of meat.
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